STATE LEVEL

SCIENCE SEMINAR
Venue:
Regional Science Centre, BBSR
2010
India & World Science:Are we there?

Sukanya Sahu
Class-X
Vikash Residential School
Vikash Enclave
Barahaguda Canal Chowk
Bargarh,Orissa-768028
 INDIA AND WORLD SCIENCE; ARE WE THERE?

Presented by : Sukanya Sahu (Class_X)

Vikash Residential School
Vikash Enclave,Barahaguda Canal chowk
Bargarh-768028
SYNOPSIS
Science and Technology have been an integral part of Indian Civilization and culture over
the past several millennia. Few are aware that India was the fountain head of important
foundational scientific developments and approaches. Successes in Agriculture, Health
Care, Chemicals, Nuclear Energy, Astrophysics, Space Technology, Bio-technology are
widely acknowledged.
India has a long and proud scientific tradition. Let us illuminate:

If we see about the Vedic past then we have wonders like Charaka known as the father of
Ayurvedic Medicine, Shushruta known as the father of modern surgery and Nagarjuna
who gave the Idea of Sublimation, Chromatography and Extractions of Metallic Oxides.

We have even Mathematicians like Aryabhatta who gave the importance of zero,
determined the various physical parameters of different celestial bodies .
Bhaskaracharya who was a great Indian mathematician and Astronomer . His work
Sidhanta Siromain consists of two parts of Mathematics and two parts of Astronomy. He
had a fore sight on the Modern Theory of Conventions. Srinivasa Ramanujan a
Mathematical wizard who contributed much to number theory, Theory of Partitions and
Theory of Continuous Fractions . He in collaboration with G.H.Hardy had achieved many
mathematical recognition.

We have scientists like Jagdish Chandra Bose who was an eminent Physicist and
Botanist. He invented Cresco graph and worked on Radio waves. It was later known that
with the help of his concept Marconi invented Radio. Satyendra Nath Bose a well
known scientist who dealed with the detection of a group of nuclear particles named
after him Boson. He in collaboration with Albert Einstein proposed the Bose-Einstein
Theory and thus gave the 6th state of matter the Bose-Einstein condensate state of matter.
S.Chandrasekhar who was an Indian born American was a Astrophysicist. He gave the
Idea of Chandrasekhar limit which was first laughed at, but after three decades it was
recognized and today he is a Nobel Laureate.

