WYXOAOTIA, 2001, 8 (1) @ 12-29 PSYCHOLOGY, 2001, 8 (1) @ 12-29 Eméewxduyta Kat Ovpotonoinoy avépeca otovs pabytés tov elAnvixdv AnpotuKdy oyoleiov MicHaet J. BOULTON lQANNA KAPEAAOY JOANNA AANITH BAxIAIKH MANOYZOY Oypania AEMONH Keele University, UK ‘Eva deiya Evan yaSntay (N = 664) nliKiag 8 éws 11 xpovwy OULMAFPW av epuTnparohdyia OXETIKG YE THY avaWE TOUS KAL™ TON TOUG «w6 MPOS pia eiBn emiBeriKrig CULMEpIOPAG (xTURHATA KAI KAUTOLES, va GnoKGAOUY @AAous He doynpes AEeIg Kat Va agrVOUY EOKELLEVva GAG NaLdid Ew aNd KowwwiKEs SpaompLOTTTES) “va omjiavrixo LEGG TOU SetyyaToG Kat oNHAVTKidg NepodSTEpA ayOpIa aNé Kopitara St/Awoa Ot Ei xav Sranpdkel kai unoatei téroiou eioug ouumepipopés, H avaduan KUpIOy GUMICTwaLiV Tww 30 epwTr- ‘dew CTAEWN aTIOKGAUE BU KUPIOUG NapAYOVTES O1 OTTO{01 EPLNVEUOUY To 31.4% Me SraKdyavon¢. Ot napdyovtes auto! ovoudo8nkav "ny eriBetiKOTATa eivat Bucy Kat eriBAaBric” Kat “n enBeraKsrrra exet Gera anotedgopara". Fevixd, ot crddeI¢ Taw warty FTaY KaTG TAG emBETIxFG GULMEPIPOPAC, GAAG UTS Hrav iaitepa eypavés ota Kopirara Kat Tous jaenTés IKPSTEONS NAiKiag. Ocov apopa oT axEN HETED CTAdEWY KaL ErMBeTIKF¢ CULMEPIOPAC TwW Na\dudv, Ta anoTeAopaTa éBelkow Gui Ta UYTAA ent- neBa KAI Tay Tpidv YOPHAY EMBeTKSTTAG fraV iKavé va NPOBAEOUV Tic BerIKEs, BexTIKEG TAGES mipo¢ aum}, AvtiBeta, ot uymAdTEpES TILES [LSvO evég eiSoug BULATOROINONS (va ExoUV xtUNNBEL Kal Be- xtei wutoiés) pmopodoav va npOBAEpouv BeTKés oTA0EIG NpaG My EniBeTIKOTHTA. TEAC, OUCATTOUvTAL ot cuvéneieg Taw anloteAcOUGTay Yi Thy EKTIAIBELTIKT TOhTiKH Kal TO OXEBLaOHS TrapELBacEw He GTXO TV KaTaMOAENON Ths emBeTIKGTTAG OTA EMANVIKG OXOAEIA. NEPIAHVH Aékerg wAeidid: Enietixdmta, Ouyatonoinan, Erdcec. Eroaywyti x6 nogooté 10% nepinou Twv pa8ntdv Napou- aidZouv autt Tm cupMepimopa (Schuster, 1996). Ta anotekgopata mpdopatwy epeuvuny, MoU Exouv npayyaroroinsei ce Sispopeg xwpec, €- XOUV ErtBeBauioet ut vag ONHAVTIKEG apIBLGS, HoSntiiv coKeppeva evoyAouy Toug CULLGBnTé Touc, AV Kat Ta oToIxeia MOKKiAAOUY, TIOAAEG aTIS autéc Tic épeuves Exouv KaTaAAEEl tt éva TUT O ayyAikdc 6pog «bullying» ouxva xonowworotei- Tal yia va Teplypdiper eneiaddia envBerixrig ou- unepupopac, rrapdXo rou €xe1 atoBo8ei ye GNAN KG8e popd onpacia ce diapoperiKés épeuvec Kat N LeTagpaM Tou oe opIOLEves YAdOCEC éyet aroBeixGei (Siaitepa SvoKoAn (Arora, 1996. Enyislwon: Euyapiorosipe Biairepa to npoownKe Kat TOUS WaBNTEs TwY CyOAEIuW TOU CUpuErE;xav om RapoGGG edt xa tov Ap. David Hawker via ™ orj@erd tou He TH oTaTioTint avéAuaN, ‘Address: Michael Boutton, University of Keele, Department of Psychology, Staffordshire, STS 5BG, UK. TnA.: *44- 1782-583391, Fax: *44-1782-583387, E-mail: psa23@keele.ac.ukEniGervxéryra xar Buparonoinoy @ 18 Schuster,1996). Efvar enfong aapég én 1600 avayeoa tous (ious tous pantés dco kat avdjeca otoug eviikKeg UMapXoUV artoxAivou- deg andwpetg ya TH aKpIBr epynveia Tou 6pou (Arora,1996. Boulton & Flemington, 1998. Boul- ton & Hawker, 1997). Mapéko nou ta ogéAn eves, axpiBi} eworodoyiKod oployod mg eniGeriKoT- Tag eivai npopavi, Yeyovds napapéver dui éxet oTaBel aduvato yia Tou epeuvnTéc va CULgU- vigouy [ETaEE Toug we TIpog évav emalo opt- OLS. ANS j1eBodoAoyuc} Grown, o Arora (1996) Tipagata entorpave nt «aKopn Kt av évac opt- OLdg divetar o™Y apyt| Tou epwrnpatoAoyiou, eivat mBav6 01 paBntés va pny Tov XPnoILOTTON- GoUY pe Guvéneia KaTé TH GULMAY|pwWEN OddKAN- pou Tou epuTpatoAoyiou GAAG va enavépyo- Vial oto SIK6 TOUS YeVIK OpLOHS» (a. 320-321), kat 6tt en enuBetiKoTMTA ....avagéperau ce pia t6- 90 eupeia nouKila eniBetixdv Mpdewy nou dev elvat Suvaré va optadel ae pia 1 380 p6vo napa- ypagouc» (a. 324, n Eupaan npootésnke). H anouaia evdc opdqwvou opiapot m¢ ent- BenkéTnTAG Kat Ta HEBOSoAOYIKE NPOBAPaTA ‘ota onoia enukevrpiiverat o Arora (1996) ¢ jlet- Gvouv THY entraxtiKr avayKn Yio Wehem Tv 516- opwy entngdwv Ms eniBeriKéTMTas pETAEY pa- Ontav KaLTwV OUVBETUV WUXOOYIKaY epyaciav 01 ontofes UNOKIvoUV jlo TETOIA AVTIKOIVWNVIKT] CU- iMepigopd. Této1ou eiSoug yvdion pnopel va xpnowonoindel té00 ia Tov Edeyxo rn Staru- TapEvwv Bewpidv naiSuaig enBerKSmMTAG 600 Kal yia T dtatnwon véwv spyNvEUiv TwY GTO xeiuy nou cuvexouv va cuAAgyovral He auEO- vouevo pubud. Gewprmikés epynveles propodv om auvéxeia va xpnojoriomBouv yia to oxed1a- Oud noAmxtig RapéyBaons KaTé TOU NPOBArYA- Tos. Tia Toug napandve ASyouG, oKonijws ano- @byapE va TapoumdcoupE atoUG oULileréxo- VIEg TOV OPO «eMIBETKOTHTa>, AVT GUTOU, TOUG Umaape va AGBouv undw!n Tous Tpia cuyKeKpI- péva el6n eniBetiKémtag —xrumTipaTa/ KAU Totée, Va aMOKaAOUV ToUG GAAOUG HE GoxNHES AéEeIG, Kal oKELNEVO KOIVWVIKE GTIOKAEIOWS- Ta. onofa, atyuva He Tponyoupeves épeuvec, anotedowv el8n enuBenikémtaAG. To KoIvd onpefo autdv Twv cULNEpipopdv pe Mponyoupevouc optcpotg nou éxouv So8ei omy eniBenKdmrTa (Lx. Olweus, 19932, Ross, 1996. Smith & Thomp- son,1991. Stephenson & Smith, 1989. Tattum,1989) eivat n 1p6Beon ya owpaTuA Fh Puxucr} BASBN. “CO TIPGTAPKIKOG GTOXOG THE Tapotoag pehé- "mg Htav va Kataypagouy ta enineda aut TwV Tpldv HOPHdV GULNEpIpopde, Téd0 and MAcU- pag