Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hannu Hirsi
Contact
Reinforcements :
Shear
PR I 2
1
Properties of timber for mechanical joints -
Embedding strength :
Mechanical connectors compress the timber LOCALLY and in
the SELECTED area
Compression cause compress, shear and tensile stresses
Again tension perpendicular to the grain is often critical.
Moisture, density, connector size and time decrease the
strength dramatically:
More than in structures.
PR I 3
PR I 4
2
Cracking in perpendicular direction :
Fixings near opposite
edge of structure :
beware of tension . . .
PR I 5
PR I 6
3
Joints in engineering structures
Construction joint
work has to be interrupted
Contraction joint
shrinkage movements
Expansion joint Normally we
variations in temperature and moisture content dont have to
Movement joint take in account
relative movement between adjoining parts in timber
structures
Settlement joint
unequal foundation pressure
Sliding joint
permit relative movement in the plane of the joint
PR I 7
Main stresses :
At the free edge of the cantilever
only bending stresses are
present.
At intermediate point in the
cantilever both bending and
shear stresses are present.
At the neutral axis of cantilever
only shear stresses are
present.Principal stresses are at
the 45 angle.
PR I 8
4
Main stresses continues...
General load-carrying
mechanisms present in
beams
Cable action
Arch action
PR I 9
Ductility of structures
1. Brittle structures Brittle
Timber (concrete, cast iron)
2. Ductile structures Glue-
laminated
Timber connected with ductile
timber beam
material (steel)
Ductile
PR I 10
5
The jointing works in timber
structures:
Jointing consist :
Positioning:
Joint reference plane.
Fixing:
Adhesion.
Connection.
Fastening.
Locking.
Protection:
Sealing.
PR I 11
Fastenings :
Point:
Single bolts
Line:
Few nails or screws
Surface:
Glued joints
Visible -
invisible
PR I 12
6
Mechanical fastening of timber joints :
1. Nails
3. Screws
4. Nail- plates
PR I 13
Dowel joints :
Simple, low-price joints, easy to do.
Problems:
Low capacity, lot of dowels, lot of space.
Tension against the grain.
Reductions in sections.
Splitting and cracking.
Block cracking.
Moment capacity.
PR I 14
7
Glued joints :
Only used in prefabricated
joints made in workshops.
Have to been controlled by
quality systems.
PR I 15
Staples
PR I 16
8
Nails continues...
Nail-joints are very ductile
connections.
Staples
PR I 17
Example :
The possibilities of nails.
How to get more with less:
1. Cap for welding machine
2. Bigger bending capacity
3. Bigger pull out capacity
4. Less force during pressing
5. Less cracks
6. Bigger bending capacity
7. High strength steel
8. Near each other
9. Longer nails
PR I 18
9
2. Screws and bolts :
Winning technology in the future :
more presicely,
good load-bearing capacity and
easy to reassemble.
PR I 19
Tuen vahvistaminen
PR I 20
10
Axially loaded screws glued bolts :
Specially in frame-structures
and basement joints.
PR I 21
Screws in an angle :
Much better for high strength
screws :
Shear of screws.
Tension in screws
Friction
Compression :
Tension :
PR I 22
11
3. Nail-plates and nailing plates :
Still the most advanced
technology in mechanical
fastenigs.
PR I 23
Dowel joints :
Only in log span timber structures.
Together with bolts or screws.
Stiff, fire-resistant and strong joint.
Greim joint.
PR I 24
12
Example :
The possibilities of nail-plates
Deforming nail-plates
gives a lot new
possibilities:
Nailing-plates are
widely used in
building sites
reinforced joints
PR I 25
Typical solutions :
Lot of nails and large plates,
always some nails hit.
Capacity according to effective
area and direction of loading.
Splitting of timber PR I 26
13
Nail-plates :
No gap allowed between
timber and nail-plates.
2 mm
gap
Check trusses in
building-sites after
assembly.
