. .

2014 2

1 25/50

) )

) )

) )

. . 2014 3

1 25/50

) )

) )

) )

. . 2014 4


. . 2014 5
 1 25/50

1
12

1 25/50

. . 2014 6
 1 25/50

- 12

1 25/50

1
15

1 25/50

. . 2014 7
 2 25/50

1 25/50

1 25/50
1
12

1
2 25/50
25/25

2 25/50
/
1 25/50

1 25/50
1
12

1
25/25 2 25/50
1 25/50

1
1 25/50

16

1
25/25 2 25/50

. . 2014 8


.

. . 2014 9


,
( )

..:
,


:
Lmax > 2.0 * Lmin

1m


1m
( ) .

. . 2014 10


,
( )

:
Lmax 2.0 * Lmin

1m
(
) .
. . 2014 11
. . 2014 12

,
(4 * )

lmin > 4h

(, , .)

. . 2014 13
 70 mm

100 mm

120 mm
(
50 mm
)

. . 2014 14
 100 mm

70 mm

100 mm 70 mm

. . 2014 15
. . 2014 16
 L = Ln + i , :

..
,

,
i = min(1/3 t, 0.025Ln )
,
i = 1/ 2 t
,
i = min (1/2 t, 0.025Ln )

i = 0

. . 2014 17
 .

.
Ec Poisson :
0 < < 0,20.

.
,
() .
.
Hillerborg ( )
()

. . 2014 18


:
45.
60 .
30.
, 30 60.

. . 2014 20
. . 2014 21
. . 2014 22

,
.
,



,

20% Lmin. c = 0.20 Lmin

:

= 20%

. . 2014 23
 :
0,0015 bd
0.6 bd/fyk

:
4% bh

, l,min > (2/3)*L,max

:
: 200 mm 6/250

: 1.5 h 200 mm

. . 2014 24

,
-
,

:
=
.


20% L


50%
.

. . 2014 25


(.. ),

:
= 100%
(),
= 50%
().

30% Lmin
.
,
.
. . 2014 26
 (,
) :

, = 0,0025 h2
28.
46,
2 h.

. . 2014 28
. . 2014 30

,

.

( )

40 ,
.
,
( ) ( ).

. . 2014 31
 [kN/m2]
(25 kN/m3 m)
(, , )

( - , ,
)

(= 1 kN/m2 )
,
() > 1990-1991
, , ,
, ,

. . 2014 32
 (
) .
.

, ,
:

L/250
( )

L/500
(

)

. . 2014 33
 , :
4 , aL/d 30
, aL/d 25
, aL/d 20
, (aL)2/h 150
( L = Lmin)
(= ,
=0):

. . 2014 34

.
(
, )
() ()
.
.
.

. . 2014 35


s3
s1
Lmax/Lmin >
2,0.

20% s3

.

b=1.0 m. s1
s2 > 0,15% bd s3
s3 > 0,15% bd

s1 > 0,15% bd

().

.
s1

s3


(
).
. . 2014 36

.

.
.

Czerny

( )
Pieper-Martens

.

.

. . 2014 37
 ,

.
:
(min L/max L) 0,75

( Czerny)
:
( ),

:
, g+p/2
, p/2

. . 2014 38




.
,


:
,

1,175G+0,75Q.
,
( 0,175G+0,75Q).

Czerny.
.

. . 2014 39


=0,0.


.

Ly/Lx > 1.0
mxm/pLx2
mymax/pLx2
Re/pLx2

qxrm / pLx
qyrm / pLx
fm

. . 2014 41

=0,0.


.

Ly/Lx > 1.0
mxm/pLx2
mymax/pLx2
-mxerm/pLx2
-myerm/pLx2

qxrm / pLx
qyrm / pLx
fm

. . 2014 42

=0,0.


(
).

Ly/Lx > 1.0
mxm/pLx2
mymax/pLx2
-mxerm/pLx2
qxrm / pLx
qyrm / pLx
fm

. . 2014 43
 Czerny
.

Pieper Martens, Czerny
( Pieper Martens =
Czerny,
).
,

( ):
wd = p = 1,35 Gk + 1,50 Qk
Lx/Ly.
Lx < Ly. ,
.
Qd 2.0 Gd.
. . 2014 44
 .
,
. Pieper
Martens, Lx, Ly
x, y :
Lx < Ly

4,0m 4,0m

Lx 2,0m
Ly
5,0m
Ly
Lx
Ly 4,0m
Lx

4,0m

. . 2014 45

.

:
>



0,8 - 1,25
( )

. . 2014 46
 :
1. x, y Lx, Ly
Ly/Lx > 1,0 -
fx , fy.

2.
:
mx = wd Lx2 / fx my = wd Lx2 / fy
3.
( ):
mx = wd Lx2 / sx my = wd Lx2 / sy

. . 2014 47


:
mx = wd 4,02 / 20,4 > As,x
my = wd 4,02 / 37,4 > As,y

4,0m 4,0m

As,y lx 2,0m
ly
5,0m
ly
lx As,x
ly 4,0m
lx

4,0m

. . 2014 48
 ():


, msi, msj,
. , ( L1 L2 ):
L1/L2 5 m = |msi + msj|/2 0,75 * max(|msi|, |msj|) (
)
L1/L2 > 5 m = max(|msi|, |msj|) ( )
:
, (
)
.

. . 2014 49
 Lx
.
,

Lx < Ly.

Ly



.

.
?
. ?

. . 2014 50