Twv «Bpactiive (SnAadr Twv enmBéyevv) 600 Kal and nAeupdg Twv «Bupdtwv» (SqAadr}, anodextav me entBenkdmtac) oe Eva Tuxalo Befypa pabnrdsv me ABrvag, Gnws enon Kal va ouoxenoBotv auté ta enineda eniGenkomrag Ue 10 ptiAo. ‘Ewe orjepa, Sev éxei Synooieutet xapia avaAoyn épeuva om xiopa pag an’ 60 ywupifoupe. Av Kat napépoisg gpeuves éxouv Tipaypyatonoinsel ce GAAES xupec, 0 Tattum (1989) unoomripiee étt n Yevixeuon anoteAcopd- uv and pila pa ve pla GAN Se Ga Hrav 36xt- hn. TIpdypom, nokudpi6pes pedétes éxouv dei- Eel mv UnapEn onpavnxdy nodmopiKiay 51ago- pov oxenKd pe Thy emBerikdTmTA avapeca oe naidia (Boulton & Bucci, in press. Osterman, Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, Kaukiainen, Heusman, & Fraczek,1994. Osterweil & Nagano-Nakamu- ra,1992). Edv anodexGel ét1 évag onpavnKds apiGude EAAFvwy paOnrdv cupperéyet oe enter o6dia eniBerikéTMTaG -eite ws Spdotes cite we GUpata-Téte, dnws CupBaivet Ki aAAOU, onLal- vet Ott undpxet avayan rrapéyBaons té00 Tw ApXiv Tou GXOAsIOU da0 Kar GAAwv popéwy. ‘Ovo agopa atig Stapopég peTAEG Twv Bo pUduv, Exel BpeBel ri ta aydpia yenkd xpnor Honolowy nepicadtepo owpariKy Bia ané Ta KO- pirora (Archer, Pearson, & Westeman, 1988. Bjor- kqvist, Lagersptz, & Kaukiainen, 1992. Boulton, 1996a. Crick & Grotpeter, 1995. Olweus, 1978, 1991, 1994. Osterman et al., 1994). lap’ dha au- 74, 01 Boulton Kai Underwood (1892) 5¢ Bprjkav onpaveKés dtapopéc oe aut ™m petaBANT avéyeca ota Sto gia. Avtiotoixws, éxet BpeSet éti ta aydpta yivo- vrat BJpata owpatiKrig lag mo cuxvd and Ta kopitota (Archer et al.,1988. Olweus, 1978, 1991,14 @ Michael J. Boulton, lwévva KapéUov, ladvva Aavirn, Baowlixr, Mavovoov, Ovpavia Acuovy, 1994. Rivers & Smith, 1994. Whitney & Smith, 1993) Ot epeuvntés HOAIG Npdagara eEEtagay To EVBEXOUEVO 0 EOKELLEVOS AOKAEIOLGG GUVOLN- Rixwv and KowwwKés Spaompismres va yivera be emietixh) npdBeon. Tiyoupa pia této1a ou- Lmepipopd eumepiéxel KoIvwviKr expeTadAEvOT] Kat enovévng pmopei va BewpnBei we éva ei50c «éypeone eniBetixomTac» (BA. Bjorkqvist, Lager- sptz, & Kaukiainen, 1992. Crick, Bigbee & Ho- wes, in press. Olweus, 1993a). Fa napdderyya, 0 Olweus (1993a) dpioe we Eun enBerxomra THV KOWUMIKT) AMOLSvWEN Kal GNOKAELOLS aNd 10 atvodo (0. 87, n éxpacn npootéonKe). Epeu- vec Tou éxouv Npayparoroingel ce dAAEG Xue, extég and Ty EAAGEa, Exouv Guunepdver oti ra Kopitaa Teivouy va Seixvouv nepiaadtepn éuue- on enieraKdtnTa and Ta ayopia (Bjorkavist, Lagerspetz, & Kaukiainen, 1992. Crick & Grot- peter, 1995. Fry,1992. Fry & Hines, 1993. Ol- weus, 1991, 1993a, 1994), napoti o1 Osterman et al. (1994) avépepav én Sev uNdpxoUv onyavte xég Stapopéc ota otoixeia nou MponABav eite ano auto-avagopéc eire and Snksdoeig via pO Gumixés npoTipfaeig 6o0v apopd GuvoLNN- ous. Flapsuoiec épeuves éxouv Seifei Sti ta Kopi OLA Mo OUyvé an Ta ayépia népToUV BpaTa Ep eons emBeniKotTTaG (Olweus, 1991, 1993a, 1994. Rivers & Smith, 1994. Whitney & Smith, 1999) Ta Sedopéva nou avagépovtar otic S1ago- és Tg AeKTKHG emBeTiKOMTAG avayeca ora 540 puAa Ta Siakpiver AyOtEpN ouvEneia. Opl- ouévec pedétes KaTaAHYOUV OTO ouNépacpa OTL Ta ayOpta EuMAEKovral Neploadtepo ve eneI- dia Aextixric eruBetiKéTM Tag oUYKpITIKG HE TA xopita (Osterman et al., 1994 -Baoopévor oe enwdoyég OUVOLARKWY), Ta oMoTeAgopaTa Ka- Towy GAAwy epeuviiv unoompiZouv Tv avTide- m Téon (Archer et al., 1988), evid AAAEG de Bpi- OKOUV Kapia ONWAVTIKA| Sagopa WeTAEU Twv SvO gUAuv (Osterman et al., 1994 -BaotpEvor ae au- to-avagopéc). Ouoiwc, eved uepaxés épeuves éxouv Bpet Out ta Kopitaia eval Tuo mBavd va néoouv BUyata AEKTIKTG emMBETIKOTTAG aNd 6,71 Ta ayépia (Archer et al., 1988), dAe¢ Sev Exouv Gpet Kapia onHavtixh Siagopa (Ahmad & Smith, 1994. Rivers & Smith, 1994). AapBévovtag uNdYN Tig Napanavw BiB\o- Ypagixés avagopés, unodgaaye ét ato Seiya hag tav EAARVww Hagntav, ta Kopitoa 6a avé- epav UpNASTepA enineda T6c0 en\etiIKoTMTAG 690 Kai BuLaToNoinang Le T LOPE TOU KoIWW- ViKOU GMOKAZIGHOU, AMA XOLNAGTEpa enineda ‘oupnepipopiv, Srwe xturTpaTA / KAwTOIES, OF axéon Le Ta aydpla. Adyw Mg aouvenodc @u- ONG Twv aNoTEAeopTwv doov a~popa Tm AEKTIKH eniBetikOTMTa Kal BuLGToroinon Sev NPOBAEWa- hie UpNASTepa enineSa oTIg avagopés KavEvdG and Ta SU0 puAa. Ar’ 6,1. ywwpiZoupe Sev undpyet Kaia épeu- va ye @éya Tm oTdON Tov EAAT WwW paBnTuy we TIpOg To Pawvopevo THE EmMBetiKdT|TAG. AKOYN kal é€w and my EAAGSa, ta SeSopéva npoépxo- vrai and eddxiotes axeTiKés Epeuves (Boulton & Bucci, in press. Boulton & Flemington, 1998. Rigby & Slee, 1991). Autég o1 pedéteg npoage- pouv Kanotes evdeieic yia To HéyeBog THE BeTI- KFig fl apynTiKrig MPOIGBeon¢ TwY NABIdV we TOG Thy EnWBeTIKOTMTA. O1 Rigby xai Slee (1991) Borikav 611 0: nepioadtepo1 AuotpaAoi ato Seiy- ia Tous Kai (iairepa exeivor Kétw Twv 12 xpd- vwv ételvav va nv nepippovouv Ta atoya nou ugiotavto eniBerixéc npdteig Adyw Tg aBuva- tuiag tous, ételvay va ny anodéxovrat my ent- GetiKOTHTa 1 Toug eniBeTIKOUG BpdoTeG Kal EEE pavav Ty unOGTpIER Tous pec Ta BUpata. Eniong, ot Boulton kai Flemington (1998) BpriKav OTL oi Mepiadrepot paBNTEs aNd 11 we 15 xpd- vav