CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND

HEALTH PROGRAM FOR HIGH

RISE CONDOMINIUM PROJECT
(TIP TOP TOWERS)

PROJECT NAME: TIP TOP TOWERS

LOCATION: MAUSWAGON, LAGUINDINGAN MISAMIS
ORIENTAL
DURATION: SEPTEMBER 14, 2017 JUNE 20, 2019
SAFETY BUDGET: 1% OF THE TOTAL COST

MISSION

To promulgate and enforce land use and housing regulations which sustain
a balance among economic development advancement, social justice and
environmental protection for the equitable distribution and enjoyment of
development benefits.

VISION

To Provide Families Not Just With The Infrastructure Of A House But The
Framework Of A Home, To Build Not Just A Neighborhood But A Real Harmonious
Community.

2
CONTENTS

I. ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITY

A. District/Production/Department Manager
B. Field Operations & Plant Managers/Asst. Managers
C. Superintendents/Project Manager/Project Engineers
D. Supervisors/Foremen
E. Estimators
F. Safety Specialists/Safety Managers
G. Employees
H. Subcontractors
I. Corporate Safety Department

II. INJURY PREVENTION SAFETY PROGRAM AND COMPLIANCE & DISCIPLINE

PROCESS
A. Program Scope and Applicability
B. Compliance & Discipline Process
C. Correcting Unsafe Practices or Conditions

III. INCIDENT INVESTIGATION, REPORTING AND RECORD KEEPING PROCEDURES

A. Injury to Employee
B. Transporting Injured Employees
C. Modified Work Duty/Restricted Work Activity
D. Serious Injury, Illness or Fatality
E. Property Damage and Other Incidents
F. Post Accident/Incident Drug & Alcohol Testing
G. OSHC Log of Occupational Injuries and Illness
H. PMSEA Mine Accident, Injury and Illness Report
I. Job Site Inspections and Correction of Unsafe Conditions and Unsafe Action
J. Safety Training Records
K. Regulatory Safety Inspections and Investigations

IV. COMMUNICATION WITH EMPLOYEES ON SAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUES

A. Safety Meetings
B. Anonymous Notification Procedures
C. Posting
D. Training

V. SUPPLEMENTAL PROGRAMS
Confined Space Entry Written Program
Excavation & Trenching Program
Fall Prevention and Protection Guidelines
Lock-Out Procedure
PMSEA (Philippine Mine Safety and Environment Association) Training and
Retraining of Miner
Respiratory Protection Program

VI. INJURY PREVENTION AND SAFETY PROVISIONS: CODE OF SAFE PRACTICES

3
I. ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITY

A. DISTRICT/PRODUCTION/DEPARTMENT MANAGER
Each manager is responsible for the implementation, involvement, and
enforcement of the Injury Prevention and Safety Program at their location. The
Managers Injury Prevention and Safety Program responsibilities include, at a
minimum, the following:

Ensuring monthly or more frequent inspections of work areas (including

offices and operations) to identify and document potential unsafe work
practices and unsafe conditions and to initiate corrective actions.
Maintaining accountability for their operations safe performance in a Zero
Injury Culture.
Reviewing and investigating serious incidents and injuries and initiate
corrective measure.
Ensuring periodic safety meetings and training programs for their
employees.
Promotion of near hit reporting.
Reviewing Safety Specialists plant/jobsite audit reports.
Coaching and counseling supervisors and employees to reinforce the
importance of safe operations.
Enforcing the provisions of the Injury Prevention and Safety Program and
any other rules applicable to their location.
Ensure records of inspections, hazard identification, corrective actions,
and incident investigations are maintained at their business unit office.

B. FIELD OPERATION/PLANT MANAGER/ASST. MANAGER

Each Manager is responsible for safe work procedures and the safety of
everyone within their scope of authority, including at a minimum, the following:

Each Construction District will receive from the Corporate Office

(Construction) the yearly Mla/OSHC Excavation & Trenching Permits for
construction operations. Copies will be distributed to field personnel.
Involvement in and enforcing the provisions of the Injury Prevention
Safety Program.
Coaching and counseling employees, superintendents and project
managers to reinforce the importance of safe work procedures and a Zero
Injury Culture.
Encouraging employees to report any unsafe conditions or work practices.
Assisting in the investigation of injuries and incidents, regardless of
severity, to identify potential causes and to sustain a Zero Injury Culture.
Ensuring periodic safety meetings and training programs for their
employees.
Maintaining accountability for the safe performance of their operations.
Review Safety Specialists jobsite audit reports.
Promote near hit reporting.
Support District/Production/Department Managers in the safety duties.

4
C. SUPERINTENDENTS/PROJECT MANAGER/PROJECT ENGINEERS
Each Superintendent/Manager is responsible to ensure employees within
their authority are conducting work procedures safely and consistent with the
Injury Prevention and Safety Program including, but not limited to, the following:

Conducting periodic inspections of work areas and operations with

jobsite/plant foreman to identify and initiate action to correct and
document potential unsafe work practices or unsafe conditions.
Documentation will be completed by jobsite/plant foreman and recorded
on the Daily Pre-Task Plan Form.
Reviewing incidents/injury investigation reports prepared by foremen/lead
men to sustain a Zero Injury Culture.
Assisting in the development and review of the job hazard analysis for
each major phase of work including operations that have not previously
been analyzed. (This may include pre-task analysis and meetings.)
Coaching and counseling supervisors/foremen to reinforce the importance
of safe production and a Zero Injury Culture.
Ensuring that newly hired and promoted employees receive a safety
orientation before their new job assignment.
Promote near hit reporting.
Involvement in and enforcing the provisions of the Injury Prevention and
Safety Program and a Zero Injury Culture.
Ensuring that personnel are qualified and have the experience to safely
perform assigned tasks.
Evaluate project safety requirements during pre-planning and jobsite/plant
visits.

D. SUPERVISORS/FOREMEN/WORKING FOREMEN/CREW LEADERS

Supervisors/foremen are responsible for safe work procedures within their
scope of authority, including, but not limited to the following:

Coaching and counseling employees on the importance of safe work

procedures using the Code of Safe Practices.
Involvement in and enforcing the provisions of the Injury Prevention and Safety
Program and Zero Injury Culture.
Promote near hit reporting and discussion.
Conducting daily inspections of their work areas and operations to identify
unsafe work practices and unsafe conditions and to initiate corrective actions.
Discussion and documentation of observed unsafe condition(s) will occur on
the following day at the daily Pre-Task Planning meeting.
Conducting weekly safety tailgate meetings and document employee
attendance.
Encouraging employees to report any unsafe conditions or unsafe work
practices.
Assisting in the investigation of injuries and incidents, regardless of severity, to
identify potential causes and to initiate corrective measures. Complete all
necessary paperwork and turn in to appropriate personnel.

5
 Reporting incidents to the Superintendent/Plant Manager/Safety Specialist
immediately (the same day the incident or injury occurs). When an incident
occurs, follow-up procedures contained within the In Case of Binder shall be
followed.
Instructing employees in the recognition and avoidance of potential hazards.
Conducting daily pre-task safe production meetings. Discuss and document
any observed unsafe condition(s) and corrective measures taken for the prior
day on the pre-task safe production form.
Assisting in the development of job hazard analysis for each major phase of
work
including operations that have not previously been analyzed.
Enforcing the provisions of the Injury Prevention and Safety Program and Zero
Injury Culture.

E. ESTIMATORS
Estimators are responsible for safe work procedures within their scope of
authority including, but not limited to, the following:

Involvement in and enforcing the provisions of the Injury Prevention and

Safety Program and Zero Injury Culture.
May assist in the development and review of the job hazard analysis for
each major phase of work including operations that have not previously
been analyzed (this can include participation in pre-task analysis and
meetings).
Communicating with other business units regarding conditions, work
practices, or hazards identified in the bid process.
Reporting any near hit, incident, or injury immediately to their supervisor.
Contractually ensure that Subcontractors comply with the following:
Have a written Injury Prevention Program which is available to EEI on
demand
Report any jobsite/plant hazardous conditions created by their
operations.
Report any injuries or incidents to EEI
When on EEI jobsites/plants wear the applicable personal protective
equipment.
Attend EEI safety meetings when required.
Maintain a copy of their Codes of Safe Practices, and any work related
permits on site while working on the project.
Ensure proper budgeting for safety and hazard mitigation.
Periodically visit to observe job progress. Any observed safety hazards or
concerns will be brought to the attention of the jobsite foremen or
superintendent.
Promoting a Zero Injury Culture.

F. SAFETY SPECIALIST/SAFETY MANAGERS

Safety personnel may assist in the daily administration of the Injury
Prevention and Safety Program for the business units including, but not limited
to, the following:

6
 Conducting or supervising orientation training of supervisors, managers,
and employees.
Organizing, monitoring and helping with safety meetings and conducting
training to provide information regarding specific safety issues.
Take an active role in the implementation and planning of production safety
improvements.
Conducting periodic audits and inspections of work areas and operations to
identify, initiate action to correct and document observed unsafe work
practices or unsafe conditions.
Conduct ongoing safe production training programs when appropriate for
craft employees. Training will include programs as outlined in the Written
Safety and Injury Prevention Program.
Assist in the enforcement of the Injury Prevention and Safety Program.
Communicating with customers, clients, and authorities on safety related
matters.
Assist supervisors/foremen in the investigation of incidents and injuries to
identify potential causes and to initiate corrective measures to sustain a
Zero Injury Culture.
Promote near hit reporting and discussion.
Assist supervisors and the Corporate Safety Department during regulatory
agency inspections and investigations.
Prepare and maintain audit and safety reports.
Assist estimators, superintendents, and project managers in determining
and implementing corrective action for various safety, health, and
environmental activities (i.e. storm water pollution prevention plans,
hazardous materials management, fugitive dust, visible emissions,
contaminated soils, Hazard Materials Business Plans, etc.).
Assist supervisors, project managers, and estimators in the development
and review of a job hazard analysis for each major phase of work including
operations that have not yet been analyzed.
Assist with the management of injury claims as requested, accompanying
injure workers to medical facilities.
Monitor injury follow up appointments and modified work restrictions.
Maintain a cooperative relationship within the Corporate Safety
Department.
Promote a Zero Injury Culture.

G. EMPLOYEES
Employees are responsible for following the safe work practices and
procedures established for their protection, including, but not limited to the
following:

Maintaining their own safety and the safety of others around them.
Obeying safety instructions, rules, and regulations.
Drive safely and follow jobsite/plant signage.
Using personal protective equipment and safety devices provided or
required.
Reporting unsafe conditions or work practices to their supervisor.
Reporting any near hit, incident, or injury immediately to their supervisor.
Being familiar with the Injury Prevention and Safety Program.

7
 Actively participating in toolbox and tailgate safety meetings.
Offering suggestions for improvements to our program.

H. SUBCONTRACTORS
Subcontractors are responsible for providing safe working conditions and
procedures for their employees. Work must be performed in accordance
with all the applicable laws and regulations, the subcontractors Injury and
Illness Prevention Program and the specifications of the prime contract.
Prior to starting any work on any EEI Project, subcontractors must have a
written Injury and Illness Prevention Program. EEI will have access to their
program or any other written programs relevant to subcontractors work,
i.e., a fall protection plan, hazard communication plan, hazardous
materials plans, MSDS, etc. The subcontractors Code of Safe Practices and
any related work permits must be present on site when they are
performing work.
Subcontractors must inform EEI of any hazardous conditions created by
their operations.
All injuries/incidents must be reported immediately to EEI.
Applicable personal protective equipment (hard hats, colored warning
garments, proper eye protection, proper footwear etc.) is mandatory at all
times.
Subcontractors will be required to participate in supervisory safety
meetings held by EEI when work within the scope of their subcontract is in
progress.
Review and sign required EEI documents.

I. CORPORATE SAFETY DEPARTMENT

The Corporate Safety Department will provide assistance in an advisory
capacity and will monitor the implementation of the Injury Prevention and Safety
Program. The Corporate Safety Departments responsibilities include the
following:

Assisting in providing injury/incident prevention training.

Assisting in the investigation of serious injuries and/or incidents.
Assisting during regulatory agency inspections and investigations. Providing
technical assistance with regard to safety, health, or environmental issues.
Responsibility for injury management of worker comp claims.
Work with other departments on minimizing incidences and liability
exposures.
Oversight of industrial hygiene and environmental health monitoring.
Assisting all employees and managers with crisis management following
significant incidents.
Promote a Zero Injury Culture.
Ensure notification of death or serious incident to OSHC/PMSEA when
required.

II. INJURY PREVENTION SAFETY PROGRAM AND COMPLIANCE &

DISCIPLINE PROCESS

8
A. PROGRAM SCOPE AND APPLICABILITY
To ensure the health and safety of our employees EEI has developed an
Injury Prevention and Safety Program (IP&SP) which provides prevention
performance requirements for all operations. This supports a zero injury
culture. The requirements of the Injury Prevention and Safety Program apply to
all employees in all company workplaces. All employees of EEI are responsible
for correct work procedures and maintaining a safe and healthful work
environment. We encourage all of our employees to work safely and
productively.
B. COMPLIANCE & DISCIPLINE PROCESS
If a safety violation occurs, disciplinary action may be required. It is a condition
of employment to follow company safety rules, any applicable governmental
regulations (i.e., OSHC, PMSEA, DOT, and DMV), and other policies as outlined in
the Standard Operating Procedures, Administrative Bulletins, or other
disseminated safety and health policies. When evaluating a potential violation,
supervisors should consider the following:

Documented training regarding the specific violation or related

policies/procedures;
Timely 1 written statements of witnesses and involved parties regarding
the incident/violation;
Determination of supervisory involvement or awareness;
Seriousness of the violation (e.g. non-severe, severe or extremely severe);
Frequency of the employee(s) violation (e.g. initial, previous other safety
compliance warnings, habitual violator of safety protocol procedures);
Circumstances or actions taken by employee related to the violation that
reflect intent;
Length of employment with Company

Disciplinary options include:

1. VERBAL COUNSELING/COACHING
2. FIRST NOTICE (Documented Employee acknowledgement on appropriate form)
3. WRITTEN WARNING (with documented employee acknowledgement, on
appropriate form
4. SUSPENSION 2 (unpaid time away from work)3 - (documented on the
appropriate Craft/Administrative Personnel Action Notice)
5. DISCHARGE from employment with the company (documented on the
appropriate Craft/Administrative Personnel Action Notice Nothing in this IP&SP
compliance and discipline policy alters in any way the at-will employment
relationship of employees not covered by a collective bargaining agreement.
EEI may, in our sole discretion, utilize whatever form of discipline is deemed
appropriate under the circumstances, up to and including, termination of
employment. Disciplinary actions involving suspension or discharge should be
coordinated with the Industrial Relations and/or Human Resources
Department.

C. CORRECTING UNSAFE PRACTICES OR CONDITIONS

Unsafe practices or unsafe conditions identified during any inspection will
be corrected in a timely manner based on the severity of the hazard. When an

9
imminent hazard cannot be corrected immediately, employees except those
necessary to correct the conditions will be removed from the area of the hazard.
Appropriate hazard signage will be in place. It is company policy that employees
may not, under any circumstances, subject themselves to a condition posing a
significant risk of injury or occupational illness, or require someone to subject
themselves to such a condition. The company encourages reporting of conditions
or work practices without fear of reprisal.

III. INCIDENT INVESTIGATION, REPORTING AND RECORD KEEPING

PROCEDURES
Effective injury and incident prevention depends on the complete investigation
of all incidences, even if there is no injury or damage to property (near hits). All
incidences will be investigated by the immediate supervisor of the operation
involved, in accordance with the instructions on the EEI Corp. Supervisors
Report of Employee Injury/Illness (Form #339). Whenever possible photographs
of the incident scene should be taken as part of the investigation and forwarded
to the Corporate Risk Management Department. 2 Suspension should be
considered in a range between 310 days, depending on the factors a review of
the incident reveals. 3 Investigatory suspension is also included in this category.

A. INJURY TO EMPLOYEE
1. All employees will be instructed and required to report any work connected
injury or illness to their supervisor immediately or at least by the end of the shift,
depending on severity.
2. The supervisor of an injured employee will investigate the causes, determine
corrective measures, and submit a Report of Employee Injury/Illness (Form
#339) to the Plant/District/Business Unit Office on the same day the injury
occurs.

B. TRANSPORTING INJURED EMPLOYEES

1. In those cases in which an injury or illness occurs on the job, in the course of
employment and medical treatment is required, the employee(s) will be
transported to the nearest approved medical facility. This decision will be made
by the Supervisor or Safety Department representative, unless a life
threatening condition exists.
2. The medical facility shall be notified by telephone (prior to the arrival of the
emergency vehicle or company vehicle) so that necessary preparation can be
made to properly receive and treat the injured (or ill) employee. Under no
circumstances shall the injured (or ill) employee use his/her personal vehicle or
vehicle belonging to someone else for transportation to a medical facility.
3. A company representative may accompany the employee on trips for medical
treatment.

C. MODIFIED WORK DUTY/RESTRICTED WORK DUTY

1. As the result of an occupational injury or illness, any employee who cannot
perform one or more parts of their regularly scheduled job or is not capable of
working a complete shift, yet can, in accordance with restrictions from a

10
 competent medical authority, perform productive, limited work shall be
deemed to be on restricted work activity or placed on a modified work duty
schedule as work allows.
2. It is the responsibility of the Supervisor to adequately analyze the job or
facility and identify various positions or jobs determined to be suitable for the
employees work restriction.
3. Work restrictions shall be communicated to applicable supervisors. Under no
circumstances shall the employee be allowed to exceed the restrictions.
4. Restricted work activity or modified work schedules shall not be offered to
employees suffering from non-work related injuries which necessitate restricted
activities.
5. Employees shall obtain a Return-To-Work notice prior to returning to full duty.
This notice will be given to the Supervisor.
6. In the event an employee will not or cannot return to work in a modified duty
capacity, the Corporate Safety Department will be notified.

D. SERIOUS INJURY, ILLNESS, OR FATALITY

1. Any case involving serious injury, illness or death must be immediately
reported by telephone to the Safety Department and the Risk Management
Department at the Corporate Office in Quezon City at (916) 484-3011. After
hours, use the Twenty-Four (24) Hour Emergency Hotline at 1-800-287-7383.
2. Serious injury or illness, for reporting purposes, includes any injury or illness
that requires hospitalization in excess of twenty-four (24) hours for other than
observation, or which results in the loss of any member of the body, or causes
any serious degree of permanent disfigurement. If in doubt, call the Corporate
Safety Department in Quezon City at (916) 484-3011.
3. The scene of any such serious incident should not be disturbed, except for
rescue or emergency purposes, until released by a management official.

E. PROPERTY DAMAGE AND OTHER INCIDENTS

An Incident Report (Form #264) is to be completed for any incident that
involves property damage, fire, and theft, bodily injury to other than a company
employee, or other loss or potential claim. Detailed instructions for completion of
this form are within the form. If you have questions, call the Corporate Risk
Management Department or Corporate Safety Department.

F. POST ACCIDENT/INCIDENT DRUG & ALCOHOL TESTING

The Post Accident/Incident Drug & Alcohol Testing Procedure will be
administered uniformly with respect to all employees of EEI CORP. This includes
employees subject to the terms and conditions of the Unions Collective
Bargaining Agreements as well as administrative employees subject to the
Companys Standard Operating Procedures.

G. OSHC LOG OF OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESS

The Log of Occupational Injuries and Illness, OSHC Form No. 300, will be
maintained at each EEI physical location and audited by the Safety Department.
These records are to be preserved for five (5) years. Guidelines for determining
Recordability on an OSHC Log 300 follows. The annual summary by calendar
year shall be posted from February 1 to June 1 the following year.

11
H. PMSEA MINE ACCIDENT, INJURY AND ILLNESS REPORT
Occupational injuries or illnesses to employees working at mines (quarries
and gravel pits) must be reported to the following the applicable regulations.
These records are to be preserved at the mine office for five (5) years.

I. JOB SITE INSPECTIONS AND CORRECTION OF UNSAFE CONDITIONS

AND UNSAFE ACTIONS
Records of the inspections made by supervisors, foremen, and safety
personnel to identify and correct unsafe conditions and unsafe actions will be
maintained at the Plant/District/Business Unit Office for one year. If employees
have ideas for improving safety, an Employee Safety Suggestion may be used
and turned in at the Plant/District/Business Unit Office.

J. SAFETY TRAINING RECORDS

The records of safety meetings, toolbox or tailgate meetings, and safety
training will be maintained at the Plant/District/Business Unit Office for one year.
After one year, the safety meeting and training records will be logged and
forwarded to storage.
Note: In the event a plant/district/business unit office is closed, all of the required safety
inspection, incident Investigation, record keeping, and training records must be
transmitted to the corporate safety department. These Documents will be maintained in
accordance with the appropriate regulations.

K. REGULATORY SAFETY INSPECTIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS

1. If any regulatory agency, such as, OSHC, PMSEA, EPA, APCD etc., conducts
an inspection of any job site, the supervisor on the job site will notify the
Plant/District/Business Unit Office immediately. A representative of the
Plant/District/Business Unit will call the Corporate Safety Department at
(916) 484-3011.
2. The supervisor at the job site will make detailed notes as the inspection
proceeds, these notes should include:
a. The names of the inspector, agency, and any employees involved.
b. Description of any measurements or photographs taken by the
inspector.
c. Any statement made by the inspector.
d. All of the questions on the Regulatory Safety Inspection Report.
e. Whenever possible additional photographs should be taken by a
company representative.
3. After the completion of the inspection, the supervisor will complete a
Regulatory Safety Inspection Report and send that report along with the
original of any citations issued to the Corporate Safety Department.

IV. COMMUNICATION WITH EMPLOYEES ON SAFETY AND HEALTH ISSUES

1. EEI CORP. will not use Labor/management safety committee(s) as a
method of communication for compliance with this program.
2. EEI CORP. has long standing tradition of Safety Advisory Committees that
assemble at the discretion of the Business Unit Manager.

A. SAFETY MEETINGS

12
 Safety meetings will be conducted Safety meeting topics may include yet are
not limited to:
1. New hazards that have been introduced or discovered in the work place.
2. Code of Safe Practices (COSPs) for the work place.
3. Material Safety Data Sheets on substances in the work place.
4. Review of pertinent information on methods to prevent injuries.
5. Discussion of near hit reports and/or incidents.
6. Any health or safety issue deemed by the Program Administrator or
delegate.
3. Safety meetings will be documented and retained for a minimum of one
year at the Plant/District/Business Unit Office.

B. ANONYMOUS NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES

EEI CORP. has a system of anonymous notification where an employee
may inform the Company of a suspected work place hazard by sending a
completed Employee Safety Suggestion Form to the Business Unit/Plant Safety
Advisory Committee or Business Unit Manager. Safety suggestions shall be
investigated in a prompt and thorough manner.

C. POSTING
Posting of safety related items shall be done on the companys safety
bulletin boards.
Posting may include yet are not limited to:
1. Safety Bulletins
2. Codes of Safe Practices (COSPs)
3. Mla/OSHC 300 log (as required in Title 8, Manila Code of Regulations)
4. Other safety & health related topics

D. TRAINING
The Company has training programs designed to instruct employees on
safe work practices and procedures. Contact your supervisor or Safety
representative.

13
Injury Prevention & Safety Program Supplement
CONFINED SPACE ENTRY WRITTEN PROGRAM

A. INTRODUCTION

B.APPLICATION
New Construction
Examples of New Construction within Our Company
Permit-Required Confined Space Activities
Examples of Permit-Required Confined Space Activities within Our Company
Non-Permit Required Confined Space Activities
Examples of Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces within Our Company

C. CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS

Atmospheric Hazards
Atmospheric Testing
Safety Hazards

D. REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY INTO NEW CONSTRUCTION

E. GENERAL REQUIRMENTS FOR PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACES

F. REQUIRMENTS FOR ENTRY INTO PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACES

14
A. INTRODUCTION
Confined spaces often present safety and health hazards to people
working within the confined area. It is important to follow the safe working
methods to ensure a safe workplace for employees when working in confined
spaces. This program describes minimum required work practices for preventing
employee exposure to confined space hazards as defined below.

B. APPLICATION
There are currently two sets of regulatory requirements in place:
1. Other Confined Space Operations, e.g. new construction (8 CCR Section
5158); and
2. Permit-required Confined Space activities, e.g. work inside tanks, silos, sewers
and pipelines (8 CCR Sections 5156 and 5157). Because our company has both
types of activities, it is important to understand what type of confined space in
which we are working.

New Construction
A confined space for New Construction is defined by the existence of
both the following conditions:
1. Existing ventilation is insufficient to remove dangerous air contamination,
oxygen deficiency or oxygen enrichment which may exist or develop, and
2. Ready access or egress for the removal of a suddenly disabled employee is
difficult due to the location and/or size of the opening(s). The Confined Space
Operating Procedures, Section D, would need to be followed.

Examples of New Construction within Our Company

Examples of this type of confined space would be applicable relative to
the construction and/or installation of new underground facilities, e.g. (cast-in-
place concrete, no joint pipe), manholes, new sewer, and water lines which do
not connect to existing facilities. Please note, however, that some local agencies
require Permit Required Confined Space Operations for construction activities
related to their sewer, water treatment, etc. facilities. If this is the case, follow
the requirements in Section E of the program. Prior to entry, ask your
Construction Superintendent for clarification.

Permit-Required Confined Space Activities

Confined Space:
A confined space is an enclosed area which has the following characteristics:
1. Limited openings for entry or exit;
2. It is large enough and shaped so that workers can perform assigned work;
3. It is not designed for continuous human occupancy.
There are two kinds of confined spaces: permit-required confined spaces and
non-permit confined spaces.

Permit-Required Confined Spaces:

In addition to being a confined space, permit-required confined space has one
or more of the following characteristics:
1. Contains or may contain a hazardous atmosphere such as lack of oxygen
or the presence of toxic vapors;

15
 2. Contains a material that could engulf and entrant. For example, sand in a
bunker could shift and bury a worker;
3. Contains walls of floor that slope inward which might affect the
concentration level of potentially hazardous substances;
4. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. For
employee safety, the General Requirements as outlines in Section E need
to be followed.

Examples of Permit-Required Confined Space Activities within Our

Company
Examples of Permit-Required Confined Spaces within Our Company
include, yet are not limited to, construction employees tying into live sewers or
manholes; entering silos or storage bunkers at aggregate plants; mobile
equipment employees welding or cutting within ready-mix drums or water
tanks/water pulls. In these cases, follow the requirements in Section F.

Non-Permit Required Confined Space Activities

Non-permit Confined Spaces do not contain or, with respect to
atmosphere hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of
causing death or serious physical harm.

Examples of Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces within Our Company

Non-Permit Confined Space activities include, yet are not limited to,
chipping inside ready-mix drums. Within construction, some activities are non-
permit confined spaces if atmospheric hazards can be controlled via ventilation.
Follow the requirements of Section F.

Please note, however, a non-permit confined space could become a

permit-required confined space due to equipment or process changes. When
there is a change in operation, e.g. welding or painting to a non-permit confined
space that might increase the hazards, the space needs to be re-evaluated and
classified as a permit-required confined space if necessary. Verify the space with
your supervisor, Plant Manager Construction Superintendent or Safety
Representative. If it is determined the space is permit-required, understand the
requirements in Section E, and follow the steps as stated in Section F.

C. CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS

Atmospheric Hazards
Atmospheric hazards are due to poor ventilation of the confined space.
When checking the air in confined spaces, use the testing and monitoring
equipment. There are five main types of atmospheric hazards which can become
unsafe:

1. Oxygen Concentration
Too much or too little oxygen in a confined space can be hazardous. The
oxygen level in a confined space must be between 19.5 percent and 23.5
percent. If the oxygen level falls below 19.5 percent, the atmosphere is oxygen
deficient and asphyxiation could occur. Causes of asphyxiating atmospheres
include materials that absorb the oxygen in the air, chemical reactions that

16
consume the oxygen, gases that inert the atmosphere and others. If the oxygen
level cannot be brought up to an acceptable level, a self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) must be worn during entry. If the oxygen level reaches above
23.5 percent, the atmosphere is oxygen enriched and could cause existing
combustible materials to explode if an ignition source is introduced. An ignition
source could include sparks from welding.

2. Flammable Gas, Vapor or Mist

If the atmosphere contains flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess of ten
(10) percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL), the atmosphere is not acceptable
for entry. LFL means the minimum concentration of a flammable material which
will ignite if an ignition source is present.

3. Toxic Air Contaminants

Toxic air contaminants must be within their permissible exposure limits in
a confined space. The most common toxic gases in permit-required confined
spaces are carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide.

4. Airborne Combustible Dust

Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its
LFL poses a serious fire or explosion hazard. An indication of this condition is if
the concentration of dust reduces vision to a distance of five feet or less.

5. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health

Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or
health (IDLH) is a hazard. IDLH means any condition that is an immediate or
delayed threat to life; or that would cause permanent, negative health effects; or
that would interfere with a persons ability to escape without help from a permit
space.

Atmospheric Testing
Atmospheric Testing is required for two distinct purposes:
A. Evaluation of the confined space hazard; and
B. Verification that acceptable atmosphere is present and maintained in New
Construction and Permit Required Confined Spaces.

1. Evaluation Testing
Appropriate testing equipment must be of a type designed sufficiently to
specify, identify, and evaluate any hazardous atmosphere that may exist or arise
within the confined space. If you have questions, contact your Safety
Department. At a minimum, testing equipment shall be able to test for:
Oxygen Content
Carbon Monoxide Content
Lower Flammable Levels
NOTE: If there are other hazardous atmospheric conditions not listed on the
Confined Space Entry Permit; contact the Safety Department to assist in
determination of minimum acceptable levels. Working around sewers, for
example, air needs to be tested for hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

17
Testing must be conducted before entry is made to the confined space by using
a probe that fits the monitor. Do not enter the confined space to do initial air
testing.

2. Testing Methods
When the atmosphere of the confined space may be expected to be
stratified (in layers), testing shall be conducted at each expected level of
stratification (at least every four feet). Be sure the gas monitor has adequate
time to get a response (adequate reading) at each level (stratified layer) in the
confined space. The test equipment probe should normally be placed at a
position that will be representative of the location and atmosphere of the
entrant(s) within the confined space.
All people conducting tests shall be familiar with the test instrument and
testing procedure as described in the equipment manufacturers operational
manual. If questions arise, contact your Safety Department.

3. Verification Testing
When authorized entrant(s) are within the confined space, atmospheric
testing must be continuously performed and recorded. Documentation of the
test results shall be recorded on the Confined Space Entry Permit.
Any time atmospheric testing cannot be conducted, (e.g. low battery levels,
malfunction of test equipment, etc.) entrants shall be required to exit the permit
space. If at any time test equipment alarms sound or level indications are above
minimum acceptable entry levels, entrants shall be required to exit the permit
space.
The hazardous atmospheric conditions must be reevaluated to determine
methods required for safe re-entry. The Confined Space Entry Permit must also
be modified to address the new hazardous atmospheric condition. The existing
permit should be completed and a new Confined Space Entry Permit filled out
which has corrected the identified hazards.