PR I 27
PR I 28
14
Heavy Nail-plates :
Designed specially
for LVL- trusses
technically
excellent
difficult to produce
PR I 29
Curved Nail-plates:
PR I 30
15
Thin plate fixings:
PR I 31
Beam shoes :
PR I 32
16
Folded Nail-plates:
PR I 33
PR I 34
17
Nailing strap:
PR I 35
Cast iron:
PR I 36
18
Connectors of timber joints :
Rings Problem is that
Shear-plate connector joints these connectors
needs skilful
Toothed-plate connector joints carpenters, net area
Timber dowels, rods and pins. of timber is small
PR I 37
Rings
Shear-plate
connector joints
Toothed-plate
connector joints
Timber dowels
PR I 38
19
Connectors of timber joints continues...
System Geka:
PR I 39
Bulldog:
PR I 40
20
Connectors of timber joints continues...
Siemens - Bauunion:
PR I 41
Reinforced joints :
Reinforcement gives more
strength and more
stiffness. Two methods :
1. Nail-plate reinforced
joint:
One-sided
Double-sided
Strengthening of wood,
no cracking allowed.
PR I 42
21
Reinforced joints continues...
2. Cross-bolt reinforced
joints
More ductile joint
20 % less steel .
Strengthening of wood
and steel.
PR I 43
PR I 44
22
Anchorbolts :
We can use both mechanical and
glued anchor bolts.
PR I 45
PR I 46
23
Carpentry joints continues...
Ansasvaarnapalkkikokeiden
koejrjestelyt :
PR I 47
Overloading
Suunnikasvaarnapalkkien
murtokohdat :
PR I 48
24
Carpentry joints continues...
Load-bearing capacity of carpentry joints is
good enough for every purpose.
PR I 49
Glued joints :
Finger joints have not been
utilized enough in timber
constructions.
technically much better than
lapped joints
Easy way to get more rigid
structures
PR I 50
25
Structural joint design topics :
1. Shrinkage and swelling
2. Eccentricities
3. Group action
4. Combination of fasteners
PR I 51
Try :
Better form of fastener
groups
Oval-shaped holes
Cut long steel parts into
smaller pieces.
PR I 52
26
2. Eccentricities :
Loads, joints and the
members should be
symmetrical and
concentric.
Try:
Better placement of parts
Better fastener groups
PR I 53
3. Group action :
Block shear failure in joint :
failure of the net tension area.
failure of the net shear area.
Try:
Bigger sections of structures and larger net areas.
PR I 54
27
4. Combination of fasteners :
Usually you better not
combine fasteners.
PR I 55
Combination of
fasteners continues... Fu Glued joint
( kN )
Avoid overloading of one
fastener group caused by large Split-ring
stiffness differences.
Punched - plate
Double sided toothed-plate
Dowel
Bolt
Nail
PR I u ( mm ) 56
28
5. Fire resistance and durability :
Easy to control
Use more timber
Hide the fasteners inside the
structures
PR I 57
Some examples of
joints in timber structures :
1. Bolted trusses
3. Timber-framed halls
PR I 58
29
Joints of trusses, bolted trusses :
Only for special purposes, not
in common use
expensive, a lot of work
durability, fire-resistance
PR I 59
Kerto -
Laminated Veneer Lumber Truss :
Only for special purposes, not
in common use
expensive, a lot of work
durability, fire-resistance
PR I 60
30
Small timber frames :
Good-propotion of
structure.
PR I 61
Plywood
PR I 62
31
Joints of timber frames :
Dowel type fasteners :
Bolt hole clearances should be
under 0.2 mm
PR I 63
Engineer structures :
See you in WS II,
I hope !
PR I 64
32
Timber-framed houses :
We have also tested finnish
PLATFORM- technology. Ikkunapilarin ja palkin murtokuormitus
70
No problems could be found. Oikea murtokuorma = 62 kN
one building-site:
Kuorma ( kN )
Nails / screws and beam- 40
Ikkunapilarin
20 kuormitus 1
Ikkunapilarin
10
kuormitus 2
Ikkunapalkin
kuormitus
0
0 10 20 30
Painuma ja taipuma ( mm )
PR I 65
Furniture joints :
Do not mix them with
structural joints :
But the basic ideas are
usable !
In the propositions of
architects in many
times the ideas are
here.
PR I 66
33