Overvoltages

Overvoltage
Overvoltage
types

external internal

ggeneratedbychanges
y g
generatedby intheoperating
atmospheric conditions
di t b
disturbances(lightning)
(li ht i )
ofthenetwork
 Internal
overvoltages
l

Switching
g Temporary
p y
o.v. o.v.
 Switching overvoltages
Switchingovervoltages
switchingsurgeshavebecomethegoverningfactorinthedesignofinsulationfor
EHV andUHV
and UHV systems.Inthemeantime,lightningovervoltages
systems In the meantime lightning overvoltages comeasa
come as a
secondaryfactorinthesenetworksfortworeasons:

Overvoltages producedontransmissionlinesby
produced on transmission lines by
lightningstrokesareonlyslightlydependenton
the power system voltages. As a result, their
thepowersystemvoltages.Asaresult,their
magnitudesrelativetothesystempeakvoltage
decrease as the latter is increased
decreaseasthelatterisincreased
externalinsulationhasitslowestbreakdown
strength under surges whose fronts fall in the
strengthundersurgeswhosefrontsfallinthe
range50500S,whichistypicalforswitching
surges
 According to the IEC recommendations, all
equipment designed for operating voltages above
300 kV
k should
h ld be
b testedd under
d switching
h impulse.l
 Origin of switching overvoltages
Originofswitchingovervoltages
Energization oftransmissionlinesandcables.
Specially:
Energization ofalinethatisopencircuitedatthe
farend
Energization ofalinethatisterminatedbyan
unloadedtransformer
Energization ofalinethroughthelowvoltageside
ofatransformer
Reenergization ofaline.Speciallywhenhigh
speed reclosures areused.
speedreclosures are used.
 Origin of switching overvoltages cont.
Originofswitchingovervoltages cont
Loadrejection.
Faultinitiationandclearing.
Fault initiation and clearing.
witchingonandoffofequipment.Particularly:
Switchingofhighvoltagereactors
Switchingoftransformersthatareloadedbya
reactorontheirtertiarywinding.
Switchingofatransformeratnoload
Switching of a transformer at no load
Energization ofunloadedtransmissionline
of unloaded transmission line

e
 Temporary overvoltages
Temporaryovervoltages
theylastforlongdurations,typicallyfromafewcyclesto
afewseconds.Theytaketheformofundamped or
slightlydampedoscillationsatafrequencyequalorclose
tothepowerfrequency.Someofthemostimportant
originsare:

Loadrejection
Ferrantieffect
Groundfaults
Ground faults
Load rejection
Loadrejection
Ferranti effect
Ferrantieffect
 Ground Faults
GroundFaults
A single
i l linetoground
li t d fault
f lt will
ill cause the
th voltages
lt
to ground of the healthy phases to rise. In the case
of a line
linetoground
to ground fault,
fault systems with neutrals
isolated or grounded through a high impedance
mayy develop p overvoltages
g on healthyy p phases
higher than normal linetoline voltages. Solidly g
rounded systems, on the other hand, will only
permitit phasetoground
h t d overvoltages
lt wellll below
b l
the linetoline value. An earth fault factor is
defined as the ratio of the higher of the two sound
phase voltages to the linetoneutral voltage at the
same p point in the system
y with the fault removed.
Travelling wave
Travellingwave
Forlosslessline:
 Surge impedance(Z0)
Surgeimpedance(Z

The
Thesurgeimpedanceisclearlyindependentof
surge impedance is clearly independent of
thelinelength.Inpractice,itisabout300400
ohmforoverheadtransmissionlinesand
h f h d i i li d
about3080ohmforundergroundcables.
 Velocity of wave propagation
Velocityofwavepropagation

FortheT.L.:

=3x108 m/sec
 Forthecable:
F th bl

3x108 m/sec
Reflection and refraction of travelling wave
Reflectionandrefractionoftravellingwave
Lattice diagram
Latticediagram
 Overvoltage protection
Overvoltageprotection
Theadverseeffectsofovervoltages
Th d ff t f lt onpower
networkscanbereducedintwoways:

byusingprotectivedevice(surgearresters)
Reducingtheirmagnitudeswhereverthe
surge originates(overvoltage control)
surgeoriginates(overvoltagecontrol)
 Control of switching surges
Controlofswitchingsurges
Resistorswitching
PhaseControlled
Phase ControlledClosure
Closure
UseofShuntReactors
DrainageofTrappedCharges
 Resistorswitching