Safety Hazards
Physical hazards include the following:
Engulfment Engulfment can happen when a worker becomes trapped or
enveloped, usually by material in the confined space as it shifts, or gives way.
Sand storage at our aggregate plants is such an example.
Job Functions Job functions can sometimes create hazards in a confined
space. In situations where a work activity could cause the atmosphere to
change the air should be continuously monitored.
Hot Work Hot work activities include welding. Sparks could set fire to any
flammable materials present. The Confined Space Entry Permit needs to reflect
the type of activity occurring within the permit-required confined space. Other
hot work activities that could provide an ignition source including riveting,
cutting, burning, and heating.
Mechanical Hazards Some confined spaces may have equipment with
mechanical moving parts that have not been isolated from sources of
mechanical or electrical energy. Machinery in these confined spaces needs to

18
 be locked out and tagged if the employee might come in contact with it or if it
could present a hazard. Equipment needs to be properly guarded.
Falls Falls can happen if a ladder is not used correctly, if safety equipment
such as harnesses, clasps, and retrieval lines have not been fastened securely,
or if they are not functioning properly. Inspect the equipment prior to each use
to ensure that it is in good working order.
Burns Burns may result from falling or bumping against hot machinery or
equipment. Other sources of burns could include steam chemicals or electrical
energy.
Electrocution Electrocution occurs when a worker or the equipment he/she
is using comes in contact with electrical energy that has not been isolated or
protected. If you have any questions regarding these hazards, contact your
Supervisor, Plant Manager, Construction Superintendent, or Safety
Representative prior to entering a confined space.

D. REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY INTO NEW CONSTRUCTION

Note: The following procedures should be followed from the time of tie-in until
final ball & flush:

PRE-ENTRY PROCEDURES
1. All lines that may convey dangerous substances into the space will be
disconnected, blocked, or effectively isolated to prevent dangerous air
contamination or oxygen deficiency from developing. This will be done in such
a manner that prevents inadvertent reconnection.
2. The space will be emptied, flushed, or otherwise purged of dangerous
substance to the extent feasible.
3. The air within the space will be tested for dangerous air contamination,
oxygen deficiency and/or oxygen enrichment by a qualified person and a
written record of such testing will be maintained at the jobsite for the duration
of the work. Use the Confined Space Entry Checklist.
4. When air testing demonstrates that dangerous air contamination, oxygen
deficiency and/or oxygen enrichment does not exist, entry into and work within
the space may proceed provided additional air testing is conducted to ensure
that dangerous air contamination, oxygen deficiency and/or oxygen enrichment
does not occur.
5. Adequate ventilation will be maintained while work is in progress.
6. Daily, during the new Construction the plug at the structure shall be checked
so that it is still providing a seal. This can be done visually from above without
entry into the structure. However, if it is suspected that the seal is not intact,
then the above listed procedures should be followed to replace the plug. Once
the seal is recognized as being secure, a random check would be performed to
ensure the system is free of air contamination, oxygen deficiency, and/or
oxygen enrichment.

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY (NEW) CONSTRUCTION

When an atmosphere free of dangerous air contaminants or oxygen deficiency
cannot be ensured or maintained through ventilation, DO NOT enter the space
until the following procedures are addressed:

19
1. Respiratory protection equipment will be provided and worn in accordance
with EEIs Respiratory Protection Program.
2. A safety harness that suspends a person in an upright position, with an
attached lifeline will be used. This lifeline will have at least a 2000-pound
breaking strength. If an entry is made through a top opening, a hoisting device
will be provided to lift employees out of the space.
3. At least one employee will stand by outside of the confined space to give
assistance in case of an emergency. At least one additional employee will be
within calling distance.
a. The standby employee will be equipped with a self-contained breathing
apparatus.
b. Effective communication will be provided between the standby employee
and those inside the confined space.
4. At least one employee trained in CPR will be immediately available whenever
respiratory protective equipment is required.
5. A standby employee may enter a confined space only after alerting an
employee outside that confined space of the standby employees intent to
enter the confined space.

E. GENERAL REQUIRMENTS FOR PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACES

Before entering a permit space, all of the following conditions shall be met:

1. Training
All people listed on a Confined Space Entry Permit must be trained in the
concepts and skills necessary for the safe performance of duties assigned by this
program. Training shall be provided to every affected person:

a. Before the person is first assigned duties under this program.

b. Before there is a change in assigned duties.
c. Whenever a change in permit space operations presents a hazard in which a
person has not previously been trained.
d. Whenever the company has reason to believe there are deviations from the
permit space entry procedures required by this program or that there are
inadequacies in the persons knowledge or use of these procedures, (e.g.
refresher training).
e. Identify rescue procedures and emergency service providers prior to entry into
a confined space. Review of rescue procedures and collaboration with the fire
department as appropriate. The training shall establish the persons proficiency
in the duties required by this program and shall introduce new or revised
procedures, as necessary, for compliance with this program. A safety training
record shall be completed for each person at the completion of training.

2. Assignments/Duties or Authorized Entrants, Attendant, Entry

Supervisor
Before a Confined Space Entry Permit can be issued the following
assignments and duties must be made and understood by those individuals
designated and listed on the
Confined Space Entry Permit:

20
Authorized Entrants Shall:
a. Know the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on
the mode, signs or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure as identified
on the Confined Space Entry Permit and this program.
b. Properly use equipment as required on the Confined Space Entry Permit and
this program.
c. Communicate with the attendant as necessary to enable the attendant to
monitor entrant status and enable the attendant to alert entrant(s) of the need
to evacuate the space as required by any hazard as it may occur.
d. Alert the attendant whenever:
1. The entrant recognizes any warning signs or symptoms of exposure to a
dangerous situation, or:
2. The entrant detects a prohibited condition; and
3. Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible whenever:
a. An order to evacuate is given by the attendant of the entry supervisor;
b. The entrant recognizes any warning signs or symptoms of exposure to a
dangerous situation;
c. The entrant detects a prohibited condition; or
d. An evacuation alarm is activated.

Attendant Shall:
a. Know the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on
the mode signs or symptoms, and the consequences of the exposure as found
within the Confined Space Entry Permit and this program.
b. Is aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized
entrants.
c. Continuously maintains an accurate count of authorized entrants in the permit
space (as identified within the Confined Space Entry Permit) ensures that the
means used to identify authorized entrants of this program accurately
identifies who is in the permit space.
d. Remain outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by
another attendant.
e. Communicate, by the method(s) as listed within the Confined Space Entry
Permit, with authorized entrants as necessary to monitor entrant status and to
alert entrant(s) of the need to evacuate as circumstances may arise.
f. Monitor and record reading of testing device at intervals as stated within the
Confined Space Entry Permit (a minimum of every two hours).
g. Monitor activities inside and outside the space to determine if it is safe for
entrants to remain in the space and order the authorized entrants to evacuate
the permit space immediately under any of the following conditions:
1. If the attendant detects a prohibited condition,
2. If the attendant detects the behavioral effects of hazard exposure in an
authorized entrant; or
3. If the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all the duties required
by this program.
h. Summon rescue and other emergency services as soon as the attendant
determines that authorized entrants may need assistance to escape from

21
 permit space hazards. At no time may the attendant enter the confined space
unless:
1. There is an emergency and
2. At least one other worker has been notified of the emergency and of the
attendants entering the confined space.
i. Take the following actions when unauthorized persons approach or enter a
permit space while entry is underway:
1. Warn the unauthorized persons that they must stay away from the
permitspace;
2. Advise the unauthorized persons that they must exit immediately if they
have entered the permit space;
3. Inform the authorized entrants and the entry supervisor if unauthorized
persons have entered the permit space.
j. Perform no duties that might interfere with the attendants primary duty to
monitor and protect the authorized entrants.

Entry Supervisor Shall:

a. Know the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on
the mode, signs and symptoms, and consequences of the exposure.
b. Verify, by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the
Confined Space Entry Permit, that all tests specified by the Confined Space
Entry Permit have been conducted, and that all procedures and equipment
specified by the Confined Space Entry Permit are in place before endorsing the
Confined Space Entry Permit and allowing entry to begin.
c. Terminate the entry and cancel the Confined Space Entry Permit when:
1. The entry operations covered by the Confined Space Entry Permit have
been completed; or
2. A condition that is not allowed under the Confined Space Entry Permit is
discovered in or near the permit space.
d. The Entry Supervisor shall note any problems encountered relating to this
Program and inform the Safety Representative. Note: Each canceled permit
shall be maintained for a period of at least one year. A copy of the canceled
permit shall be reviewed by the Safety Department; any problems on the
permit will be considered in determining revision requirements to this program.

3. Hazards of Permit Spaces before Entering

Items to be considered before, during and after entering permit spaces should
include yet are not limited to:
Specify acceptable entry conditions:
a. Isolating the permit space. This may require blocking lines, blanking lines
and/or lockout/tag out provisions.
b. Purging, inserting, flushing, or ventilating the permit space as necessary to
eliminate or control atmospheric hazards; and
c. Providing pedestrian, vehicle, or other barriers as necessary to protect
entrants from external hazards; and
d. Verifying that conditions in the permit space are acceptable for entry
throughout the duration of an authorized entry.
Provide and ensure the following equipment is properly maintained and used:
a. Testing and Monitoring Equipment.
b. Ventilation equipment needed to obtain acceptable entry conditions.

22
 c. Communications equipment as required (verbal, radio, hard-wire phone,
signal light, etc.).
d. Personal protective equipment as required:
1. Hard hats, eye protection, ear protection, gloves, foot protection, welding
hoods, respirators (as may be required dependent on atmospheric
conditions [a good indicator for when respirator may be required when
visibility is poor at a distance of five (5) feet]).
2. Lighting equipment needed to enable people to see well enough to work
safely and to exit the space quickly in an emergency.
3. Barriers and shields as required (pedestrian, vehicular traffic, etc.).
4. Other equipment such as ladders, or other authorized personnel lifting
methods needed for safe entering and exit by authorized entrants.
5. Rescue and retrieval equipment: each authorized entrant must wear a full
body harness, connected to/and tied outside the permit space by a
minimally sized , 2000 pound test rope, unless use of the equipment
poses a safety hazard.
6. Any other equipment necessary for safe entry into and rescue from permit
spaces.
7. A mechanical device shall be available to retrieve people from vertical type
spaces more than 5 feet deep (when the working surface is five feet below
the opening, etc.).
8. Outside agency rescue services shall also be identified on the Confined
Space Entry Permit.
9. If an injured entrant is exposed to a substance for which a Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS) is maintained, a copy of the MSDS shall be available to
the medical facility treating the exposed entrant.

4. Attendants
At least one attendant shall be provided outside the permit space.
Note: Attendants may be assigned to monitor more than one permit space
provided the duties described in the program can be effectively performed for
each space the is monitored.

5. Outside Sub-Contractors
Any outside contractor shall comply with all provisions of this program
before entering any permit space located at any Company operating plants or
operations.

6. Confined Space Entry Permit Requirements

Before entry into permit space a complete Confined Space Entry Permit
must be signed by the Supervisor, Plant Manager, or Construction
Superintendent. Each line on the permit must be completed, or addressed,
before it is signed.
The Confined Space Entry Permit will identify the following:
a. The permit space to be entered.
b. The purpose of the entry.

23
 c. The date and authorized duration of the entry permit.
d. The authorized entrants within the permit spaces, by name that will
enable the attendant to determine quickly and accurately, for the duration
of the permit, which authorized entrants, are inside the permit space.
e. The personnel, by name, currently serving as attendants.
f. The individual, by name, currently serving as entry supervisor, with a
space for the signature or initials of the entry supervisor and/or the person
who originally authorized entry (Plant Manager, Construction
Superintendent, etc.).
g. The hazards of the permit space to be entered.
h. The measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or
control permit space hazards before entry.
i. The acceptable entry conditions.
j. The results of initial and periodic tests performed (atmospheric testing),
accompanied by the names or initials of the testers and by an indication
of when the tests were performed.
k. The rescue and emergency services that can be summoned and the
means (such as the equipment to use and the numbers to call) for
summoning those services.
l. The communication procedures used by authorized entrants and
attendants to maintain contact during the entry, e.g. the Evacuation
Alarm and method of signaling the Evacuation Alarm.
m. Equipment such as personal protective equipment, testing equipment,
communication equipment, alarm systems and rescue equipment to be
provided for compliance with this program.
n. Any other information whose inclusion is necessary, given the
circumstances of the particular confined space, in order to ensure
personal safety.
o. Any additional permits, such as for hot work, that have been issued to
authorize work in the permit space.

F. REQUIRMENTS FOR ENTRY INTO PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACES

1. Blind, disconnect, or in any other way stop potential contaminants at the

source.
2. Flush the space with good fresh outdoor air.
3. Test the air for oxygen content and dangerous air contamination. Testing must
be performed periodically throughout the entry procedure. For each occasion
record the findings on the Confined Space Entry Permit.
4. If oxygen-consuming equipment will be used in the space such as
salamanders, welding equipment, or torches, additional air must be provided
through ventilation. In addition, the person using the equipment will wear a gas
monitor. If the space is determined to not contain a dangerous atmosphere of
other hazards, then work may proceed without additional unusual safeguards.
If the space is determined to contain a dangerous atmosphere, the
following additional steps must be taken:

1. The entry supervisor approves the work. A Confined Space Entry Permit is
completed. Procedures for completing the work are reviewed with all
employees prior to entry.

24
 2. Appropriate respiratory protection is worn by the entrant(s).
3. Employees entering the space wear an approved safety harness with an
attached line. The line must be secured outside the space. When entering
through a top opening, (e.g. manholes), a full body harness must be worn and
a hoisting device must be available.
4. At least one other employee (the attendant or standby person) stands
immediately outside the space.
5. Only approved lighting and electrical equipment may be used.
6. The attendant will be trained in First Aid/CPR.
7. Whenever the entrant is in a confined space and may move out of sight of
the attendant, a two-way communication system (e.g. radio) must be
established. The system must be tested before entry into the confined space.
8. At no time may the attendant enter the confined space. In case of
emergency, attempt non-entry rescue with the retrieval equipment.
9. Upon completion of the work, one copy of the Confined Space Entry Permit
will be forwarded to the Plant Manager/Construction Superintendent. One
copy will be forwarded to the Safety Representative for review and audit.

Injury Prevention & Safety Program Supplement:

FALL PREVENTION AND PROTECTION GUIDELINES

A. INTRODUCTION

25
B. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

C. FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES

1. Guardrail Systems
2. Safety Net Systems
3. Personal Fall Arrest and Positioning
4. Controlled Access Zones (CAZ)
5. Warning Line System
6. Safety Monitoring Systems
7. Holes / Covers
8. Fall Protection Plan Option
9. Fall Protection Training Requirements

A. INTRODUCTION
1. These guidelines establish the minimum fall prevention and protection
requirements for all employees working at or over six (6) feet above the
ground or the next lower level. They contain requirements for fall protection
from structures. For ladders, scaffolds and aerial lifts see those respective
tabs. Fall protection may be required at lower levels if employees are
exposed to slips, trips, or falls.
2. The intent of these guidelines is to prevent employees from falling off, onto
or through working levels and to provide protection from falling objects.

26
 3. The methods found in this guideline are not the only methods by which
protection can be achieved. These guidelines and systems do not provide
protection for every situation encountered in the workplace.
4. When different or unique applications arise, these guidelines can be used
for basic information. If you are not sure or you have a better alternative
please, contact your Safety Department immediately.

B. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1. Determination must be made whether walking/working surfaces can
support workers safely. All required fall protection systems are to be
provided and installed before commencing the work that requires the fall
protection.
2. Guardrails shall be provided on all open sides of unenclosed elevated work
locations, such as: roof openings, open and glazed sides of landings,
balconies or porches, platforms, runways, ramps, or working levels more
than 30 inches above the floor, ground, or other working areas of a building.
Where overhead clearance prohibits installation of a 42-inch guardrail, a
lower rail, or rails shall be installed. The railings shall be provided with a toe
board where the platform, runway, or ramp is 6 feet or more above places
where employees normally work or pass and the lack of a toe board could
create a hazard from falling tools, material, or equipment.
3. Employees on walking/working surfaces with unprotected sides or edges six
(6) feet or higher above a lower level must be prevented from falling by
using a Guardrail System, a Safety Net System, a Personal Fall Arrest
System, or a Positioning Device System. These requirements apply to all
elevated walking and working surfaces, including but not limited to Leading
Edges, Hoist Areas, Holes, the face of Formwork and Reinforcing Steel,
Ramps, Runways and Walkways, areas above or next to Dangerous
Equipment, Scaffolding, Roofs, Precast Concrete Structures, Overhand
Bricklaying and Wall Openings, where the hazard of falls is present..50 4/07
4. Each employee at the edge of an excavation six (6) feet or more in depth
shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, fences, or barricades
when the excavations are not readily seen because of plant growth or other
visual barrier.
5. When it is not feasible or creates a greater hazard to install conventional fall
protection systems to protect employees working on a Leading Edge,
engaged in Precast Concrete Erection or Residential Construction, a site
specific Fall Protection Plan may be developed and carried out.
6. When fall protection is required on Low Slope Roofs, conventional fall
protection systems may be used alone or in any of the following
combinations:
a. Warning lines and guardrails.
b. Warning lines and safety nets.
c. Warning lines and personal fall arrest systems.
d. Warning lines and a safety monitoring system.
On Low Slope Roofs fifty (50) feet or less in width, a Safety Monitoring
System may be used alone.
7. When employees are working below an elevated work area and toeboards
do not provide sufficient protection from falling objects, screens, mesh or

27
 canopies must be installed for a distance sufficient to protect employees
below.
8. Where tools, equipment, or materials are piled higher than the top edge of
a toe board, paneling, or screening must be built from the working/working
surface or toe board to the top of a guardrail systems top rail or midrail, for
a distance sufficient to protect employees below.
9. When canopies are used as falling object protection, they must be strong
enough to prevent collapse and penetration by any objects that may fall
onto the canopy.

C. FALL PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES.

1. GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS When used for fall protection, Guardrail Systems

must consist of Top Rails, Midrails, Toe boards, and Posts built or constructed
according to the following requirements.
a. The top edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members,
must be forty-two (42) to forty-five (45) inches above the walking/working
level.
b. The midrails must be installed at a height midway between the top edge of
the guardrail system and the walking/working level.
c. The posts must be spaced at eight (8) feet or closer distance..51 4/07
d. The toeboards must be at least three and one-half (3) inches in height and
must be installed within one-half () inch of the walking/working surface.
e. Guardrail systems must be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force
of at least two hundred (200) pounds applied within two (2) inches of the top
edge, in any outward or downward direction at any point along the top edge.
f. Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and
equivalent structural members must be capable of withstanding, without
failure, a force of at least one-hundred fifty (150) pounds applied in any
downward or outward direction at any point along the midrail or other
member.
g. Toeboards must be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at
least fifty (50) pounds applied in any downward or outward direction at any
point along the toeboard.
h. Guardrail systems must be surfaced as to prevent injury to an employee
from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
i. The ends of all toprails and midrails must not overhang the terminal post,
except where they do not cause a projection hazard.
j. There are several combinations of materials that may be used to construct
guardrail systems. When constructed according to the height, strength, and
spacing requirements outlined above, the following combinations are
acceptable:
1. Wooden guardrails must be made of Selected Grade lumber free of
damage. The Top Rails and Posts must be at least two (2) inches by four
(4) inches (nominal). The Midrails must be at least one (1) inch by six (6)
inches.
2. Pipe guardrails must consist of Schedule 40 pipe. The Top Rails, Midrails
and Posts must be at least one and one-half (1) inch nominal diameter.

28
 3. Structural steel guardrails must be made of angle iron. The Top Rails,
Midrails and Posts must be at least two (2) inch by two (2) inch by three-
eighths ( 3 /8) inch angles.
4. Wire rope may be substituted for top and midrails, but must be at least
one-quarter () inch nominal diameter or thicker. If wire rope is used for
top rails, it must be kept tight enough so that a two hundred (200)-pound
load will not deflect the line to less than thirty-nine (39) inches above the
walking/working surface. Wire rope top rails must also be flagged with
high-visibility material at intervals of not more than six (6) feet.
k. When a guardrail is used in hoisting areas, a chain, gate, or removable
guardrail section must be placed across the access opening when hoisting
operations are not taking place.

2. SAFETY NET SYSTEMS When used for fall protection, Safety Net Systems
must be installed or erected according to the following requirements.
a. Safety nets must be installed, moved, altered, or removed under the direct
supervision of a competent person.
b. Safety nets must be installed as close as practicable under the
walking/working surface on which employees are working, but never more
than thirty (30) feet below, and the potential fall area to the net must be
unobstructed.
c. Safety nets must extend outward from the outermost projection of the work
surface as follows:

VERTICAL DISTANCE FROM MINIMUM REQUIRED

HORIZONTAL
WORKING LEVEL TO HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF OUTER EDGE OF
NET
PLANE OF NET FROM THE EDGE OF THE
WORKING
SURFACE
Up to 5 feet 8 feet
More than 5 feet up to 10 feet 10 feet
More than 10 feet 13 feet

d. Safety nets must be installed with sufficient clearance under them to

prevent contact with the surface or structures below, when subjected to the
drop test.
e. Safety nets and their installation must be drop tested at the jobsite after
initial installation and before being used as a fall protection system,
whenever moved, after major repair and at six (6) month intervals, if left in
one place.
f. The drop test must consist of a four hundred (400)-pound bag of sand, thirty
(30) (plus or minus two (2)) inches in diameter dropped into the net from the
highest walking/working surface at which employees are exposed to the fall
hazard, but from not less than forty-two (42) inches above that level.
g. If doing the drop test is unreasonable, a competent person must certify that
the net and its installation will provide sufficient clearance and will absorb an
impact force equal to that of the drop test before the net is used as a fall
protection system. The certification must include all of the following:
a. An identification of the net and its installation,

29
 b. That it was installed correctly,.53 4/07
c. The date of installation,
d. The name and signature of the person making the certification.
A copy of the certification must be maintained at the site location and made
available for inspection.
h. A competent person must inspect safety nets and their components at least
once per week for wear, damage and other deterioration. Additionally, an
inspection must be made after any occurrence that could affect the integrity
of the system.
i. The maximum size of each net mesh opening must not exceed thirty-six (36)
square inches or be longer than six (6) inches on any side, and the opening,
measured center-to-center of mesh ropes or webbing, must not be longer
than six (6) inches. All mesh crossing must be secured to prevent
enlargement of the openings.
j. Each net must have a border rope for webbing, with a minimum breaking
strength of five thousand (5,000) pounds.
k. Connections between net panels must be as strong as integral net
components and must be spaced not more than six (6) inches apart.
l. Materials, scrap pieces, equipment and tools that have fallen into the system
must be removed as soon as possible and at least before the start of the next
shift.

3. PERSONAL FALL ARREST AND POSITIONING DEVICE SYSTEMS

When used for fall protection, Personal Fall Arrest and Positioning Device
Systems must be used according to the following requirements.

a. Body harnesses and all associated attachments must be labeled and meet
the requirements in ANSI Z359.1 - 1992. A body belt must not be used as
part of a fall arrest system.
b. Connectors must be drop forged, pressed or formed steel or made of
materials of equivalent strength. They must have corrosion resistant finish
and their surfaces and edges must be smooth to prevent damage to other
system components.
c. Dee-rings and snaphooks must have a minimum tensile strength of five
thousand (5,000) pounds. Dee-rings and snaphooks must have been proof
tested by the manufacturer to a minimum tensile load of three thousand six
hundred (3,600) pounds without cracking, breaking, or permanent
deformation.
d. Snaphooks must be of the locking type, sized to fit with the member to
which they connect and designed and used to prevent disengagement
(rollout).
e. Horizontal lifelines must be designed, installed, and used under the
supervision of a qualified person, as part of a complete personal fall arrest
system, which maintains a safety factor of at least two (2). On work
platforms where, because of an accident, a horizontal lifeline may become
vertical, the device (such as a rope grab) used to connect to the lifeline can
lock in both directions.
f. Ropes and straps used in lanyards, lifelines and the strength components of
body harnesses must be made from synthetic fibers. Lanyards and vertical
lifelines must be protected against being cut or abraded and have a

30
 minimum breaking strength of five thousand (5,000) pounds. When vertical
lifelines are used, each employee must use a separate lifeline.
g. Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards that automatically limit free fall
distance to two (2) feet or less, must be capable of sustaining a minimum
tensile load of three thousand (3,000) pounds applied to the device with the
lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
h. Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards that do not limit free fall distance to
two (2) feet or less, ripstitch lanyards, and tearing and deforming lanyards
must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of five thousand
(5,000) pounds applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully
extended position.
i. Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment must be
independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms
and capable of supporting at least five thousand (5,000) pounds per
employee attached.
j. Personal fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, must do all of the
following:
1. Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds.
2. Be rigged so that an employee cannot free fall more than six (6) feet or
contact any lower level.
3. Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum decelerations
distance an employee travels to three and one-half (3) feet.
4. Have enough strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of
an employee free falling six (6) feet or the free fall distance allowed by the
system, whichever is less.
k. The attachment point of a body harness used for fall protection must be in
the center of the back near shoulder level or above the head.
l. Body harnesses and other fall arrest equipment may never be used for
hoisting materials.
m. Fall arrest systems and components subjected to impact loading must be
immediately removed from service and not used until inspected and
determined by a competent person to be undamaged and suitable for
service.
n. Rescue plans must be made for a prompt rescue of employees in case of a
fall, unless it has been determined that employees can rescue themselves.
o. Personal fall arrest systems must be inspected before each use, for wear,
damage or other deterioration. Defective components must be removed
from service.
p. Personal fall arrest systems must not be attached to guardrail systems.
q. When personal fall arrest systems are used at hoist areas they must be
rigged to allow the movement of the employee only as far as the edge of the
walking/working surface.
r. Positioning devices must be rigged such that an employee cannot free fall
more than two (2) feet and secured to an anchorage capable of supporting
at least twice the potential impact load of an employees fall or three
thousand (3,000) pounds, whichever is greater.

4. CONTROLLED ACCESS ZONES (CAZ)

31
 a. When Controlled Access Zones (CAZ) are used to control access to areas
where Leading Edge, Precast Concrete Erection or Overhand Bricklaying or
related work is taking place, the CAZ must be defined by a control line or by
another means that restricts access.
b. When used to control access to areas where Leading Edge and other
operations are taking place, the control lines are to be erected not less than
six (6) feet or more than twenty-five (25) feet from the unprotected or leading
edge, except when erecting precast concrete members.
c. When Erecting Precast Concrete Members, the control line is to be erected
not less than six (6) feet or more than sixty (60) feet, or half the length of the
member being erected, whichever is less, from the leading edge.
d. When used to control access on Leading Edge or Precast Concrete Erection,
the control line must extend along the entire length of the unprotected or
leading edge and be approximately parallel to the unprotected or leading
edge and be connected on each side to a guard rail system or wall.
e. When used to control access to areas where Overhand Bricklaying and
related work are taking place, the control lines must be built not less than ten
(10) feet or more than fifteen (15) feet from the working edge.
f. When used to control access to areas where Overhand Bricklaying and
related work are taking place, the control line must extend a sufficient
distance to enclose the employees and be approximately parallel to the
working edge.
g. Control lines must consist of ropes, wires, tapes, or equivalent materials with
a minimum breaking strength of two hundred (200) pounds and be rigged
and supported so that the line is between thirty-nine (39) and forty-five (45)
inches above the walking/working surface.
h. Control lines must be flagged or otherwise clearly marked with high-visibility
materials at intervals of not more than six (6) feet.

5. WARNING LINE SYSTEM

a. Warning line systems may only be used when employees are engaged in
Roofing work on low-slope roofs.
b. If used, the warning line must be erected around all the unguarded sides of
the roof work area.
c. Warning lines must consist of ropes, wires, or chains with a tensile strength
of five hundred (500) pounds supported by stanchions so that the line is
between thirty-four (34) and thirty-nine (39) inches above the
walking/working surface. Warning lines must be flagged or otherwise clearly
marked with high-visibility material at intervals of not more than six (6) feet.
d. Warning line stanchions must be built so that they resist, without tipping
over, a force of at least sixteen (16) pounds applied horizontally outward
against the stanchion, thirty (30) inches above the walking/working surface.
e. When mechanical equipment is not used, the warning lines must be erected
at least six (6) feet from the roof edges. If mechanical equipment is used, the
warning lines must be at least six (6) feet from the roof edge that is parallel
to the direction of mechanical equipment operation and at least ten (10) feet
from the roof edges perpendicular to the direction of mechanical equipment
operation.
f. Points of access material handling areas, storage areas and hoisting areas
must be connected to the work area by an access path formed by two (2)

32
 warning lines. When the path is not in use, it must be closed with a warning
line or barricade or be offset to prevent employees from walking directly into
the work areas.

6. SAFETY MONITORING SYSTEMS

a. Safety monitoring systems may only be used when employees are engaging
in roofing activities on low-slope roofs or as part of a Written Fall Protection
Plan.
b. When a safety monitoring system is used, a competent person, capable of
recognizing fall hazards, must be designated as safety monitor.
c. The safety monitors duties include:
1. Warning employees when they are approaching the open edge unsafely.
2. Warning employees if a dangerous situation is developing that cannot be
seen by the CAZ Workers.
3. Making the CAZ Workers aware they are in a dangerous area.
4. Warning employees if they seem unaware of a fall hazard or are acting
unsafely.
5. Stopping the work process if he/she is unable to speak with the (CAZ)
Workers.
6. The Safety Monitor must not have other responsibilities that could take
his/her attention from these functions.
d. Mechanical equipment may not be used or stored in areas where safety
monitoring systems are being used to monitor employees
e. Employees working in a CAZ must be instructed to comply with fall hazard
warnings from Safety Monitors.

7. HOLES/COVERS
a. Covers for holes in floors, roofs, and other walking/working surfaces must
meet the following requirements:
1. Covers in roadways and vehicular aisles must be capable of supporting,
without failure, at least twice the maximum axle load of the largest
vehicle expected to cross over the cover.
2. All other covers must be capable of supporting without failure, at least
twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be
imposed on the cover at anytime.
3. All covers must be secured when installed to prevent accidental
displacement by the wind, equipment, or employees.
4. All covers must be color-coded or must be marked with the word HOLE
or COVER to provide warning of the hazard.

8. FALL PROTECTION PLAN OPTION

a. Fall Protection Plan Option may only be used when employees are engaged
in Leading Edge Work, Precast Concrete Erection Work, or Residential Work
and it can demonstrate that it is not feasible or it creates a greater hazard to
use conventional fall protection equipment. Remember, OSHC considers the
use of conventional fall protection systems feasible and believes that they
will not create a greater hazard. If it is decided that a Fall Protection Plan is
appropriate, the decision must be documented.

33
 b. The Fall Protection Plan must be prepared by a qualified person and
developed specifically for the site where the work is being done and the plan
must be maintained and up to date. The following sample Fall Protection
Plan may be used as a guideline when preparing a site specific plan.
c. At a minimum, the Fall Protection Plan must contain the following
information:
1. Reasons why conventional fall protection systems are not feasible or
would create a greater hazard.
2. A written discussion of other measures to be taken to reduce or eliminate
the fall hazard (scaffolds, ladders, aerial lift, etc.).
3. Location where conventional fall protection measures cannot be used.
These locations must then be classified as Controlled Access Zones (CAZ).
4. The names or other methods of identifying each employee designated to
work in a CAZ. (Only those designated employees may enter a CAZ.)
5. Where no other alternate measure has been carried out, a safety
monitoring system must be carried out.
d. A copy of the Fall Protection Plan must be maintained at the jobsite
whenever conventional fall protection systems are not being used.
e. The application of the Fall Protection Plan must be under the supervision of
a competent person.