Sir C.V. Raman the first Indian Scientist Nobel Prize for Physics for his invention
Raman Effect . His study of Crystal Structure is of Unique importance.
Hargovind Khorana who was a Great Genesist created the first Artificial Gene and
deciphered the Genetic Code. He was awarded Nobel Prize for Medicine.
Homi Jahangir Bhaba an eminent scientist who contributed to the development of
Atomic Physics and was Primarily responsible for setting of Nuclear Reactors in India. He
was the first chairman of Atomic Energy commission in India. After him only BARC has
been named so.
These were some glimpses of past achievements in the field of science and
technology, but now lets move on to Indias ranks and achievements at present.
In the field of Agriculture: Before sixty years there was a scarce in food grains,
foreign products fed India. But by the introduction of GREEN REVOLUTION India
became self sufficient. The Indian Scientists carried out the idea of Hybridizing the
Japanese varieties with Indian varieties and thus India ranks 1st in the production
of SUGAR , 2nd in the production of PADDY , LINSEED and CASTOR seeds, 5th
position in the production of WHEAT and 10th in the production of MAIZE.
In the field of Horticulture India has drastically changed. Now it is leading as a
country having highest productivity in fruits and second highest in production
vegetables. Fruits like Mango, Banana and Grapes ranked the first Highest
productivity.
In the field of Nuclear science India is Developing very fast. It is hard to believe
that just after one year of Independence Nehru set up an Atomic Energy
Commission headed by Homi Bhaba and before one year of his death India had
already made Research Reactors and even Uranium was mined. Isotopes for
radiation were also developed. Presently there are Seventeen Atomic Power
Stations and Six more are under construction. So it is a pride for India that it is
acknowledged as a Nuclear Power in the whole world.
In the field of space research and technology India ranks among the 5th top
ranking countries in the world. Indias Total contribution towards space
 development is 40 percent. The only developing country which have the capacity
of designing, building and launching Satellites indigenously. India has the capacity
of launching Ten satellites at a time and is on the way of developing vehicles that
can be reused after launching once. Indian Oceanographers have also set a
permanent Research Station on Antarctica called Dakshin Gangotri where only few
countries kept their feet.
In the field of Genomics the First Gene Mapping was done successfully in India.
Mutations in the Gene can be predicted by the gene mapping and even we can
predict a person suffering from a certain disease.
In fishery research India made drastic changes. Before it was able to produce a
quantity of Six lakh Ton fishes but after the introduction of blue revolution the
production has risen upto more than 5.5 million tons and thus India holds the 3rd
position.
In milk production India got the topmost rank in the whole world. This could
possible after the introduction of white revolution and the successful combination
of cooperatives and technology.
In electricity generation before independence the production was as low as low
1362 MW. But after independence 3600 dams were comstructed and the
production rise upto 84000MW. The number of electrified villages went more
than 150 percent.
In communication and technology India operates the largest telecome network
in Asia and the 10th largest in the whole world.
India has the third largest scientific and technical manpower in the world; 162
universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 post-graduate degrees and the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research runs 40 research laboratories that
have made some significant achievements.

Lets have look on International Educational Exchange:

The demand of Indian Students is highest in the world. The no of Indian students
in US in the year 2005-06 was 76,503 while in 2006-07 it increased upto 83,833 and in the
year 2007-08 the no. of Indian students in US are 94,563. It is a fact to know that the
country sending maximum students to abroad is India.
Most recent achievements:

The second permanent settlement, Maitri, was put up in 198889, conducting

experiments in geology, geography and medicine. India built a freshwater lake
around Maitri known as Lake Priyadharshini.
Indias telecom infrastructure between Chennai, Mumbai and Singapore,
provides the largest bandwidth capacity in the world, with well over 8.5 Terabits
(8.5Tbs) per second.
In a major breakthrough that could help in the fight against global warming, a
team of five Indian scientists from four institutes of the country have discovered
a naturally occurring bacteria which converts carbon dioxide (CO2) into a
compound found in limestone and chalk. When used as an enzyme
biomolecules that speed up a chemical reaction the bacteria has been found to
transform CO2 into calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which can fetch minerals of
economic value.
Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have discovered a new gene
that plays a dominant role in causing microcephaly, a brain disorder that leads
to tiny brain and life-long reduced mental faculty, particularly in India.
ASPM (one of the four already known genes) and STIL are important for
Indian microcephaly patients,
Vellore research centre makes stem cell breakthrough It's a breakthrough that
may have the country's medical and scientific community sitting up and taking
notice. The Centre for Stem Cell Research at Christian Medical College has
succeeded in reprogramming cells drawn from adult mice and making them
function like stem cells found in the human embryo.
The researchers at the Indian Institute of Science and the Jawaharlal Nehru
Centre for Advanced Scientific Research used two types of nanocarbons to
create the hardest known polymer nanocomposite. They have described their
work today in the US journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
A team led by Indias leading materials scientist Chintamani Nagesa Ramacha-
ndra Rao has increased the hardness of a polymer called polyvinyl alcohol
fivefold by adding minuscule portions of two carbon materials.
 CSIR has developed two effective drugs to combat malaria. Elubaquine is an anti-
relapse anti-malarial quite effective against choloquine- resistant malaria.
Arteether(E-mal) a drug that can combat cerebral malaria is being exported to 48
countries.
BHARATI(2012)-India has demarcated an area beside Larsmann Hill at 69S,
76E for its third settlement and second active research station. The survey has
already been completed and the station is scheduled to be operational by 2012.
India will enter the elite group of nine nations having multiple stations within
the Antarctic circle.
EKA:-The Tata Group has developed the fourth-fastest supercomputer in the
world and the fastest in Asia. The Tata-owned Computational Research
Laboratories (CRL) in Pune installed a supercomputer system that managed to
achieve speed of 117.9 trillion operations per second. , now shares the rarefied
heights of supercomputing with two American and one German supercomputer.