Atthetimeofenergization,themainbreaker
i
isopenwhiletheauxiliarybreakercloses.The
hil th ili b k l Th
voltageimpressedatthelineentranceisthus
Ve =e(t).Z0/(R+Z0)
ThevalueofresistanceRingeneraldependson
alargenumberoffactorsasfollows:
ThevalueofRisselectedtoachieveoptimum
f y
resultsforthesystem.
Thesurgeimpedanceofconnectedlineswhen
there is a single line or multiple lines
thereisasinglelineormultiplelines.
Theinsertiontimeoftheresistancecontrols
theovervoltage.(normallycycle).
Thevalueofresistanceisslightlyhigherthan
The value of resistance is slightly higher than
thesurgeimpedanceofasinglelinewhichis
switched.(normally400ohm)
it h d ( ll 400 h )
 Phase controlled closure
Phasecontrolledclosure
By properly timing of the closing of the circuit
breaker p poles, the resultingg switchingg
overvoltage can be greatly reduced. Phase
controlled switching should be carried out
successively for the three poles to accomplish a
reduction in the initial voltages on all three
phases. This is extremely difficult with
conventional circuit breakers but is quite
possible with solidstate circuit breakers
p
 Use of Shunt Reactors
UseofShuntReactors
Shunt reactors are used on many high
highvoltage
voltage
transmission lines as a means of shunt
compensation to improve the performance of
the line, which would otherwise draw large
capacitive currents from the supply. They have
the additional advantage g of reducingg
energization surge magnitudes. This is
accomplished mainly by the reduction in
temporary overvoltage
 Drainage of Trapped Charges
DrainageofTrappedCharges
Charges
Chargesaretrappedonthecapacitanceto
are trapped on the capacitance to
groundoftransmissionlinesaftertheir
suddenreenergization.Ifthelineis
dd i i If h li i
reenergizedsoonafter,usuallybymeansof
g , y y
automaticreclosures,thesechargesmay
causeanincreaseintheresultingsurge.In
i i th lti I
practice,trappedchargesmaybepartially
drainedthroughtheswitchingresistors
incorporated in circuit breakers
incorporatedincircuitbreakers
Control of temporary overvoltages
Controloftemporaryovervoltages

Asseenintheaboveequation,thevoltagecanbe
reducedbyincreasingcapacitivereactance.a
y g p
shuntreactorofreactanceXr isaddedtothe
transmissionline,theequivalentinputreactance
, q p
ofthatlinewillbeincreasedfromXc to
 Overvoltageprotectionusingsurge
arreters
SurgeProtectiveDevices should:
Remaininactivewhilethevolage isnormal
Activate rapidly when the surge is detected
Activaterapidlywhenthesurgeisdetected
Beabletowithstandtheassociatedcurrent
Derivatecurrenttotheearthtermination
Reducethesurgetoanonhazardouslevel
R t t i ti it th di
Returntoinactivityoncethesurgedisappears.
 1sparkgaparresters

Drawbacks
thetimelagthatoccursbeforethegapsparksover
the time lag that occurs before the gap sparks over
thevariationofthesparkover voltagewiththepolarity
and surrounding condition
andsurroundingcondition
Thecurrentcontinuesevenaftertheovervoltagehas
disappeared causing a line to ground short circuit on
disappeared,causingalinetogroundshortcircuiton
thenetwork.
 Horn gap arresters
Horngaparresters

Thearccanbeeasilyinterrupted
 2Metaloxidesurgearresters

Nonlinearresistoroftherelation:
N li it f th l ti
 Adavatages
verysimpleconstruction.
Rapid operation
Rapidoperation
Noarc
Nofollowcurrentaftersurgeabsence.
 3 ZincOxideVaristors

(ZnO)varistors aresemiconductingceramicshaving
highlynonohmic currentvoltagecharacteristics
 Properties
p
TheresistivityofaZnO varistor isveryhigh
((morethan1010ohm.cm)belowacertain
)
thresholdvoltage(Vtb),whereasitisverylow
(
(lessthanseveralohm.cm)abovethethreshold
)
voltage.
belowthethresholdvoltage,ZnO
below the threshold voltage ZnO varistors are
are
highlycapacitive.ThedielectricconstantofZnO
is 8 5 whereas an apparent dielectric constant
is8.5,whereasanapparentdielectricconstant
ofaZnO varistor istypically1000.
Typical
T i l valuesofZnO
l f Z O varistors
i t arefrom30to
f 30 t
100
 Surge arrester selection
Surgearresterselection
ProtectiveLevelRatio(Np)

Earthing Cofficient(EC)
 Discharge
DischargeCurrent:
Current: whichthearrester
which the arrester
materialhastodischargewithoutdamageto
itself.
itself
ProtectiveLevel.