9. FALL PROTECTION TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

a. Each employee who might be exposed to fall hazards must be trained by a
competent person qualified in the following areas:
1. The nature of fall hazards in the work area.
2. The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and
inspecting the fall protection systems to be used.
3. The use and operation of guardrails, personal fall arrest, safety net
warning line, safety monitoring systems, CAZs and other protection used.
4. The role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this
system is used.
5. The limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the
performance of roofing work on low-sloped roofs.
6. The correct procedures for handling and storage of equipment and
materials and the erection of overhead protection.
7. The role of employees in fall protection plans.
8. The National and state regulations relating to this program.
b. A written certification record, containing the name of the employee trained,
the name of the person who conducted the training, and the signature of the
person who conducted the training and the date training was completed
must be maintained.
c. Retraining must be conducted when it is thought that any affected
employee who has already been trained does not have the understanding
and skill required in the training section listed above, and when changes in
the fall protection systems, equipment, or workplace render previous
training obsolete.
LOCK-OUT PROCEDURE

34
I. INTRODUCTION
A. This procedure establishes minimum requirements to ensure that machines,
equipment, and energized circuits are isolated from potential energy sources
and locked and tagged out before maintenance or repairs are done.
B. This procedure applies to any operation where failure to lock and tag out a
potential energy source could cause personal injury or damage.

II. ENERGY CONTROL

A. Before employees turn off a machine, equipment, or electrical circuit, the
employees must know the type and magnitude of the energy, the hazards
of the energy to be controlled, and the method or means to control the
energy.
B. When identifying potential energy sources, all of the following types should
be considered:
1. Electrical energy sources including power panels, transformers,
capacitors, batteries, and generators.
2. Fluid and pneumatic energy sources including high pressure or high
temperature lines and lines that carry caustic or flammable materials.
3. Stored energy sources including suspended loads, hydraulically lifted
loads, compressed energy springs, and equipment that could shift, move
or rotate unexpectedly.
Note: This is only a guide to some types of potential energy, not a
complete list of all potential energy sources.
C. The machine, equipment, or electrical circuit must be turned off or shut
down using the procedures established for that machine, equipment, or
electrical circuit. An orderly shutdown must be utilized to avoid any
additional or increased hazard(s) to employees because of the equipment
stoppage.
D. All energy isolating devices needed to control the energy to the machine,
equipment or electrical circuit must be located and operated in a way that
isolates the machine or equipment from the energy source(s).
E. After the equipment is de-energized, each affected employee will lock the
energy isolating device in the open position using a multiple locking hasp
(i.e., three employees, three locks) and will retain possession of his/her key
to prevent inadvertent re-energizing of the circuit.
Note: Each affected employee should be issued a lock and tag that will
identify that employee as the custodian of that lock and tag. All spare or
additional keys must be locked in a box labeled Lock out keys, authorized
personnel only and stored away from the lock out devices.
F. The energy isolation device must then be tagged out as out of service (e.g.
DANGER DO NOT OPERATE, DANGER EMPLOYEES WORKING ON
MACHINERY). Tags must be attached to prevent inadvertent or chance
removal. Tag attachments must be of a non-reusable type, attachable by
hand, self-locking, with a minimum unlocking strength of fifty (50) pounds.
All weather nylon cable ties are acceptable tag attachments.
G. Locks and tags must be attached in a way that will hold the energy
isolating devices in a safe or off position.
H. Locks and tags must be attached in a way that will clearly indicate that the
operation or movement of energy isolating devices from the safe or off
position is prohibited.

35
 I. Following the attachment of locks and tags to energy isolating devices, all
potentially hazardous stored or residual energy will be relieved,
disconnected restrained, and otherwise rendered safe.
J. If there is a possibility that stored energy could accumulate to a hazardous
level, verification of isolation must be continued until the servicing or
maintenance is completed or until the possibility of stored energy
accumulation no longer exists.
K. After machines, equipment or electrical circuits have been locked and
tagged out, the machine or equipment must be test started, to ensure the
right energy sources were in fact tagged out, and any remaining stored
energy must be bled off or released in a controlled safe manner.

III. RELEASE FROM LOCK-OUT AND TAG OUT

1. After maintenance or repairs have been completed the affected area will
be inspected to ensure that tools and nonessential items have been
removed, guards have been replaced, and employees have been notified
that the machine, equipment, or electrical circuit is being re-energized.
2. Each lock and tag must be removed from each energy isolating device by
the employee who applied the device.
Exception: If the employee who applied a lock and a tag is not available to
remove them, the lock and tag may be removed by the supervisor, if the
supervisor:
1. Confirms that the employee who applied the lock and tag is not at the
facility.
2. Personally informs the employee, before the employee returns to work,
that his/her lock and tag have been removed.

IV. TRAINING FOR LOCK-OUT

A. All employees likely to be assigned tasks involving maintenance or repairs
of equipment, machinery, or electrical circuits will be trained using this
procedure before their assignment.
B. Employees will be trained to identify potential energy hazards within
systems and job sites they work on and to properly lock and tag out all
devices controlling them.
C. Employees who are or may be in an area where energy control procedures
are utilized must be instructed about the procedure and about the
prohibition relating to attempts to restart of re-energize machines or
equipment that are locked or tagged out.
D. Employees will be instructed that compliance with danger, warning, and
lock-out tags is mandatory.
E. Retraining must be provided for all affected employees whenever there is a
change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or
processes that present a new hazard, or a change in these lock and tag out
procedures.
F. Retraining must also be conducted whenever a periodic evaluation reveals,
or whenever a supervisor thinks that there are deviations from or
inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of the energy control
procedures.

36
 G. Training and retraining must be documented and certified as being
accomplished and current. The certification must contain each employees
name and dates of training.

V. PERIODIC EVALUATION
A. Supervisors responsible for this procedure must conduct a periodic (at least
annual) evaluation to confirm that it is being followed. The evaluation must
include:
1. Observation of employees using the lock and tag out procedure.
2. A review of employees responsibilities and correction of any
misunderstanding or misapplication of the procedure.
B. The supervisor must certify that the evaluation has been completed
including the following:
1. The machinery, equipment, or energy source on which the energy control
procedure was utilized.
2. The names of all the employees included in the evaluation.
3. The date and location of the evaluation.
4. The evaluators name and position.

Injury Prevention and Safety Program Supplement:

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM

A. INTRODUCTION
B. PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING RESPIRATORS

37
C. VOLUNTARY USE OF FILTERING FACEPIECES (DUST MASKS)
D. MEDICAL EVALUATION OF EMPLOYEES REQUIRED TO USE
RESPIRATORS
E. FIT TESTING PROCEDURES FOR TIGHT-FITTING RESPIRATORS
F. PROCEDURES FOR PROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IN ROUTINE AND
REASONABLE FORESEEABLE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
G. PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULES FOR CLEANING, DISINFECTING,
STORING, INSPECTING, REPAIRING, DISCARDING, AND OTHERWISE
MAINTAINING RESPIRATORS
H. PROCEDURES TO ENSURE ADEQUATE AIR QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND
FLOW OF BREATHING AIR FOR ATMOSPHERE-SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS.
I. TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN RESPIRATORY HAZARDS AND THE
PROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS
J. PROCEDURES FOR REGULARLY EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE PROGRAM/RECORDKEEPING

A. INTRODUCTION
1. This program establishes the minimum requirements for the use of
respiratory protective equipment, including selecting respirators, evaluating
the medical condition of respirator users, fit testing, using respirators,
maintaining respirators, ensuring adequate air quality, quantity, and flow for

38
 supplied-air respirators, employee training, and evaluating the effectiveness
of this program.
2. When it is clearly impractical to remove respiratory hazards through
engineering controls or where emergency protection against occasional or
brief exposures is necessary, approved respiratory protective equipment will
be issued and used in accordance with this program.
3. These requirements apply to all exposures in which employees are required
or allowed to wear respiratory protective equipment.
4. The Safety Managers are designated as the local program administrator to
administer or oversee the respiratory protection program and conduct the
required evaluations of program effectiveness.

B. PROCEDURES FOR SELECTING RESPIRATORS

1. The classification and extent of the hazard should be verified by air
monitoring and evaluation of potential employee exposure. Prior to the use
of Respiratory Protection the Program Administrator will notify the Corporate
Safety Department to verify and coordinate respiratory usage and air
monitoring.
2. Before the selection of respirators, there must be an elevation of the
potential respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace; identify relevant workplace
and user factors, and base respirator selection on these factors. This
evaluation should take place during the estimation phase of all work. The
Program Administrator will evaluate where a contaminant is regulated by a
substance-specific standard that requires monitoring (e.g. lead, asbestos,
welding). Exposure monitoring must be done in accordance with OSHC
standards. For other contaminants and as appropriate, personal air
monitoring may be conducted or alternatively, object data or mathematical
modeling may be used.
3. Respiratory hazards for the purpose of this program are classified as
follows:
Oxygen deficiency
Gas and vapor contaminants
Particulate contaminants
Combinations of any of the hazards listed above
4. The evaluation must include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures
to respiratory hazards and an identification of the contaminants chemical
state and the physical form. Where employee exposure cannot be identified
or reasonably estimated, the atmosphere must be considered to be
immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH).
5. An appropriate respirator, certified by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), will be selected based on the
respiratory hazards to which employees are exposed and workplace and
user factors that affect respirator performance and reliability. Only
respirators certified by NIOSH for use in a particular respiratory hazard will
be used.
6. All filters, cartridges, and canisters used in the workplace must be labeled
and color-coded with the NIOSH-certification label and the label may not be
removed and must remain legible.
7. Selection of respirators requires consideration of the following factors:
The classification of the hazard

39
 The extent and concentration of the hazard
The duration of potential exposure
The work requirements and conditions
The characteristics and limitations of available respirators
8. The respirator selected must be appropriate for the chemical state and
physical form of the contaminant and must be chosen from a sufficient
number of respirator models and sizes so that the respirator is acceptable
to, and correctly fits, the employee.
9. The respirator selected must be adequate to protect the health of the
employee and ensure compliance with all other applicable OSHC statutory
and regulatory requirements, under routine and reasonably foreseeable
emergency situations.
10. If the potential respiratory hazards in the workplace are gases and vapors
that are not IDLH, one of the following types of respirators must be provided
and used:
a. An atmosphere-supplying respirator.
b. An air-purifying respirator provided that:
1) The respirator is equipped with an end-of-service-life indicator (ESLI)
certified by NIOSH for the contaminant.
2) If there is no ESLI appropriate for conditions in the workplace, the
program administrator will establish and implement a change schedule
for canisters and cartridges that is based on objective information or
data that will ensure that canisters and cartridges are changed before
the end of their service life. The program administrator must document
and attach to this respirator program the information and data relied
upon and the basis for the canister and cartridge change schedule and
the basis for reliance on the data. The program administrator may also
follow vendor/manufacturers recommendations.
11. If the potential respiratory hazards in the workplace are particulates that
are not IDLH, one of the following types of respirators must be provided and
used:
a. An atmosphere-supplying respirator.
b. An air-purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified by NIOSH under
30 CNR Part 11 as a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, or an air-
purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified for particulates by
NIOSH under 42 CNR Part 84.
c. For contaminants consisting primarily of particles with mass median
aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of at least 2 micrometers, an air-
purifying respirator equipped with any filter certified for particulates by
NIOSH.

C. VOLUNTARY USE OF FILTERING FACEPEICES (DUST MASKS)

Voluntary use of a filtering face piece (dust mask) is allowable only after
industrial hygiene monitoring has been performed where the contaminant is
regulated by a substancespecified standard (e.g. lead, asphalt fumes,
crystalline silica, etc.). Upon verification of test results, employees may
voluntarily wear the filtering face piece (dust mask) so long as the following
additional basic advisory information on filtering face pieces (dust masks) is
provided.

40
MANDATORY INFORMATION FOR EMPLOYEES USING FILTERING
FACEPIECES (DUST MASKS)
Respirators are an effective method of protection against designated
hazards when properly selected and worn. Respirator use is encouraged, even
when exposures are below the exposure limit, to provide an additional level of
comfort and protection for employees. However, if a respirator is used
improperly or not kept clean, the respirator itself can become a hazard.
Sometimes, employees may wear respirators to avoid exposures to hazards,
even if the amount of hazardous substance does not exceed the limits set by
OSHC standards. If you choose to wear a respirator for our own comfort you
need to take certain precautions to be sure that the respirator itself does not
present a hazard.
You should do the following:

a. Read and heed all instructions provided by the manufacturer on use,

maintenance, cleaning and care, and warnings regarding the respirators
limitations.
b. Choose respirators certified for use to protect against the contaminant of
concern. NIOSH, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of
the PHILIPPINES Department of Health and human Services, certifies
respirators. A label or statement of certification should appear on the
respirator or respirator packaging. It will tell you what the respirator is
designed for and how much it will protect you.
c. Do not wear your respirator into atmospheres containing contaminants
against which your respirator is not designed to protect. For example, a
respirator designed to filter dust particles will not protect you against gases,
vapors, or very small solid particles of fumes or smoke.
d. Keep track of your respirator so that you do not mistakenly use someone
elses respirator.

D. MEDICAL EVALUATIONS OF EMPLOYEES REQUIRED TO USE

RESPIRATORS
1. Using a respirator may place a physiological burden on employees that
varies with the type of respirator worn, the job and workplace conditions in
which the respirator is used, and the medical status of the employee.
Accordingly, these are the minimum requirements for medical evaluation
that must be implemented to determine an employees ability to use a
respirator before the employee is fit tested or required or allowed to use the
respirator in the workplace. A medical evaluation must be provided before
the initial fit testing and before the respirator is used for the first time,
except for the employees who voluntarily use dust masks.
2. Each Plant/District must select a physician or other licensed health care
professional (PLHCP) to perform medical evaluations. The PLHCP must be
provided with a copy of this respiratory protection program and a copy of the
OSHC regulation 8CCR 5144 or 29 CNR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection.
Note: If we replace a PLHCP, we must ensure that the PLHCP receives this
information, either by providing the documents directly to the new PLHCP or
having the documents transferred from the former PLHCP to the new PLHCP.
Employees do not need to be medically reevaluated solely because a new
PLHCP has been selected.

41
3. The PLHCP must perform medical evaluations using an OSHC Respirator
Medical Evaluation Questionnaire or a medical examination that obtains the
same information as Sections 1 and 2, Part A of the OSHC Respirator Medical
Evaluation Questionnaire. For construction, OSHC allows the employer to
accept the written medical recommendations of the employees ability to
use a respirator as determined by their pervious employers PLHCP if the
work conditions and type and weight of the respirator remains the same and
appropriate for use at the new work site. In such a situation, EEI must obtain
from the previous employer a copy of the PLHCPs written recommendation.
4. The OSHC Respirator Medical Evaluation Questionnaire and examinations
must be administered confidentially during the employees normal working
hours or at a time and place convenient to the employee. The OSHC
Respirator Medical Evaluation Questionnaire must be administered so that
the employee understands its contents. We must provide the employee with
an opportunity to discuss the questionnaire and examination results with the
PLHCP.
5. There must be a follow-up medical examination for an employee who gives
a positive response to any question among questions 1 through 8 in Section
2, Part A of the OSHC Respirator Medical Evaluation Questionnaire, or whose
initial medical examination demonstrates the need for a follow-up medical
examination. In addition, there must be a follow-up medical examination if
the employee asks to see a physician or the physician needs to see the
worker.
6. The follow-up medical examination will include any medical tests,
consultations, or diagnostic procedures that the PLHCP deems necessary to
make a final determination.
7. The following information must be provided to the PLHCP before the PLHCP
makes a recommendation concerning an employees ability to use a
respirator:
a. The type and weight of the respirator to be used by the employee
b. The duration and frequency of respirator use (including use for rescue
and escape).
c. The expected physical work effort.
d. Additional protective clothing and equipment to be worn.
e. Temperature and humidity extremes that may be encountered.
8. We must obtain a written recommendation regarding the employees ability
to use the respirator from the PLHCP. The recommendation must provide
only the following information:
a. Any limitations on respirator use related to the medical condition of the
employee, or relating to the workplace conditions in which the respirator
will be used, including whether or not the employee is medically able to
use the respirator. If, for instance, the respirator is a negative pressure
respirator and the PLHCP finds a medical condition that may place the
employees health at increased risk if the respirator is used, we must
provide a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) if the PLHCPs medical
evaluation finds that the employee can use such a respirator.
b. The need, if any, for follow-up medical evaluations.
c. A statement that the PLHCP has provided the employee with a copy of
the PLHCPs written recommendation.

42
 9. Additional medical evaluations that comply with these requirements must
be provided if any of the following occur:
a. An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related to
ability to use a respirator.
b. A PLHCP, supervisor, or the respirator program administrator determines
that an employee needs to be reevaluated.
c. Information from this respiratory protection program, including
observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a
need for employee reevaluation.
d. A change occurs in workplace conditions (e.g., physical work effort,
protective clothing, and temperature) that may result in a substantial
increase in the physiological burden placed on an employee.

E. FIT TESTING PROCEDURES FOR TIGHT-FITTING RESPIRATORS

1. Before an employee may be required or allowed to use any respirator with a
negative or positive pressure tight-fitting face piece, the employee must
pass an appropriate qualitative fit test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT)
with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used. A
Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) is a pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of
respirator fit by that relies on the individuals response to the test agent. A
Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT) is an assessment of the adequacy of respirator
fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator.
2. An employee using a tight-fitting face piece respirator must be fit tested
before initial use of the respirator, whenever a different respirator face piece
(size, style, model, or make) is used, and at least annually thereafter.
3. Additional fit tests must be conducted whenever the employee reports, or
the PLHCP, supervisor, or program administrator makes visual observations
of, changes in the employees physical condition that could affect respirator
fit. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, facial scarring, dental
changes, cosmetic surgery, or an obvious change in body weight.
4. If after passing a QLFT or QNFT, the employee subsequently notifies the
program administrator, supervisor, or PLHCP that the fit of the respirator is
unacceptable, the employee will be given a reasonable opportunity to select
a different respirator face piece and to be retested.
5. The fit test must be administered using an OSHC-accepted QLFT or QNFT
protocol. The OSHC-accepted QLFT and QNFT protocols and procedures are
included at the end of this program.
6. QLFT may only be used to fit test negative pressure air-purifying respirators
that must achieve a fit factor of 100 or less. This is normal for EEI field
operations but may not be appropriate for certain types of confined space
entry.
7. If the fit factor, as determined through an OSH-accepted QNFT protocol, is
equal to or greater than 100 for tight-fitting half face pieces, or equal to or
greater than 500 for tight-fitting full face pieces, the QNFT has been passed
with that respirator.
8. Fit testing of tight-fitting atmosphere-supplying respirators and tight-fitting
PAPRs will be accomplished by performing quantitative or qualitative fit
testing in the negative pressure mode, regardless of the mode of operation
that is used for respiratory protection.

43
 a. Qualitative fit testing of test respirators will be accomplished by
temporarily converting the respirator users actual face piece into a
negative pressure respirator with appropriate filters, or by using an
identical negative pressure air-purifying respirator face piece with the
same sealing surfaces as a surrogate.
b. Quantitative fit testing of these respirators will be accomplished by
modifying the face piece to allow sampling inside the face piece in the
breathing zone of the user, midway between the nose and mouth. This
requirement will be accomplished by installing a permanent-sampling
probe onto a surrogate face piece, or by using a sampling adapter
designed to temporarily provide a means of sampling air from inside the
face piece.
c. Any modifications to the respirator face piece for fit testing will be
completely removed, and the face piece restored to NIOSH-approved
configuration, before that face piece can be used in the workplace.

F. PROCEDURES FOR PROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IN ROUTINE AND

REASONABLY FORESEEABLE EMERGENCIES.
1. These requirements include prohibiting conditions that may result in face
piece seal leakage preventing employees from removing respirators in
hazardous environments, and taking actions to ensure continued effective
respirator operation throughout the work shift.
2. Employees may not wear respirators with tight-fitting face pieces if they
have:
a. Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of the face piece and
the face or that interferes with valve function.
b. Any condition that interferes with the face-to-face piece seal or valve
function.
3. If an employee wears corrective glasses or goggles or other personal
protective equipment, that equipment must be worn in a manner that does
not interfere with the seal of the face piece to the face of the user.
4. Employees who use a tight-fitting respirator must perform a user seal check
to ensure that an adequate seal is achieved each time the respirator is put
on. Either the positive and negative pressure checks listed below or the
respirator manufactures recommended user seal check method must be
used. User seal checks are not substitutes for qualitative or quantitative fit
test.
a. To perform a positive pressure check close off the exhalation valve by
covering with the palm of the hand and exhale gently into the face
piece. The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure
can be built up inside the face piece for ten seconds without any
evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal. For most respirators this
method of leak testing requires the wearer to first remove the exhalation
valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve and then carefully
replacing it after the test.
b. To perform a negative pressure check close off the inlet opening of the
canister or cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the hand(s) or by
replacing the filter seal(s) and inhale gently into the face piece. The face
fit is considered satisfactory if a slight negative pressure can be built up

44
 inside the face piece for ten seconds without any evidence of inward
leakage of air at the seal.
5. When there is a change in work area conditions or degree of employee
exposure or stress that may affect respirator effectiveness, the program
administrator must reevaluate the continued effectiveness of the respirator.
6. The supervisor or program administrator must ensure that employees leave
the respirator use area:
a. To wash their faces and respirator face pieces as necessary to prevent
eye or skin irritation associated with respirator use.
b. If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing
resistance, or leakage of the face piece.
c. To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge, or canister elements.
7. If the employee detects vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing
resistance, or leakage of the face piece, the respirator must be replaced or
repaired before allowing the employee to return to the work area.

G. PROCEDURES AND SCHEDULES FOR CLEANING, DISINFECTING,

STORING, INSPECTING REPAIRING, DISCARDING, AND OTHERWISE
MAINTAINING RESPIRATORS
1. Each respirator user will be provided a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and
in good working order. Respirators will be cleaned and disinfected using
procedures recommended by the respirator manufacturer or the following
procedures:
a. Remove filters, cartridges, or canisters. Disassemble face pieces by
removing speaking diaphragms, demand and pressure-demand valve
assemblies, hoses, or any components recommended by the
manufacturer. Discard or repair any defective parts.
b. Wash components in warm (110 degrees Fahrenheit maximum) water
with a mild detergent or with a cleaner recommended by the
manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate the
removal of dirt.
c. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm, preferably running water.
Drain.
d. When the cleaner used does not contain a disinfecting agent, respirator
components should be immersed for two minutes in one of the following:
1) Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of chlorine) made by adding
approximately one (1) milliliter (0.03 ounces) of laundry bleach to
one (1) liter (0.264 gallons) of warm water.
2) Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine) made by adding
approximately 0.8 milliliters (0.027 ounces) of tincture of iodine to
one liter (0.264 gallons) of warm water.
3) Other commercially available cleansers of equivalent disinfectant
quality when used as directed if their use is recommended or
approved by the respirator manufacturer.
e. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm preferably running water.
Drain. The importance of thorough rinsing cannot be overemphasized.
Detergents or disinfectants that dry on face pieces may result in
dermatitis. In addition, some disinfectants may cause deterioration of
rubber or corrosion of metal parts in not completely removed.
f. Components should be hand-dried with a clean lint-free cloth or air-dried.

45
 g. Reassemble face piece, replacing filters, cartridges, and canisters where
necessary.
h. Test the respirator to ensure that all components work properly.
2. The respirators will be cleaned and disinfected at the following intervals:
a. Respirators issued for the exclusive use of an employee will be cleaned
and disinfected as often as necessary to be maintained in a sanitary
condition.
b. Respirators maintained for emergency use will be cleaned and
disinfected after each use.
c. Respirators used in fit testing and training will be cleaned and
disinfected after each use.
3. All respirators will be stored to protect them from damage, contamination,
dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging
chemicals, and they will be packed or stored to prevent deformation of the
face piece and exhalation valve. In addition to the other storage
requirements, emergency respirators will be:
a. Kept accessible to the work area.
b. Stored in containers or covers that are clearly marked as containing
emergency respirators.
c. Stored in accordance with any applicable manufacture instructions.
4. Respirators will be inspected periodically by the employee as follows:
a. All respirators used in routine situations will be inspected before each
use and during cleaning.
b. All respirators maintained for use in emergency situations will be
inspected at least monthly and in accordance with the manufactures
recommendations, and will be checked for proper function before and
after each use.
c. Emergency escape-only respirators will be inspected before being
carried into the workplace for use.
d. Respirator inspections must include the following:
1) A check of respirator function, tightness of connections, and the
condition of the various parts including, but not limited to, the face
piece, head straps, valves, connecting tube, and cartridges, canisters
or filters.
2) A check of elastomeric parts for pliability and signs of deterioration.
5. Respirators that fail an inspection or are otherwise found to be defective
must be removed from service and discarded or repaired or adjusted in
accordance with the following procedures:
a. Repairs or adjustments to respirators are to be made only be persons
appropriately trained to perform such operations and who will use only
the respirator manufacturers NIOSH-approved parts designed for the
respirator.
b. Repairs will be made according to the manufacturers recommendations
and specifications for the type and extent of repairs to be performed.
c. Reducing and admission valves, regulators, and alarms will be adjusted
or repaired only by the manufacturer or a technician trained by the
manufacturer.

H. PROCEDURES TO ENSURE ADEQUATE AIR QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND

FLOW OF BREATHING AIR FOR ATMOSPHERE-SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS

46
1. Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for
respiration must meet the following specifications:
a. Compressed and liquid oxygen will meet the Philippines Pharmacopoeia
requirements for medical or breathing oxygen.
b. Compressed breathing air will meet at least the requirements for Type 1-
Grade D breathing air described in ANSI/Compressed Gas Association
Commodity Specification for Air, G-7-1989, to include:
1) Oxygen content (v/v) of nineteen and one-half percent (19.5%) to
twenty-three and one-half percent (23.5%).
2) Hydrocarbon content of five (5) milligrams per cubic meter of air or
less.
3) Carbon monoxide (CO) content of ten (10) ppm or less.
4) Carbon dioxide content of 1,000 ppm or less.
5) Lack of noticeable odor.
c. Compressed oxygen may not be used in atmosphere-supplying
respirators that have previously used compressed air.
d. Oxygen concentrations greater than 23.5% may only be used in
equipment designed for oxygen service or distribution.
e. Cylinders used to supply breathing air to respirators must meet the
following requirements:
1) Be tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container
Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CNR
part 173 and part 178).
2) Have a certificate of analysis from the supplier that the breathing air
meets the requirements for Type 1-Grade D breathing air.
3) The moisture content in the cylinder does not exceed a dew point of
50 degrees Fahrenheit at 1 atmosphere pressure.
f. Compressors used to supply breathing air to respirators are constructed
and situated so as to:
1) Prevent entry of contaminated air into the air-supply system.
2) Minimize moisture content so that the dew point at 1 atmosphere
pressure is 10 degrees Fahrenheit below the ambient temperature.
3) Have suitable in-line-purifying sorbent beds and filters to further
ensure breathing air quality. Sorbent beds and filters will be
maintained and replaced or refurbished periodically following the
manufacturers instructions.
4) Have a tag containing the most recent change date and the signature
of the person authorized to perform the change. The tag must be
maintained at the compressor.
g. For compressors that are not oil-lubricated, the air supply will be
monitored at intervals sufficient to prevent carbon monoxide levels in
the breathing air from exceeding 10 ppm.
h. For oil-lubricated compressors, high-temperature and/or carbon
monoxide alarm must be installed in line to monitor carbon monoxide
levels. If only high-temperature alarms are used, the air supply must be
monitored at intervals sufficient to prevent carbon monoxide in the
breathing air from exceeding 10 ppm.
i. Breathing air couplings must be equipped with fittings that are
incompatible with outlets for non-respirable worksite air or other gas

47
 systems. No asphyxiating substance may be introduced into breathing
airlines.
j. Breathing gas containers must be marked in accordance with NIOSH
respirator certification standard, 42 CNR Part 84.

I. TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES IN RESPIRATORY HAZARDS AND THE

PROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS
1. Effective training must be provided to employees who are required or
allowed to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive,
understandable, and repeated annually and more often if necessary.
2. The training must be conducted so that it is understandable to the
employees and must be completed before requiring or allowing employees
to use respirators in the workplace. The Safety Department is available to
assist in this training.
3. The training must ensure that each employee can demonstrate knowledge
of at least the following:
a. Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, usage, or
maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator.
b. What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are.
c. How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including
situations in which the respirator malfunctions.
d. How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the
respirator.
e. What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator.
f. How to recognize medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent
the effective use of respirators.
g. The general requirements of this program and the OSHC regulation.
h. Keeping and maintaining the respiratory data use sheet every time the
respirator is used.
4. Retraining will be administered annually and when the following situations
occur:
a. Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous
training obsolete.
b. Inadequacies in the employees knowledge or use of the respirator
indicate that the employee has not retained the necessary level of
understanding or skill.
c. Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary.

J. PROCEDURES FOR REGULARLY EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

THE PROGRAM/RECORDKEEPING
1. The Program Administrator will conduct evaluations of the workplace as
necessary to ensure that the provisions of the current written program are
being effectively implemented and continue to be effective.
2. The Program Administrator will regularly consult employees required to use
respirators to assess the employees views on program effectiveness and to
identify any problems. Any problems that are identified during this
assessment must be corrected. Factors to be assessed include, but are not
limited to:
a. Respirator fit (including the ability to use the respirator without
interfering with effective workplace performance).

48
 b. Appropriate respirator selection for the hazards to which the employee is
exposed.
c. Proper respirator use under the workplace conditions the employee
encounters.
d. Proper respirator maintenance.
3. A written copy of this program is incorporated into EEIs Injury Prevention
and Safety Program and is available to all employees who wish to review it.
The Program Administrator will keep copies of training and fit test records.
These records will be updated as new employees are trained, as existing
employees receive refresher training and as new fit tests are conducted. The
Program Administration will also maintain copies of the medical records for
employees covered under the respirator program. The completed medical
questionnaire and the physicians documented findings are confidential and
will remain at the medical clinic. The company will only retain the physicians
written recommendation regarding each employees ability to wear a
respirator.

49
INJURY PREVENTION AND SAFETY PROVISIONS:
Code of Safe Practices Definition

Access and Ladders

Aerial Lifts
Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe, Working with
Blasting
Blood borne Pathogen
Confined Space Introduction
Cranes and Hoisting Equipment
Crane Suspended Personnel Platform Procedure
Cutting and Welding
Education and Training
Electrical
Emergencies
Excavations & Trenches
Falsework and Elevated Surfaces
Fire Prevention and Protection
First Aid and Medical Services
Flagging
Forklifts
Gasoline Powered Equipment
General Safety Rules
Ground Fault Protection
Hand and Power Tools
Hazard Communication
Hazardous Waste
Health and Physical Requirements
Heat Illness
High Voltage Line Clearance
Housekeeping
Impalement Prevention
Job Hazard Analysis
Lead
Lifting
Mobile Equipment
Noise
Office Safety
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Public Protection
Rigging
Sanitation
Scaffolding
Stationary Machinery and Plant Installations
Traffic Control
Underground Service Alert
Uniform Hand Signals for Directing Crane Operations
Warm-Up & Stretch Work
Over Water
Workplace Violence

50
DEFINITIONS
The following definitions are provided to assist the users of this manual in
understanding and applying the provisions of the Injury Prevention and Safety
Program.

ABRASIVE-BLASTING RESPIRATOR A respirator constructed so that it covers

the wearers head, neck, and shoulders to protect the wearer from rebounding
abrasive.