ORISSA is not far behind:

Aurobinda Dash a US based Oriya Scientist has found out that GARLIC
containing THREE compounds of Sulphur which effectively can control malignant or
uncontrolled growth of cells causing Brain Tumor.
Kailash Prasad Patra of Koraput is working on developing a vaccine to arrest the
growth of Malarial Parasite inside Mosquito which will block up the transmission of this
Parasite.
Apurva Mishra of Bhubaneswar a Sixteen year old boy who won recently The
President of India National Technology award for his cost effective invention
GLABENATOR which is an inexpensive battery operated wireless system that can deliver
commands to a remote computer with the help of expanding and contracting forehead.
Dr. Prafulla Kumar Behera an Oriya Scientist of Kendrapada was among the
hundreds who participated in the much published bigbang experiment in Switzerland in
Sept. 2008.
Lets hear what others speak about INDIA:
With more than 250 Universities,1500 Research Institutions and 10,428 Higher
Education Institutes, India produces 200,000 Engineering graduates and another 300,000
Technically trained Graduates every year.
CBS 60 minutes the most widely watched News programme in US said its
audience of more than 10 million that IIT is among the top 3 Universities from which
Mckinsey & Co. the worlds biggest consulting firm hires the most.
IIT= Harvard + MIT + Princeton and may be the most important university you have
never heard of.
The United States importes oil from Saudi Arabia, Cars from Japan,TVs from Korea ,
Whisky from Scotland and People from India. The smartest most successful , most
influential Indians who have migrated to US seem to share a common credential they are
Graduates of IIT.
In Science and Technology IIT undergraduates leave their American counterparts in Dust.

Conclusion:
These achievements ought to motivate us . We must take pride in being Indain as
Engineers we should take oath to utilize our brain and power for the betterment of the
country which has given us everything.India is on the threshold of achieving self reliance
in every field. It seems that India has made unprecedented development in the field of
scientific research and technology during the post independence period and just seems to
be the beginning of the road with endless possibilities. All we need is to plan and organize
in a way so as to be able to harness our intelligentsia in the right direction and provide it
with right opportunities.
India

September 5 is Teachers Day in India. It is the birthday of second President of India and
teacher Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan. When Dr. Radhakrishnan became the president of India in
1962, some of his students and friends approached him and requested him to allow them to
celebrate 5 September, his birthday. In reply, Dr. Radhakrishnan said, Instead of celebrating my
birthday separately, it would be my proud privilege if September 5 is observed as Teachers
Day.

This is not a holiday in India. It is considered a celebration day, where teachers and students
report to school as usual but the usual activities and classes are replaced by activities of
celebration, thanking and remembrance. At some schools on this day, the responsibility of
teaching is taken up by the senior students as an appreciation for their teachers.

Traditionally, people in India have given tremendous respect and honor to teachers. An old
Indian saying (usually taught to children), ranks teacher in the third place, even before God:
Maata, Pitha, Guru, Daivam, meaning Mother, Father and Teacher is God.