e&éppatay oyeTiKads UYMAG enineda uno- omipiEng mpog ta Bépata, dev Taggovtar unép MG eNiBeTIKSTTAg Kar UNCOTpLav T Spdon kata auTiic. Me Baan tig napandv épeuves, o Seutepog KUplog OTSXOG TNS MapoWag Yerémg HTaV va TpodSiopioe av Kat ot 'EAANvEs yadntés exgpd- Zouv Kata Kavéva Této10u eiSoug oTdoeIG KaTa ‘TG eMmBeTiIKOTTAG, Zu;MANPwpaTIKa, EEeTGoT- kav miBavés Siagopés ovig oTdoeIG Twv yabn- ‘TOV WS OMOTEAEoNA Tédo TH NAKiag 600 Kal TOU @UAOU Tous.0 tpitog Kat tekeutaiog atéxoc Te Napod- Gag pedéme trav va eetdoe ™m oxéon avdye- ca oTIg oToEIG Tw HASNTaV Npog Ty emGenl- KOTMTa Kal THY OVGPEIEH} TOUS Ce ENNBETIKG entel- 06510 T600 we Spdotes 6c0 Kal we BUpora. Fo ouyxexpipjéva, entdusEape va exnicouye to Ba8U6 otoy onoio o1 oTdoeI¢ TwY Wasnt Ba pMopodaav va xpno\LonomBouy ya va NpophE- Bei n aval ToUG cE eneioddia emiBetiKOT- Tag Kal To avtiotpogo, SnAaBr} To Bawys ctov onoio n avdyettn twv padrtay ce téro10u ef- Soug eneiadda Ba pNopotice va xpnoyonoinBei Yla Ty TIpSBReyn MS oTGong Toug NpoG Thy emBerKéT|Ta. O Boulton (1996b) mpdogara unocmipige 6tt ot ataceIg Twv SacKdAWY NPCS ‘Tay eniGeriKdtITa pnopei va ermpedoouv T™7 ou pnepigopd tous unép F Katd me eniBeTKTHTAG (nx., va Kévouy Kéti Yia va cTayanjcouy éva eneioddo eniGetixdtytac). Ae 6a ritav napéAo- ‘Yo, Aowtdv, va Statundooupe pia avadoyn ano- Wn Kar ta Tous paBnTéG: LEpIKG NaIdId pnopet Va slinkaKouy ce enideTiKa eneioddia ev pépel Aéyw Ing Betixtig, SextiKr|g Tous atéang npoS ‘aumiiv. Eto1xe(a nou unoamplfouv au} mv 13éa TapoucidomKay ané tous Boulton Kat Flemin- gton (1998), ot ortofoi BprjKav éva npdtuno ota- TuoTKig GnLaveuKrig apyrTIKKs oxéons HETPIOU enmnédou petakt Twv orddewy AyYAWY paSNTev ‘Yupvagiou npog Thy eniBetiK6T|TA Kat TG GUL Hetoxtic ToUG o€ oUyKEKp\éva efSn eMMBeTIKGV SpacmpioTTwv énuag 01 {S101 my EEEPACOY HE ‘HV avagopé apioyod nepiotanikdy ota onola ouppeteixav. Ot padntés, SnAadr, nou eEéppa- Gay Tig To apynTiKés OTGaEIC avépepay Kal TO XaunAdtepo Bags enGerikétHTAG. Bdcel autéy Twv anotehsopdtwv, de Ga Fray napddoyo va unoBécet Kanotog oti Ta Nat5i4 Mou NégTouv BU- para emiBetiKéHTas Ba éxouv Neptaadtepo ap- vitikég OtdEIg MPG THY EmBeTIKt) CULMEpIpO- pd, Map’ dka aura, deSopévng mg EddewNS ctotyeliwy oyeTiKG He TO CuyKeKpipévo Béy1a, Ka- hia avéhoyn undBeon Sev edsyx8nxe omy na- potica pehém. EmOcrixérqra kat Svpatonoinon + 15 Me8oSohoyia Aciypa ‘AéKa SnpoTIKG oXOhe'a TE eKMaISeuTIKIS Tepipépetag TH ABrivag éAaBay époc omy na- potica pedémn. O Sieuduviric KaBe oxoAiou ené- AcEe tig TaEeIg nou 6a ouppeteixav omy Epeuva Kal, oT GuVvéxela, EPwTNHATOASYIA poIpPGoT)- Kav ce ékoug Tous paBntés quay Taw TaEEWY. H apyixt| npdBeon twv epeuvntay ritav va ava- AUcouv Ta ctorxeia avakoya pe Thy T4EN THY onofa napaKoXousoucay ot waSntés. Aedopé- vou 6m Ge HepiKd and ta oxoheia o1 TaEEIG anaprifovray and naidid nduklag eite and 8 we 9 xpoviay eite and 10 ws 11 xpovev Kai apod ot paBrrés BAAwoaV My NIKEa TOUS Kal Ox THVTE- En Thy onofa napaKokougoUcay, omy avéAuon, TwV anoTeXcopdTwv, Ta oToXela Te naBidy Tikiag 8 Kat 9 xpovev opadonou}@nkay Kat ou- Yspi6nkav He auTd Tw naSuiv and 10 we 11 ETGv aveEapTiitug Me TaENS TOU, Zuventis, To TeAKG Seiya anoteAcitat and 125 Kopitowa Kat 126 aydpra nuuklag 8 kat 9 eTdv, KaBKG Ka 194 Kopfraia Kat 219 ayépia 10 Kat 11 stay (auvoko 664 paBnTés). H oUAAOYH Twv oTorXEiwy npay- paronotienke pe ™ adupwvm yan tov yové- WV CAG Kal TW {StwV Tew HadNTeV. Epurnparoksyio To epuwmpatodsyio nou yprayonow|enke omy napotoa Epeuva oxedidormxe (kai Siatibe- Tal) and Tov Npwto cuyypagéa. MetappaamKe ota eddnviKd and pla and tie unddoines ouy- ypageic. Nepiéxet 30 epwrjceig otdgewy ong onoieg o/n epwtdpevocin Kadettat va emmAséet nia ané téacepig evadAaktixés ensdoyés nou di vet n xAlliaxa pe axpaieg exppdaerg “Zuyquvdd Todd" Kat “Alagwves ONS". Ze K6BE pla and Tie evahAaxnixés ertoyés avtiororxe’ pla THF and To UNdEv WE To Tpia, Grou To 0 exppater mY MIO enix} oon eve to 3 MV Mo apyATIKH. AéKa and Tis epwrtigeig avagépovrat ota xtuntiyata ka Tig KAuTOUS (nLX, “Ta Maia BAdntovrat16 @ Michael J. Boulton, lodvva KapéUov, ladwa Aavitn, Baotlixr{ Mavovioou, Oupavia Acpovr Grav Ta XTUNOWY Kal Ta KAwToOUV"), 3éka oT eEGBpION, Kal 5EKa CTOV ANOKAEIOUS aN Ma\xvi- Bia Kai GAAEG Spaompimtes. H Siaténwon OXwV Twv EpwT}GEwy FTav 6yo1a extdg and mV avapopd oto KaGe eidog HS eniGeTiKOTHTAG. Ot Loge and Tig epwrriaeic Trav SatunwpEévec Be- ‘TKG Eve OTIC UNdAOINES XPROWoNOMENKE apvn- ‘THK StaTUnwon. O1 envroyés Twv epwTdpevav oTig GeTiKa StatunWwyEevEes epwrrideic enavaKw- Sixonom@nxav Er Wore, via KaBE EpTON, pia UMA TIA va EKMPArEL THY TO BeTIKI OTGCN TOG TO GUYKEKPILLEVO elSoq eMiBeTiKOTHTAG, eves, avtieta, pia XaRNAH THN va avtioTorxe: COTW Tto apynTiKr atdon, Em ouvéxeia TMONKe and Tous epwrape- voug va dieuxpivicouv ™ ouxvomta We THY onoia, uéoa oTov nponyoUUEVO prva, eixav xTU- Moet KAWToM|oer éva GAA TlaIdi (epdTnon “owpaturic emBetiKoTTA"), eiXav anoKadgoel AMO Naldi Ue oynHO Svopa (Epdmnon “AEKTI- kre erBeriKéTyTaC"), eixav enimBes agriaei Ka- TOI GAAO TIaIBi Ew and narxvidia Kar aAEg Spaompomre (epwmmon “emBeridmTaAG HE ‘ow anoKAsioyoU”), eixav Ta (Sa xtunmBei rh Se- Gel KAwtorgs and AAO naidi (epdtmon “owpa- Tug GupaToNoinonc”), va GMAO Nlaidi Ta EiXe. ‘anoKahécel pe doynyo évoyia (epaman "AEKT- Ky¢ Guyatonoinong”) Kal eixav enimdes anto- kAetote! and naryvidia Kai Spaompidmtes and KGnlolo ade naibi (epmamon “Bupatonoinang Ugou anoxAgioyou"). OL TpEIG evaddaKTiKés anavtiaeic yt’ autos Tous TUNoUS EpwTrdEwv, frav: “Kae uépa r Tig nepioodTepEC LépeR” (T- Lndév), “Alyes wEpes H pia B40 popéc” (tt. ur} = €va), xa “noté” (typ = 500). Zuvertic, ya KGBe pia and autéc Tig 6 peTaBANTés pia xauN- An Tun SfAwve Nepioadtepn eyMAoKr oe eriGe- TaKG ente1065ia, Tia va e€aapadiotei n 600 To Suvatov peya- Adtepn evkikpivera Twv anavirigewy éyive and THY apyt} cagég oToU CULUETExovTEs ou Bev Ytav uNoxpewpévor va YywoTonomoouy Thy TaUTOMT Tou OTA EpWIMYATOASYIA, 6TI KaVE- Va yéXog Tou NPOOWMIKOU To GXOAsiou Tous Se 8a éBAene Tig atouiKés Tous anavmioeic, on trav oto xépt Tous va Eunodioouy Tous GupLa- @nrtég TOUS va Souv Tig anavTrigeI¢ Tous, 611 ta epwTpaTonsyia dev ritav jta Siadixaaia eréy- YOu Kat Oui Bev UMAPXaV GwaTés AABOG ana- vitioeig, EnumAgov, 0 SdoKakoc dev trav napav Kata ™ Siavopr Tav epwrnuatoroyiwv. Now ané ™ cupndspwon Tou EpwTmpaToRoyiou et- XQV Thy euKatpia va Kdvouy eE4oKnon xenoiKo- noudvtag «AjyoKa anavrigewy TUnou Likert Atadixacia H Stavoprh twv epwrmparodoyiwv éyive ite and éva site and 3uo ané tig cuyypageig Nou N LinTpixt) Tous YAdOUG Elva Ta EAANVIKG. Meta and pia etcaywyr, oxediaouévn wore va Kdvet Ta Maidid va aloBavovtat dveta Kal va ta evBap- pUvel va eivat eduKpivt, n epeuvrirpia Bi6BaLe ti EPWTTGEG HE T CeIpA kat ZnToUOE and Ta Nat- 814 va anavrouv ce KaBed and autéc BaZovTAG GE KUKAO [la and Tic evadAaxTiKés aNavTTCEIG, Ta maidtd Hirav ekeU@epa va Kdvouv epwrtiaei ay dev KaTaAGBawvay Kari, ANG oT NIpAEN, hi- ya an’ auté putovoav o,tidrnote. Metd 1 ou- UMAYpwon, Tou EpwmpaToroyiou, o1 epEuvt- ‘ples euxapiomoay Tous yaBNtés yia T OUVEp- yaoia touc, Anorehéopata Enineda auro-avagepéyevng avopitng ot emi denikés cupmepipopés, To MOgooTd Twv KOPITOUWY Kal Tww ayopLiy Tou avépepav Ty avauelE Tous ota tpia Bion emuGetiKrig GULMEPIpEPAG Ka BULATONOinans yla Te 300 oUdSec NAKIaY Nou eEetdo™KaV umohoyiomme Kal Napouoidzerai orov Nivaka 1 ‘Onwe¢ aivetai and ta ororxeia tou nivaxa, éva OmMaVTiK6 [1Epog TwV HASNT EpMASKovral oe réTOIOU eiBoug OUpNEpIpOPEC. Eto uYNAdTEPO enineSo, nepinou tégoepa ora névte weyaauTe- pa ayépia avégepay 6m eixay yivel SEKTEC AEKTI- K¥i¢. emi@etuKSMTag aNd Tous oUvOUNAiKoUGTous, AKOHa Kal oto xaLMAStepO enineBo, nepi- lov éva ota téacepa piKpstepa Kopirora avége- pav 61 efyav coxeypéva agyiget Karo10 auvoyt- Niké toug é&o and Ta nanyvibia Kai TG GdAEG Tous 3paompiomtes. Wuxoperpixy avétuon Tay epuriocwy oTdcewy 01 30 eputtigeic otdcewy UNOBABNKaV GE avéduan Kiplay cuvioTwody pe opBoydvia ne- EmiGersxérqra kat Bypatonotnon 17 piotpogi). To Sidypayia napayévrwv anoKéAu- we Sho napdyovtes (opddeq epwnricewv), o onoieg avtixatpontifouv SG0 Siapopenés ne- mroi6rigetg. Eto eEtig 8a avapepopaote oe autés TG oNd5eq epurticewy wo «fapdyovte». OL Mapdyovtes 1 Kat 2, Aoindy, eixav 3.6 kat 2.4 WGioTsEs avtioroyug ot onoieg pati eEnyoUCaV - To 31.4% T¢ diaxtpavone. O Mivaxag 2 napou- adzei tig @opticeic Twv Napayévtwy yia K68e pia and Tig epumjceig atécewy, ot onofes Fray foeg th weyadstepeg tou 0.3. O Napdyovrag 1 ovopdomxe “n eriBerk6ryrta elvan d5uxn Kat ent- Nivaxag 1 Mlogoord oupperoxiic oe emBerixd enciaddia ws ouvapman TIS NAIKiag Kal Tou gohoU EfSog emBerixdTmTag / HAKia / 8-9 xpovibv (2) 10-11 xpoveby (%) U0 Kopitoia —Aydpia Kopiroia Ayépia Zwpaniay enuBeriKoTTA Ké8e pépa / Tepioadtepes népes 88 15.1 44 142 Aiyes uépes / Mia r 40 popéc 39.2 51.6 474 58.9 Etvoho 48.0 66.7 51.5 73.4 Aextuct) eniBetuxémta. Ka8e pépa / Nepioodtepes uépes, 5.6 13.5 4a 16.9 Aiyes népec / Mia So popég 34.4 42.9 51.5 58.4 Z0voro 40.0 56.3 55.6 75.3 EmiGetixoryta péow anoKAsiopou KéBe pépa / Mepiaadtepes peépeg 08 95 15 68 ‘Atyeg népes / Mia Sto popéc 24.0 33.3, 32.0 41.6 EGvoho, 24.8 42.9 33.5 48.4 Sepatxy| Supatonoinon, Kae pépa / Nepicodtepes pépeg, 24.8 21.4 46 is Aiyeg népes / Mia th 860 popéc 50.4 46.0 53.1 52.5 Zbvoho 75.2 67.4 577 67.6 Aexuet) uparonoinon Kd8e pépa / Nepicodtepes pépes 16.8 29.4 10.8 22.4 Aiyes uépeg / Mia | 500 popés 45.6 46.8 59.8 56.6 Etvoho 62.4 76.2 70.6 79.0 Oupatonoinon péow anoKAeiopot KaGe uépa / Nepioodtepes népeg 56 143 67 10.5 Atyeg wépes / Mia ri 840 @opéc 32.8 29.4 290.4 34.7 Ebvoko 38.4 43.7 36.1 45.2 a18 @ Michael J. Boulton, adwa KapéLov, lodwa Aavirn, Baoclixrt Mavovoov, Oupavia Acuovr, Tiivaxag 2 opriczic (0.3 Ka! uNAdTEpEs) VIO Tig EpUTHoEig oTdoEWY Epunjcec otavewy Napayovtag 1 Napayovtac 2 19. Bev npénet va enitpénerar ova naidid va puvatouv adAa naWiG We Goynnes NEE 15, Ta maid BhdrTrovral Grav GAAG adi Ta puvdZouy je Goxnnes AEEEIS 19. Ta naidid wisBouv Gaya Via Tov eautd Tous drav Ta puNdCouv He Goynnes NeEEIG, 9. Ta naibia nou Béxovtat xTuMMpaTA Kal KAWTOL’G aN6 GAAOUG wud/BOUY Goynna Via Tov eauté tous 3. Bev npénet va