ACCEPTABLE ENTRY CONDITIONS The conditions that must exist in a permit

space to allow entry and to ensure that people involved with a permit space can
safely enter into and work within the space.

ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: an

organization of professional personnel in governmental agencies or educational
institutions engaged in occupational safety and health programs. The ACGIH
develops and annually publishes recommended occupational exposure limits
(see TLV) for several hundred chemical substances and physical agents.

ACTUAL SLOPE The slope to which an excavation face is excavated.

ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY TEST Toxicological test performed to determine

the systemic effect of a single ingestion of the test substance.

ACUTE EFFECT An effect which is manifested soon after the exposure. Soon
is usually defined as within 72 hours.

ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY TEST Toxicological test performed to

determine the systemic effect of one exposure to the airborne test substance.

ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TEST Toxicological test performed to determine the

systemic effect of a single ingestion of the test substance.

ACUTE TOXICITY The effects resulting from a single dose of, or short
exposure to, a substance.

ADHESIVE A material used to bond together dissimilar materials, but which

also may be used to provide characteristics not available in an original material.

AEROSOL A suspension of liquid or solid particles in a gas. Fog and smoke are
examples of natural aerosols; spray paints and deodorants are examples of man-
made aerosols.

AFFECTED EMPLOYEE An employee whose job requires him/her to operate or

use a machine or equipment on which cleaning, repairing, servicing, setting-up
or adjusting operations are performed under lock and tag out, who locks and
tags out machines or equipment in order to perform cleaning, repairing,
servicing, setting-up or adjusting operations or whose job requires him/her to
work in an area in which such activities are being performed.

51
AIRLESS SPRAYING A coating application technique wherein hydraulic
pressure on the paint is used to force the paint from the spray gun. Although this
method generates less overspray than the compressed air method, in airless
spraying the paint moves with enough force that, if the spray is accidentally
directed at someones skin, paint will become injected beneath the skin.

AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR A respirator with an air-purifying filter,

cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient
air through the air-purifying element.

ALIPHATIC A hydrocarbon characterized by a straight or branched structural

arrangement. Includes paraffins (alkanes), olefins (alkenes), and acetylenes
(alkynes). See aromatic.

ALLERGIC REACTION An abnormal physiologic response to a substance.

Effects include skin or respiratory reactions.

ALUMINUM HYDRAULIC SHORING A pre-engineered shoring system

comprised of aluminum hydraulic cylinders (cross braces) used in conjunction
with vertical rails (uprights) or horizontal rails (walers). Such a system is
designed specifically to support the sidewalls of an excavation and to prevent
cave-ins.

ANCHORAGE A secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or

deceleration devices.

ANSI American National Standards Institute.

APPEARANCE The color, physical state at room temperature, size of particles,

consistency, and other visually apparent characteristics of a material.

ARCHITECTURAL COATING Though typically only paints are included in this

category of coatings, it is strictly defined as any coating used on interior or
exterior building structures and facades.

AROMATIC A hydrocarbon characterized by a ring-like molecular structure,

such as benzene, toluene, and xylene.

ASPHYXIANT A vapor or gas that can cause unconsciousness or death by

suffocation either by preventing utilization of oxygen or by displacing the oxygen
necessary to support respiration.

ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials: a voluntary membership

organization either by preventing utilization of concerned with standards for
material, products, systems, and services.

ATMOSPHERE-SUPPLYING RESPIRATOR A respirator that supplies the

respirator user with breathing air from a source independent of the ambient
atmosphere and includes supplied-air respirators (SARs) and self-contained
breathing (SCBA) units.

52
ATTENDANT An individual stationed outside one or more permit spaces who
monitors the authorized entrants and who performs all attendants duties
assigned in the Confined Space Entry Operating Procedures.

AUTHORIZED Directed or approved by a supervisor.

AUTHORIZED ENTRANT Is a person who is authorized by the Company to

enter a Permit Space.

AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE The lowest temperature at which a gas or

vapor-air mixture will spontaneously without spark or flame.

BARRIER CREAM A protective skin cream which is intended to prevent dermal

exposure.

BENCHING A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the

sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal steps, usually with
vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels.

BLANKING OR BLINDING The absolute closure of a pipe, line or duct by the

fastening of a solid plate (such as a spectacle blind or a skillet blind) that
completely covers the bore and that is capable of withstanding the maximum
pressure of the pipe, line or duct with no leakage beyond the plate.

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in

human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but
are not limited to, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).

BODY HARNESS A design of straps that may be secured about the employee
to distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest,
and shoulders with means for attaching it to other components of a personal fall
arrest system.

BOILING POINT The temperature, at a given pressure, at which a liquid

changes to a vapor state.

BRONCHITIS Inflammation of one or more of the bronchial tubes; commonly

characterized by fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, and coughing.

BUCKLE Any device for holding the body harness closed around the
employees body.

CANISTER or CARTRIDGE A container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or

combination of these items, which removes specific contaminants from the air
passed through the container.

CARCINOGEN A substance capable of causing cancer.

53
C.A.S. Chemical Abstracts Service: an organization operated by the American
Chemical Society that indexes information published in Chemical Abstracts and
provides index guides by which information about particular chemicals may be
located in the Abstracts.

C.A.S. NUMBER The identifying number assigned to a chemical or product by

the Chemical
Abstracts Service.

CATENARY LINE A horizontal safety line secured between two fixed

anchorages, independent of the work surface, to provide fall protection and allow
employees to move horizontally.

CAVE-IN The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an
excavation, or the loss of soil from underneath a trench shield or support system,
and its sudden movement into the excavation, either by falling or sliding, in
sufficient quantity, so that it could entrap, bury, or otherwise injure and
immobilize a person.

cc cubic centimeter: A volume measurement in the metric system. A cc is

equal in capacity to one milliliter (ml). One quart is 949.4 cc.

CEMENTED SOIL A soil in which the particles are held together by a chemical
agent, such as calcium carbonate, such that a hand-size sample cannot be
crushed into powder or individual particles by finger pressure.

CNR Code of National Regulations.

CLASS A FIRE A fire in ordinary combustible materials, such as, wood, cloth,
paper, rubber and most plastics.

CLASS B FIRE A fire in flammable or combustible liquid gases and greases.

CLASS C FIRE A fire that involves energized electrical equipment.

CLASS D FIRE A fire in combustible metals, such as, magnesium, titanium,

zirconium, sodium, and potassium.

CLEAT (1) a structural block used at the end of a platform to prevent the
platform from slipping off its supports. Cleats are also used to provide footing on
sloped surfaces such as crawling boards and ramps; (2) a ladder crosspiece of
rectangular cross section placed on edge upon which a person may step while
ascending or descending a ladder.

CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANT Substances which prevent the body from receiving

or utilizing oxygen; examples are carbon monoxide and cyanide.

CHEMICAL PNEUMONITIS Inflammation of the lungs caused by accumulation

of lung liquids following chemical irritation.

54
CHRONIC EFFECT An effect which develops over a long period of time, which
may be weeks, months, years, or in the case of some carcinogens decades.

CHRONIC TOXICITY DATA Toxicological information obtained as the result

long duration testing; typically this testing is done on rodents over the majority
of their life span.
CNS Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.

CNS DEPRESSION An effect of exposure to certain chemicals; symptoms

include as the level of exposure increases giddiness, stupor, coma, and
death.

COC Cleveland Open Cup: a flash-point test method.

COHESIVE SOIL Clay (fine grained soil), or soil with a high clay content, which
has cohesive strength. Cohesive soil does not crumble, can be excavated with
vertical side slopes and is plastic when moist. Cohesive soil is hard to break up
when dry and exhibits significant cohesion when submerged. Cohesive soils
include clayey silt, sandy clay, clay, and organic clay.

COMBUSTION PRODUCTS Substances produced from the burning of a

material.

COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID A liquid having a flash point of more that 100-degree F

and less than 200-degrees F.

COMPETENT PERSON One who can identify existing and predictable hazards
in the surroundings, or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or
dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them.

COMPRESSED AIR SPRAYING A coating application technique wherein

compressed air is used to force an air stream across the mouth of a small outlet
under sufficient pressure to withdraw paint and propel an air-paint mist from the
jet of the spray gun. This method generates a significant amount of overspray,
often filling the air with paint mist.

CONFINED SPACE A space where access or egress for the removal of a

disabled employee is difficult due to the location or size of the opening and
existing ventilation is insufficient to remove dangerous air contamination or
oxygen deficiency which may exist or develop.
1) Is large enough and so configured that a person can bodily enter and
perform assigned work; and
2) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks,
vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may
have limited means of entry); and
3) Is not designed for continuous worker occupancy. (8 CCR Section 5157,
Permit-Required Confined Spaces)

55
CONJUCTIVITIS Irritation of the conjunctiva, the membrane covering the
inside of the eyelid and the outward facing part of the eyeball.

CONNECTOR A device used to couple (connect) parts of the personal fall

arrest system and positioning device systems together. It may be an
independent component of the system, such as a carabineer, or it may be an
integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or deering sewn into
a body belt or body harness, or a snap-hook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-
retracting lanyard).

CONSTRUCTION CONFINED SPACE An enclosed space in a construction

work place where existing ventilation is insufficient to remove dangerous air
contamination or oxygen deficiency that may exist or develop. The existence of
both of the following conditions: 1) existing ventilation is insufficient to remove
dangerous air contamination and/or oxygen deficiency which may exist or
develop, and 2) ready access or egress for the removal of a suddenly disabled
employee is difficult due to the location and/or size of the opening(s).

CONSTRUCTION WORK PLACE A place where employment exists in

connection with the construction, alteration, painting, repairing, construction
maintenance, renovation, removal, or wrecking of any fixed structure or its parts.
The term construction work place does not include bins, bunkers, hoppers, silos
or mixer drums associated with aggregate, asphalt or ready mix plants.

CONTAMINATED The presence or the reasonably anticipated presence of

blood or other potentially infectious materials on an item or surface.

CONTAMINATED LAUNDRY Clothing, towels or other materials which has

been soiled with blood or other potentially infectious materials or may contain
sharps.

CONTAMINATED SHARPS Any contaminated object that can penetrate the

skin including, but not limited to, needles, scalpels, broken glass, broke capillary
tubes, and exposed ends of dental wires.

CONTROLLED ACCESS ZONE (CAZ) An area in which certain work (e.g.,

leading edge) may take place without the use of conventional fall protection
systems and access to the zone is controlled.

CORROSIVE A liquid or solid which causes visible destruction to human skin at

the site of contact.

ROSSBRACES The horizontal members of a shoring system installed

perpendicular to the sides of the excavation, the ends of which bear against
either uprights or wales.

CUTANEOUS Relating to the skin.

DECELERATION DISTANCE The additional vertical distance a falling employee

travels, before stopping, from the point at which the deceleration device begins

56
to operate. It is measured as the distance between the location of an employees
body harness attachment point at the moment of activation (at the onset of fall
arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that
attachment point after the employee comes to a full stop.

DEHYDRATING Capable of depleting body fluids or removing moisture from

another material.

DEMAND RESPIRATOR An atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits

breathing air to the face piece only when a negative pressure is created inside
the face piece by inhalation.

DERMAL Relating to the skin.

DERMAL SENSITIZATION An effect of dermal exposure wherein the skin

becomes allergic to the substance. Subsequent exposure to the substance will
often produce a strong allergic response.

DERMAL TOXICITY The effects of skin exposure to a substance.

DERMATITIS Inflammation, irritation, or reddening of the skin.

DISTRESS The soil is in a condition where cave-in is imminent or likely to

occur. Distress is evidenced by development of fissures in the face of or adjacent
to an open excavation; the subsidence of the edge of an excavation; the
slumping of material from the face or the bulging or heaving of material from the
bottom of an excavation; the spalling of material from the face of an excavation;
and raveling, i.e., small amounts of material such as pebbles or little clumps of
material suddenly separating from the face of an excavation and trickling or
rolling down into the excavation.

DOT Department of Transportation.

DOUBLE CLEAT LADDER A ladder similar in construction to a single cleat

ladder, but with a center rail to allow simultaneous two (2)-way traffic for
employees ascending or descending.

DRY SOIL Soil that does not exhibit visible signs of moisture content.

DUST A solid particle generated by a mechanical process such as crushing,

grinding, abrasion, blasting.

ELECTRICAL GROUNDING SYSTEM The combination of electrically

conductive components installed to provide a path of low resistance between the
load on an electrical circuit and the source.

ELECTRICALLY BONDED Connection of two (2) electrically conductive

enclosures to form a path and reduce the difference of potential between the
enclosures.

57
EMERGENCY SITUATION Any occurrence such as, but not limited to,
equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment that may
or does result in an uncontrolled significant release of an airborne contaminant.

EMPLOYEE Every person employed by EEI Corp.

EMPLOYEE EXPOSURE Any exposure to a concentration of an airborne

contaminant that would occur if the employee were not using respiratory
protection.

ENCLOSED SPACE A space in a construction work place where access or

egress for the removal of a disabled employee is difficult due to the location or
size of the openings.

END-OF-SERVICE-LIFE-INDICATOR (ESLI) A system that warns the

respirator user of the approach of the end of adequate respiratory protection, for
example, that the sorbent is approaching saturation or is no longer effective.

ENERGY ISOLATING DEVICE A mechanical device that physically prevents

the transmission or release of energy, including but not limited to the following:
a manually operated electrical circuit break; a disconnect switch; a manually
operated switch in which no pole can be operated independently; a line valve; a
block; and any similar device used to block or isolate energy. Push buttons,
selector switches, and other control circuit type devices are not energy isolating
devices.

ENERGY SOURCE Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, chemical,

thermal, or other energy.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS Controls that isolate or remove the hazard from

the work place.

ENGULFMENT The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or

finely divided (flowable) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by
filling or plugging the respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the
body to cause death by strangulation, constriction or crushing.

ENTRY The action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit
space. Entry includes following work activities in that space and is considered to
have occurred as soon as any part of the entrants body breaks the plane of an
opening into the space.

ENTRY PERMIT (permit) The written document that is provided by the entry
supervisor to allow and control entry into a permit space and that contains the
information specified in the Confined Space Entry Operating Procedures.

ENTRY SUPERVISOR The person (such as the foreman or superintendent)

responsible for determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a
permit space where entry is planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry
operations, and for terminating entry as required by this program.

58
EPIDEMIOLOGY The field concerned with the determination of specific causes
of outbreaks of disease.

EQUIVALENT Alternative design, materials, or methods to protect against a

hazard that can be demonstrated show will provide an equal or greater degree of
safety for employees than the methods, materials, or designs specified in the
standard.

ERYTHEMA Redness of the skin.

EXCAVATION A person-made cut, cavity, trench or depression in an earth

surface formed by earth removal.

EXPLOSIVE Any chemical compound, mixture, or device which can

instantaneously release gas and heat (energy).

EXPLOSIVE (CLASS A) DOT classification for substances which pose a

detonating or maximum explosion hazard.

EXPLOSIVE (CLASS B) DOT classification for substances which can function

by rapid combustion rather that by detonation.

EXPLOSIVE (CLASS C) DOT classification for manufactured articles which

contain limited quantities of Class A or Class B explosives.

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS The range of concentration of a flammable gas or vapor

(percent volume in air) in which explosion can occur if an ignition source is
present.

EXPLOSURE LIMIT Maximum airborne concentrations believed to be safe for

most individuals. The TLVs are ACGIH recommended occupational exposure
limits. PELs are OSHC mandatory exposure limits.

EXPOSURE INCIDENT A specific eye, mouth, or other mucous membrane,

non-intact skin or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious
materials that results from the performance of an employees duties.

FACES OR SIDES The vertical or inclined earth surfaces formed as a result of

excavation work.

FAILURE The breakage, displacement, or permanent deformation of a

structural member or connection so as to reduce its structural integrity and its
supportive capabilities.

FIBROSIS A condition marked by an abnormal increase in the amount of

fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue.

59
FILTERING FACEPIECE (dust mask) A negative pressure particulate respirator
with a filter as an integral part of the face piece or with the entire face piece
composed of the filtering medium.

FISSURED A soil material that has a tendency to break along definite planes of
fracture with little or resistance or material that exhibits open cracks, such as
tension cracks, in an exposed surface.

FIT FACTOR A quantitative estimate of the fit of a particular respirator to a

specific individual and typically estimates the ratio of the concentration of a
substance in ambient air to its concentration inside the respirator when worn.

FIT TEST The use of a protocol to qualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the

fit of a respirator on an individual. (See also qualitative fit test QLFT and
quantitative fit test QNFT.)

FIXED LADDER A ladder that cannot be easily moved or carried because it is

an integral part of a building or structure.

FLAMMMABLE LIMITS The range of a vapor or gas concentration in air that

will burn or exploded if an ignition source is present.

FLAMMABLE LIQUID As defined by the DOT, a liquid with a flash point below
100 degrees F, as determined by the closed cup method.

FLASH POINT The temperature at which a liquid releases vapor in

concentrations that are ignitable in the air.

FREE FALL The act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to
apply force to stop the fall.

FREE FALLING DISTANCE The vertical displacement of the fall arrest

attachment point on the employees body harness between onset of the fall and
just before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall. This distance
excludes deceleration distance and lifeline/lanyard elongation but includes any
deceleration device slide distance or self-retracting lifeline/lanyard extension
before they operate and fall arrest forces occur.

FUMES A particulate, smoke-like emanation from the surface of heated metals.

GAS Formless fluids that occupy the space of their enclosure and that can be
changed to the liquid or solid state only by the combined effect of increased
pressure and decreased temperature.

GLUE A type of water-based natural adhesives. Glues are typically made from
animal parts or fluids and are practically non-toxic, though inedible.

g/kg Grams per kilogram: a metric unit expression of dosage used in

toxicological testing to indicate the grams of substance dosed per kilogram of
lab animal body weight.

60
GRANULAR SOIL Gravel, sand or silt (coarse grained soil) with little or no clay
content. Granular soil has no cohesive strength. Some moist granular soil exhibit
apparent cohesion. Granular soil cannot be molded when moist and crumbles
easily when dry.

GROUNDED Connected to the earth or to some conducting body that serves in

place of the earth.

GUARDRAIL SYSTEM A vertical barrier, consisting of, but not limited to, top
rails, midrails, and posts, built to prevent employees from falling off a scaffold,
platform, or walkway to lower levels.

HAND WASHING FACILITY A facility providing an adequate supply of running

potable water, soap and single use towels or hot air drying machines.

HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE An atmosphere that may expose people to the

risk of death, incapacitation, and impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is,
escape unaided from a permit space), injury or acute illness from one or more of
the following causes:
1) Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of ten (10) percent of its lower
flammable limit (LFL);
2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its
LFL.
NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which
the dust obscures vision at a distance of five (5) 5 feet;
3) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5
percent;
4) Atmospheric concentrations for any substance for which a dose or a
permissible exposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health
and Environmental Control in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances
of CNR 29 or in 8 CCR Section 5155 for Airborne Contaminants and which
could result in people exposure in excess of its dose or permissible
exposure limit;
5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or
health.
NOTE: For air contaminants for which OSHC has not determined a dose or
permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as Material
Safety Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard Communication Standard,
published information, can provide guidance in establishing acceptable
atmospheric conditions.

HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL A chemical which falls within the specifications of 29

CNR
1910.1200 section (d) (National Hazard Communication Act). Cal-OSHC adds
another source of reference the Directors List of Hazardous Substances to
those specified by the National standard. In addition, if an individual has strong
reason to believe that a chemical is hazardous - for instance, because of wording
on a MSDS or label, or because of health effects experienced by users of a
chemical -the chemical must be considered hazardous.

61
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE A material which by reason of being explosive,
flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizer, irritating or otherwise harmful is likely
to cause injury or illness.

HBV Hepatitis B Virus.

HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA) FILTER A filter that is a least

99.97% efficient in removing monodisperse particles of 0.3 micrometers in
diameter. The equivalent NIOSH 42 CNR 84 particulate filters are the N100,
R100, and P100 filters.

HIGH-VOLUME, LOW-PRESSURE (HVLP) SPRAY Equipment used to apply

coatings by means of a gun which operates between 0.1 and 10 psig air
pressure.

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

HOLE A gap or void two (2) inches or more in its least dimension, in a floor,
roof, or other walking/working surface.

HOT WORK PERMIT The written authorization to perform operations (e.g.

riveting, welding, cutting, burning and heating) capable of providing a source of
ignition.

HYDROCARBONS Organic compounds composed solely of carbon and

hydrogen. The major chemical industry sources of hydrocarbons are petroleum,
natural gas, and coal.

IDLH see immediately dangerous to life or health

IGNITION SOURCE Anything that provides heat, sparks, or flame sufficient to

cause combustion or explosion.

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH (IDLH) Any condition that

poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible
adverse health effects or that would impair an individuals ability to escape
unaided from a dangerous atmosphere or space.

INCIDENT The unintentional or unplanned event that has the potential to

cause injuries, damage property or result in the loss of otherwise productive
time.

INCOMPATIBLE Materials which may cause dangerous reactions from direct

contact.

INERTING The displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by

noncombustible gas
(Such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is
noncombustible.

62
NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

INFEASIBLE Doing the construction work using a conventional fall protection

system is impossible (i.e., guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall
arrest system) or using any one of these systems to provide fall protection is
technologically impossible.

INGESTION The taking in of a substance through the mouth into the body
(gastrointestinal tract).

INHALATION The drawing of a substance into the body (lungs) through the
nose or mouth and breathing passage.

INHIBITOR A substance that is added to another substance to prevent an

unwanted chemical reaction from occurring.

IRRITANT A substance that will cause an inflammatory response or reaction of

the eye, skin, or respiratory system.

ISOLATED The process by which a permit space is removed from service and
completely protected against the release of energy and material into the space
by such means as: blanking or blinding; misaligning or removing sections of
lines, pipes, or ducts; a double block and bleed system; lockout or tag out of all
sources of energy; or blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS The systematic evaluation of job tasks to identify the
potential hazards and appropriate controls necessary to reduce or eliminate the
hazards.

JOB-MADE LADDER A ladder fabricated by employees, typically at the

construction site,
And not commercially manufactured.

Kg Kilogram: a metric unit of weight equaling 2.20 pounds. 1000 grams equal
1 kilogram.

l Liter: a metric unit of volume; 1liter equals 1.06 quarts.

LACQUER A coating which dries by evaporation of a volatile solvent, leaving

behind a hard, dry, protective film. The solvent is usually ethyl alcohol, toluene,
xylene, or butyl acetate. The film is typically an ester, acrylic, polyurethane,
vinyl, or other material which makes up 20-30% of the original mixture, the
remainder being solvent.

LANDING A platform installed at the end of a ladder to provide a safe location

for employees to step off the ladder.

LANYARD A flexible line, not longer than six feet, used to secure the wearer of
a safety belt or harness to a lifeline, catenary line, or fixed anchorage.

63
LAYERED SYSTEM Two (2) or more distinctly different soil or rock types
arranged in layers. Micaceous (occurring in thin plates or scales) seams or
weakened planes in rock or shale are considered micaceous.

LC (50) Lethal concentration 50: the concentration of a material in air, which,

during laboratory tests, is found to kill 50% of a group of lab test animals when
administered in a single exposure (usually 1 or 4 hours in duration).

LD (50) Lethal dose 50: a single dose of material which, during laboratory
tests, is found to kill 50% of a group of test animals. The material may be
administered by mouth (oral) or applied to the skin (dermal or cutaneous).

LEADING EDGE The edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other
walking/working surface (such as the deck) that changes location as additional
floor, roof, decking, or formwork sections are placed, formed, or constructed. A
leading edge is considered an unprotected side and edge during periods when
it is not actively and continuously under construction.

LEL or LFL Lower explosive limit or lower flammable limit: the concentration of
a vapor or gas in air (usually expressed in percent by volume) below which
propagation of a flame will not occur in the presence of an ignition source.

LIFELINE A component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an

anchorage at one end to hang vertically (a vertical lifeline) or for connection to
anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (a horizontal lifeline), which
serves for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the
anchorage.

LINE BREAKING The intentional opening of a pipe, line, or duct that is or has
been carrying flammable, corrosive, or toxic material, an inert gas, or any fluid at
a volume, pressure or temperature capable of causing injury.

LOCAL EXHAUST A system for capturing and removing airborne contaminants

(gases, vapors, fumes, particulates) at the point at which they are released.

LOCK AND TAG OUT The placement of a lock or lock out device and a tag
indicating that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled
may not be operated until the lock or lock out device and tag are removed,
ensuring that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled
cannot be operated until the lock or lock out device is removed.

LOCK OUT DEVICE A device that utilizes a positive means, such as a lock or
multiple locking hasp, to hold an energy isolating device in a safe position and
prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment.

LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT The lowest concentration of a combustible gas or

vapor that will support combustion in air.

LOWER LEVELS Those areas below the level where the employee can fall.
Such areas include ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, runways, excavations,

64
pits, tanks, material, water, equipment, and similar surfaces. (It does not include
the surface from which the employee falls.)

LOW-SLOPE ROOF A roof having a slope less than or equal to four in twelve
(4:12) (vertical to horizontal).

m Cubic meter: a metric unit of volume; 1 cubic meter is equal to 35.3 cubic
feet.

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPE The steepest incline of an excavation face

that is acceptable for the most favorable site conditions as protection against
cave-ins, and is expressed as the ratio of horizontal distance to vertical rise
(H:V).

MAXIMUM INTENDED LOAD The total load of all persons, equipment, tools,
materials, transmitted loads, and other loads anticipated being applied to a
ladder component, scaffold, or scaffold component anytime.

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT All motor or human propelled wheeled equipment

used for roofing work, except wheelbarrows and mop-carts.

MELTING POINT The temperature at which a solid substance changes to the

liquid state.

mg Milligram: a metric unit of weight; there are 1000 milligrams in 1 gram.

mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram: an expression of toxicological dose.

mg/m 3 Milligrams per cubic meter: a means of expressing the airborne

concentration of a chemical (particulate, gas, vapor, fume).

MIST Suspended liquid droplets in the air.

MIXTURE A combination of two or more substances that may be separated by

mechanical means. The components may not be uniformly dispersed.

ml Milliliter: a metric unit of volume. There are 1000 milliliters in 1 liter. Also 1
teaspoon is approximately equal to 5 ml.

mm Hg Millimeters of mercury: A unit of measurement for pressure or partial

vacuum, which is equal to the height of a column of mercury that the
atmosphere will support.

MOIST SOIL A condition in which a soil looks and feels damp. Moist cohesive
soil can easily be shaped into a ball and rolled into small diameter threads before
crumbling.

PMSEA Philippine Mine Safety and Environment Association, Department of

Labor.

65
MUCOUS MEMBRANE Mucous-secreting membrane lining the hollow organs
of the body; for example, the nose, mouth, stomach, intestines, bronchial tubes,
and urinary track.

MUTAGEN A substance or agent capable of altering the genetic material of a

living cell.

NA or N.A. Not applicable.

ND or N.D. Not determined.

NEGATIVE PRESSURE RESPIRATOR (Tight Fitting) A respirator in which the

air pressure inside the face piece is negative during inhalation with respect to
the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.

NEUTRALIZE To render chemically neutral or harmless.

NEW EMPLOYEE An individual with less than 30 days of experience with the
company or the job assignment.

NIOSH The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Public
Health Service, Philippine Department of Health and Human Services assists
OSHC and PMSEA in occupational health and safety investigations and research.

NON-PERMIT CONFINED SPACE A Confined Space that does not contain or,
with respect to atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard
capable of causing death or serious physical harm.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous

membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious
materials that may result from the performance of an employees duties.

OLFACTORY Pertaining to the sense of smell.

OPEN SIDES AND ENDS The edges of a scaffold or platform that are more
than fourteen (14) inches away horizontally from a sturdy, continuous, vertical
surface (such as a building wall) or a sturdy, continuous horizontal surface (such
as a floor), or a point of access.

OPENING A gap or void thirty (30) inches or more high and eighteen (18)
inches or more wide, in a wall or partition, through which employees can fall to a
lower level.

ORAL LD50 Oral lethal dose 50: the concentration of a substance orally
administered by mouth that will produce death in 50 percent of the animals
tested.

ORGANIC LIQUIDS Liquid chemicals composed of carbon and other elements.

66
OTHER POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS MATERIALS The following human body
fluids: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid,
pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva in dental procedures, any
other body fluid that is visibly contaminated with blood.

OVERHAND BRICKLAYING AND RELATED WORK The process of laying

bricks and masonry units such that the surface of the wall to be jointed is on the
opposite side of the wall from the mason, requiring the mason to lean over the
wall to complete the work. Related work includes mason tending and electrical
installation incorporated into the brick wall during the overhand bricklaying
process.

OXIDIZER A substance that yields oxygen readily to stimulate the combustion

(oxidation) of organic matter.

OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERE An atmosphere containing less that 19.5

percent oxygen by volume.

OXYGEN ENRICHED ATMOSPHERE An atmosphere containing more than

23.5 percent oxygen by volume.

PARENTERAL Piercing mucous membranes or the skin barrier through such

events as needle-sticks, human bites, cuts, and abrasions.

PARTICULATE Small pieces of airborne matter. Dusts, fumes, smokes, mists,

and fogs are examples of particulates.

PEL Permissible exposure limit: an occupational exposure limit established by

OSHC. May be a time-weighted average (TWA) limit or a maximum concentration
exposure limit.

PERCENT (%) VOLATILE The percentage of a liquid or solid (by volume) that
will evaporate at an ambient temperature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit (or another
temperature, if stated).

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT The maximum concentration of a hazardous

substance to which an individual may be exposed.

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE (Permit Space) A confined space with

one or more of the following characteristics:
1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;
3) Has an internal form such that an entrant could be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes
downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section; or
4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM The overall program for

controlling and, where appropriate, for protecting employees from permit space
hazards and for regulating employee entry into permit spaces.

67
PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEM A system used to arrest an employee in a
fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, body harness
and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combinations
of these. The use of a body belt for fall arrest is prohibited.

PHYSICIAN OR OTHER LICENSED HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL (PLHCP)

An individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration,
or certification) allows him or her to independently provide of be delegated the
responsibility to provide, some or all of the health came services required by the
Respiratory Protection Program.

PLASTIC A property of a soil which allows the soil to be deformed or molded

without cracking or appreciable volume change.

PLATFORM - A work surface elevated above lower levels.

PMCC Pensky-Martens Closed Cup: a flash point test method.

PNEUMONITIS Inflammation of the lungs.

POLYMER A high-molecular weight material formed by chemically joining

together 5 or more identical combining units called monomers.

POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs or PNAs) Organic

compounds usually composed of 3 or more aromatic rings. Some of these
compounds have been determined to cause cancer.

PORTABLE LADDER A ladder that can be readily moved or carried.

POSITIONING DEVICE SYSTEM A body belt or body harness system rigged to

allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface, such as a
wall, and work with both hands free while leaning back against the belt or
harness.

POSITIVE PRESSURE RESPIRATOR A respirator in which the pressure inside

the respiratory inlet covering exceeds the ambient air pressure outside the
respirator.

POWERED AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR (PAPR) An air-purifying respirator

that uses a blower to force the ambient air through air-purifying elements to the
inlet covering.

ppb Parts per billion.

ppm Parts per million. TLVs and PELs are expressed either in ppm or mg per
cubic meter.

PRECURSOR Chemicals which, when airborne, react with sunlight to form

photochemical smog.