There is a difference between the spiritual teacher and a material teacher. For spiritual teacher,
who causes to remove all the illusions from the mind of his disciple and makes him feel the
precence of God, there is another saying in the form of a couplet (doha), which goes, Guru
Govind doou khare kake lagon paai? Balihari guru aap ki Govind deeo batai, Meaning I am in
a fix whom to salute first: the teacher or the God. I shall choose the teacher as he is the one who
is instrumental in me knowing the God. Further, a central piece in Hindu scripture reads Gurur
Brahma, Gurur Vishnu, Guru devo Maheshwaraha Gurussaakshaath param brahma tasmai
shree gurave namaha, which translates as The Guru (Teacher) is the Lord Brahma (the
Creator), the Guru is the Lord Vishnu (the Preserver), the Guru is the Lord Shiva (the Destroyer).
The Guru is the Supreme Brahman (Ultimate Reality) visible to our eyes. To that Guru we offer
our salutations

There were always some confusions between a spiritual teacher to a material teacher. But these
two are not at the same level and one must make sure that how to treat them individually.

The dream begins with a teacher who believes in you, who tugs
and pushes and leads you to the next plateau, sometimes poking
you with a sharp stick called "truth."
 Quotations about Teachers

I like a teacher who gives you something to take home to think about besides
homework. ~Lily Tomlin as "Edith Ann"

The dream begins with a teacher who believes in you, who tugs and pushes and leads
you to the next plateau, sometimes poking you with a sharp stick called "truth." ~Dan
Rather

In teaching you cannot see the fruit of a day's work. It is invisible and remains so,
maybe for twenty years. ~Jacques Barzun

Teaching is the profession that teaches all the other professions. ~Author Unknown

If a doctor, lawyer, or dentist had 40 people in his office at one time, all of whom had
different needs, and some of whom didn't want to be there and were causing trouble,
and the doctor, lawyer, or dentist, without assistance, had to treat them all with
professional excellence for nine months, then he might have some conception of the
classroom teacher's job. ~Donald D. Quinn

Modern cynics and skeptics... see no harm in paying those to whom they entrust the
minds of their children a smaller wage than is paid to those to whom they entrust the
care of their plumbing. ~John F. Kennedy

A teacher is one who makes himself progressively unnecessary. ~Thomas Carruthers

Good teaching is one-fourth preparation and three-fourths theater. ~Gail Godwin

A teacher who is attempting to teach without inspiring the pupil with a desire to learn is
hammering on cold iron. ~Horace Mann

Most teachers have little control over school policy or curriculum or choice of texts or
special placement of students, but most have a great deal of autonomy inside the
classroom. To a degree shared by only a few other occupations, such as police work,
public education rests precariously on the skill and virtue of the people at the bottom of
the institutional pyramid. ~Tracy Kidder

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. ~Henry Brooks
Adams

A good teacher is like a candle - it consumes itself to light the way for others. ~Author
Unknown

The true teacher defends his pupils against his own personal influence. He inspires self-
distrust. He guides their eyes from himself to the spirit that quickens him. He will have
no disciple. ~Amos Bronson Alcott

A good teacher is a master of simplification and an enemy of simplism. ~Louis A.

Berman

We expect teachers to handle teenage pregnancy, substance abuse, and the failings of
the family. Then we expect them to educate our children. ~John Sculley

Good teachers are costly, but bad teachers cost more. ~Bob Talbert

The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher
demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. ~William Arthur Ward

The best teacher is the one who suggests rather than dogmatizes, and inspires his
listener with the wish to teach himself. ~Edward Bulwer-Lytton

A teacher's purpose is not to create students in his own image, but to develop students
who can create their own image. ~Author Unknown

What the teacher is, is more important than what he teaches. ~Karl Menninger
Teaching should be full of ideas instead of stuffed with facts. ~Author Unknown

A cross-eyed teacher can keep twice the number of children in order than any other,
because the pupils do not know who she's looking at. ~Four Hundred Laughs: Or, Fun
Without Vulgarity, compiled and edited by John R. Kemble, 1902

Teaching is leaving a vestige of one self in the development of another. And surely the
student is a bank where you can deposit your most precious treasures. ~Eugene P.
Bertin

A teacher is a compass that activates the magnets of curiosity, knowledge, and wisdom
in the pupils. ~Terri Guillemets