enmtpénerar ora maid va xruMOWY Kal va KAuTOOLY Ma nada 29, Ta naidid rou aphvovtat éEw and naryvibia Kai adAEG SpaonpromTES and ddAa noid vubBouy doxnya ia Tov eauté Tous, 11. Eivai KéB0g Ta NaIBid va puvaZouv adRouc He GoxnHES ALEKS 5. Tanaidid BAdrrovrat dtav 3éxovraL xtuMMyATA Kal KAwTOLES, 23. Aew npénet va enitpénerai ora naWid va agrvouy EEw and rarxvidia rat GMAeg Spaomprdrtes aAAa nwa 25. Ta naidid nanyaovovrat dtav Ta dAAa naiSid Ta aprvouv Ew ano naixvidia Kar GddEg SpaoTpISTNTES 21. Eivat A480 ya Ta Na\5id va agrivouV Eva Nadi Ew and nayxvidsa Kat @ddex Spaompio™MTES Eivat haBog yia Ta ravdid va XtuNOLW Kal va KhurTaoUV GAA MOWSLG 20. Ta naidid Nou aroKakouvrar Ue Goynues AéEeIc and ddda rab iva npoetoagpéva Va Tov aANBIVE KOJLO éEw and To axOAEIO 30. Ta naibid nou agrvovtat éw ano naryvibia Kar dads SpaoTmplorATEG and dda naidid eivar npoetomagyéva yia Tov aANBIv6 KoaHO Ew ‘and to oxoreio 10, Ta naiSia pou Béxovrar xTUNTaTA KAI KAUTOLES aN6 adAOUG civat poetowaguéva yia Tov aANBV6 KOLO EEw aNd TO aXodEio 16. Ta maida rou anoKaAouvrat pe GoxnHes AéEerg aUvTOYA LaBaivouy va ppovriLouv Tov eauTé Tous, 26, Ta naidid rou agrvovrat éw and narxvidia Kar addss SpaomnprornTEs aU vtopa yaBaivouy va @povtiCouy Tov EauTO TOUS 6. Ta naiSid nou Séxovrax xtuMMpaTA Kal KAwTOIES aNd AAOUG BUVTOHA paBaivouy va gpovtiZouy Tov Eauté TOUS 14, Eva nai5i nou antoxaheirar ue doynnes AéEEIG aN6 GNAOUG yiveTat aActepo aroHO 24. Eva naidi nou apiverar €&w and narxvibia Ka Gddec Spaotnpstntes yiverax Kadutep0 GTOHO 4, ‘Eva naibirtou Béxevar xtunrpaTa Kat KAwTOLES and adAOUG yiveraL KaAUTEpO GTOHO 0.81 0.55 0.54 054 0.53 0.50 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.42 0.34 0.30 o7t 066 0.64 062 0.53 051 0.42 0.34 0.34BAaBr\¢" evdd o Napdyovrag 2 ovopdotnke “ny e- TuBerikérnTa éXe1 BeiKés Ouvenetes”. O1 12 epw- Toeig Nou ppricav Tov Napayovta 1 elxav iKa- vontoinmxf) eowtepiKr) aElomiotia (Cronbach's alpha = .70) kau éto npooté6nkav petaEd tous Yia va Sacouv pia yevixt] Tyr. AvtioTo{Xws, ot 9 epuriigers nou @épticay tov NMapayovta 2, ef- Xa tkavorrountixr, EowtepiKr] aEiomiotia (Cron- bach’s alpha = .71), pe anotéAcopta va npoate- Boy LeTaEG tous yla va MpoKGwper pa yet T- lun. Pa tov Napayovta 1 pia upmAri tir avadei- Kvue otéon unép me entGeniKOTHTaG Kal ya THY KXipaxa 2, ufo uymdr TINH UnOSrAwve Ty renol- Gnon Sti n emBerixémTa pnopel va éxet BeTuKES ouvéneiss. Aiagopés Ady nAiKiag Kal @GAoU écoVv ago- pd Thy auro-avapepépevn avépeién oe enci- 06310 emiBerixérntag Kai BupaTonoinong and ‘uvopniikoug © Mivaxag 3 napoucid%er tous péoous 6pous Kat tig TunIKés aMOKMoEIG Twv GnavTTioE- (av aVvG MUA Kal NAuKia, ot onofes SqAdvoUV TO Bays eruBeruxr|s cupMepipopac Kat ByLatonoi- Tong and cuvopndikoug Gnwe tov avégepav ot ouppetéxovteg. Ta SeSopéva unoBANEnkav oe 2(@GA0) x 2 (HAiKia) NoAUPETABANTH avéduon Biadpavong Xenowponorsvrag ng Ef epuTy- oeig CUuEToytig OF eneiodsia enGeTiKOTTTAS Kat Gupatorioinong wo efapmpeves petaBhn- ég. H kUpia enidpaon Tou UAou (Wilks Lambda = 0.92, p < .001), n kUpta eniSpaan mg MKiag (Wilks Lambda = 0.95, p < .001), kai n aAAnAent- Spaan ndixiag kat puAou (Wilks Lambda = 0.98, P< ..05) tay OAgg otaTioTiKwds onpavtiKés. AKO- Rodnoav GupMANpUpATIKEs ovopetoBAntés avadtioeig Siaxdpavang yia va KaBopicouy pe Tloleg eEapmpéves petaBAntés evroniZovtat ot KOpieg entdpdceig KaGdc Kat or aAAnertdpa- Geig (Ot tIPEg Tou F Sivovtat orov Nivaka 3). Mia npavrixt KUpia eniSpaon @uXou unpxe via TI¢ Tévte popgés (6x1 yla TH HETABANT] MS owWpaTI- Ktig taAamwpiag) Kai ge xd8e nepintwon Ta Emenxémra xat Gyparonoinon # 19 ayépia avépepay peyadttepn upperoxt) and ta kopiro.a, Ze dio epumoeig (ReKTUg Kal Cw HOTIKAS eriBetixdTHTAG) StamoTwEnke pia on- plavix Kpia eniSpaon mg niKiag, O1 peyars- Tepol ce NAiKia oupuETéxovtes avépepay, aTaTI- omuktig onavnxd, uymAdtepa enineda AextuKrig ‘AAG XoyNAStepa enineda owparuxrig eniBerixd- ‘fag and 6,71 ot vesdtepo.. Enione, udvo dcov agopd oto Agua THs cwpOTUTIg enBeTIKETHTOS ‘rav 7 adANAEniSpacn nAuKiag Kai pUAOU oTaTI- oTiKiig ONpavTiK}. Avdpeca otoug vedtepous pa8ntés, ta Kopitaia avégepay uymAstepa ent- nea cwpankrig emBerix6mmTac ané 6,n.7a ay- pla, adAd n Stapopa aun} avagtpépetar Kat yi- vetal evrovérepn aToUG HeyaAsTepous paBntéc. Aragopég niixiag Kai gaAou wg MpOG IG OTa- tig mpog Thy emiBeTiKéTyTA 1 pé001 6po1 Kal ot TUTIKES GNOKAICEIG TAY ayopIdy Kat Twv KOPIrOLGv Kal Tw 50 ONGSwY TAKiGv yia Tov Napayovra 1 (n eniGenxotta ei vai G5uKn Kat emiBAaBri¢) Kat yia tov Napayovra 2 (n entWeniKémmta Exel BeiKEéc Ouvénetec) uNO- Aoyiomxay Kal napoualdZovrat ctov Mivaxa 3. Aedopévou ét ot TIyég yia tov Mapayovta 1 pmopei va kupaivovtat and 0 we 36, Kal yia Tov Mapayovra 2 and 0 we 27, ra ororxeia deiyvouv Gt ot GuppETEXovTEs KpaTnGaV, YeviKd, oTGon Katdé Tm¢ emBeTiKéTATAg Kat Sev niotevay 61. en@enikémta pnopel va éyei Benikés ouvéneies. Tia va npoadiopiatel av autés 01 ordaeic Siege pav oe cuvépmon pe THY Mikio Kal TO PUA, epappoomee pila 2 (OUAd) x 2 (HAiKia) noAUpe- TaBATM} avdAuon SiaKGpaveng, xonaonowd- vag tig Té¢ Tou Napayovta 1 Kat tou