68
PRESSURE DEMAND RESPIRATOR A positive pressure atmosphere-supplying
respirator that admits breathing air to the face piece when the positive pressure
is reduced inside the face piece by inhalation.

PROHIBITED CONDITION Any condition in a permit space that is not allowed

by the permit during the period when entry is authorized.

PROTECTIVE SYSTEM A method of protective employees from cave-ins, from

material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or
from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support
systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems and other systems that
provide the necessary support.

PULMONARY EDEMA An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue and air

spaces of the lungs.

PUTTY A mixture of chalk (calcium carbonate) and approximately 15% linseed

oil. Pigments are often added and white lead has traditionally been the pigment
of choice, although in recent years less toxic pigments have been more
commonly used.

PYROLYSIS The breaking apart of complex molecules into simpler units by the
use of heat.

QUALIFIED PERSON A person who by possession of a recognized degree,

certificate, professional standing, extensive knowledge, training, and experience
has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems
relating to the subject matter, work or project.

QUALITATIVE FIT TEST (QLFT) A pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacy of
respirator fit that relies on the individuals response to the test agent.

QUANTITATIVE FIT TEST (QNFT) An assessment of the adequacy of

respirator fit by numerically measuring the amount of leakage into the respirator.

RAMP An inclined walking or working surface that is used to gain access to

one point from another, and is constructed from earth or from structural material
such as steel or wood.

REACTIVITY The tendency of a substance to undergo a chemical change with

a release of energy.

REBAR CAPS Manufactured devices that completely cover the exposed ends
of reinforcing steel and have flat or mushroomed surfaces at least twice the
diameter of the reinforcing steel they are designed to cover.

REBAR COVERS Manufactured or job-built apparatus designed to cover

exposed ends of reinforcing steel or other similar projections so as to prevent
impalement.

69
REBAR TROUGHS Manufactured or job-built protective covers designed to
cover exposed ends of reinforcing steel or other projections so as to prevent
impalement. Troughs are long narrow open receptacles, usually boxlike in shape.

REDUCING AGENT In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing agent is

the material that is oxidized or is responsible for the reduction.

REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER A person who is registered as a

professional engineer in the state where the work is being performed. However,
a professional engineer, registered in any state is deemed to be a registered
professional engineer within the meaning of this standard when approving
designs for manufactured protective systems or tabulated data to be used in
interstate commerce.

REGULATED WASTE Liquid or semi-liquid blood or other potentially infectious

materials (OPIM); contaminated items that would release blood or OPIM in a
liquid or semi-liquid state if compressed; items that are caked with dried blood or
OPIM and are capable of releasing these materials during handling.

REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY DATA Information developed from toxicological

tests concerning changes in reproductive functions of animals.

RESCUE SERVICE The agency to be called to assist personnel in rescue

operations of people within permit spaces who are unable to self-rescue due to
location, injury, or acute illness.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The breathing system; includes the lungs and air
passages plus the associated nervous and circulatory systems.

RETRIEVAL SYSTEM The equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or full-

body harness, wristlets, if appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for
non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.

ROOF The exterior surface on the top of a building. This does not include floors
or formwork that, because a building has not been completed, or temporarily
become the top surface of a building.

ROOFING WORK The hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing

materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor
barrier work but not including the construction of the roof deck.

ROPE GRAB A deceleration device that travels on a lifeline and automatically,

by friction, engages the lifeline and locks to arrest the fall of an employee. A
rope grab usually employs the principle of inertial locking, cam/level locking, or
both.

ROSIN Used in paints, adhesives, and varnishes; derived from pine trees.

70
RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances: a compendium of
toxicity data extracted from scientific literature. Inclusion of data in RTECS does
not mean endorsement; that is, the data has not been reviewed for validity.

SAFETY FACTOR The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of a member or

piece of material or equipment to the actual working stress or safe load when in
use.

SAFETY-MONITORING SYSTEM A safety system in which a competent person

is responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards.
SATURATED SOIL A soil in which the voids between the particles are filled
with water. Saturation does not require flow. Saturation, or near saturation, is
necessary for the proper use of instruments such as a pocket penetrometer or
sheer vane.

SCAFFOLD Any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its

supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting
employees or materials or both.

SCAFFOLD GRADE LUMBER Douglas fir graded for scaffold plank use under
standards as high as those followed by the West Coast Lumber Inspection
Bureau or by the Western Wood
Products Association as suitable for a bending stress of at least 1,910 pounds per
square inch (psi).

SELECTED GRADE LUMBER Douglas fir graded under standards as high as

those followed by the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau or by the Western
Wood Products Association suitable for a bending stress of 1,500 pounds per
square inch (psi).

SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA) An atmosphere-

supplying respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried
by the user.

SELF-RETRACTING LIFELINE/LANYARD A deceleration device containing a

drum wound line that can be slowly extracted from, or retracted, onto the drum
under slight tension during normal employee movement that after the onset of a
fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.

SENSITIZER A substance which, on first exposure, causes little or no reaction

but which, on subsequent exposure(s) may cause a marked response (an allergic
reaction). Skin sensitization is the most common variety, although respiratory
sensitization does occur.

SERVICE LIFE The period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other
respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the wearer.

SETA Set a flash Closed Tester: a flash point test method.

71
SHEETING The members of a shoring system that retain the earth in position
and in turn are supported by other members of the shoring system.

SHIELD A structure that is able to withstand the forces imposed on it by a

cave-in and thereby protect employees within the structure. Shields can be
permanent structures or can be designed to be portable and moved along as the
work progresses. Shields can be premanufactured job-build in accordance with
the Excavation and Trenching Program. Shields used in trenches are usually
referred to as trench boxes or trench shields.

SHORING A structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring

system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to
prevent cave-ins.

SHORT TERM EXPOSURE A period of time less than or equal to twenty-four

(24) hours that an excavation is open.

SIDES See FACES.

SIMPLE ASPHYXIANT A substance that can, when present in high

concentration, cause suffocation by displacing the oxygen necessary to support
respiration.

SINGLE CLEAT LADDER A ladder consisting of a pair of side rails connected

by cleats, rungs or steps.

SKIN A designation following the listing of substance in the ACGIH TLV list. It
denotes the potential for skin absorption, in addition to the respiratory route of
entry.

SLOPING A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating to

form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation so as to
prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline required to prevent a cave-in varies with
differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure
and application of surcharge loads.

SNAPHOOK A connector consisting of a hook-shaped member with a normally

closed keeper or similar arrangement that may be opened to allow the hook to
receive an object and when released automatically closes to retain the object.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM A method of categorizing soil and rock

deposits in a hierarchy of Stable Rock, Type A, Type B, and Type C, in decreasing
order of stability. The categories are determined based on an analysis of the
properties and performance characteristics of the deposits and the
environmental conditions of exposure.

SOLUBILITY IN WATER The percentage of material (by weight) that will

dissolve in water at a specified temperature.
Negligible <0.1%
slight 0.1 to 1.0%

72
 moderate >1.0 to 10%
appreciable >10%
complete soluble in all proportions

SOLUTION Uniformly dispersed mixture. All solutions are composed of a

solvent (water or other fluid) and he dissolved substance, called the solute.

SOURCE INDIVIDUAL Any individual, living or dead, whose blood or other

potentially infectious materials may be a source of occupational hazard to the
employee.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY The ratio of the weight of a volume of material to the

weight of an equal volume of water, usually at 60 degrees F, unless otherwise
specified.

STABLE ROCK Natural solid mineral material that can be excavated with
vertical sides and will remain intact while exposed. Unstable rock is considered
to be stable when the rock material on the side or sides of the excavation is
secured against caving-in or movement by rock-bolts or by another protective
system that has been designed by a registered professional engineer.

STANDARD GUARDRAIL A barrier consisting of a top rail forty-two (42) to

forty-five (45) inches in height, a midrails and toe board secured to uprights
spaced at intervals of eight (8) feet or less.

STEEP ROOF A roof having a slope greater than four in twelve (4:12) (vertical
to horizontal).

STEL Short term exposure limit: see TLV-STEL

STRUCTURAL RAMP A ramp built of steel or wood, usually for vehicle access.
Ramps made of soil or rock are not considered structural ramps.

SUBMERGED SOIL Soil which is underwater or free seeping.

SUPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATOR (SAR) or AIRLINE RESPIRATOR An

atmosphere supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not
designed to be carried by the user.

SUPPORT SYSTEM A structure such as unpinning, bracing or shoring which

provides support to an adjacent structure, underground installation or the sides
of an excavation.

SYSTEMIC TOXICITY Adverse effects produced by a substance which affect

the body in general rather than targeting the tissue at the point of exposure
(point of entry into the body).

TABULATED DATA Tables and charts approved by a registered professional

engineer and used to design and construct a protective system.

73
TCC Tagliabue Closed Cup: a flash point test method.

TERATOGEN A substance which, upon the exposure of the parent, causes

teratogenic changes, that is, malformations in the appearance or function of
the fetus.

TESTING The process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a
permit space are identified and evaluated.

TIGHT-FITTING FACEPIECE A respiratory inlet covering that forms a complete

seal with the face.

TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) A term used to describe the average

airborne concentration of a substance during a specific period of time. For
instance, air sampling results might indicate that the average airborne
concentration of a chemical during the 8 hour period monitored was 100 parts
per million; it would then be said that the 8 hour TWA was 100 ppm.

TLV Threshold Limit Value: a term used by the ACGIH to express the airborne
concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed 8 hours
per day, 40 hour per week, for an extended period of time without experiencing
adverse effects.

TLV-C Ceiling exposure limit: the airborne concentration that should not be
exceeded at any time.

TLV-STEL Short term exposure limit: the 15 minute time-weighted average

exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during the work day even if
the 8 hour TWA is within the TLV. Exposures at the STEL should not be repeated
more that 4 times per day and there should be least 60 minutes between
successive exposures at the STEL.

TOC Tagliabue Open Cup: a flash point test method.

TOEBOARD - A low protective barrier that will prevent the fall of materials and
equipment to lower levels.

TOXICITY The quality of producing harm (injury, illness).

TOXICOLOGY The science which studies the harmful effects of chemical and
physical agents on biological systems.

TRADE NAME The trademark or commercial name of the product.

TRANSFER EFFICIENCY The ratio of the amount of coating solids adhering to

the object being coated to the total amount of coating solids used in the
application process, expressed as a percentage.

TRANSIENT Short in duration.

74
TRENCH A narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface
of the ground. In general, the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a
trench (measured at the bottom) is not greater than fifteen (15) feet. If forms or
other structures are installed so as to reduce the dimensions measured from the
forms or structure to the side of the excavation to fifteen (15) feet or less, the
excavation is considered a trench.

TRENCH BOX See SHIELD.

TRENCH SHIELD See SHIELD.

TYPE A SOIL Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5

ton per square foot (tsf) or greater. Examples of cohesive soils are clay, silty
clay, sandy clay, clay loam, and in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay
loam. Cemented soils such as caliche and hard pan are also considered Type A.
However, no soil is considered Type A if:
1) The soil is fissured; or
2) The soil is subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving or similar
effects; or
3) The soil has been previously disturbed; or
4) The soil is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into the
excavation on a slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or greater;
or
5) The material is subject to other factors that would require it to be
classified as a less stable material.

TYPE B SOIL 1. Cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength

greater than 0.5 tsf but less than 1.5 tsf; or, 2. Granular cohesion less soils
including: angular gravel (similar to crushed rock), silt, silt loam, sandy loam and
in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam; or, 3. Previously disturbed
soil except those which would otherwise be classed as Type C soil; or, 4. Soil that
meets the unconfined compressive strength or cementation requirements for
Type A, but is fissured or subject to vibration; or, 5. Dry rock that is not stable;
or, 6. Material that is part of a sloped, layered system where the layers dip into
the excavation on a slope less steep than four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V),
but only if the material would otherwise be classified as Type B.

TYPE C SOIL 1. Cohesive soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5

tsf or less; or, Granular soils including gravel, sand, and loamy sand; or, 3.
Submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping; or 4. Submerged rock
that is not stable; or, 5. Material in a sloped, layered system where the layers dip
into the excavation or a slope of four horizontal to one vertical (4H:1V) or
steeper.

UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH The load per unit are at which a

soil will fail in compression. It can be determined by laboratory testing, or
estimated in the field using a pocket penetrometer, by thumb penetration, and
other methods.

75
UNPROTECTED SIDES AND EDGES Any side or edge (except at entrances to
points of access) of a walking/working surface six (6) feet or higher above where
there is no guardrail system, safety net system or personal fall arrest system.

UNSTABLE Tending toward decomposition or other unwanted chemical

change.

UNSTABLE OBJECTS Items whose strength, configuration, or lack of stability

may allow them to become dislocated and shift and therefore may not properly
support the loads imposed on them.

UN NUMBER Numerical designation for transportation hazard: UN = United

Nations.

UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (UEL) or UPPER FLAMABLE LIMIT (UFL) The

highest concentration of a flammable vapor or gas in air (usually expressed in
percent by volume) above which propagation of a flame will not occur in the
presence of an ignition source.

UPRIGHTS The vertical members of a trench shoring system placed in contact

with the earth and usually positioned so that individual members do not contact
each other. Uprights placed so that individual members are closely spaced, in
contact with or interconnected to each other, are often called sheeting.

USER SEAL CHECK An action conducted by the respirator user to determine if

the respirator is properly seated to the face.

VAPOR The gaseous form of a substance which is normally (at standard

pressure and temperature) a liquid or solid.

VAPOR PRESURE The pressure (usually expressed in mm of Hg (mercury))

characteristic at any given temperature of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid
or solid form. The higher the vapor pressure of a chemical, the more volatile it is.

VARNISH A material used to coat interior woodwork, floors, and furniture, as

well as for the exterior of buildings and boats. Varnishes are composed of a
vegetable oil and a solvent, or of a resin and a solvent, or a combination of
these. In many ways varnishes are similar to paints, but they do not contain a
pigment. Solvents commonly present include methanol, toluene, methyl ethyl
ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone. Thinners such as naphtha or mineral spirits
may also be present. Additionally, varnishes often include drying agents, such as
cobalt or lead naphthenate.

VISCOSITY The resistance of a fluid to flow.

VOLATILE ORRGANIC COMPOUD (VOC) Any organic compound which

participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions. As relevant to coating use,
this would include any organic compound emitted during use, application,
curing, or drying of a solvent or surface coating. Organic compounds with
negligible photochemical reactivity are excluded from the grouping, including

76
several compounds (methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and
chlorofluorocarbons) commonly found in coatings.

VOLATILITY The tendency of a solid or liquid to become a vapor.

WALES Horizontal members of a shoring system placed parallel to the

excavation face whose sides bear against the vertical member of the shoring
system or the earth.

WALKING/WORKING SURFACE Any surface, whether horizontal or vertical on

which an employee walks or works including, but not limited to, scaffolds,
platforms, floors, roofs, ramps, bridges, runways, formwork and concrete
reinforcing steel on which employees walk or stand to do their jobs but not
including vehicles or trailers on which employees must be located in order to
perform their job duties.

WARNING LINE SYSTEM A barrier built on a low-slope roof to warn

employees that they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge, which
designates an area in which roofing work may take place without the use of
conventional fall protection systems.

WET SOIL Soil that contains significantly more moisture than moist soil, but in
such a range of values that cohesive material will slump or begin to flow when
vibrated. Granular material that would exhibit cohesive properties when moist
soil will lose those cohesive properties when wet.

WORK AREA That portion of a walking/working surface where job duties are
being performed.

WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS Controls that reduce the likelihood of exposure

by altering the manner in which a task is performed.

ACCESS AND LADDERS

General
1. Safe means of access will be provided to all work areas, and all such
ramps, stairways, walkways, and aisles will be kept clear of tripping and
slipping hazards.
2. Ladders will be of proper size, design, and condition for the intended use
and will not be used as work platforms. Ladders with bent, broken, or
damaged rungs or side rails will be removed from service.
3. Metal ladders will not be used whenever there is exposure to electrical or
explosive hazards.
4. Ladders will be placed on a substantial footing. Portable ladders will
extend at least thirty-six (36) inches above the top landing. Fixed ladders
will extend at least forty-two (42) inches above the top landing.

Job-Made

77
 1. Job-made ladders will be constructed and maintained according to the
applicable Regional or National regulations. If a job-made ladder provides
the only means of access to a work area for twenty-five (25) or more
employees, or if simultaneous two-way traffic is expected, a double cleat
ladder will be installed.
2. Side rails of job-made ladders must be constructed of dressed selected
grade lumber, or the equivalent, and must not have knots, except an
occasional one less than one-half ()-inch in diameter that appears only on
the wide face and is at least one-half ()-inch back from either edge. If
splicing of side rails is necessary to attain the required length, the splice
must develop the full strength of a continuous side rail of the same length.
3. Side rails of single cleat ladders up to sixteen (16) feet long must be two
(2)-inch by four (4)-inch lumber. Side rails of single cleat ladders from
sixteen (16) to thirty (30) feet in length must be three (3)-inch by six (6)-
inch lumber.
4. Side rails and middle rails of double cleat ladders up to twelve (12) feet
long must be two (2)-inch by four (4)-inch lumber. Side rails and middle
rails of double cleat ladders from twelve to twenty-four feet in length must
be two (2)-inch by six (6)-inch lumber.
5. Cleats of job-made ladders must be clear, straight-grained, and absolutely
free from knots of any size that appear in the narrow face. Knots appearing
in the wide faces of cleats must not exceed a diameter of one-quarter ()-
inch. Cleats must be uniformly spaced within one-quarter ()-inch
tolerance, and not farther apart than twelve (12) inches measured from
tops of cleats.
6. Cleats of job-make ladders must be inset into the edge of the side rails
inch, or fill blocks must be used on the rails between the cleats. The cleats
must be secured to each rail with three (3) 10d common wire nails or other
fasteners of equivalent strength. Double-head nails must not be used for
ladder construction.
7. Single cleat ladders must be at least fifteen (15) inches, but not more than
twenty (20) inches, between rails. Double cleat ladders must be at least
eighteen (18) inches, but not more than twenty-two (22) inches, between
rails.

Maximum Length
1. Single cleat ladders will not exceed thirty (30) feet in length between the
base and top landing. Double cleat ladders will not exceed twenty-four
(24) feet in length between the base and top landing. If the length
required exceeds these maximum lengths, two or more separate ladders
will be used, offset with a landing or platform between each ladder.

Portable Ladders
1. Portable ladders must extend at least thirty-six inches above the top
landing or be secured at the top and equipped with a grab-rail. Fixed
ladders must extend at least forty-two (42) inches above the top of access.
2. All portable ladders must be placed on substantial footing and be tied,
blocked, or otherwise secured to prevent their being displaced.

78
 3. Extension ladders must not exceed forty-four (44) feet in length when
extended. When extended, the ladder sections must have the following
minimum overlaps:
a. Two-Section Ladders. 3 feet for working lengths up to 33 feet 4 feet for
working lengths 33 to 44 feet
b. Three-Section Ladders. 4 feet for each section

Training
1. Each employee using ladders must be trained, by a competent person, to
recognize hazards related to ladders and must know the procedures to be
followed to reduce these hazards. The training must include, if applicable,
the following areas:
a. The nature of fall hazards in the work area.
b. The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the
fall protection systems to be used.
c. The proper construction, use, placement and care in handling of ladders.
d. The maximum intended load-carrying capacities of ladders.
e. The National and Regional regulations relating to this program.
2. Retraining must be conducted when any affected employee already trained
does not have the understanding and skill required in the training section
listed above and when changes in the workplace render previous training
obsolete.

AERIAL LIFTS

1. All aerial lifts including extendable boom platforms, articulating boom

platforms, vehicle mounted aerial ladders and vehicle mounted vertical towers
will be used according to the manufacturers recommendations. The boom and
basket load limits specified by the manufacturer must not be exceeded.
2. Extendable and articulating boom platforms, designed as personnel carriers,
must have both upper and lower controls. All controls must be plainly marked
to identify their function. The lower controls will be capable of overriding the
upper controls.
3. The lift controls on extendable and articulating boom platforms will be tested
before use each day to determine that they are in safe working conditions.
4. When working from an aerial lift, employees will wear a body harness and a
lanyard attached to the boom or basket. The lanyard must never be attached
to any other structure or equipment while the employee is in the aerial lift.
5. Employees must always stand on the floor of the basket and may not sit or
climb on the edge or rail of the basket. Planks, ladders or other devices may
not be used as a work platform inside an aerial lift basket.
6. When outriggers are used, they will be positioned on pads or a solid surface.
Wheel chocks will be used when operating an aerial lift on an inclined surface.
7. Aerial lifts will not be moved with employees in an elevated basket, unless the
aerial lift was specifically designed for that type of operation.
8. Only authorized employees may operate an aerial lift.
9. Each employee who works while on an aerial lift must be trained, by a
qualified person, to recognize and control or reduce the hazards associated

79
 with the use of the type of aerial lift being used. The training must include, if
applicable, all the following information:
The nature of the hazards in the work area.
The correct procedures for dealing with those hazards
The proper use of the lift and the proper handling of materials of the lift.
The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the lift.
Any other pertinent job information or requirements.

ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE

Following are answers to commonly asked questions when encountering
Asbestos Cement (AC) pipe:

What is AC pipe and what are the hazards?

AC pipe is a cementitious product that contains asbestos. It has
historically and is currently used in underground construction activities because
of its durability. AC pipe typically contains between twenty and thirty percent (20
- 30%) asbestos, consisting of primarily chrysotile asbestos but often containing
some crocidolite asbestos as well. Other types of asbestos (amosite, tremolite,
actinolite, and anthophyllite) are rarely but sometimes present in AC pipe.
Note: There are some newer look-alike pipe materials that do not contain
asbestos, however, in the absence of reliable documentation (e.g., bills of sale,
installation records, testing records); suspect pipe should be assumed to contain
asbestos.
The asbestos fibers in AC pipe are encapsulated or bound within the cement and
are therefore not readily released from intact pipe. However, if the pipe is cut,
abraded, crushed, or otherwise handled so that the cement matrix is disturbed,
asbestos fibers may be released.
Asbestos is a hazard when fibers become airborne and may be inhaled.
Excessive exposure to airborne asbestos can cause three types of respiratory
disease: asbestosis (a progressive scarring of the lungs), lung cancer, and
mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lung and/or gut/abdomen cavity).
These diseases are primarily associated with long-term high level exposures but
the cancers can occur from relatively low exposures in some individuals.

What are the general requirements for working with AC pipe?

Generally, employers who will be handling 100 square feet or more of
surface area of asbestos containing material1 at a single jobsite must apply for
and obtain a registration from Mla/OSHC. Title 8, Manila Code of Regulations
(CCR) 341.6(a). Employers must also report to Mla/OSHC any use of AC
pipe which could potentially result in employee exposure to asbestos. Title 8,
CCR 5203 identifies two types of uses which must be reported; use in a
regulated area [Title 8, CCR 5203(c)(1)] (including all class I, II, and III
asbestos work) and use of materials containing a concentration of at least one-
tenth of one percent (1/10 of 1%) (by weight) of asbestos. Removal of AC pipe
falls into this second use category.
All AC pipe contractors must comply with application requirements of Title 8,
CCR 1529 (Asbestos). In addition, written notification to the local air pollution
control/air quality management district regarding removal/disposal of AC pipe

80
may be required; local agency requirements can be accessed through the Manila
Air Resources Board.

What are the general qualifications for working with AC pipe?

To be qualified to perform AC pipe work in Manila, contractors must
maintain current asbestos registration with the division of Occupational Safety
and Health (DOSH), OR comply with ONE of the following;
Limit AC pipe work to small quantities (less than 100 square feet of pipe 1
per jobsite) and train supervisors and workers per Mla/OSHC asbestos-in-
construction regulations 2, OR
Train supervisors and workers per Mla/OSHC asbestos-in-construction
regulations 2, under a DOSH-approved AC Pipe Training Program.

Is EEI Corp. qualified to work with AC pipe?

The short answer is: Yes, with certain limitations. Currently, we do not
hold DOSH registration for asbestos-related work. Therefore, we can perform
limited AC pipe work if we comply with the regulatory requirements for non-
registered contractors (as summarized above) but we cannot perform AC pipe
work where the quantity of pipe is equal to or greater than one hundred (100)
square feet of surface area per jobsite. In addition, we can subcontract with
qualified contractors to handle, install, remove, and/or dispose of AC pipe. We
can also request that the owner hire a qualified contractor.

What should we do if AC pipe is specified or encountered on the job?

The following steps should be taken:
If AC pipe is encountered on the job, suspend or limit work in the area until
the location, quantity, and condition of the AC pipe can be assessed.
Determine whether less than or greater than 100 square feet of AC pipe
must be disturbed, whether appropriately trained supervisors/workers and
approved equipment/materials are available for completion of the work.
Notes: Appropriately trained supervisors and workers are those who have
been trained within the last year under an Mla/OSHC-approved AC Pipe
Training Program. Approved equipment and materials are those
recommended for control of asbestos exposure by the American Water
Works Association and specified under the AC Pipe Training Program.
Determine whether contractual language and insurance coverage allows us
to perform or subcontract the work. Contact our Risk Management
Department for assistance.
Consult with the owner to determine whether the work will be performed by
EEI, EEIs subcontractor or the owners contractor.
If EEI will do the work, use only qualified supervisors/workers and approved
equipment/materials, limit AC pipe work to that which meets the definition
of AC Pipe Operations under the AC Pipe Training Program, and comply with
all applicable regulatory requirements (see question #7).

If AC pipe is subcontracted, what are our responsibilities?

In addition to contractual requirements, we are required under Mla/OSHC
asbestos regulations (Title 8 CCR 1529) to ensure the proper performance of the
work by the asbestos subcontractor.

81
 General contractors have general supervisory authority over asbestos
subcontractors and must evaluate and require compliance with the Mla/OSHC
standard. This requires familiarity with the proper procedures and work practices
that should be utilized and periodic inspection of the jobsite to evaluate the
methods being used. If our employees are working in areas adjacent to the
asbestos work, inspections must be conducted daily.

What are the jobsite requirements for AC pipe work under Mla/OSHC?
Mla/OSHC has established a comprehensive standard for asbestos (Title 8
CCR 1529), including worker exposure limits for airborne asbestos. These include
a permissible exposure limit of 0.1 fiber/cc (fibers per cubic centimeter of air) for
an 8-hour time-weighted average exposure and an excursion limit of 1 fiber/cc
for a 30-minute peak exposure period. The Mla/OSHC standard specifies
minimum requirements (e.g., training, wet methods, exposure monitoring) for all
asbestos work. For operations without a completed negative exposure
assessment (confirmation of low exposure levels through air monitoring) and/or
that result in airborne exposure above permissible exposure limits, other control
measures apply.

The asbestos standard includes the following requirements:

Make sure that supervisors and workers are properly trained and equipped
for the work, and use the work practices specified in the AC Pipe Training
Program, i.e., those determined by the American Water Works Association
to be effective in controlling worker exposures to airborne asbestos during
AC pipe work.
Conduct initial and periodic air monitoring to assess and document worker
exposures levels, for comparison to Mla/OSHC permissible exposure limits.
Pending a negative exposure assessment or if air monitoring indicates
elevated worker exposures (above Mla/OSHC exposure limits), implement
full control measures including use of a regulated area, competent person
respirators, disposable coveralls, etc.
Inspect AC pipe work daily to ensure use of approved work practices and
procedures.
Package and label all asbestos-containing waste per Mla/OSHC
requirements. Transport and dispose of asbestos-containing waste per
Regional and local requirements (see below).

What are the proper disposal methods fore AC pipe waste?

It is important to use a DTSC registered hazardous waste hauler in dealing
with AC pipe.
A friable material is one that can be crushed or pulverized by hand
pressure (and that may thereby more readily release fibers). Intact AC pipe is
considered non-friable and so would be considered non-hazardous asbestos
waste. However, some waste generated by AC pipe work (e.g., dust and debris
from cutting work) may be friable. Special handling and disposal is required for
both non-friable / non-hazardous and friable / hazardous asbestos waste.
Materials containing friable asbestos at one percent (1%) or greater are
considered hazardous asbestos waste by the Manila Department of Toxic
Substances Control (DTSC), and must be accompanied by a hazardous waste

82
manifest form, transported by a DTSC-registered hauler and disposed in a Class
III asbestos landfill.
Non-friable waste such as AC pipe may become friable under some
conditions (e.g., during handling at the landfill). Therefore, local air quality
regulations require disposal of non-hazardous AC pipe waste at a Class III
landfill as well. Transportation and disposal of non-hazardous asbestos waste
should be documented on a non-hazardous waste manifest form provided by
the transporter or landfill.

Is EEI qualified to transport AC pipe and/or asbestos waste?

The answer, again, is Yes, with some limitations. EEI can transport
properly packaged and labeled AC pipe (for recycling) and AC pipe waste (for
disposal) if it is non-hazardous (non friable).
We must subcontract with a DTSC-registered hazardous waste hauler for
transportation of hazardous (friable) asbestos waste.

BLASTING

1. National, Regional and local blasting and explosives permits will be obtained
prior to the transportation, handling, storage, and use of explosives or blasting
agents.
2. National, Regional and local regulations relative to the transportation, storage,
and use of explosives or blasting agents will be followed closely and the
required records of inventory and use will be maintained at the jobsite.
3. The transportation, storage, and use of explosives or blasting agents will
always be under the supervision of a blaster qualified and experienced in their
intended use, and possessing the appropriate blasters permit or license.
4. Careful selection of the blasting materials to be used will be made with the
manufacturers assistance, giving primary consideration to such factors as
extraneous electrical currents (particularly electrical storms), fire and heat
hazards, fly rock hazards, proximity of buildings, storage, and transportation
and any other particular loading and firing hazards.
5. Magazines will be located in accordance with American Table of Distances for
Storage of Explosives. Accurate and current inventory sheets are to be
maintained at each magazine showing every magazine transaction.
6. Explosives will only be transported between the magazine and the blast by an
approved vehicle specifically assigned and equipped for that purpose, and not
carrying any other material, tools, equipment, or personnel, other than a
helper.
7. The blaster will determine that the area is clear of all persons, equipment, and
excess blasting materials before shooting. The following audible warning
signals will be used for all blasting operations:
WARNING SIGNAL a one minute series of long signals five minutes
before the blast
BLASTING SIGNAL a series of short signals one minute before the blast
ALL-CLEAR SIGNAL one long signal after a complete inspection of the
blast area.

83
8. After fumes and dust have cleared (at least five minutes for surface blasting,
fifteen (15) minutes in tunnels), the blaster will thoroughly inspect the blast
area for indications of misfires and any other hazardous conditions resulting
from the effects of the blast. Only after determining the blast area is safe will
the ALL-CLEAR signal be sounded.
9. If examination of the blast area reveals any indication of possible unexploded
charges, the area will be made safe under the supervision of the blaster by
one of the following means, AFTER a sixty (60)-minute wait following fuse
blasting or a thirty (30)-minute wait following all other blasting methods:
a. A new primer will be inserted in a hole and the hole re-blasted; or,
b. Where the hole cannot be re-blasted, the stemming and explosives be
washed out with water.
10. After each blast, the blaster will complete a record of each blast including the
date, time, weather conditions, shot pattern, depth of holes, quantity of
explosives, number of detonators, misfires if any and any other pertinent
information.
11. Specific blasting safety procedures will be established for each project to
provide safety for all personnel and property, including the public. For
assistance or more information on specific requirements, contact the
Corporate Safety Department.

BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS PROCEDURES

I. INTRODUCTION
A. These procedures are established to provide the necessary precautions for
employees to protect themselves from the hazards associated with blood
borne pathogens.
B. These procedures apply at all locations where employees may be exposed to
blood, other potentially infectious material or medical/first aid supplies that
have been contaminated with blood or potentially infectious material.
C. Employees with potential for exposure generally fall into two categories:
1. Employees whose routine job assignment involves exposure to blood or
potentially infectious material. This category would include employees
whose assigned duties include providing first aid to injured personnel.
2. Employees whose routine job assignments do not involve exposure to
blood or other potentially infectious material but who may be exposed if
performing unusual tasks. This category would include employees who
assist in providing first aid assistance to injured personnel.

II. ENGINEERING CONTROLS

A. At work locations where a first aid treatment center has been provided, non-
abrasive soap and running water for hand washing should be available in or near
the treatment area. If running water cannot be supplied, antiseptic hand cleaner
or antiseptic towelettes must be provided.
B. An appropriately marked/labeled disposable biohazard container will be
utilized for collecting and disposing all first aid supplies and personal protective
equipment contaminated during treatment (regulated waste).

84
III. WORK PRACTICE CONTROLS
A. If called on to render first aid, the employees providing the care must protect
themselves from contact with blood or other potentially infectious material by
using the rubber gloves from the first aid kit as well as donning safety glasses.
B. If mouth to mouth artificial resuscitation is necessary, the employees
performing the resuscitation must protect themselves from contact with blood
or potentially infectious material by using the mouth barrier device with a one-
way valve from the first aid kit.
C. If more extensive exposure to blood or potentially infectious material is
anticipated such as working in live sewers adjoining hospitals, exposed
employees will be provided and required to wear additional personal
protective equipment. This additional equipment may include disposable
gowns, coats, or aprons that will prevent blood or potentially infectious
material from contaminating the employees clothes.
D. Before leaving the treatment area, all personal protective equipment (rubber
gloves, gowns, etc.) must be removed and placed in a biohazard container for
disposal.
E. After providing care, employees must wash their hands with non-abrasive
soap and running water. If hand washing facilities are not available,
employees must wash their hands using antiseptic hand cleanser or antiseptic
towelettes. This is a temporary measure; employees must still wash with soap
and running water as soon as possible.
F. Employees must not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics or lip balms, or handle
contact lenses in first aid treatment areas. Food and drinks may not be stored
adjacent to first aid kits.

IV. HOUSEKEEPING
A. The first aid treatment area, if provided, must be cleaned/disinfected regularly
(e.g. after each use). This cleaning/disinfecting must be done according to a
written schedule.
B. All contaminated items and spill areas must be cleaned with a germicide or a
solution of sodium hypochlorite (a 1:8 a dilute bleach solution composed of
one part bleach to eight parts cold water.)
C. All first aid supplies and personal protective equipment contaminated during
treatment must be collected in an appropriately marked/labeled disposable
biohazard container.
D. The disposable biohazard container and its contents will be disposed of daily
in accordance with local, Regional, and National requirements for this kind of
regulated waste. If outside contamination of a container occurs, the container
(e.g. disposal bag) must be placed inside another properly labeled container.

V. HEPATITIS B VACCINATION
A. Employees whose routine job assignments involve exposure to blood or
potentially infectious material will be offered the hepatitis B vaccination series,
within ten (10) days of their initial assignment. Additional training will be
provided when changes, such as modifications of tasks or procedures, or
introduction of new tasks or procedures, affect the employees potential for
occupational exposure. The additional training may be limited to addressing the
new information.

85
B. Any other employee who has an exposure incident will also be offered the
vaccination series. If the vaccinations are declined, the employee must sign a
waiver (see attachment), which will be placed in the employees confidential
medical file.
C. Those employees, who decline the hepatitis B vaccination, either at the
beginning of their assignment or after an exposure incident, may later choose to
be vaccinated.

VI. POST-EXPOSURE EVALUATION AND FOLLOW-UP

A. All employees involved in exposure incidents must be offered a confidential
medical evaluation and follow up that includes the following minimum
elements:
1. Documentation of the route(s) of exposure and the circumstances under
which the exposure incident occurred.
2. Identification and documentation of the source individual, if feasible and
not prohibited by local or Regional law.
3. Testing the source individuals blood, if feasible and after written consent
is obtained, in order to determine HBV, HCV, and/or HIV infectivity. The
results of the source individuals testing will be made available to the
exposed employee, and that employee will be informed of the laws and
regulations concerning disclosure of the identity and infectious status of
the source individual.
4. Collecting and testing the exposed employees blood for HBV, HCV, and
HIV as soon as feasible after written consent is obtained from the
exposed employee. If the employee consents to baseline blood collection,
but not the HIV testing, the sample must be preserved for 90 days. If,
within those
90 days, the employee elects to have the HIV test, such testing will be done
as soon as feasible.
5. Post exposure medical treatment, if indicated, in accordance with the
recommendations of the Philippines Public Health Service.
6. Counseling.
7. Evaluation of illnesses reported by the exposed employee.
B. The healthcare professional providing the post exposure hepatitis B
vaccination and post exposure evaluation must be provided with the following
information:
1. A copy of the Blood borne Pathogen Regulation.
2. A description of the employees duties as they relate to the exposure
incident.
3. Documentation of the routes of exposure and the circumstances under
which the exposure occurred.
4. The results of the source individuals blood testing, if available.
5. All medical records relevant and appropriate to the treatment of the
employee, including vaccination status that we are required to maintain.
C. The evaluating healthcare professionals written opinion must be obtained and
a copy provided to the exposed employee within 15 days after completion of
the evaluation.
1. The written opinion for hepatitis B vaccination must only include whether
Vaccination was indicated and whether the employee received one.

86
 2. The written opinion for post exposure evaluation and follow-up must only
include that the exposed employee has been informed of the results of
the evaluation and the employee has been told about any medical
condition resulting from exposure that requires further evaluation or
treatment.
3. All other findings must remain confidential and may not be included in
the report.

VII. TRAINING
A. Employees who may be exposed to blood or other potentially infectious
materials must be trained before exposure and annually thereafter. The
training must be conducted by a person knowledgeable in the subject matter.
The training shall consist of the following:
1. A copy and an explanation of the Blood borne Pathogen Regulation.
2. A general discussion of blood borne diseases, with emphasis on symptoms
and modes of transmission of HIV, HBV, and HCV.
3. Explanation of these Blood borne Pathogens Procedures and how
employees can get a copy of them.
4. Explanation of how to recognize tasks and occupational activities that may
involve exposure to blood or potentially infectious material.
5. Explanation of the use and limitations of the work practice controls and
personal protective equipment that will be used to prevent or reduce
exposures.
6. Information on the selection, types, proper use, location, handling,
removal, and disposal of contaminated personal protective equipment.
7. Information about hepatitis B vaccine, including its efficacy, safety, method
of administration, the benefits of being vaccinated, and that the
vaccination will be provided free of charge.
8. Explanation of the procedure to follow if there is an exposure incident,
including reporting exposure incidents and the medical follow-up that will
be provided.
9. Information about post-exposure evaluations and follow-up that will be
provided to employees who have had an exposure incident.
10. Explanation of signs, labels, and/or color coding that will be utilized.
11. An opportunity for asking questions of the person conducting the training.

VIII. RECORDKEEPING
A. A record of each exposure to blood or potentially infectious material must be
created and kept confidential. These records must include:
1. The exposed employees name, social security number, and payroll
number.
2. A copy of the employees hepatitis B vaccination status including the dates
of all vaccinations and any medical information related to the vaccinations.
3. A copy of the results of examinations, medical testing, and follow-up
procedures.
4. A copy of the healthcare professionals written opinion.
5. A copy of the information that was provided to the healthcare professional.
B. All exposure and medical records must be kept confidential and separate from
personnel files, may not be disclosed without the employees written consent,

87
 and must be maintained for the duration of the exposed employees
employment plus thirty (30) years.
C. Detailed training records maintained for the duration of the exposed
employees employment plus thirty (30) years. These records must include:
1. The dates of the training sessions.
2. Contents or a summary of the training sessions.
3. Name and qualification of the person conducting the training.
4. Names and payroll numbers of those trained.
D. The exposure, medical and training records associated with these Blood borne
Pathogens Procedures will be made available to employees.
Note: The Waiver of Hepatitis B Vaccination is attached.

ENCLOSED AND CONFINED SPACES

Before entry or work in confined spaces, including tanks, vaults, manholes,

pipelines, and other similar enclosures where existing ventilation is insufficient
for removal of combustible or toxic air contamination, oxygen deficiency or
oxygen enrichment the following minimum steps will be taken:

1. Employees will be trained in the operating and rescue procedures contained in

the Confined Space Entry Program.
2. Lines which may convey dangerous substances into the space will be
disconnected or blocked off.
3. The space will be washed emptied, flushed or otherwise purged of any
dangerous substances.
4. The air will be tested for dangerous air contamination or oxygen deficiency
with an appropriate testing device by a qualified person and a written record of
such tests will be kept at the jobsite for the duration of the work.
5. Adequate ventilation to ensure a safe working atmosphere, as determined by
additional air testing or continuous monitoring, will be maintained while work is
in progress.
6. When dangerous air is detected, work will be discontinued and workers will be
removed until a safe atmosphere is restored with additional ventilation or
removal of the contamination.
7. When an atmosphere free of dangerous air contamination, oxygen deficiency,
or oxygen enrichment cannot be ensured or maintained through ventilation,
the Confined Space Entry Program will be incorporated as the minimum
requirements.
Note: Oxygen deficient air contains less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume.
Combustible atmospheres contain concentrations of more than ten (10)
percent of the lower explosive limit of a combustible gas or vapor. Toxic
atmospheres contain concentrations of hazardous substance that exceed the
permissible exposure levels.
8. Additional precautionary steps, including deactivation, must be considered
when working in confined spaces equipped with oxygen-displacing fire
suppression systems.

CRANES AND HOISTING EQUIPMENT

88
1. Cranes exceeding three (3) tons rated capacity shall not be used without a
current Annual Certificate of Examination and testing issued by an accredited
crane examiner. A copy of the Annual Certificate of Examination shall be kept
on the crane at all times.
2. Crane operators shall be Certified Crane Operators (CCO) with current
certificate for the style of crane they are operating, and shall be authorized
by management.
3. Cranes of hoisting equipment will be operated only by qualified and
authorized personnel.
4. The crane operator shall determine how many people are needed for the lift
operation and shall assign their duties.
5. A Pre-Job Plan shall be conducted and documented on the Non-Routine Pre-Job
Plan form. The load weight and radius of the lift shall be calculated and
documented.
6. During the Pre-Job Plan, one signaler shall be assigned by the crane operator
and documented on the Pre-Job Plan form. This Signaler shall be trained and
authorized.
7. The signaler, spotter, and the crane operator shall review the hand signals to
assure that communication is clear. Standard hand signals shall be used to
direct the operator when the point of operation is not in direct view of the
operator, unless a radio or other positive means of communication is used.
8. During the Pre-Job Plan, persons designated to perform rigging operations
(Riggers) shall be assigned by the crane operators and documented. The
riggers shall be trained and authorized.
9. Crane operators will make a visual inspection of their equipment and conduct
a Pre-Operation Inspection of the crane including a walk-through inspection of
the work area and travel route. A record of these inspections shall be
maintained on the crane.
10. A mechanic shall conduct a Quarterly Inspection of the crane and wire rope
at least every three months or seven hundred fifty (750) hours, whichever
comes first and before the crane is returned to service after a month or more
of inactivity. Inspections shall include all the items in the EEI Mobile
Equipment Division Quarterly Crane Inspection form.
11. All cranes shall be equipped with an appropriate fire extinguisher or fire
suppression system.
12. During the Pre-Job Planning phase, the crane operator shall conduct a walk-
through inspection of the work area and travel route.
13. Loads shall be attached to the hook by slings or other suitable rigging of the
proper type and weight capacity for the load to insure the safe handling of
the load. Tag lines shall be used to control movement of overhead loads.
14. The operator shall respond to signals from the designated signaler only.
Personnel not specifically designated to be the signaler shall not give signals
to the operator unless a hazardous condition is observed that is not seen by
the operator or signaler. In that case, only a stop signal may be given or a
verbal STOP communicated to the operator. The operator shall not follow any
signals that are not understood, but shall always obey a stop signal.
15. The signaler shall be assured that the path the load shall be moved through
is clear of personnel and obstructions.
16. Personnel not involved in the Pre-Job Plan are not allowed within the
maximum radius of the lift to be performed.

89
17. Unless an unsafe condition or emergency is observed, personnel not directly
involved with the lift shall not interrupt the crane operator or other personnel
involved with the lift operations.
18. The operator shall be responsible for the operations under his control.
Whenever there are doubts about the safety of a movement, the operator
shall stop operations until safety is assured.
19. A warning signal, such as horn, shall be sounded to alert personnel to
proximity of moving loads. Loads shall not be passed over personnel, and
personnel shall not place themselves between a suspended load and any
fixed object.
20. Cranes shall not be left unattended with or used to store a suspended load.
21. Rotating cranes shall be barricaded or other positive means shall be taken to
prevent personnel from entering the area between the rotating machine
deck, and any stationary machine parts or outside obstructions.
22. Cranes shall not be operated or loads handled so that any machine part or
load shall come within ten (10) feet of electrical lines carrying 50,000 volts or
less. Greater distances are required for lines carrying over 50,000 volts. A
spotter shall be used whenever a crane is used within one (1) boom length of
any overhead power lines. The spotter shall be trained and authorized.
23. The presence of overhead power lines shall be discussed and documented on
the Pre-Job Plan form. The designated spotter shall be documented and shall
not have any other duties besides assuring that the crane does not come
within 10 feet of the power lines by maintaining positive communication with
both crane operator and rigger.
24. No person shall be permitted to ride on the crane, load, slings, hooks,
buckets, or other such load handling attachments. Hoisting of personnel with
cranes shall only be done by the procedure as specified in Crane Suspended
Personnel Platform Procedures.
25. All repairs, adjustments, modifications, rigging assembly or dismantling shall
be conducted only be qualified and authorized personnel.
26. The operator shall only raise, lower, extend, or retract outriggers when (s)he
has ensured that the ground personnel are not in an area where they may be
endangered by the movement of the outriggers. This may be done by clear
sight of the area or by the use of verbal or hand signal communication with
the designated signaler. Mirrors may not be used for clearance verification.
27. If a crane operator is working alone, for example, while performing pre-
operation inspection or preparing to move the crane, the operator shall sound
the horn prior to making any moves of the boom or outriggers, or traveling
the crane, to assure all personnel are clear of pinch points and other hazards.
28. Equipment, tools, or supplies shall not be stored on the outriggers.
29. Cribbing shall be used under the outriggers. The cribbing shall be at least
three times the surface area of the outrigger pad and be constructed of
appropriate materials.
30. When use of the crane is completed, it shall be returned to a parking area
away from overhead power lines and parked in a safe manner.
31. Equipment shall have posted and in plain view of the operator and driver, a
durable warning sign legible at 12 feet reading: Unlawful to Operate This
Equipment Within 10-feet of High Voltage Lines in Excess of 50,000 Volts, See
8 CCR, Article 37, and High Voltage Electrical Safety Orders.

90
CRANE SUSPENDED PERSONNEL PLATFORM PROCEDURE

A. INTRODUCTION
1. The use of a crane or derrick to hoist employees on a personnel platform is
prohibited unless the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of
reaching the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift,
elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not
possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.
2. Any use of a crane hoisted personnel platform must be approved in writing on
a case by case basis. The approval must be given by the Plant/District
Manager, after determining that other means of reaching the work location
would be more hazardous or not possible because of structural design or
worksite conditions.
3. Approval will include execution of the EEI CORP., Permit to Use A Crane
Suspended Personnel Platform, which describes the work to be done, reasons
to justify use of the crane suspended platform and verifies compliance with
these procedures.

B. CRANE REQUIREMENTS
1. Load lines will be capable of supporting at least seven times the maximum
intended load (ten times the load for rotation resistant wire rope).
2. The load line hoist drum will have a system or device on the power train, other
than the load hoist brake, which provides power controlled load lowering. Free
fall is prohibited.
3. The crane will be equipped with a positive acting anti-two-block device which
deactivates the hoisting action before a two-block situation occurs.
4. A boom angle indicator will be readily visible to the operator at all times.
5. Cranes with telescoping booms will be equipped with a boom length indicator
clearly visible to the operator at all times.
6. Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes and locking devices will be
engaged when the occupied personnel platform is in a stationary working
position.
7. Total weight of the loaded personnel platform related rigging will not exceed
fifty percent (50%) of the rated capacity for the operating radius and
configuration of the crane.
8. The crane will be located on firm, level ground, leveled within one percent
(1%) of level grade, with outriggers fully deployed by manufacturers
specifications.
9. All other safety requirements for crane operations contained in the Injury
Prevention and Safety Program, Mobile Equipment Administrative Bulletin
Manual and Manufacturers Instructions will be complied with.

C. PERSONNEL PLATFORMS
1. The personnel platform and suspension system will be designed by a qualified
engineer, competent in structural design.
2. The platform will be capable of supporting its own weight and at least five
times the maximum intended load.

91
3. The platform will be equipped with standard guardrails forty-two inches (42)
high, midrails and toe boards four inches (4) high and will be enclosed at
least from the toe board to midrails with either solid material or expanded
metal having openings no greater than one-half () inch.
4. A grab rail will be installed inside the entire perimeter of the platform.
5. Access gates, if installed, will not swing outward when hoisting and will be
equipped with a restraining device to prevent unintentional opening.
6. Headroom will be provided which allows personnel to stand upright on the
platform and a canopy for overhead protection will be provided when
personnel are exposed to falling objects.
7. The platform will be conspicuously posted with a plate or other permanent
marking which shows the weight of the platform and its rated load capacity.
8. Personnel platforms will be used only for personnel, their tools, and the
materials necessary to do their work, and will not be used to hoist only
materials or tools.
9. Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift will be evenly distributed for
balance and secured to prevent displacement.

D. RIGGING
1. Wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging hardware will be
capable of supporting at least five times the intended load transmitted to that
component. If rotation resistant wire rope slings are used, they will be capable
of supporting at least ten times the maximum intended load.
2. Each bridle leg of a wire rope bridle will be connected to a master link or
shackle in such a manner that the load is evenly divided between the bridle
legs.
3. The hook on the load block or other attachment assembly will be of a type
that can be closed and locked, eliminating the throat opening. Alternatively,
an alloy anchor type shackle with a bolt, nut, and retaining pin may be used.
4. All eyes in wire rope slings will be fabricated with thimbles.
5. Bridles and associated attachment rigging will be used only for the personnel
platform and will not be used for any other purpose when not hoisting
personnel.

E. TRIAL LIFT, INSPECTION AND PROOF TESTING

1. At each jobsite, before hoisting personnel, and after any repair or
modification, the platform and rigging will be proof tested to one hundred
twenty-five percent (125%) of the platforms rated capacity by holding it in a
suspended position for five minutes with the test load evenly distributed on the
platform. After proof testing, the platform and rigging will be inspected for
signs of any distortion, damage, or failure.
2. A trial lift, with the unoccupied platform loaded at least to the anticipated lift
weight, will be made from the position where workers will enter the platform to
each work location at which the platform is to be hoisted. The operator will
determine that all systems, controls, and safety devices are functioning
properly, that there are no obstructions or interferences, and that all
configurations necessary to reach each work location will keep the lifts within
the fifty percent (50%) of chart capacity limits.
3. The trial lift will be repeated prior to lifting personnel whenever the crane is
set up at a different location.

92
4. After the trial lift, and just prior to hoisting personnel, the platform will be
lifted a few inches for inspection to be certain it is secure and properly
balanced. The crane, rigging and base support will also be inspected to
determine whether the testing and trial lift have produced any adverse affect
upon any component.

F. WORK PRACTICES
1. Personnel occupying the platform will use a safety harness with the lanyard
attached to the lower load block or to a structural member within the
platform.
2. Personnel will keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising,
lowering and positioning, except the signal person if necessary for direct
visual contact with the operator.
3. Tag lines will be used unless their use creates an unsafe condition.
4. Personnel being hoisted will remain in continuous sight of and in direct
communication with the crane operator or signal person.
5. The crane operator will remain at the controls always when the crane is
running and the platform is occupied.
6. No lifts will be made with any other load line while personnel are suspended
on a platform.
7. Hoisting personnel will be discontinued upon indication of any hazardous
weather conditions, such as wind or lightning.
8. Crane traveling is not permitted while hoisting or suspending an occupied
personnel platform.

G. PRE-LIFT MEETING
1. Prior to the trial lift at each work location, a meeting will be held to review
these procedures and safety instructions with all personnel involved in the
operation. This meeting will include the supervisor, the crane operator, the
signal person, the personnel to be hoisted and any others necessary for the
task.

H. PERMIT
1. The Permit to Use a Crane Suspended Personnel Platform form serves as both
a checklist of OSHC requirements and a format for plant/district management
certification and approval for use of the crane suspended personnel platform.
2. The permit form is to be completed for every different task description, prior
to hoisting personnel, and is to be kept at the work location for the duration of
work, then preserved with other job records.
3. A copy of each permit must be submitted to the Corporate Safety Director.

CUTTING AND WELDING

1. Welding and cutting will be done only by persons experienced in safe welding
and cutting procedures.

93
2. Welding and cutting equipment will be inspected daily and will be maintained
in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. Gas hoses and
electric welding leads will be free of damage or defects.
3. When not in use, torch and cylinder valves will be closed, regulators will be
removed, and valve caps will be replaced.
4. Noncurrent-carrying metal parts of electric welding machines and circuits used
for tasks other than welding will be grounded.
5. The ground lead will always be attached to the work. The welding current will
not be allowed to pass through bearings or other machine components.
6. All fuel gas-oxygen welding and cutting equipment will have a reverse-flow
check valve between the torch and regulator.
7. Compressed gas cylinders will be secured in an upright position. Oxygen
cylinders in storage will be separated from fuel gas cylinders and other
combustible materials (especially oil or grease) by at least twenty feet (20) or
by a noncombustible barrier at least five feet tall or a minimum of 18 inches
above the tallest cylinder and having a fire-resistance rating of at least one
hour. Valve caps will be secured on cylinders not in use.
8. Fire extinguishers rated at least 2A10: BC will be available at all cutting and
welding operations.
9. All persons will be shielded from welding flash, sparks, and slag. Combustible
materials will be protected from heat, molten metal and other ignition sources.
10. Appropriate eye, face, hand, respiratory protective and other personal
protective equipment will be used by personnel welding or cutting.
11. A Hot Work Permit is required when welding inside confined spaces. The
Confined Spaces Program will be followed.

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

1. Before their first job assignment, new employees will receive a thorough
safety orientation. They will be given a copy of the company handbook and
Code of Safe Practices to read before their first assignment and instructed in
job specific safe work practices. Training will be documented using a Safety
Training Record.
2. Employees that may be exposed to known or expected workplace hazards will
be instructed in the recognition of the hazard, in the procedures for protecting
themselves from injury, and in the action to take in case of an injury. Training
will be documented using a Safety Training Record, Tailgate Topic, Job Hazard
Analysis or Pre-Task Planning document.
3. Previous experience must be considered when assigning personnel. Only
those qualified by training or experience will be permitted to operate
machinery and equipment.
4. Management will provide safety training and information for supervisors
regularly. This training will be documented using the Safety Training Record
(Form #328) or on a Tailgate Topic.
5. First aid training will be provided to insure that each supervisor has a current
PMSEA or Red Cross First Aid Certificate or equivalent. This training will be
made available to employees when it is conducted.
6. Safety meetings with all supervisory personnel will be conducted by or at the
direction of the Plant/District Manager at least monthly to review injury

94
 prevention efforts and results, safety policy and the procedures pertinent to
the work being performed.
7. Foremen will hold toolbox or tailgate safety meetings with their crews at
the beginning of each new job and at least weekly after that to discuss
procedures, suggestions, past incidents and educational material, such as Job
Hazard Analysis, about the work involved. These meetings should be held at
the beginning of the first shift each week. Additional meetings may be held
when there are crew changes or significant changes in job conditions. This
training will be documented using the Safety Training Record or as a Tailgate
Topic.
8. In operations where more specific training is required by law or regulation,
such as the use of respiratory protective equipment, work in surface mines,
confined spaces, exposure to hazardous substances, etc., additional training
will be conducted according to the applicable regulations.
9. The records of safety meetings and safety training will be maintained at the
plant/district office/business unit for one year.

ELECTRICAL

1. Electrical installations and maintenance shall be performed only by qualified

electricians. Only qualified persons shall be permitted to perform any function
in proximity to energized overhead conductors unless means to prevent
incidental contact have been provided.
2. Electrical systems will conform to the requirements of the National Electrical
Code, and the contract specifications as applicable.
3. All one hundred twenty-five (125)-volt single phase, fifteen (15) or twenty (20)
ampere receptacle outlets that are not a part of the permanent wiring of the
building or structure will have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for
personnel.
4. All electrical circuits, equipment and conductor enclosures will have a
grounding system, that is: permanent and continuous; of such capacity to
conduct safely any fault current likely to be imposed on it; and of sufficiently
low resistance to limit the voltage to ground and facilitate the operation of the
circuit breaker in the circuit.
5. The continuity and resistance of plant grounding systems will be tested
immediately after installation, repair, or modification and annually after that.
6. In locations where electrical equipment would be exposed to physical damage,
enclosures or guards shall be so arranged and of such strength as to prevent
such damage. Flexible cords and cables shall be protected from incidental
damage. Sharp corners and projections shall be avoided. When passing
through doorways or other pinch points, protection shall be provided to avoid
damage.
7. Temporary wiring will be guarded, buried, or isolated by elevation to prevent
contact by workers or equipment.
8. When electrical equipment or lines are to be serviced, maintained, or
adjusted, the electric powered equipment will be de-energized and the
necessary switches locked-out and tagged before any maintenance or repair
work is performed.

95
9. Precautions will be taken to prevent contact with energized electrical lines,
either above or below ground, including, as necessary, barricades, warning
signs, and legible markings to warn employees.
10. Unless electrical lines are de-energized and visibly grounded, no equipment,
machinery or tools will be operated or handled in such a manner that any part
comes within ten (10) feet of lines carrying 50,000 volts or less. Greater
distances are required for lines carrying more than 50,000 volts.

EMERGENCIES

1. Employees are required to familiarize themselves with the Emergency Action

Plan of plants, offices, and jobsites and work locations prior to beginning work,
including the location of emergency telephone numbers for police, fire, and
medical assistance.
2. In the case of an injured employee, notify other workers in the area you are in
need of assistance. Protect the injured employee from further injury.
3. It is Company policy that employees are not trained to provide emergency
medical assistance in medical emergencies involving serious injury and/or loss
of blood. Should employees choose to respond to such emergencies, it is on a
Good Samaritan basis. In case of serious injury, dial one one-seven (1-1-7) or
otherwise seek the immediate assistance of trained medical personnel.
Note: Before you dial 1-1-7 be sure that you can readily identify the location
where the emergency has occurred.
4. Inform supervisory personnel of the nature of the emergency as soon as
possible.
5. For emergencies involving exposure to hazardous substances, consult the
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for guidance. Have the MSDS readily
available for medical personnel.

EXCAVATION AND TRENCHES

4. Prior to starting any excavation, an evaluation of soil conditions and factors

affecting its stability will be made to plan appropriate measures to safeguard
persons and property from hazards of moving ground.
5. Prior to starting any excavation, efforts will be made to locate any anticipated
underground installations in cooperation with utility companies or other
owners, who will be notified of proposed work. A positive response will be
received prior to excavating with the utility companies.
6. In an excavation where oxygen deficiency or the presence of harmful gas
could be anticipated, air in the excavation will be tested. If a hazardous
atmosphere is detected, the work will be stopped. For work in confined
spaces, know the requirements.
7. Employees who enter excavations that could cave in and those five (5) feet or
more in depth will be protected by a system of shoring, sloping of the ground,
benching, or other alternate means in accordance with the EXCAVATION AND
TRENCHING PROGRAM and with the applicable Regional or National
regulations.
8. For any deviation from the minimum Regional or National regulations and for
all excavations deeper than twenty (20) feet, detailed plans for shoring,

96
 sloping, benching, or other means of protection will be prepared by a
registered civil engineer and will be available at the work site.
9. A safe means of access will be located within twenty-five (25) feet of
employees working in excavations four (4) feet or more in depth.
10. Employees will not be allowed or directed to cross excavations unless
adequate crossings have been provided. When walkways are provided across
excavations deeper than six (6) feet standard guardrails and toe boards will
be installed.
11. Employees will be trained in the safety precautions and hazards associated
with excavating equipment and any shoring, sloping or benching system
used.
12. Excavated material will be placed as far as possible from the edge of the
excavation, but never less than two (2) feet from the edge.
13. Work in an excavation will always be under the immediate supervision of a
competent person authorized to modify the shoring or sloping in accordance
with Regional or National regulations.
14. A daily inspection of excavations to identify and eliminate conditions that
could result in possible cave-ins, failure of support systems, hazardous
atmospheres or other unsafe conditions will be made by a competent person.
Inspections will be conducted before the start of work each day and after
every rainstorm or other occurrence that may increase the hazard of moving
ground.

FALL PREVENTION

1. All employees working at any elevated location six (6) feet or more above the
ground or the next lower level will be protected by a system of guardrails,
safety nets, or safety harnesses to prevent falls.
2. Standard guardrails, consisting of a top rail between forty-two (42) inches and
forty-five (45) in height, a midrails and toe boards, will be installed on all open
sides of scaffolds, elevated platforms, wall openings or other elevations six (6)
feet or more above level below.
3. All temporary working scaffolds, suspended scaffolds, or platforms will be
properly designed for their intended use, and in accordance with the
requirements of the applicable regulations.
4. Employees exposed to falls from heights that would otherwise require
guardrails or other fall protection will use an approved personal fall arrest
system.
5. All fixed ladders with a length of twenty-four (24) feet or more will be
equipped with a ladder safety device, a self retracting lifeline or a ladder cage.
Fixed ladders fifty (50) feet or more in length will be offset and equipped with
landing platforms at a maximum interval of fifty (50) feet.
6. Employees working at or above grade which pose an impalement hazard, e.g.
reinforcing steel or other similar projections, shall be protected by guarding
the exposed ends with protective covers or troughs.
7. Employees whose duties include working at elevated locations will be trained
and protected in accordance with the requirements of the following Fall
Prevention and Protection Guidelines.

97
FALSE WORK AND ELEVATED SURFACES

1. Construction of falsework and formwork shall materially adhere to the

approved shop drawings. All material used shall be adequate for the purpose
intended. At least one (1) set of approved drawings, signed by the engineer,
shall be present at the jobsite at all times.
2. The foreman shall inspect all falsework, prior to placing any concrete, to
assure conformity with the approved plans. The engineer, in writing, shall
either approve the falsework as constructed or list corrections which need to
be made to bring the falsework into conformance with the plans. The
Superintendent shall be responsible for making any corrections, if necessary.
The falsework construction approval, signed by the engineer, shall be present
at the jobsite during concrete placement.
3. Stripping of falsework shall adhere to the approved falsework stripping plan.
4. Safety railing shall be installed at the proper time and shall be maintained in
good condition. It shall not be removed until no longer needed.
5. Walk ramps at the ends of bridges shall be four (4) feet wide and include
handrails. Cleats shall be added if required due to sloping. Walkways at the
exteriors of bridges shall be a minimum of twenty (20) inches wide. Walkways
must be kept clear of obstructions.
6. Scaffolds must be provided for work that cannot be done safely while standing
on solid construction at least twenty (20) inches wide or from ladders, unless
the work is of short duration less than fifteen (15) feet high. Scaffolds must
conform to Mla/OSHC standards, or be designed by an engineer. Erecting and
dismantling scaffolds must be supervised by a qualified person.
7. Never permit anything to drop from any portion of a structure until you have
made certain that others below you are not in danger. When working below
others keep alert and do not get into a dangerous position. Watch for falling
objects.
8. Employees whose duties include working with falsework will be trained in
accordance with the requirements of the Fall Prevention and Protection
Guidelines.

FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION

1. All reasonable precautions will be followed in cooperation with local

authorities to minimize fire hazards. The telephone numbers of local fire
fighting agencies will be posted at the office and be available for each work
location.
2. A fire alarm system will be established by which employees and local fire
department personnel can be promptly alerted in a fire emergency.
3. Appropriate portable fire extinguishers and hand tools will be available at the
work site whenever fire hazards exist.
4. All highway vehicles and cranes will be equipped with an appropriate fire
extinguisher or a fire suppression system. Fire extinguishers will be installed
on other types of equipment in accordance with the applicable regulations.
5. All fire extinguishers and fire suppression systems will be inspected and
serviced, as necessary, at least annually by a certified technician. All fire
extinguishers and fire suppression systems will be inspected at least monthly

98
 by a qualified person and a record of the inspection will be maintained with
the extinguisher or system.
6. Demonstrations and training should be provided to all personnel in the use of
available first aid fire fighting equipment.
7. All flammable and combustible materials will be properly stored until
consumed or otherwise removed.
8. Smoking and the use of open flames will be prohibited in any area where
these would present a fire hazard. This prohibition is to be noted by using
signs.
9. Gasoline and other flammable liquids will be stored and handled only in
approved portable tanks or safety cans.
10. Above ground fuel storage areas will be surrounded by a dike of at least
twelve (12) inches high and of sufficient size to contain the contents stored.
11. Above ground fuel storage tanks will be installed at least twenty (20) feet
from any building or facility and will be kept clear of weeds, debris and other
combustible materials.
12. At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 4A: 20
BC will be maintained at a distance between twenty-five (25) and seventy-
five (75) feet from fuel storage and dispensing areas and two (2) will be
carried on all fuel trucks.

FIRST AID AND MEDICAL SERVICES

1. Before the start of work, arrangements will be made with area doctors,
hospitals, fire departments and ambulance services for the treatment of
injured personnel and a list of available emergency services will be posted at
the jobsite or work location.
2. Emergency communications will be provided by mobile radio or telephone.
3. Transportation of injured personnel to medical facilities will be by the most
appropriate means available.
4. At least one employee trained in first aid will be available at all times to
render immediate first aid treatment at each work site.
5. First aid materials will be readily available at each work site, office, and plant
and will consist of at least one filled weatherproof eighteen (18)-unit first aid
kit filled according to the recommendations of a consulting physician for
twenty-five (25) workers or less.
6. First Aid Kits shall include:

99
Large First Aid Kit Contents:
1 Adhesive Bandage (3/kit)
2 Compress (1/kit)
4 Compress (2/kit)
24 x 72 Compress (2/kit)
Gauze Pad (1/kit)
Wound wipe (2/kit)
Eye Pad (1/kit)
Scissors and Forceps (1/kit)
Adhesive Tape (2/kit)
Triangle Bandage (3/kit)
Knuckle Bandage (2/kit)
Cold Packs (2/kit)
CPR Microshield (1/kit)
Latex Gloves (1/kit)
6 ounce sterile eye wash (1/kit)
Tube antibacterial salve (1/kit)
Bee Sting Swab (1/kit)
Snake Bite Extraction Kit (1/kit)
Rescue Blanket, Foil Type (1/kit)
Small First Aid Kit Contents:
1 Adhesive Bandage (3/kit)
4 Compress (2/kit)
Gauze Pad (1/kit)
24 x 72 Compress (1/kit)
Triangle Bandage (1/kit)
Knuckle Bandage (2/kit)
Adhesive Tape (1/kit)
Scissors and Forceps (1/kit)
Eye Pad (1/kit)
Wound Wipes (1/kit)
Cold Pack (1/kit)
CPR Microshield (1/kit)
Latex Gloves (1/kit)
6 ounce sterile eye wash (1/kit)
Tube antibacterial salve (1/kit)
Bee Sting Swab (1/kit)
Snake Bite Extraction Kit (1/kit)
Rescue Blanket, Foil Type (1/kit)

7. If any employee is injured on the job that employees immediate supervisor

will complete a Supervisors Report of Injury and Illness and turn it into their
Plant/District office on the same day the injury occurs. Injuries must be
reported to the supervisor immediately (the same day as the injury occurs).
8. Employees whose duties could include providing first aid treatment to injured
personnel may be exposed to blood borne diseases. Those employees will be
trained and protected in accordance with the requirements of the Bloodborne
Pathogen Procedures.
9. The Construction, Aggregate, Ready-mix and Precast Divisions, and Corporate
Office First Aid Kits were approved by Dr. Frank Polanco, M.D. Dr. Polancos
letter of approval are on file at the Corporate Office of EEI CORP. in Quezon
City.
10. The Mobile Equipment Division First Aid Kits were approved by Dr. Santos,
M.D. Dr. Santoss letter of approval is on file at the Corporate Office of EEI
CORP. in Quezon City.

FLAGGING
1. The Supervisor will ensure flag persons are equipped with proper equipment
and high-visibility clothing with proper personal protective equipment.
2. Flag persons shall be properly trained in flagging and hand-signaling devices
and procedures as specified in the National Manual of Uniform Traffic Controls,
the Manila MUTCD, and applicable Mla/OSHC regulations.
3. Traffic control measures will be followed according to local, Regional, and
National regulations.

100
FORKLIFTS GENERAL
1. Industrial truck repairs shall be maintained in accordance with manufacturers
recommendations.
2. Industrial trucks shall be kept in a clean condition free of debris, oil, and
grease.
3. The rated capacity of all industrial lift trucks and industrial tractors shall be
displayed at all times on the vehicle in such a manner that is readily visible to
the operator.
4. Industrial lift trucks and industrial tractors equipped with forks shall not be
loaded beyond their designated capacity.
5. Supervisors shall post and enforce a set of forklift operating rules for the
drivers safety.
6. Employees shall be trained prior to operation of a forklift and reevaluated
every three- (3) years.

OPERATING RULES
Every employer using industrial trucks or industrial tow tractors shall post and
enforce a set of operating rules including the rules listed below:
1. Only drivers authorized by the employer and trained in the safe operations of
industrial trucks or industrial tow tractors shall be permitted to operate such
vehicles.
2. Stunt driving and horseplay are prohibited.
3. No riders shall be permitted on vehicles.
4. Employees shall not ride on the forks of lift trucks.
5. Employees shall not place any part of their bodies outside the running lines of
an industrial truck or between mast uprights or other parts of the truck where
shear or crushing hazards exist.
6. Employees shall not be allowed to stand, pass, or work under the elevated
portion of any industrial truck, loaded or empty, unless it is effectively blocked
to prevent it from falling.
7. Drivers shall check the vehicle at least once per shift, and if it is found to be
unsafe, the matter shall be reported immediately to a foreman or mechanic,
and the vehicle shall not be put in service again until it has been made safe.
8. No truck shall be operated with a leak in the fuel system.
9. Vehicles shall not exceed the authorized or safe speed, always maintaining a
safe distance from other vehicles, keeping the truck under positive control at
all times and all established traffic regulations shall be observed. For trucks
traveling in the same direction, a safe distance may be considered to be
approximately three (3) truck lengths or preferably a time lapse -- three (3)
seconds -- passing the same point.
10. Trucks traveling in the same direction shall not be passed at intersections,
blind spots, or dangerous locations.
11. The driver shall slow down and sound the horn at cross aisles and other
locations where vision is obstructed. If the load being carried obstructs
forward view, the driver shall be required to travel with the load trailing.
12. Operators shall look in the direction of travel and shall not move a vehicle
until certain that all persons are in the clear.
13. Trucks shall not be driven up to anyone standing in front of a bench or other
fixed object of such size that the person could be caught between the truck
and object.

101
14. Grades shall be ascended or descended slowly.
15. The forks shall always be carried as low as possible, consistent with safe
operations.
16. When leaving a vehicle unattended, either:
a) The power shall be shut off, brakes set, and the mast brought to the
vertical position and forks left in the down position. When left on an incline,
the wheels shall be blocked; or
b) The power may remain on provided the brakes are set, the mast is brought
to the vertical position, forks are left in the down position, and the wheels
shall be blocked, front and rear.

GASOLINE POWERED EQUIPMENT

1. Use of gasoline powered equipment (small tools) will be used in accordance
with manufacturers recommendations.
2. Equipment will be inspected prior to use. Damaged tools must be repaired or
replaced prior to use.
3. Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) shall be worn.
4. Gasoline will be stored in a well-ventilated area and in a proper storage
container. Equipment will be refueled with the engine turned off. A fire
extinguisher will be readily available.
5. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) on materials being used with small tools
(e.g., concretes, oil, diesel, and gasoline) shall be reviewed and appropriate
handling instructions will be followed.
Note: Small tools are defined as compressors, jumping jacks hand held cut-of
saw, vibrating plate compactor, small roller, bituminous pot, mortar mixers,
pull brooms, generators, hand held blowers, and ventilators.

GENERAL SAFETY RULES

1. All persons shall follow these safe work practices and report all unsafe
conditions or practices to their immediate supervisor.
2. Superintendents and Foremen shall insist on employees observing and
obeying every rule, regulation and order as is necessary for the safe conduct
of the work and shall take such actions as are necessary to obtain
observance.
3. All employees shall be given frequent correct work procedure instructions.
Instructions shall be given at least every ten (10) working days.
4. Any one known to be under the influence of drugs or intoxicating substances
shall not be allowed on the job while in that condition and is subject to
termination.
5. Horseplay, scuffling and other acts which tend to have an adverse effect on
the safety or well-being of the employees shall be prohibited and subject to
termination.
6. Work shall be well-planned and supervised to prevent injuries while handling
material or performing job functions.
7. No one shall knowingly be permitted or required to work while his/her ability
or alertness is so impaired by fatigue, illness or other causes that might
unnecessarily expose him/her or others to injury.
8. Unless it has been determined by a competent person, employees shall not
enter manholes, underground vaults, chambers, tanks or other confined
spaces without first determining if there is adequate ventilation and that

102
 there are no flammable or toxic gases. Then enter only with proper safety
devices such as a lifeline and only with another person standing by for help if
necessary.
9. Superintendents and Foremen will ensure that all ditches, trenches or other
excavations, five (5) feet and over in depth, are properly shored or sloped
with correctly placed ladders before they or their employees enter those
areas.
10. Employees will wear eye protection when engaged in any activity where
there is a danger of solid or liquid material entering the eye.
11. Buckle your seatbelt while operating or riding as a passenger in any
company or rented equipment.
12. Employees shall be instructed in the proper placement and adjustment of all
guards and other protective devices and shall report any deficiency to the
Foreman or Superintendent.
13. Operators of chain saws will wear eye, ear, hand, and leg protection when
operating that tool and will be appropriately trained in the safe operation of
the tool.
14. Employees will follow instructions given by authorized sources on the correct
procedures in handling chemicals used on the job site or work location.
Information on the physical characteristics and health connotations can be
obtained from the written Hazard Communication Program carried by the
Foreman or located at the District/Plant.
15. Gasoline shall not be used for cleaning purposes. Use only approved cleaning
solvents in well-ventilated areas.
16. Any damage to scaffolds, falsework, or other supporting structures shall be
immediately reported to the Foreman or Superintendent and repaired before
use.
17. Only the correct tool(s) shall be used for the job.
18. Flag person(s) will be properly trained and supplied with the appropriate
equipment before they direct traffic.
19. Before servicing or repairing machinery or equipment, lockout procedures
will be followed. This procedure will allow only the person performing the
work to start and operate the piece of equipment.
20. Employees will not walk under or position themselves beneath a suspended
load.
21. Firearms, ammunition or any other weapon, including dangerous and
hazardous materials are not permitted on the job unless for a special purpose
by permit and permission of the Superintendent only. If there is any doubt,
ask your Foreman or Supervisor.
22. If injured in any way, you must report to your Foreman or Superintendent
immediately and obtain first aid or authorized medical treatment. If you need
to visit a doctor for any reason, notify your Foreman or Superintendent at
once.
23. Disregard of safe work practices, any of these rules or other safety
instruction could be cause for disciplinary action up to and including
termination.

103
GROUND FAULT PROTECTION GENERAL
This procedure provides the standard method for implementing, and
maintaining a ground fault protection program for facilities, plants, and jobsites.
Employees shall use either or both ground fault circuit interruption (GFCI) or an
Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor (AEGC) program. Employees shall
ensure that (1) all electrical cords are connected to at least one receptacle outlet
which has an approved GFCI, or (2) the supplying generator has a built-in GFCI,
or (3) an AEGC program is followed as listed below:

INSPECTIONS
Temporary electrical equipment, except cord sets and receptacles that are
fixed and not exposed to damage must be inspected for visible damage and
defects before use each day. Any equipment found to be defective must be taken
out of service until it has tested, been repaired, and proved acceptable.

TESTING
Two tests required to ensure the safe condition of the equipment grounding
conductor are the continuity test and the ground conductor test. The two tests
are required in the following situations:
Before the first use of new equipment,
After any repair,
After damage may be reasonably suspected,
At three (3) month intervals for cord sets (such as cord and plug-connected
equipment used frequently and subject to abuse and damage), and
At three (3) month intervals for equipment and receptacles not exposed to
rough handling or abuse.

CONTINUITY TEST
The continuity test must be performed on all of the following to ascertain
electrical continuity:
Cord sets,
Receptacles (not part of permanent wiring), and
Cord and plug-connected equipment.

GROUND CONDUCTOR TEST

The ground conductor tests shall be performed to ascertain that the
equipment grounding conductor is connected to its proper terminal on
receptacles and plugs (male and female).

HAND AND POWER TOOLS

1. All hand and power tools will be used in accordance with the manufacturers
handbook and only for which they are intended, and will be maintained in safe
working condition.
2. All required guards and safety devices will be in place and functioning
properly.
3. The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of electric tools will be grounded. When
electrical tools are connected to a temporary power source, personnel will be
protected by ground fault circuit interrupters.

104
4. Powder-actuated tools will be used only by trained and certified personnel and
will be serviced and maintained by qualified and authorized personnel only.
5. Pneumatic impact tools will be equipped with safety clips or retainers to
prevent tools from being expelled from the barrel.
6. The connections of compressed air hose with a one (1)-inch inside diameter or
larger must be chained or secured to prevent whipping in the event of
separation. Compressors must be equipped with an in line pressure reducer
that will reduce line pressure in case of hose failure.
7. Chainsaws will be operated only by qualified operators following
manufacturers operating instructions and wearing appropriate eye, ear, hand,
and leg protection.
8. Damaged, defective, or worn tools will be tagged and removed from service
until repaired.
9. Pressure blasting, grinding, and saw cutting may present special hazards and
will be done using appropriate personal protective equipment and work
practices.
10 Cut off/chop saws will be operated by qualified operators following
manufacturers operating instructions. Appropriate personal protection shall
be worn including eye, ear, hand, and foot protection.

HAZARD COMMUNICATION PROGRAM

A. INTRODUCTION
1. This written Hazard Communication Program applies to all operations which
MAY expose employees to hazardous chemicals as a result of normal work
conditions or as the result of a reasonably foreseeable emergency.
2. Hazardous Substances or Hazardous Chemicals are chemicals, materials,
or mixtures which contain ingredients that may create physical or health
hazards.
3. Exposure is any situation arising from work conditions where an employee
MAY ingest, inhale, absorb or otherwise come in contact with a hazardous
chemical.
4. This written Hazard Communication Program is available, upon request, to
employees, their designated representative (collective bargaining agent) and
representatives of OSHC, NIOSH, or respective implementing agency.

B. HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES USED IN THE WORKPLACE

1. A list of all hazardous chemicals to which employees may be exposed; using
the same identity used on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each
chemical will be maintained with this program at each jobsite. The list could
include any of the substances which are listed in subsection H of this section.

C. LABELS
1. When hazardous chemicals are received, the Supervisor shall examine the
containers to determine if the labels provide the following information:
a. The identity of the hazardous chemicals they contain; and
b. Appropriate warnings of the physical and health hazards associated with
those chemicals.

105
 2. When hazardous chemicals are transferred into portable or secondary
containers, the Supervisor shall ensure that the portable containers are
labeled with the following information:
a. The identity of the hazardous chemicals they contain; and
b. Appropriate warnings of the physical and health hazards associated with
those chemicals.
Portable containers may be labeled with an extra copy of the
manufacturers label or with a printed label which includes (a) and (b)
above.
Exception: When an employee transfers a hazardous chemical into a portable
container for his/her own immediate use, the portable container need not be
labeled.
3. Supervisors shall ensure that the labels on containers of hazardous chemicals
are not removed or defaced unless the containers are immediately relabeled
with the following information:
a. The identity of the hazardous chemicals they contain; and
b. Appropriate warnings of the physical and health hazards associated with
those chemicals.
4. Containers without complete labels or with defaced labels shall not be used on
the job.

D. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

1. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are documents which supply information
about a particular hazardous chemical or mixture. Manufacturers are required
to provide MSDSs when the hazardous chemical is sold to distributors or
purchasers.
2. An MSDS for each hazardous substance which employees may be exposed to
will be maintained at the work location or at a central location in the
District/Plant/Project Office.

E. INFORMATION AND TRAINING

1. When employees are exposed, or could be exposed, to hazardous chemicals in
their work area, they shall be provided information and training by the Safety
Department or Supervisor based on the data contained in the MSDSs for those
hazardous chemicals.
2. Training shall be provided before employees are assigned duties which may
cause exposure to hazardous chemicals. Training shall also be given when new
hazardous chemicals are introduced into the work area or when an MSDS is
changed.
3. Information and training may be conducted and documented as a toolbox or
tailgate safety meeting or Safety Training Record (STR), and shall provide at
least the following:
a. Content of the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CNR 1926.59 or 8 CCR
Section 5194.
b. Identification of the hazardous chemicals to which employees are exposed.
c. The availability and location of this written Hazard Communication Program
(including a list of chemicals) and MSDSs.
d. The methods and observations that can be used to detect the presence of a
hazardous chemical in the work place (odor, visual appearance, or
monitoring).

106
 e. Any physical or health hazards associated with the use of a hazardous
chemical or mixture being used in the work area.
f. Proper precautions for handling, including specific procedures the company
has implemented to protect workers from exposure such as personal
protective equipment, work practices and emergency procedures.
g. Details of the Hazard Communication Program, including how to read an
MSDS and labeling system.
h. Emergency procedures for spills, fires, disposal, and first aid.
i. The right of employees, their physicians or their collective bargaining
agents, OSHC and NIOSH, to receive information on hazardous chemicals to
which they may be exposed.
j. The right against discharge or discrimination due to an employees exercise
of the rights afforded by law.
4. Employees who are exposed, or could be exposed, to Prop 65 Chemicals in
their work area. Employees shall separately comply with the Prop 65 training
and work area safety procedures specified below in Section I.
NOTE: It is critically important that employees understand the training.

F. NON-ROUTINE TASK TRAINING

When employees are assigned to a non-routine task that may expose them to a
hazardous chemical for which they have not been trained, they shall be trained
in the manner required by Section E above.

G. ACCESS TO INFORMATION BY OTHER EMPLOYERS

1. When employees of another employer (e.g. a subcontractor) may be exposed
to hazardous chemicals while working on one of our jobsites, the employer
shall be provided with a list of the hazardous chemicals we are using at that
jobsite by the Supervisor. The Supervisor shall also give the employer access to
our collection of MSDSs as well as suggestions for appropriate protective
measures needed for exposure to such chemicals. Names and addresses of
suppliers or manufacturers of the hazardous chemicals we use shall also be
provided so that the visiting employer may obtain MSDSs and other
information.
2. When another company uses hazardous chemicals while working on one of
our jobsites, that visiting employer shall provide the company with a copy of
their written Hazard Communication Program and a list of the chemicals to
which our employees may be exposed, as well as a copy of the MSDSs for
those chemicals.

H. MATERIALS FOUND ON CONSTRUCTION SITES WHICH MAY CONTAIN

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
The following list identifies hazardous substances which may be present at a
work location. This list reflects appropriate Business Emergency Response Plan
(BERP) or Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) inventory as requested
by SARA III and any hazardous chemicals not included in the BERP or HMMP but
located on the site.

107
I. PROPOSITION 65
The Region of NCR has determined that certain substances have the potential to
cause cancer or harm the human reproductive system. The law is intended to
prevent the knowing discharge of these chemicals or products into water or land
where they may pass into any source of drinking water, and to give warning to
individuals who may be exposed to such chemicals. Since the average job may
have several of these chemicals in use or storage, each location shall take the
following steps:
1. Post the Prop. 65 warning sign (for chemicals known to cause cancer or birth
defects).
2. Employees shall control their work so no employee is knowingly and
intentionally exposed to a Prop. 65 labeled substances without clear and
reasonable warning (read the labels, heed precautions, follow handling
instructions, and refer to MSDS as needed).
3. Employees shall control their work so that no employee shall knowingly
discharge or release a Prop. 65 labeled chemical which could enter any source
of drinking water (follow handling and disposal instructions).
4. Existing employees shall attend a Prop 65 safety meeting and shall sign a Prop
65 Warning. New employees shall attend a Prop 65 safety orientation and shall
sign a Prop 65 Warning before commencing employment. Each employee shall
acknowledge that chemicals known to the Region of NCR to cause cancer and
birth defects or other reproductive harm are present in their work area. The
Prop 65 Warning shall be of similar form and content as the attachment.
5. All employees shall submit to, and cooperate with, periodic monitoring of their
compliance with Prop 65 safety procedures in their work area.

LIST OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES COMMONLY FOUND ON

CONSTRUCTION/PLANT SITES

Acetone Asphalt & Asphalt Chlorinated

Acetylene Gas Fumes Hydrocarbon
Acrylates in Benzene in Fuels & Solvents
Adhesives, Solvents Chromate Salts
Resins Bitumin Chromium
Adhesives Bleaching Agents Cleaning Agents
Aluminum Etching Carbon Black Coal Tar Pitch
Agent Catalysts & Hardeners Coatings
Ammonia Caulking, Sealant Cobalt
Anti-Freeze Agents Concrete Curing
Arsenic Compounds Caustic Soda (sodium Compounds
Asbestos-Containing hydroxide) Creosol
Materials Cement Dust Cutting Oil (oil mist)
& Serpentine Rock

108
Diesel Fuel & Diesel Lime (calcium oxide) Propanol
Fumes Limestone Putty
Drywall, Skim Coat & Lubricating Oils Quartz Dust
Joint Compounds Magnesium (crystalline silica)
Dusts (brick, cement Man-Made Mineral Resins,
block) Fibers Epoxy/Synthetics
Enamel (mineral wool, Sand (crystalline
Epoxy Resins & ceramic fibers) silica)
Hardeners Metals (aluminum, Sealers
Etching Agents nickel, copper, zinc, Shellac
Ethyl Alcohol cadmium, iron, etc.) Solder, Flux (zinc
Fiberglass, Mineral Methanol (methyl chloride, fluorides,
Wool alcohol) etc.)
Foam Insulation Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solder, soft (lead, tin)
Foam Release (2-butanone) Solvents
Products, Methylene Chloride Styrene (in polymer-
Separating Agents (dichloromethane) based asphalt)
Freon 20, R20 (& Motor Exhaust Sulfuric Acid
others) (gasoline & diesel) Thinner, Paint/Lacquer
Fungicides Muriatic Acid Tin Compounds in
Galvanized Steel & (hydrochloric acid) wood preservatives &
Other Welding Fumes Naphtha (coal tar) pesticides
Gasoline Nitroglycerin Toluene in additives,
Glues Oxalic Acid solvents, paints
Glycol Ether Solvents Ozone Transite
Graphite Paint Remover Turpentine, Gum
Greases Paint Stripper Spirit, Oil of
Helium (in cylinders) Paints/Lacquers Turpentine
Hydraulic Brake Fluid Particle Board Varnishes
Hydrochloric Acid Pentachlorophenol Waterproofing Agents
Hydrogen (in Pesticides Waxes
cylinders) Phenol Welding Rods &
Insulation Materials Plastic Wood Electrodes
Iron Dust & Fume Polishes for Metal Wood Alcohol
Isocyanates in Floors (methanol)
Polyurethane Polynuclear Aromatic Wood Dust
Resins Hydrocarbons (in Wood Preservative
Kerosene asphalt & coal tar) Xylene
Lead Primers Zinc

HAZARDOUS WASTE

BACKGROUND
Philippines Hazardous Waste Control Law requires that generators of hazardous
waste (waste products and materials that pose a present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment) comply with specific disposal procedures
including:
1. Applying for an EPA generator ID number.

109
 2. Classifying, sorting and packaging the materials according to EPA
standards; unknown materials must be tested and characterized.
3. The preparation of a hazardous waste manifest.
4. Transportation of materials by an authorized hazardous waste hauler to an
authorized hazardous waste dump.
5. Payment of hazardous waste generator taxes as well as analysis, container,
handling, transportation, and dump fees.
6. Record keeping of documents.

PROCEDURES
EEI Corp. seeks to avoid becoming a generator of hazardous waste whenever
possible. Take the following steps to avoid becoming a hazardous waste
generator:
1. Order only the materials that you need or can use up during the course of the
project or job.
2. Control your inventory of hazardous materials; arrange to return un-needed,
un-opened containers to the supplier whenever possible.
3. Store hazardous materials on the jobsite or work location in a manner which
will prevent them from becoming contaminated (hazardous waste).
4. Attempt to find other projects that can use opened uncontaminated material
that cannot be returned to the supplier.
5. Remember that owner-stored hazardous materials belong to the owner. Also,
hazardous materials from an existing facility which are not recycled (e.g. PCB
light ballasts or asbestos materials) remain the owners property. EEI
supervision may assist owners in disposing of their hazardous waste, but the
EPA Generators ID number used shall be the owners number.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT

1. Employees must be physically capable of performing their assigned duties
safely.
2. No person will knowingly be permitted on the work location or jobsite whose
health or physical condition might be detrimental to their safety or the safety
of others.
3. No person will knowingly be permitted on the jobsite or work location while
under the influence of any form of intoxicant.
4. All drivers of vehicles with a rated capacity of more than 26,000 pounds and
those carrying loads requiring placards will be required to pass a biannual
physical examination in accordance with the applicable National or Regional
regulations.
5. All operators of equipment, vehicles, and machinery must be able to read and
understand the signs, signals, and operating instructions in use.
6. Employees will not be required or allowed to wear a respirator unless they
have been examined by a licensed physician. The physician must determine if
they are physically able to perform work while using the required respirator
protective equipment.

110
7. All crane operators will be required to pass a physical examination by a
licensed physician every two years and will meet the following minimum
qualifications:
a. Vision of at least 20/30 Snellen in one eye and 20/50 in the other, with or
without corrective lenses.
b. Ability to distinguish colors, if required for safe operation.
c. Normal depth perception and field of vision.
d. Adequate hearing, with or without hearing aid.
e. Sufficient strength, endurance, agility, coordination, and speed of reaction
to meet equipment demands.
f. No evidence of physical defects or emotional instability that could interfere
with performance.
g. No evidence of proneness to seizures or loss of physical control.

HEAT ILLNESS
Background of the Regulation:
From 1979 1999, excess heat exposure caused 8,015 deaths in the Philippines.
During this period, more people died from extreme heat than from hurricanes,
lightning, tornadoes, floods, and earthquakes combined.
In the summer of 2005, there were four work-related deaths in Philippines.
Governor Revilla ensured that new emergency regulations be adopted to
specifically address heat illness in the workplace. This regulation, adopted
August 12, 2005 will be in effect for 120 days and then replaced by permanent
regulations in 2006.

What is Heat Illness?

Heat illness results from the human bodys inability to cope with a particular
heat load and can result in heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat syncope or heat
stroke. Heat Cramps are caused by performing strenuous physical labor in a hot
environment. Cramps are painful spasms of the muscles caused by the bodys
loss of salt and by lack of water replenishment. Excess salt can build up in the
body if water is not replaced.
Treatment: Drink water, rest in the shade, get near a fan, spray the person with
water, and massage the cramp. Severe cramps require medical attention.

Heat Exhaustion results from loss of fluid through sweating and not drinking
enough fluids. Signs of heat exhaustion include cool, moist, pale flushed or red
skin; heavy sweating; headache, nausea or vomiting; dizziness; giddiness and
extreme weakness or fatigue. The skin is clammy and moist while body
temperature will be near normal or slightly elevated.
Treatment: Get the person to a cooler area. If the person is fully awake, water
may be administered slowly, remove tight clothing and apply cool compresses. If
the person refuses water, vomit, or lose consciousness, call 1-1-7 and notify your
supervisor and safety representative.

Heat Syncope (Fainting) is due to a person not being acclimated to hot

environments and who is standing erect and immobile in the heat may faint. This
is due to blood vessels in the skin and in the lower part of the body dilating

111
causing blood to pool rather than return to the heart to be pumped to the brain.
Dizziness or fainting follows shortly.
Treatment: This condition is usually short-lasting and improves after lying down
in a cool environment. However, if the fainting lasts for more than a minute, or is
accompanied by a change in mental state, call 1-1-7 and notify your supervisor
and safety representative.

Heat Stroke is the most serious heat illness. This occurs when the bodys ability
to regulate internal temperature fails and the body temperature rises to critical
levels. Signs and symptoms: lack of sweating, confusion, irrational behavior, loss
of consciousness, convulsions, usually hot, dry skin and high body temperature
(105.8 degrees F) which may lead to death. Victims of heat stroke usually die
unless treated promptly.
Treatment: This is a medical emergency, call 1-1-7 immediately! Before help
arrives, have the person lie down in a shady area or get them indoors. Soak the
persons clothing in cool water or remove clothing and gently apply cool water to
the skin followed by fanning to stimulate sweating. Apply ice packs to the groin
and armpits.

What Contributes to Heat Illness?

Environmental Risk Factors for heat illness means working conditions that affect
the possibility that heat illness could occur include:
Air temperature
Relative humidity
Radiant heat from the sun and other sources (e.g. asphalt)
Conductive heat sources such as the ground
Air movement
How hard someone is working (severity) and how long (duration)
Protective clothing and personal protective equipment.

Personal Risk Factors for heat illness includes such things as:
Age
Weight
Physical fitness
Metabolism
Acclimatization to the heat
Prescription medication
Water consumption
Alcohol consumption
Caffeine consumption
And other conditions that affect a persons water retention or physiological
responses to heat.