Teachers who inspire know that teaching is like cultivating a garden, and those who
would have nothing to do with thorns must never attempt to gather flowers. ~Author
Unknown

Teachers who inspire realize there will always be rocks in the road ahead of us. They
will be stumbling blocks or stepping stones; it all depends on how we use
them. ~Author Unknown

Teaching is not a lost art, but the regard for it is a lost tradition. ~Jacques Barzun

One looks back with appreciation to the brilliant teachers, but with gratitude to those
who touched our human feelings. The curriculum is so much necessary raw material,
but warmth is the vital element for the growing plant and for the soul of the child. ~Carl
Jung

The teacher who is indeed wise does not bid you to enter the house of his wisdom but
rather leads you to the threshold of your mind. ~Kahlil Gibran

The task of the excellent teacher is to stimulate "apparently ordinary" people to unusual
effort. The tough problem is not in identifying winners: it is in making winners out of
ordinary people. ~K. Patricia Cross

When you teach your son, you teach your son's son. ~The Talmud

The best teachers teach from the heart, not from the book. ~Author Unknown
The average teacher explains complexity; the gifted teacher reveals simplicity. ~Robert
Brault, http://www.robertbrault.com/

Often, when I am reading a good book, I stop and thank my teacher. That is, I used to,
until she got an unlisted number. ~Author Unknown

Who dares to teach must never cease to learn. ~John Cotton Dana

There are three good reasons to be a teacher - June, July, and August. ~Author
Unknown

A teacher should have maximal authority, and minimal power. ~Thomas Szaz

To teach is to learn twice. ~Joseph Joubert, Penses, 1842

The secret of teaching is to appear to have known all your life what you just learned this
morning. ~Author Unknown

Don't try to fix the students, fix ourselves first. The good teacher makes the poor
student good and the good student superior. When our students fail, we, as teachers,
too, have failed. ~Marva Collins

The object of teaching a child is to enable him to get along without his teacher. ~Elbert
Hubbard

Teaching is the only major occupation of man for which we have not yet developed tools
that make an average person capable of competence and performance. In teaching we
rely on the "naturals," the ones who somehow know how to teach. ~Peter Drucker

Teachers are expected to reach unattainable goals with inadequate tools. The miracle is
that at times they accomplish this impossible task. ~Haim G. Ginott

The art of teaching is the art of assisting discovery. ~Mark Van Doren

Quotations From Teachers:

The only reason I always try to meet and know the parents better is because it helps me
to forgive their children. ~Louis Johannot
If you promise not to believe everything your child says happens at school, I'll promise
not to believe everything he says happens at home. ~Anonymous Teacher

Most parents are familiar with the two classifications of twins - fraternal (dizygotic) and identical
(monozygotic). Outside of those main classifications, there are some rare and interesting types of
twinning.

1. Conjoined Twins

Conjoined twins are monozygotic multiples that do not fully separate from each other due to the
incomplete division of the fertilized ovum. The individuals will be connected at certain points of the
body, and may share tissue, organs or limbs.

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2. Twins Conceived Separately: Superfetation

Normally when an egg is fertilized, a woman's cycle is interrupted and ovulation ceases. Rarely,
however, an egg can be released while a woman is already pregnant, resulting in twins that are
conceived at different times.

3. Twins with Different Fathers: Heteropaternal Superfecundation

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins are the result of hyperovulation, the release of multiple eggs in a single
cycle. Superfecundation describes a situation where the eggs are fertilized by sperm from separate
incidences of sexual intercourse. In a case where a woman has sex with different partners, the twins
could have different fathers and the apporpriate term is heteropaternal superfecundation.

4. "Half Identical" Twins: Polar Body Twins

There are two types of twins, right? Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result when two eggs are fertilied.
Monozygotic (identical) twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits. But what if the egg splits
and then each half meets a sperm? That's the proposed theory for polar body or "half-identical" twins,
twins who are very much alike but aren't a 100% DNA match. Although it seems to be a reasonable
theory, there is no definitive test to confirm polar body twinning.