Napéyo- vra 2 wg efapmpéves peTaBAnrés, H xiipia eni- Spacy Tou gUAoU FTav onBavTUKT (Wilks Lam- bda = 0.99, p < .05). EupmAnpwypamxés povope- TaBAntég avakticels diaxtpaveng tou puAou éBelFav pia otatioKéds oTLaveixr) eniSpaon ya tov Mapdyovta 1. Ta Kopiroia nioteuav nepio- cétepo Sti n emuBetiK6TMTa Fray G1KN KOU em BAaBrig and 6,n1 ta ayépia, F(1, 656) = 5.88, p <20 @ Michael J. Boulton, laévva KapéUov, lodvva Aavitn, Baowlixr, Mavovoov, Oupavia Aguovi, ‘9sg'b = doidagnaya torigog ‘Saraugano Sgmiag 19X3 Da yadourl palais U9 LoligjousH = Ura LUNA “Zz - 0 = 2 DIAOADADY Dido OUDAAY :A Loman 1969'1 = d0idagnaye torlgog ‘Soilugymagiua Suu daun LoDo = Uri LYN, “9E - 0 = 1 DLAADADL Dido DuDAAY ‘ef Lomartlz 109°} = Dpidagnaye lorlgog “Loliouo.pring/Dalupwinagiua udar9ooidau = Urha YurtOx 0 Li 100° > Grae 10" > des ‘SO > d, Loman bo> weed OE 90 (92'b) Sz'oL (96'p)0S'01 (Ov's) O18 (02'S) SoZ Sa1augano S3w139 1X3 Dio m3giUs H ‘z 9D1AOANdOL 60 wl 6S (6s's) pa'8 (16) veL (20'9) Z0°L (0E'9) HE'D Sugoygius 1» Longn 1A} piluomiagius H :} 90LACADdOY, o> Vo so (g9°0) byt (29°0) ZS'L (€2°0) 2v't (19'0) 9S't NOMloIsyHOUD mogr LOLJOUOLOrINE v0 Vo> v0n9'8h (99°0) 660 (19'0) 61'| (€2°0) bE (420) LaE Uolouororing Lonuxsy ae8'8 wool Lb szo (29'0) 4b'b (290) BEL (€2°0) LAL (L2°0) OOF Uoljouoxnring Lonrorinz so et vant 9 (z9'0) Sv't (15'0) $9'F (z9°0) Sb"L (960) b2't_—_ NOTloIsyHOUD Mose DalLoMIagIUy £0 sea'El aaah ZC (p9'0) 80"L (2S°0) Ov (02'0) 0€"L (09'0) St Dilngmsgius Wnwsy v0 610 wore (eg'0) Ebb (8S'0) byt (z9°0) BEE (S9°0) EFL alaomaagius Yonnorleny DPMYH KOYN ——_DPNYH ovno pidoy pioudoy = odoy — 10) ono (4) SuoAngnaip» SuAorl SuoADrinwnIg LonyAY aaodX 44 ~ OL Amn0dX 6 - 8 J pynyH / 9pdobidsurino 90913 Suonorinxnig Suonypa Sulyy -ptsrlonor! Sus o1orlozysL0u0 10% ,z 10% g} AmLAgADdOU AMA dru ‘SuoloUOLOFIng / DoALLOMLZgIU2 AML AML (S1Z0/YHOUD SpmIUNL IDX) 1049 10091) ¢ SODA,.05, H xdipia eniSpaon ms nduKlag Fray enong onpaveuxt (Wilks Lambda = 0.94, p < .001). Eu- EmAnpuparixés povopetaBAntés avaddoeig S1a- kGyavong ng nuKiag éBe\Eav 611 ctov Mapayo- Via 1, 01 piKpstepot Hasntés nfoteuay nepiods- Tepo ané TouG weyadtTepous ws n emiBeTIKd- ‘Tata Fitav G5uKn Kal emiBAaBrG, F(1, 656) = 9.75, P <.01, kat otov Mapayovra 2, fray nepioadte- Po miBav6 yia Tous peyaAtTepous napa yia touG puxpétepoug padntés va miotedouv dni n emnGe- uKémmta pnopet va éyet BetiKés ouveneies, F(1, 656) = 30.43, p < .001. Oa npénei va onpewéel 6ti napddo rou autég ot Siapopég nAiKlag Kat gUAoU Hav otamioTiKiSs onHOVTiKEG, ot MpayHa- tuxée Stapopés avéieca Trou pédoUs époug Hrav pixpéc, H adAnAsniSpacn nAkiag pe to ou- Ao Sev rftav ctaiotixcds onPavtua}. Npépieyn twv ordoewv and ta enineda em- Genixétmrag 0: SqeraBAntés quoxericels avéyieda ong Tytég Tw So Mapaysvtwy oTdTEW Kal OE Ka- Géva and ta SiapopenKa ef6n eruerixdTTAG kat Gusaronoinong napouardZovrat ctov Nivaka 4. Ot Tyiég Taw Bo Ropayévrwv MpoéKuyav ws EmGenxdmyta xa Gypatonotyo + 21 GOpotopa Twv Tidy OTIg EpwTroEIG Tou KG6e napéyovra. H oueToxt oe eniGetikd eneiod- Sia epeuvejanke He pdvo pia epsnon yia K6de elSoc emi@enkémtag (BL. unoKepahaio Epwmn- atoA6ylo). ‘Odes ot ouoxerigsig peraes Tu epumocuv emienkémtag Kal Tv TIHGY Tey Tapayévrwy ordang elvar apyKEs Kat otoT ormikiig onpavexés, GAG 01 ouvteEorés eival wl pou peyéBous. Ze avtideon, vo Suo and tig ouoxertioeis petaes tev Seydtwv enideriKd™- Tag Kal TOV TINGV TwV NapayévTw OTdons efval onuavnixés. MGA, dpe, ot ouvreheotés ouoxé- Tron efvat pixpod weyéBous. Fia va unodoytotet n cuvduacpévn oupBory kal Tav ££ popgdiv eniBenxémtag Kal Gupato- noinong omy mpéBkeyn tou Mapdyovra 1, EQOPLSOMKE pla MOANA MOAWSpSunON we Tov Mapdyovta 1 wc efaptnpévn petaBANt Kat ta ei6n eniGenKTHTAG we KPMIplA NPSPAEdnG. Rw ané aur} my avékuon, evroniomay Kat apaipéénxay Ei nepitioeig ot onoieg napou- olacay tipég nou anékkivay Wiaitepa and tig unédointes, To A mg nakv8pdunone fray onwa- vuixd 316 @opo Tou pndevéc, F(6, 651) = 10.92, p < .001, kat to MpocappocpEéve A? = 0.083. Mia rapépota avéduon npaypatororjenKe: xonoiporiowwvtac ta €& cid emBettkSTTaAG Kat Nivaxag 4 AmperapAnrés ouoxeriotig peTaks epurocuy emBerixémtas, epurfocuy Buparonoinang kal TipGv Twv Mapayévtuv aréocuv EtB05 Acca Em@enxémqra Euan) Aexnei] © uuaronoijen Mapé- — Mapd- oumeprpopdg emten- dow @uyaro- euyaro- péow Yowragt yovrag2 Koma —_amowAEoyod © roihon —roingn —_cTloRAEIoHOS Tupruc) eruBenxstrra oars gaat zat ose sate ‘Aexrush erBenxémara cao a.t7eee 0.10" 021-0, Enienxérmra péow anorkeioyo6 atest -0.1B* Euporrat Gypatonoinan 0.05 ‘Aetux} Guparonotnan, -0.09* Suyatonoinon péow anoxdexopod 0.08 Rapéyovrag 1 Snuciwon: *p <.05,**p < .01,***p <.00122 @ Michael J. Boulton, Iwdvwa Kapé\iov, ladwa Aavirn, Baoulixr, Mavovoov, Ovpavia Aepovr, Suparoroinong yia Ty MpSBAEYn Tou Napayo- vta 2. Téavepic nepirtaaeic Se ouuMEpIAnpen- Kav Adyw edAindiy oToIXEiWv Eve) SUO GAdEC dta- Yedgnkav new npayparonomiet n avakuon Ad- Yu TINGY, eite Ge pia LeTaBANT ite cE Mepicad- Tepes peTaBANTEs, Nou anéxAivav iiaitepa and ag untédormec, Kal £803, To R mg MaAwSpounang Htav orarioTiKdg