Heat Illness Risk Reduction:

1. Recognize the Hazard. There is no absolute cut-off below which work in
heat is not a risk. With heavy work at high relative humidity or if workers are
wearing protective clothing, even work at 70 degrees F can present a risk. In
the relative humidity levels often found in areas where we work, even 80

112
 degrees F can pose a problem. At temperatures above 90 degrees F with
heavy work, heat risk reduction needs to be a major concern.
2. Water. There must be an adequate supply of clean, cool, potable (drinking)
water. Employees who are working in the heat need to drink 3 4 glasses of
water per hour, including at the start of shift, in order to replace the water lost
to sweat. For an 8-hour day, this means having at least 2 or more gallons per
person. Ensure there are enough 5- gallon water-filled coolers available for the
crew throughout the day. Thirst is an unreliable indicator of dehydration.
Encourage our people to consume enough water daily, especially when the
load out or process does not encourage breaks.
3. Shade. The direct heat of the sun can add as much as 15 degrees to the heat
index. If possible, work should be performed in the shade. In not, portable
tents should be provided for breaks and when employees need relief from the
sun. Wide brimmed hard hats can also decrease the impact of direct heat.
4. Acclimization. People need time for their bodies to adjust to working in the
heat. This acclimization is particularly important for employees returning to
work after (1) a prolonged absence, (2) recent illness, or (3) recently moving
from a cool to a hot climate.
Monitor employees closely for signs and symptoms of heat illness particularly
when they have not been working in the heat and when a heat wave occurs.
5. Rest Breaks. Rest breaks are important to reduce internal heat load and
provide time for the body to cool. Heat illness occurs due to a combination of
environmental and internal heat that cannot be adequately dissipated. Breaks
should be encouraged and taken in cooler, shaded areas. Breaks also provide
an opportunity to drink water.
6. Prompt Medical Attention. Recognizing the symptoms of heat illness and
providing an effective response requires promptly acting on early warning
signs. If you believe someone is having difficulty, contact your supervisor or
safety representative immediately. Common early symptoms and signs of heat
illness include headache, muscle cramps, and unusual fatigue. However,
progression to more serious illness can be rapid and can include unusual
behavior, nausea/vomiting, weakness, rapid pulse, excessive sweating or hot
dry skin, seizures, and fainting or loss of consciousness. Any of these
symptoms require immediate attention. Even the initial symptoms may
indicate serious heat exposure. If you suspect heat illness, call 1-1-7 and
notify your supervisor or safety representative immediately. Regardless of the
employees resistance or protest, no employee with any of the symptoms of
possible heat illness noted above should be sent home or left unattended
without medical treatment. In any emergency requiring the use of 1-1-7, know
your location and remember to send someone to meet the medical personnel
at the jobsite/plant entrance and direct them accordingly.

Reminder:
It is important to understand that each person is different and some personal
risk factors may put some people at a higher risk of developing heat illness. It is
important to be cautious in the heat and drink plenty of water. Acclimate and
report any signs of heat illness to your supervisor or safety person immediately
for appropriate medical care. The daily pre-task safety plan can be used to
address the heat illness risk reduction items as outlined above.

113
HIGH VOLTAGE LINE CLEARANCES

Clearances from Energized High Voltage Lines

Nominal Voltage Minimum Clearance Minimum Clearance
(Phase to Phase) for People and for Lifting and
Most Equipment Hoisting Machinery
(Feet) (Feet)

600 . . . . . . . 50,000 6 10
over 50,000 . . . . . . . 10 11
75,000
over 75,000 . . . . . . 10 13
125,000
over 125,000 . . . . . . 10 15
175,000
over 175,000 . . . . . . 10 17
250,000
over 250,000 . . . . . . 10 21
345,000
over 345,000 . . . . . . 16 21
370,000
over 370,000 . . . . . . 16 27
550,000
over 550,000 . . . . . . 16 42
750,000
over 750,000 . . . . 20 42
1,000,000

HOUSEKEEPING
1. Work and storage areas will be maintained in a clean and orderly condition.
2. Materials will be stored in a way that ensures stability.
3. Rubbish, debris, and waste in work areas should be collected and removed for
disposal at least daily.
4. Protruding nails and spikes (in boards, planks, etc.) will be bent down or
removed.
5. Flammable or combustible liquid storage and dispensing areas will be kept
clear of other combustible materials and will be separated from other work
areas and facilities.
6. Appropriate cleanup materials are available for leaks or spills of flammables or
other hazardous materials.
7. Leftover hazardous products and waste are properly stored, labeled, and
disposed of according to the instructions on the products Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).

IMPALEMENT PREVENTION
1. Employees will be protected from the hazard of impalement working around or
over exposed, vertically or horizontally projecting, reinforcing steel, or other
similar projections as follows:
a. Employees working at grade or at the same surface as exposed
protruding reinforcing steel or other similar projections will be protected

114
 by guarding the exposed ends with protected rebar covers, rebar troughs,
or rebar caps.
b. Employees working above grade or any surface and exposed to
protruding reinforcing steel or other similar projections will be protected
by a fall protection system or protective rebar covers.
c. Rebar troughs may not be used as substitutes for engineers or
manufactured protective rebar covers when employees are working at
heights greater than six feet above grade or other working surface.
d. Rebar caps may not be used as impalement protection for employees
working above grade on any surface.
2. Protective rebar covers will be made of wood, plastic, or other similar material.
If protective rebar covers are job-built, they will be designed by a registered
professional engineer. A copy of the engineering drawing(s) depicting the job-
built protective rebar covers will be kept at the jobsite or work location.
3. Job-built wood protective rebar covers and rebar troughs will be constructed of
at least Standard Grade Douglas Fir.
4. Rebar caps will be made of rigid molded plastic or similar material and be the
proper size for the reinforcing steel being covered. Rebar caps may not be job-
built.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

A. INTRODUCTION
1. One of the most important and effective tools in injury prevention is the Job
Hazard Analysis (JHA). The following is a guide to assist personnel in
developing a JHA for each type of operation.
2. The fundamentals of JHA are:
a. Each type of operation or major phase of work can be broken down into a
series of general steps. Types of operations could include mobilization,
grading, paving, excavations and so forth.
b. The hazards associated with each step can be identified.
c. Controls can be identified or developed to eliminate or reduce the severity
of the hazards.
d. Instruct or train personnel involved in the specific work.
B. DEVELOPMENT
1. The JHA process ideally involves personnel at various levels throughout the
organization. Each JHA should, to the extent possible, be developed through
the cooperation and participation of the affected users including the
Estimator, Superintendent, Foreman, Safety Department personnel and
affected employee(s). The Plant/District Manager should encourage the
development of JHAs and participate when possible.
2. Each type of operation or major phase of work should be broken down into a
series of general steps. Each step or activity should be described (briefly) in
the order it will be performed.
3. After each general step of the operation has been identified, the hazards
associated with each step should be identified, to the extent practicable. The
following questions should be asked about each step to help identify the
potential hazards:
a. Can anyone come in contact with an energy source (electricity, noise,
radiant energy) or hazardous materials (chemicals, dust)?
b. Can anyone be struck by a moving, falling, or flying object?

115
 c. Can anyone strike against a stationary or moving object?
d. Can anyone be caught in, under or between anything?
e. Can anyone slip, trip or fall?
f. Will there be any lifting, pushing or pulling of heavy objects or materials?
g. Will anyone have limited visibility due to dust, smoke, or low light
conditions?
h. Will there be any fire hazards?
i. Will there be any environmental hazards (rain, lightning, and darkness)?
4. After the potential hazards have been identified for each step, appropriate
controls to eliminate or reduce the accident producing potential of the hazards
must be identified. If the hazards cannot be designed out of the job steps,
other forms of protection must be provided (e.g., personal protective
equipment, training, etc.) to reduce the hazard to employees.

C. IMPLEMENTATION
1. Before starting a new operation and before the next step of an ongoing
operation, the JHA should be reviewed in a tool box or tailgate safety meeting,
with all employees potentially exposed to the hazards.
2. Supervisors should instruct new or transferring employees using the JHA
developed for the steps of operations to which those employees will be
assigned.

D. REVIEW
1. A periodic review of each JHA should be performed to evaluate the
effectiveness of the controls in eliminating or reducing hazards identified in
each operation.
2. The review provides an opportunity to reevaluate each step and amend the
JHA to incorporate the latest and most effective methods of performing the
work.

LEAD
1. In general, lead exposure by inhalation poses the greatest risk because lead
fumes and fine lead dust are readily absorbed into the blood system, while, if
ingested, just ten percent (10%) of the lead becomes absorbed. Most lead
poisonings are the result of prolonged exposure, not single events.
2. When working with lead-jacketed cable or other lead-containing materials,
care should be taken not to fragment the material and release airborne dust.
3. Workers should wash their hands and face upon completion of the work and
prior to eating, drinking, or smoking.

LIFTING
1. Wherever feasible, equipment (forklifts, hand trucks, hoists, etc.) should be
used instead of manual labor.
2. Jobsite inspection should identify the following and train employees on
proper handling procedures:
Materials which are lifting hazards (bulky objects, or objects where sudden
weight shifts may occur, such as bags),
Tasks which require lifting, twisting or bending while holding heavy
materials,

116
 Whether or not workers are wearing back belts and, if they are wearing
them properly (tightly around the waist).
3. Areas where employees will be carrying materials must be kept free of trip
hazards and other obstacles that may result in injury.
4. Where feasible, areas where employees lift heavy objects or put them down
must be organized to reduce risk of injury. For example, if workers are lifting
bags of concrete from a pallet, raise the pallet up to a height where
employees wont have to squat down before lifting.
5. Employees should be instructed to have a firm hold on materials prior to
lifting.
6. Employees should be instructed not to attempt to lift an object to determine
whether it is too heavy to lift.
7. In general, the basic rules of lifting are:
Keep your back as straight as possible,
Avoid twisting of the torso during lifting and carrying, and
Use leg, arm, and stomach muscles instead of back muscles.

MOBILE EQUIPMENT
1. All earthmoving (heavy) equipment will be maintained in safe working
condition and will be appropriate and adequate for the intended use.
2. Equipment will be operated only by authorized personnel. Operators of
equipment, machinery, or vehicles must be qualified and properly licensed for
the operation involved.
3. Equipment maintenance is to be performed only by qualified mechanics.
4. Equipment operators and truck drivers will make a documented daily pre-shift
walk around safety inspection of their equipment, and any conditions that
effect safe operation will be corrected before further use.
5. Equipment will not be operated unless all required safety devices are in place
and functioning properly.
6. Careless, reckless, or otherwise unsafe operation or use of equipment will
result in discipline and may constitute grounds for dismissal.
7. Before performing any service or repair work, all equipment will be stopped
and positively secured against movement or operation, locked and tagged
out of service, unless it is designed to be serviced while running, following
the manufacturers instructions.
8. When equipment is serviced or repaired, the operator will dismount until the
service or repair is completed and then make a complete walk-around safety
check before remounting.
9. All bi-directional earthmoving equipment and motor vehicles with an
obstructed view to the rear will be equipped with a warning horn and an
automatic back up alarm that can be heard above and distinguished from the
surrounding noise level.
10. All off-highway earthmoving equipment and trucks such as loaders, dozers,
scrapers, motor graders, rock trucks, tractors, rollers and compactors will be
equipped with rollover protective structures (ROPS) and seat belts, following
the applicable regulations (OSHC, PMSEA, USBR, COE).
11. Seat safety belts will be installed on and used by the operators of equipment
provided with ROPS.

117
12. Mobile equipment will not be left unattended unless parked securely to
prevent movement, with all ground engaging tools lowered to the ground,
brakes set and engine off.
13. Equipment parked at night will be lighted, barricaded, or otherwise clearly
marked where exposed to traffic.
14. Personnel will not be transported or ride on equipment or vehicles that are
not equipped with seats for passengers.
15. When fueling equipment or vehicles with gasoline or liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) the engine will be shut down. The operator is to leave the seat of the
vehicle while it is being fueled.
16. All equipment and vehicles where a fire or its escape could impede escape
will be equipped with appropriate fire extinguishers or a fire suppression
system.
17. Haul roads will be designed, constructed, and maintained for safe operation
consistent with the type of haulage equipment in use. Standard traffic control
signs will be used where necessary.
18. Elevated roadways will have axle high beams or guards maintained on their
outer banks.
19. Equipment, tools and materials hauled on pickups and flat bed trucks must
be secured to prevent them from falling onto the road.
20. Equipment, pickups and passenger vehicles not necessary for performing the
work should be parked well away from the work area to reduce congestion
and avoid collisions.

NOISE
1. Approved hearing protective equipment (noise attenuating devices such as
ear plugs and/or ear muffs) must be made available to every employee
working in noisy areas (e.g., above eighty-five (85) dBA as an eight (8)-hour
time weighted average).
2. Jobsites will be evaluated for the presence of noise levels which exceed the
stated limits as established by state and National regulations. Hearing
protective equipment shall be worn in these locations to minimize noise-
induced hearing loss.
3. The employee will ensure good hygiene/maintenance relating to hearing
protective equipment (e.g. sanitize muffs daily with alcohol wipes, discard
soiled earplugs).

OFFICE SAFETY
1. Report unsafe electrical cords, faulty electrical or other equipment, or any
other hazardous conditions to the responsible Supervisor or to the Safety
Department.
2. Keep the floor free of hazards such as telephone cords, electric extension
cords, and paper cartons.
3. Pull out only one drawer of file cabinets at a time to avoid tipping over (unless
the cabinet is securely fastened to the wall or to other cabinets).
4. Keep desk drawers and file cabinets closed when not in use.
5. Store material on shelves carefully to prevent it from falling. Place heavy
objects on lower shelves.

118
6. Walk cautiously up and down stairs and always use the handrail. Avoid using
stairs when both hands are occupied.
7. Do not place broken glass or other sharp objects in wastepaper containers.
Chemicals, batteries, or matches should not be discarded with waste paper.
No open flames are allowed.
8. Consider your safety when you dress for the job. Loose fitting clothing,
dangling bracelets, rings, and ties may cause serious injury to employees
operating or working around power driven office machines (copy machines,
shredding machines, etc.). Long hair also presents a hazard near these
machines as well as high heels, etc.
9. Do not attempt to clean, oil, or adjust any machines that are running or
plugged in. Refer the problem to your Supervisor.
10. Make certain that you use solvents and other volatile or toxic substances
only with adequate personal protection and in well-ventilated areas and never
use them to clean desks or other office surfaces.
11. Do not use portable fans unless they have protective guards or are securely
placed.
12. Even a simple thing like sitting on the edge of a chair can cause injury. Do
not tilt back when sitting in a straight chair. Do not attempt to sit in a chair
you think is defective, report it.
13. Never use boxes, chairs, etc. in place of ladders.
14. Use caution when walking around blind corners, especially when carrying
objects.
15. Report all injuries to your Supervisor immediately.
16. Any unsafe equipment (i.e., chairs, tables, desks, floor covering, file cabinets,
etc.) should be reported to your Supervisor.
17. Use caution when plugging and unplugging electrical cords. Damaged cords
or prongs need to be reported to your Supervisor immediately and replaced.
18. Use caution when handling hot liquids.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
1. Each office must prepare, in writing, a site-specific emergency action plan.
The plan should be developed to protect employees in case of fire,
earthquake, bomb threat or other emergencies. The plan must include at least
the following:
Emergency escape procedures
Emergency escape route assignments
Procedures for employees to follow while evacuating the office
A procedure to account for employees after an evacuation
Rescue and first aid duties of employees
The method employees should use to report an emergency
An explanation of how employees can get more information about their
duties.
2. Each office must establish an alarm/notification system to notify employees of
necessary emergency action. Where an office is regularly occupied by 10 or
fewer employees, the notification of an emergency condition may be done by
voice as long as all the affected employees can hear the notification.
3. Emergency drills will be conducted periodically to keep employees prepared to
evacuate the office and respond to emergency conditions.

119
OFFICE ERGONOMICS CHECKLIST:
Maintain proper posture, paying careful attention to positioning of head,
neck/spine, arms/wrists, hip/thighs, and feet.
Alternate between different postures on a regular basis.
When keyboarding, use minimum force while striking the keys.
Keep a neutral wrist position, where the forearms, wrists, and hands are in a
straight line.
Avoid awkward reaching for work tools such as telephone, mouse, and
reference materials.
Avoid resting elbows, forearms, or wrists on hard surfaces or sharp edges.
Take frequent mini-breaks throughout the day to give muscles and joints a
chance to rest and recover.
Alternate between work activities, which use different muscle groups to avoid
overuse.
Give eyes a break by closing them shortly, gazing at a distant object, and
blinking frequently.
Proper exercises are a complement to a complete office ergonomics program.

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

1. Appropriate clothing attire, including long pants and a T-shirt with sleeves,
will be worn.
2. Personal protective equipment will be required to be used as necessary for
protection from recognized hazards.
3. The wearing of sturdy work boots with substantial soles, preferably safety
toed, is required for proper foot protection. Additional foot protection such
as rubber boots or steel-toed protectors may be required where there is
exposure to special hazards.
4. Unless otherwise approved, authorized white hard hats will always be worn,
e.g., where employees are exposed to overhead hazards, falling objects or
moving machinery. Metal hard hats are prohibited. Hard hats will meet the
requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1997 Class E.
5. Eye protection shall be worn at all times while in facilities, jobsites, or plants.
Appropriate eye and face protection will be used by personnel exposed to
injury from dust, flying particles, splashes and other physical, chemical or
radiation agents. Eye and face protectors will meet the requirements of
ANSI Z87.1 - 1989. Face shields are not adequate eye protection and should
only be worn over primary eye protection (spectacles or goggles).
6. Personnel on foot who are exposed to mobile equipment or motor vehicle
traffic will wear high visibility orange, fluorescent yellow or yellow-green
vests or equivalent high visibility apparel.
Note: All personnel on a work location must wear the same color. During
the hours of darkness the high visibility safety apparel must be reflectorized
with at least one horizontal stripe around the torso as well as two vertical
stripes with a minimum of a two-inch stripe. Reflectorized pants shall have a
minimum of two, two inch horizontal stripes around each leg.
7. Appropriate hand protection will be used by personnel when handling
hazardous materials, hot objects or tools or equipment which may cause
hand injuries.

120
 8. When employees are required or allowed to wear respiratory protective
equipment because of exposure to respiratory hazards, such as, dusts,
fumes, mists, vapors or gases, appropriate respiratory protective equipment
will be provided and employees will be trained in their use following the
Respiratory Protection Program.
9. Appropriate hearing protection, such as, plugs or muffs, will be used when
noise levels exceed eighty-five (85) decibels. Exposure to impact noise will
not exceed one-hundred forty (140) decibels peak sound pressure levels.
10. Personnel driving and passengers riding in any vehicles will use seat safety
belts.
11. All employer-provided or employee-owned personal protective equipment
shall be maintained in a safe, sanitary condition.

PUBLIC PROTECTION

1. Warning signs and devices will be placed as necessary to provide adequate

warning of hazards to the public.
2. Visitors will not be permitted in work areas without clearance unless
accompanied by a proper escort. Visitors will wear appropriate personal
protective equipment.
3. Open trench excavations will be backfilled when practicable, or otherwise
protected.
4. Mobile equipment will be secured when left unattended by parking on level
ground, lower blades and booms to the ground, setting brakes, placing blocks,
locking ignition, marking and lighting where exposed to traffic, or other means
as may be appropriate to avoid tampering and hazards to persons or property.
5. If it becomes necessary to delay, detour, or otherwise inconvenience the
public, every effort will be made to do so as courteously and as efficiently as
possible.
6. Measures will be taken to control noise and dust levels created by our
operations to comply with the applicable job specifications, National or
Regional regulations, and local ordinances.
7. Work should be planned and conducted in a way that will not obstruct or
inconvenience the public on existing roads outside the project.
8. If necessary to operate on existing roads outside the construction area, all
necessary permits will be obtained from the appropriate public or private
authority.
9. If spillage of earth, rock, mud or other material occurs on project or other
roads, such spillage will be removed and kept cleared throughout the day and
at the end of each workday.
10. Temporary traffic control plans shall address all road users including motor
vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, and persons with disabilities.

RIGGING

1. Rigging components will be used according to the manufacturers

recommendations and safe working loads.

121
2. All personnel performing rigging operations for lifting shall be trained and
authorized.
3. All rigging used in lifting applications must have permanently affixed durable
identification of size, grade, rated capacity and manufacture. Identification
must be legible.
4. All rigging including slings, chains, cables, hooks, shackles, and fittings will be
inspected for wear and damage before each use. All deficient rigging
equipment will be immediately removed from service. Any rigging equipment
damaged during use will be immediately removed from service.
5. Chains should not be used for load carrying service.
6. If it becomes necessary to use chains for load carrying service, only welded
alloy steel chain slings having permanently affixed durable identification of
size, grade, rated capacity and manufacturer, will be used and every link will
be thoroughly inspected for evidence of cracks, elongation, wear and other
signs of damage before each use.
7. Hooks will be closed when there is a danger of relieving tension on the hook
due to load fouling or loss of tension and whenever lifting personnel or lifting
loads over personnel.
8. Hooks, rings and other attachments will have a rated capacity at least equal
to that of the chain being used.
9. Rigging equipment such as slings and chokers shall be properly attached and
shall be protected from damage by sharp edges of the load.
10. Tag lines for controlling loads will be used when necessary for protection of
personnel and property.
11. When shackles are used, the live end of the sling or choker will not run
across the shackle pin.
12. Before rigging any load, the following precautions will be taken:
a. Determine the weight of the load.
b. Determine the center of gravity and size of the load.
c. Obtain rigging equipment with appropriate size and rated capacity for the
load, providing a safety factor of at least five.
d. Inspect all rigging equipment and remove any components with defects
that effect safety.

SANITATION

1. Drinking water will be provided from sources approved by appropriate health

authorities.
2. All outlets dispensing non-potable water will be conspicuously posted, WATER
-- UNFIT FOR DRINKING or other appropriate language.
3. Disposable, single use cups will be provided for drinking water. Used cups will
be disposed of properly.
4. Adequate toilet facilities will be provided for employees, consisting of at least
one portable chemical toilet at each jobsite or work location for each 20
employees, unless transportation to other facilities is readily available.
5. Washing facilities, including soap, water, and single-use towels, will be
available for employees. Washing facilities will be posted with a sign indicating
the water is intended for washing.

122
6. Portable toilet facilities shall not be placed near storm drain facilities, creeks,
or streams. Overflows shall not pollute storm water in accordance with Storm
Water Pollution Prevention Plans (SWPPPs).

SCAFFOLDING

1. The footing or anchorage for scaffolds must be sound, rigid, and capable of
carrying the maximum intended load without settling or displacement.
Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose brick, or concrete blocks must
not be used to support scaffolds or planks.
2. Scaffolds and scaffold components must be inspected by a competent person
before each work shift and after any occurrence that could affect the
scaffolds structural integrity.
3. Any scaffold or scaffold component identified as damaged or defective during
any inspection must be immediately repaired, replaced or removed from
service until repaired.
4. Scaffolds must be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered under the
supervision of a competent person.
5. Scaffolds and their components must be capable of supporting at least four
times the maximum intended load.
6. Standard Guardrails are required along all open sides and ends of scaffolds
and platforms of any kind that are six (6) feet or more above the ground or
other walking/working level.
7. All planking or platforms should be overlapped a minimum of twelve (12)
inches or secured (cleated) from movement.
8. Scaffold planks must extend over their end supports at least six (6) inches but
not more than twelve (12) inches.
9. The platform width for any work level must not be less than twenty (20)
inches.
10. A climbing ladder or stairway must be provided for proper entry and exit. It
should be anchored or built into the scaffold and located so its use will not tip
the scaffold. A landing platform must be provided at intervals of not more
than thirty (30) feet.
11. A tag line is required to control materials being hoisted onto a scaffold.
12. All load carrying timber members of scaffold framing must be Selected Grade
lumber. All planking must be Scaffold Grade lumber or equivalent.
13. The poles, legs, or uprights of scaffolds must be plumb and securely and
rigidly braced to prevent swaying and displacement.
14. Employees must not ride on scaffolds while they are being moved
horizontally, unless the scaffold was designed for movement by a registered
professional engineer.
15. Scaffolding will not be center loaded. Loads must be placed near vertical
supports.
16. Each employee who works while on a scaffold must be trained, by a qualified
person, to recognize and control or reduce the hazards associated with the
use of the type of scaffold being used. The training must cover, if applicable,
all the following information:
a. The nature of the hazards in the work area.
b. The correct procedures for dealing with those hazards.

123
 c. The proper uses of the scaffold and proper handling of materials on the
scaffold.
d. The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the
scaffold.
e. Any other pertinent job information or requirements.
17. Each employee who is involved in erecting, disassembling, moving,
operating, repairing, maintaining or inspecting a scaffold must be trained, by
a competent person, to recognize and control or reduce the hazards
associated with the use of the work being performed.
The training must include, if applicable, all the following information:
a. The nature of scaffold hazards.
b. The correct procedures for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating,
repairing, maintaining, or inspecting the type of scaffold being used.
c. The design criteria, maximum intended load and the load-carrying
capacity and the intended use of the scaffold.
d. Any other pertinent job information or requirements.
18. If there is any question to believe that an employee lacks the skill or
understanding necessary for the safe erection, use or dismantling of
scaffolds, the employee must receive additional training to increase the skill
or understanding. Retraining is required in at least the following situations:
a. When changes at the jobsite or work location present hazards about which
the employee was not previously trained.
b. When changes in the type of scaffold, fall protection, falling object
protection or other equipment present hazards about which the employee
was not trained.
c. When inadequacy in an employees work suggests that the employee has
not retained the required skill or understanding.

STATIONARY MACHINERY AND PLANT INSTALLATIONS

1. All conveyor drive, head, tail, and take-up pulleys seven (7) feet or less above
the ground or working level will be guarded in such a manner that prevents
persons from reaching behind the guard and being caught between the belt
and the pulley.
2. All gears, sprockets, flywheels, couplings, shafts and similar moving machine
parts seven feet or less above the ground or working level will be guarded. All
overhead drive pulleys where the hazard of a broken drive belt exists will be
guarded.
3. If it is necessary to remove guards to perform maintenance or repairs, the
guards must be replaced before the equipment is restarted.
4. A safe means of access, such as, ladders, ramps, stairs, or catwalks will be
provided to elevated work areas.
5. Standard guardrails, with a midrails and toe boards, will be installed on the
open sides of all elevated platforms six (6) feet or more above the ground,
floor, or level below.
6. A safety inspection of each work place within a plant will be made by the
supervisor at least once each shift. Conditions which affect the safety of
personnel will be corrected. A record of the inspection and the action taken to
correct any conditions identified will be maintained at the plant site for at
least one year.

124
7. When the entire length of a conveyor is not visible from the start switch, a
positive audible alarm will be sounded to warn personnel before the conveyor
is started.
8. Whenever maintenance or repairs are performed on electrically powered
machinery the electric circuit will be de-energized and the switch will be
locked open and tagged to prevent inadvertent operation of the machinery.
See Lock-Out/Tag-Out Procedures.
9. The continuity and resistance of plant grounding systems will be tested
immediately after installation, repair, or modification and annually after that.
Records of the test will be maintained at the plant office for at least one year.

TRAFFIC CONTROL
1. When work encroaches upon or is close to traveled roadways, traffic control
measures will be used according to the authorizing agency, and following
Regional or National standards for uniform traffic control signs and devices as
published by the Department of Transportation. Traffic control measures shall
provide for safe movement of all road users including motor vehicles,
pedestrians, bicycles, and persons with disabilities.
2. Barricades and warning and direction signs of sufficient size and number will
be placed at appropriate locations to warn the public of lane closures and
other traffic control measures.
3. The condition of traffic control devices will be monitored continuously to
ensure their proper operation.
4. Traffic control devices should be removed or covered upon completion of the
work protected by such devices.
5. Personnel on foot who are exposed to motor vehicle traffic will wear high
visibility orange, fluorescent yellow or yellow-green vests or equivalent high
visibility safety apparel.
Note: All personnel on a work location must wear the same color.
During the hours of darkness, the high visibility safety apparel must be
reflectorized with at least one horizontal stripe around the torso as well as two
vertical stripes with a minimum of a two-inch stripe. Reflectorized pants shall
have a minimum of two, two-inch horizontal stripes around each leg. The
retroreflective high visibility safety apparel, for nighttime activity, shall be
designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person.
6. Flag persons will be used at all locations where barricades and signs are
inadequate to control traffic.
7. Flag persons will be trained in the proper techniques of flagging traffic prior to
being assigned the work.
8. Personnel responsible for traffic control will be trained in the fundamentals of
traffic control and the proper use of traffic control devices.
Note: Traffic control signs and devices will conform to the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. This Manual is available
from the Regional Department of Transportation.
9. Nighttime highway construction work lighting shall be provided within the
work zone to illuminate the task(s) in a manner that will minimize glare to
work crews and not interfere with the vision of oncoming motorists (e.g.
providing screens, mounting lamps below the top edge of the barrier wall,
varying the beam angle, etc).

125
UNDERGROUND SERVICE ALERT (USA)
What is U S A?
USA stands for Underground Service Alert. It is a free notification service that is
supported by utility companies, for example, PG&E, AT&T, and Pacific Bell. When
you place a call to USA, an operator will ask where you plan to dig, and will
contract all of the appropriate member company utilities that have underground
installations in the area. The utility company will come out and mark any
underground installations that have inside the area that the contractor has
marked in white paint. Their markings will be in a certain color, depending on
what kind of utility it is.

Color Utility Abbreviation

Blue Water W
Orange Fire alarm FA
Telephone Tel
Railroad R
Television TV
Green Sewer S
Storm Drain SD
Red Street Lighting L
Electric E
Traffic Signals T
Yellow Gas G
Oil & Chemical Company Name
White Proposed Excavation

Under Philippine law, contractors are responsible for locating underground

facilities and protecting them once they are exposed in accordance with
Government Code Sections 4216 et al. To avoid unnecessary construction delay
and possible financial loss, be sure USA is called at least two working days
before you dig, trench or excavate. An excavator discovering or causing
damages to a subsurface installation immediately shall notify the facility
owner/operator.

WORK OVER OR NEAR WATER

1. Employees working over or near water, where the danger of drowning exists,
will wear Philippine Coast Guard approved personal flotation devices that are
marked or labeled Type I PFD, Type II PFD, Type III PFD, or a USCG approved
Type V PFD that is marked or labeled for use as a work vest for commercial
use on vessels.
Exception: Personal flotation devices are not required where employees are
continuously protected by guardrails, safety nets or a personal fall arrest
system in accordance with the Fall Prevention and Protection Guidelines.
2. Before and after each use, personal flotation devices will be inspected. If there
are defects that could affect strength and buoyancy the units will not be used.

126
3. Philippine Coast Guard approved thirty (30)-inch ring buoys with at least one
hundred fifty (150) feet of six hundred (600)-pound capacity line will be readily
available for emergency rescue operations. Distance between ring buoys will
not exceed two-hundred (200) feet.
4. One or more lifesaving boats will be provided and readily accessible at all
times. Lifesaving boats will be properly maintained, ready for emergency use,
and equipped with oars and oarlocks attached to the gunwales, boathook,
anchor, ring buoy with fifty (50) feet of six hundred (600)-pound capacity line
and two personal floatation devices. Oars are not required on boats that are
powered by an inboard motor.
5. Where, because of swift current, lifeboats cannot be used, a line will be
stretched across the stream with tag lines or floating planks trailing in the
water at intervals not to exceed six feet. If this is impracticable, some other
arrangement for providing effective lifelines near the water surface will be
provided.

WORKPLACE VIOLENCE

1. For employees safety and the well-being of others, employees are prohibited
from making verbal or written threats or engaging in behavior that is
intimidating, threatening, harassing, coercive, abusive or assaultive directed
towards another employee, company guest or individuals engaged in a
business relationship with the Company.
2. Individuals subjected to or aware of prohibited behavior should immediately
bring the matter to the attention of their supervisors.

127