5. Boy/Girl Identical (Monozygotic) Twins

Identical (monozygotic) twins are always same gender because they form from a single zygote that
contains either male (XY) or female (XX) sex chromosome. However, there have been a few reported
cases of a genetic mutation in male twins where one twin loses an Y chromosome and develops as a
female. The female twin would be afflicted with Turner's Syndrome, characterized by short stature and
lack of ovarian development. Of course, another explanation for gender differences in identical twins is
an identical twin who undergoes a sex change operation.

6. Mirror Image Twins

Mirror image twins are monozygotic, twin that form from a single fertilized egg. When the split occurs
late - more than a week after conception - the twins can develop reverse asymmetric features. This
term is not really a type of twin, just an way to describe their physical features. For example, they
may be right- and left-handed, have birthmarks on opposite sides of their body, or have hair whorls
that swirl in opposite directions. In theory, if the twins faced each other, they would appear to be
exact reflections of each other. About 25% of identical twins are mirror image twins.
7. Parasitic Twins

A type of conjoined tiwns that develops asymmetrically, with a smaller, less formed twin dependent on
the stronger, larger twin. Manar Maged gained notoriety after being featured on Oprah. A variation of
parasitic twinning is fetus in fetu, where an abnormally formed mass of cells grows inside the body of
its monozygotic twin. It survives during pregnancy, and even occasionally after birth, by tapping
directly into the blood supply of the host twin. This report describes an Indian man whose fetus in fetu
was discovered as an adult.

8. Semi-Identical Twins

A type of twinning identified in a pair of three-year-old twins in 2007. Described as identical on the
mother's side but sharing only half their father's genes, the rare twins developed when two sperm
fertilized a single egg, which then split. One twin is a hermaphrodite being raised as a female, with
both testicular and ovarian structures, while the other is anatomically male.

9. Twins with Different Birthdays

The most common explanation is a labor and delivery that begins before midnight on one day and
ends after the clock changes to the next day. If that day happens at the end of the month, or even on
New Year's Eve/Day, the two babies can have birthdays in different months and even different years!
Also, sometimes a pregnancy is prolonged to provide each baby with an optimal chance for survival. If
preterm labor forces the delivery of one baby, doctors can successfully control the abor and delay
delivery to give the other baby more time in the womb. Twins and higher multiples have been born
days and even weeks apart.

10. Twins of Different Races

Heteropaternal superfecundation can explain cases of fraternal (dizygotic) twins with differing racial
characteristics. In one case, the differentiation was due to a lab mix-up during an in-vitro procedure.
However, in 2005 in the United Kingdom, two bi-racial parents conceived fraternal (dizygotic) twin girl
twins, Kian and Remee Hodgson. Described as a "one in a million" occurrence, experts explain that the
girls inherited different genetic characteristics from their mixed race parents. One is fair-haired and
light skinned, while the other has dark hair, eyes and skin.

Types of Twins - differences between identical twins and

fraternal twins
Types of Twins- many people do not understand the differences between the different kinds of
twins.

I can't believe how many times people will see my boy and girl twins and then ask me if they are
identical. It's #1 on my list of stupid twin questions. No - they are not ! Check out the list for good
laugh. Identical means they look alike - they match - and being that they are boy with straight
brown hair and girl with blond curly, they obviously do not - seriously - they barely look related
!(Can you tell I've been asked a million times ? )

People are fascinated with the idea of twins, but not necessarily educated about them. What
they are really asking is about Zygosity So here is a brief, easy to understand page about the
differences in the two main types of twins. You will want to know the differences both for
yourself as parents, and for all those questions you will get from others. People will ask !

If you're pregnant right now, this is probably something that is on your mind and if you already
have twins, then you know what I mean about the questions! Now there are some unusual
cases -
 Regarding Boy Girl Identical Twins
But for the usual twin types....

