3.8.1.6 Effective height of a column 3.8.1.6.1 General, The effective height, , of a column in 3 aiven plane may be obtained from the following equation: Bly equation 30 Values of are given in tables 3.21 and 3,22 for braced and Lnbraced columns respectively as a function of the end conditions of the column. Formulae that may be used to ‘obtain a more rigorous assessment of the effective length, it desired, are given in 2.5 of BS 8110 : Part 2 : 1985. It should be noted that the effective height of a column in the two plan directions may be different, In tables 3.21 and 3,22 the end conditions are defined in terms of a scale from 1 to 4. Increase in this scale corres: ponds to a decrease in end fixity. An appropriate value can be assessed from 3.8.1.6. 3.8.1.6.2 End conditions. The four end conditions are as follows (a) Condition 1. The end of the column is connected monolithically to beams on either side which are at least as deep as the overall dimension of the column in the plane considered, Where the column is connected to a foundation structure, this should be of a form specifically designed to carry moment. (b} Condition 2. The end of the column is connected ‘monolithically to beams or slabs on either side which ave shallower than the overall dimension of the column in the plane considered (c) Conaition 3. The end of the column is connected to members which, while not specifically designed to provide restraint to rotation of the column will, never- theless, provide some nominal restraint. (4) Condition 4. The end of the column is unrestrained against both lateral movement and rotation (e.g. the free end of a cantilever column in an unbraced structure) Table 3.21 Values of f for braced columns [na condition | End condition 9 bottom | eee ase > [a [07s [oe | 090 2 080 |oas | 0.95 3 090 095 | 1.00 ‘Table 3.22 Values of f for unbraced columns End condition at bo 7 2 3 i 12 [139 [16 | 2 13 [15 [18 | 3 16 jie |- | 4 22 |e ale BS 8110: Part 1 : 1985, Section three Issue 2, May 1989 3.8.1.7 Slendernest limits for columns, Generally, the clea distance, fg, between end restraints should not exceed sixty times the minimum thickness of a column. 3.8.1.8 Slenderness of unbraced columns. It, in any given plane, one end of an unbraced column is unrestrained (e.g. a cantilever columa), its clear height, /,, should not exceed 1008? gn OE < 600 equation 31 NOTE. In equation 31 and. are respectively the loge and smaller dimensions of the column. “The considerations of deflection (see 3.8.5) may introduce further limitations, 3.8.2 Moments and forces in columns 41 Columns in monolithic frames designed to resist lateral forces, In such cases the moments, shear forces and axial forces should be determined in accordance with 3.2.1.3, (see also 3.8.2.2). 3.8.2.2 Additional moments induced by deflection 3¢ In slender columns additional moments induced by detiec tion at ULS should alto be considered. An allowance for them is made in the design requirements for slender ‘columns (see 3.8.3). The bases or other members connectes to the ends of such columns should also be designed to resist these additional moments at ULS if the average value of /s/h forall columns at a particular level is greater than 20, Subclause 3.8.3.9 gives guidance in the design for these moments 3.8.2.3 Columns in columa-end-beam construction, oF in ‘monolithie braced structural frames. The axial force in & column may be calculated on the assumption that beams {and slabs transmitting foree into it are simply supportes: ‘When a column is axialy loaded or the axial force dominates, as in the case of columns supporting symmet cal arrangements of beams, only the design ultimate axa! force need be considered in design apart from a nominal allowance for eccentricity, equal to that recommends in 3.8.2.4, 3.8.2.4 Minimum eccentricity. 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Arne | / partially joint | filled welds off tive area penetration penetration 7 groove welds groove welds 0.3 Fy as bam. tension | to effective area om bm eo FT 60.6 FY | compression || as bom -- to effective area tension or F of stress on | complote Joint ie t | compression to as bem. as bem. a bem. axis of weld i | shear on effective | area Fo Ol Fy . ry , able 6.2.1 Allowable stresscs on effective arex of welds (AISC - Tab. 1.5.3.) effective area ~ look at chapter 6.3. bine ~ base etal rt = nanteal tensile ebrongth af wo)4 metal te = actual tensile stress on b.n. actral ohear r stress on ben. - yield stress on base metal “yey eloctrodon 1 R60 «ETO FG EM FWO EF 110—*tensile stroneth 1.kst bih 683, 552 20D 38 = " aaa eS eee eee aat: same dase motal thickness T| mia. size of filled wold| min. effective throat t, for of thicker part joined| (based on leg Beem partial joint ponetrati&n of | grorve welds Cont} fami Tr 6b 3 3 6.u <7 € 12.7 2 5 | 1.7<7T 19.0 6 6 | 19.0 given bled —9 for braced frames as shown bolow coe bm-diagrans ©, © Ot fp calculated using My bending merent col fr max Meret > My top 7a Serwb le MiB Ne bee de ppc ayn ‘fy calculated using M; Pr 7 fp cate AA I st taper a fom mera) | “a “a > * Cyt 1.0 L . a ide Oe teh dees a eels. tem rae . © Sq Calculated using the max. monont M,. Ce caren OB : 1 ase", “te > ow {ai ; s ee / ” 1.0 6 ° re ea coe) Pere nT fac oh per 8, De cet id ud | ~ Sty eateulated ising HL, ~~ o ¥ ON REE EEN atlg 4uction factor C,, takes care of the shape of applied moment diagruns, 4 critical location Gnd magnitude of the introduced oxcentricity ,