onpavtikd SGpopo Tou ynde- véc F(6, 651) = 7.11, p < 0.001, Kat to mpocap- poopévo R? = 0.053, Oi napandvw avadvoeig eniBeBaiwoav oti n QuTO-avagepopevn avayiEN ce emiGetiKd enet- 06510 MpoeBAEav ONHAVTIKG Tig 640 GuvioTO- pévec Tg oTdon¢. Ze éva aKdpa cuvoRo avaAu- Gewy MOU aKoAOUEngE, UNOAOYioTHKE N CULBO- At KABE [lag aNd Tig EpwrraeLg emMBETKSTHTAG kat @upaTonoinang yia My NPSBAEWN Tw OT- cewy. AeSopévou Tuv npoavagepbe\adv oNL- ViiKdv Stagopav NAiKiag Kai @UAU ddov a~po- pd atic otdaEIc, Bewpr\cape oKdrIpO va BEcou- He un éAeyyo Tig SqHoypagiKés peraBAntés Tig uyKexpipeves avadvoeic, Euvenic, mpay- patorowenxe pia c8ipa and tepapytKéc ModAa- Tagg MaAWSpOHrgelg Kat G€ KGBE pia and au- 6G, TO PUAO Ka N NAiKia E.or}xBNOGV KaTd TO TIpGTO Kai To SeUTEpO Priya avrioto1xa. Ta ano- TehMopaTa auTav Twv NpoodeuTiKOY BnpaTwv Bev napoumdtovrai £36 yiati oucacTIKG oU- nirttouv pe auté nou éxouv Hn avagepBei. 15t- aitepou evBiagépovtos Spus Htav ta arotehs- ouata Tou Tpitou Bryatog Kata To ONtoio uTo- AoyioTHKE 7 OUPBOAN pas pdvo aNd Tig EE Epur- THaeig eriBeriKdmTag (Mivaxag 5). “ER xwpr- otég nakwSpoproeig Npayyatonomankay ya ‘MV NPSBAEWN Tou Napdyovra 1, Kat €& yia my TipdBAewpn Tou Mlapéyovta 2. Adyw Tou weydaou api8poU Twv Soxipaouiv Kar yta va EEao@PAAL Tei 6t1 To MOGOGTS AGBouG de Ba Eentepvouse To 0.05, to eninedo onyavrixomras -to onoio KaBdpife av KaTO1G CUYKEKPILEMN HOPE EmNBE- tiKémTaC Kai BuLaTonoinon¢ ouvéBare ona: vind omV NPSBAEYN TE TING Tou Napdyovta- TéONKE TO 0.008. H OUYKEKPILEMN aUTH TH TpoéKuype and Tm Siaipeon ms oTaByng onya- viikémTag 0.05 He To 6 (0.05/6) enerdr n HEBO- Bog Me NarwSpdunans epappysoTne 6 popéc ytd Ka8e KAipaKa. Ta anotekgopata wv epuTroewv emiBetixd- TmTag Napousiagay pia ouvert eikdva. Ee hes Tug MEPITT@OEIG KAI AGOU N GULBOAN Tw Snyo- pagina HETOBAntav eixe TeBei UMS EdeYXo, ot epwraere autéc ouvéBakav onyavtiKd omy TPSBAEYN Twv TIudv TéG0 Tou Napdyovra 1 600 kat Tou Mapdyovra 2. AapBavovtac undypn oti a XOUNAA TNH eMWBeTIKOTMTAg UNOSNAdvel pe- yaXttepo BaBL emiBeTiKAG CULMEPIPOPAE, Ka ia upMAR IBA oTaoNg pia Mo BeTiKH oTdon Tpog THY eniGeTIKH] CULMEpIpOpA, ot apyNTIKEC ée Tou Brita Seixvouv 61 umAd emineda ava- gepderng emBetiKoMrac MpoéBAeyav a) ia Getixr} oTdon anoSoxtig Ms emBetiKO™TaG (Nla- payovrag 1), Kai B) ula toxupstepn nenoiénon Ot. 7 enuBeuKOTMTa MTopet va exer BeTiKES ouvE- neg (Mapayovrac 2) Ee AEC Ti MepurTisaeic ExTds and pia, n TIPS BAeyn tev atdcewv Sev QUENANKE ONHAVTIKG Ye THY e150 KGrOIOU aNd TI¢ EPUTHoEIG BULATO- moinonc. H udvn e€aipeon rrav étt uymAdtepa entineda owpariKrg Bypatonoinons nposBAEray uta toxupdtepn nenoi6non oti n emBetiKOmTa unopei va éxet Betixés ouvénetes Npophewn tav eminéBwv emeriKomyTad/eu- woToroinans and Tig oTéacIC, Ava\ioeig epapyixtig MoAAanArig akw8pd- Nong xpnowonoiénkay ya va KaBopiotei av Ta enineda enWBeTiKSTTAG Kat BuLaToRoinons €a unopovoay va npoBAEpBouv and TI oTd- aig, Ze €& xwptoté nadvSpoprigetc, jtia and uc EE EpUTOEIG GUPHETOXTIG Ge entIGdS1a ert- Betixornrac Kat Bupatonoinang xpnoiveude we uetaBAnn). Onws Kal ato NponyoUyEVo GuvOAO Tw MOAWPOLFGEWY, TO PURO Karn NAiKia TéON- Kav und éAeYXO Ye THY E1gaywYN ToUG KATE TO npisto Kat BeUtepo Arya avtiotowya. H eicaywo- YAM Tug Tou Mapayovra 1 éyve KaTé TO Tpi- To Bua. ‘Eva Mapspo. Guvoko MakwSpourioe- av exTEASOTKE GAAG N e1aywyr} Te Ture TOUEmbervxémqra var Gyparonoinon #23 Nivaxag s lepapyixég NodAanaés NakvSpopjacig: NpéBrewn tav Khpaxwy 1* xa12 ond ra enineda emiBerixdrqTag BHTA AR? F Pp Tlapdyovtag 1* e Lopatud euBenxdtTa 70.11 0.01 8.51 0.004 Aextixn eniBetixoTTA 0.21 0.04 28.23 < 0,001 EntdeTiK6rrta péow aroKhetopou 0.18 0.03 21.57 < 0.001 Zapatuxr Bupatonoinon 0.03 <0.01 0.72 >0.050 Aextixt Bupatoroinon - 0.06 <0.01 2.28 >0.050 upatonoinon péow anoKAeiopou 0.08 <0.01 3.92 0.048 Napayovrac 2 Laparuc} enBenikém ta -0.14 0.02 12.90 < 0.001 Acktikr] emOETIKGTTTA 70.14 0.02 13.51 < 0.001 EmiGeixoTmTa wéow GMOKAELopou 70.21 0.04 29.00 < 0.001 ‘Zwpamuct} Bupatoroijon 0.12 0.01 10.07 0.002 Aextixt| 6upatonoinon = 0.05 <0.01 1.41 > 0.050 Supatonoinon wéow amioKAsiopou + 0.07 <0.01 3.51 > 0.050 nucluon; *Névre anordivouoes Tyiés evroniomxay Kat 01 avtiororxes nepirtdoeig Biaypdgntay npw Ty lepap- unt AvéAuar, Nakw3péunong nou agopodae Tov Napéyovra 1. Napdyovra 2 éywe néAt oto tpito Bria. Ta ano- ‘TeMoyata Tou Tpitou Brpatog gaivovra: ctov Nlivaxa 6. Pia tous iSioug Adyoug nou éxouv F5n, avapepGel, to dApa opiom«e oro 0.008. Ta ano- TeAdopata auriiv Tov avacew éBetEav dt ot ‘Tyiég kat tou Mapéyovra 1 Kat Tou Napayovra 2 OuvtéXcoay onHavtiKd oTMY MpSBAepn Kal Tw Tpldv poppdv emBenkdrTag. Or apyyTiKés E(es Brita anoKdAuay 6t1 Té00 pta UipnASTEpN, TentoiGjon 6ti n eniBeriKdtTT eivar Gun Kat emiBAaBrig (Mapayovtag 1), Kat Eeywptotd pia aoBevéotepn nenoiGnon én 1 eniGerixémyTa Hmopet va éxet Berixd anoteAgopata (Mapdyo- Vtag 2), npogBAewav otatiotixtig onHavmiKd Xa- undétepa enineda avagepspevng emiGenxom- Tac. ‘Mévo pia and ig nakvSpopjoeig nou éyve aug epumcerc Bupctonoinong égrage To anio- Sextd Kprmplo onpavtKdétyTas, o Napayovtac 2npéoBece