Here it is in a nutshell - There are two basic twin types - monozygotic - otherwise commonly
known as identical - and dizygotic,
commonly known as fraternal. (Yes
there are also conjoined twins, but that
is a whole separate issue.)

Monozygotic twins start out life the

same way as a singleton ( one baby) -
one egg and one sperm creating a
zygote or fertilized egg. The zygote
then splits an extra time creating 2
zygotes sharing the same genetic
information. Approximately one-third of
all twins are monozygotic . They are
always the same sex and are usually
very similar ( identical to the eye) in
their basic physical features although they can have some variations in coloring or birthmarks
etc.

About 25% of these twins are 'mirror' twins where they have similar but opposite features .
One is left-handed, one is right -handed, their hair may part to different sides or they may have
matching birthmarks on opposite sides of their bodies.When their baby teeth come in , they will
come on different sides of their mouths. They will suck opposite thumbs. It's fascinating!

Some more 'terminology' regarding identical twins

If the split happens within 3 days of conception the identical twins will have 2 separate
placentas, 2 chorions( inner membrane) and 2 amnions ( outer membrane).This is called a
diamniotic, dichorionic twin pregnancy.

If the split occurs 4-7 days after conception the twins will have separate amnions but share a
chorion and their placentas will be fused together. This is called a diamniotic, monochorionic
twin pregnancy.
 If the split happens after the 8th day the twins will share the same placenta, the same amnion
and the same chorion. This is called a monoamniotic, monochorionic twin pregnancy.A
concern with this type of pregnancy is that the twins may not get equal access to the nutrition
from the placenta. They can be at risk for such problems as twin-twin tranfusion and some
growth retardation.

About two-thirds of all types of twins are fraternal - 50% are boy/girl and 25% girl/girl , 25%
boy/boy.

Dizygotic twins are thought to occur when the mother releases more than one egg in one
ovulation cycle and the eggs are fertilized by separate sperm. Fraternal twins always have
separate placentas,chorions and amnions although if they embed in the lining of the uterus too
closely together the placentas may fuse together.

Dizygotic twins are more likely than monozygotic twins to have similar birth weights to each
other. These twins are really no more alike than 2 babies from completely different pregnancies.
They do not look any more alike than other siblings in the family would and would not have the
same personalities or IQ's or rate of growth than other children.
Before your twins arrive you may be anxious to know their twin type. Some prenatal tests such
as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can determine the type by the second trimester.
Talk over your options with your doctor or healthcare provider. DNA for accurates types of twins
testing can also be done after birth.

Ultrasound usually provides the fastest answer although sometimes you still end up waiting until
the birth of the babies to know for sure ! Blood tests done after the birth and careful examination
of the placenta(s) can give you a definitive answer.

Why the increase in twins ??

Quite a few reasons. Some more are just more genetically prone to releasing more than one
egg per cycle and this tends to run in families. The male partners family history has no bearing
on this.( You will get asked this as well - " whose side of the family do twins run in ?") Only the
mother's family history makes a difference here. It's your chance to explain and tell them about
the types of twins too !

Another factor is that many women are waiting much later in life to have children. Age plays a
big factor. Women 35 and older are far more likely to have fraternal twins than their younger
counterparts. There is some research to suggest that the use of oral contraceptives can
contribute as well as a women's chances of having twins go up dramatically if she gets pregnant
the first month after stopping the pill.

The biggest cause today however, is the the increased use in fertility treatments. Because so
many women are waiting longer to start a family, many are having problems with conceving.
Technologies such as in-vitro fertilization essentially transfer a greater number of eggs in hopes
that at least one will develop. Many times it is more than that.

Study up a little on the types of twins - you will be an expert in answering questions by the time
the babies arrive. People are fascinated by twins.

Conjoined twins or Siamese twins is a rare phenomenon that happens when identical twins do not split
properly after fertilization. Instead of dividing into two separate embryos like in normal identical twins, the
two embryos in conjoined twins will remain attached in some areas causing babies to grow into one
another and share certain body parts and organs.

Most of time, because they share organs, conjoined twins are unable to survive for more than 24 hours
after birth. But five percent of conjoined twins do survive. However, life for conjoined twins in our society
is a very sad one. Many are treated as outcasts and forced to join traveling circus to make a living.
Fortunately, today however, with the advent of science and medicine, things are beginning to change and
conjoined twins have become accepted by society.

Types of Conjoined Twins

There are many different types of conjoined twins and they are classified according to where on their
bodies they are attached.

Craniopagus: Attached at the back of the head. Bodies are separate.

Rachipagus: Attached at the spine. This is very rare.
Parapagus: Attached to the pelvis and stomach.
Pyopagus: Joined at the buttocks. Another rare type of attachment.
Cepalopagus: Joined at the head and chest
Ischiopagus: Attached at the front of the pelvis. They share genitals, kidneys, bladder and
intestines.
Omphalopagus: Attached at the abdomen
Thoracopagus: Common type of attachment when they are attached at the chest.
Parasitic: Occurs when one twins dies in utero and is absorbed by the other twin. They have extra
limbs or heads.

If you want to know about the caring and separation of conjoined twins.

INDIA AND WORLD SCIENCE; ARE WE THERE?

Presented by : Aastha Kejriwal (Class_X)

Vikash Residential School
Vikash Enclave,Barahaguda Canal chowk
Bargarh-768028
SYNOPSIS

India is the youngest country of the world .It is just twenty three years old. When we
compare it to China it is 41 years old. Fro the pre-historic times knowledge and advice is
passed from generations to generations in an oral tradition. The development of writing
enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated easily across generations.
 If we talk about the development in Agriculture this allowed for a surplus amount
of food. India made its headlines with the Green Revolution, Blue Revolution, white
Revolution etc.

The Health care also had a tremendous development through out the country. The
smallpox virus had been eradicated from the world. India has produced Homeopathic
prevention of dreaded Swine Flu. Many of the Ayurvedic medicines are been created to
save the whole nati0n.

It is said that power drives the nation. Just after the independence there was a
drastic development in the infrastructure of India. Many dams has been built. The
number of electrified villages has gone up by more than 200 percent since independence.
India has achieved the distinction of being the only one to have the complete
infrastructure for a viable nuclear programme. The underground Nuclear explosion at
Pokhran in Rajasthan was a landmark event that demonstrated to world Indias Nuclear
capability.

The telecommunication has a good response in India today. This was once a dream
which has been succeeded. India owes the fourth position in Asia and tenth in the whole
world. Public Telephones has been made in India.
India has at last after the independence made a supercomputer named PARAM. It
can do 1 trillion processes in one second. Binod Dham invented the Pentium Chip and
sold it to the Microsoft company in about $400 million .

One of the most visible success stories is the countries space programme. Indias
first satellite Aryabhatta was weighing just 444 kgs which was designed to test
Technology. India is today the only developing country to have the capacity of designing
building and launching satellites.
The telecommunication, teleeducation, telemedicine etc. also has a good response.
Indian oceanographers also have set up a permanent research station on icy continent of
Antarctica called Dakshin Gangotri, a feat only few countries in the world have
achieved today.
Indian born American Scientist Hargovind Khorana has developed the concept
of Artificial Gene and won Nobel Prize.
India also has a great position in the research papers. According to Thomson
Reuters database India is going to be developed very soon.

India has also developed a lot to itself in the IT sector.

There are many good physicians in India. There are about 67 thousand Indian
scientists studying in foreign countries which is approximately the highest value in the
world.
These achievements ought to motivate us . We must take pride in being Indain as
Engineers we should take oath to utilize our brain and power for the betterment of the
country which has given us everything.