povadikés nANPOpOpIes, SiagopeTt- Kée and autég twv Bu0 SnHoypagixdy peTaBAn- Tav, CTY NPSBAEYN Ts CwHaTIKT|S emMBeTIKOT]- rag. Kat nad, 01 apynTiKég ales Bifta Seixvouv én aurot ot paSnrés mou Fray Atyétepo mIBavd vo Totedouv ont n emGeniKOmTa exer GeTIKd anotehéopata, avépepay To pikpdtepo BABS ‘owparixrig Buatonoinanc.24 @ Michael J. Boulton, Iadvva KapéUov, Iadwa Aavirn, Baowixr{ Mavovoov, Ovpavia Aepovr Nivaxag 6 lepapyixég nodAamAgg radlvSpopriceic: NpsBAewn emBerixdt|TaG a6 Tous Napdyovtes 1* xa 2 BHTA aR? F Pp Ewparich eniBerixéTa Napayovtag 1 0.11 0.01 a 0.006 Napayovtac 2 =0.14 0.02 12.90 < 0.001 Aextixn eriBeriKéT Ta Mapéyovrag 1 -0.19 0.03 24.43 < 0.001 Napayovrac 2 = 0.14 0.02 13.51 < 0.001 EmiGerixémta uéow aroKderoyou Napdyovtag 1 +017 0.03 19.67 < 0.001 Napayovtac 2 +021 0.04 29.00 < 0.001 Eww} Gusatoroinon Mapéyovtag 1 0.04 <0.01 1.02 > 0.050 Mapayovtac 2 -0.12 0.02 10.07 0.002 ‘Aextixh Buparortoinon, Napéyovtac 1 -0.07 <0.01 3.64 > 0.050 Napayovrac 2 -0.05 <0.01 1.41 > 0.050 uparonoinon uéow anoKdetayou Napayovrag 1 -0.07 <0.01 3.24 > 0.050 Napayovtas 2 -0.07 <0.01 351 > 0.050 Enueiwon: *Névre anorkivouoes Tiés evtoniotKay Kat ot avtictoIxes NepiTTUoeig StaypapnKay NpwW Thy fepap- XiKt| AvaAuon NakwwSpounang nou apopouce Tov Napayovta 1. Zupnepéopota An’ 6.71 unopouye va cunnepdvoupe an6 ™, Btepesvnon Ts BiBNoypagiac, n Napotica pe- AE aNoTeAKi THY Nw GUoTHHATIKA Epeuva eupeiag KAipaxag nou entxevtpivetar omy ava- LiEn EAAj vv paSntav oe eneioddia emiBerixtic, OUuNeprpopdc. Aueces GuYKpICEIG Ue CTOIXEIC Tou mpogpyovrat and dAAEc XwpEc Eival BUGKO- eg Adyw Tw Stapopwv oto opiopouG TG amuBeTIKOT|TAS Kal BupaToNOinaNs, OTIG xPovI- xég nepi63oug nou éxouv ynoworoinBei (5NAa- 3y "Tov nepagyévo yhva" omy Napouca yekémn o¢ avriGeon, yia napdderyya, “to tpéxov tpiLN- vo" 1 uN Npoadiopiopévo xpdvo ae GdEc Epeu- veg), Kal owig MyEs TwW CToXeiwv (SNAGSH au- ‘o-avagopd omy napotica yerém oe avtiBeon, Yio napaderyya, we avapopéc ouvopndixwy th SaoKdkwy 1 Gyeceg napampriaeic ae dddec épeuvec). Nap’ Aa autd, To nogooté Tw ya8n- TGV Ot OMI avégEPAY ™ CULETOXH ToUG GE ‘wyotin, AeKTiK Kau eniBeriKOtTA WEdw ano- KAeI LOU Tov NepagpEvo pTWva, Kat auTOi ot ortOi- ot avégepay ott yivovtay Buyata TétoWwy emiBe- TKGV evEpyeldy, elvat TOUAAXLOTOV TO {10 UN: Age, Kal GE HEPIKEG NEPITTUEIC, akGLA UpNAd- tepeg and auTés Nou avagépovtar ge aAAES Epeuvec (Schuster, 1996) Mapa to yeyovdc éti 1a oTo1yeia Hag nepio- piovtai ge auto-avagopés, nfjpape xénota HE Tpa ia va Siagpadicoupe oni 1 cuNETéxovTEs évw6av apxetd aogareic wote va pag ddcouv ewixpiveig anavnigeic. Ot Ahmad Kat Smith (1990) avagépouv 611 n avwvupia eivat KpfounsOnpadiag an’ aut My Grown Kal yi’ aUTS To A6- Yo 1 avwvupia tay anavnjgewy StacpariomKe ‘omy napodca épeuva. Enundgov, ot Osterman et al. (1994) onpeiwoav én ot cuppetéxovres efvan TuBavétepo va SnAdcouv 61 Exouv AaBet pEpog Ge MyStepes emiBetiKés MIPAEEIG an’ 6,71 om MpaypaTiKStta, apo n apx} TS NpoKatdAn- Wg autoeEurMpetouodv amakdiv anodécewv (Miller & Ross, 1975) 8a toug SuoKdAeue va na- pad_exBouv pia oupnepipopa n onoia efvat kata- dikactéa otig nepioodtepes KoWvwvies. Ta ano- TedMopata Ts épevvag Mou npaypatonou|EnKe ‘ané toug Osterman et al. (1994) unoonipiEav THY apandvo Grown apod o1 extysfigelc TeV OUVOLNAIKwy OXeTIKG pe Thy eniBeTua} GULMEPI- opd rtav onpavtTikd upnAdtepes and auTég Twv auto-avapopav. Efvat, Aomdv, mBavd, ott Hég pag yia Tig epwTroeig emBetiKoTHTAG va EB- aviZovra peiwpéves yi’ aUTS To Aéyo. Ta uymAd enineda eniBerixémmrag Kat BupG- Tonoinong Tou Seiypatés pag énw< Kat Ta ano- TeMgopata epeuviov and dss xibpec, Ta onoia umtoompifouv Gti eivat mBavd va Snuioupyn- Sov apynrikés WuxoKowuniKés cuvénetes t600 Yla tous Spdoteg 600 kal yia Ta BUpaTa Tous (Boivin, Hymel, & Bukowski, 1995. Boulton & ‘Smith, 1994. Crick & Grotpeter, 1995. Hawker & Boulton, 1997. Kochenderfer & Ladd, 1996. Ol- Weus, 1993b. Sharp, 1995), unoypappiZouv tv avdyKn yia nepioodtepn Siepedvnon Kat dyeon, Avtiperdimion TOU NpoBANYaTOG aNd oxode!a Kat Tig exnaideutixés apxés Tg EAAG3ac. Yndpyet Hila onpavexy BiB\oypagia oxeTuC He TIpwto- BouNleg katd mg emiBeriKoTATAG TV ortoia yno- Potv va cupBouheuToWy o1 appyddies apxés oTV EAAdda (Olweus, 1993b. Ross, 1996. Smith & Sharp, 1994. Smith & Thompson, 1991. Tattum & Herbert, 1997). ‘Osov apopa oto Bea Tv Siapopiv b- Aou, atic petprigsig mg Enpeons enuBeriKoTTTOG Kat Gupatonoinans, Ta anotekgopatd pag Sev avnikatpomriZouv autd nou avapépovtal om oxen} PiBAioypagia. Fe avrideon He dec Epeuveg nou éxouv avagepéel omy eicaywyr, Ta ayépia Tou napdvtog Sefypatog avépepav Emberxémmra var Goparonoinon @ 25 Heyakutepn avapel—n oe emiBetiKd eneioddia ané ta Kopiroa. Natdao, énwe Kal oTIg MEpIO- asrepes Epeuves, BpEenKe ér1 ta aySpia avége- pay uipnAstepa enineda oupanatic eniGetné™- Tas, Kal (yla Ta NaiSid 10 -11 xpovedv GAA Sy kal ekeiva Tw 8-9 xpoviy) upnAdtepa enineda owpanuig BupaTonoinons and ta Kopitar. ‘Ong avagépEnke Kat oTHY eicaywy}, Ta anto- tehgopata Tou avaypdpovtai om BiBKIoypagia oxeTikd pe Tig Stapopés Tou PUAOU OTN AEKTIKT] emiGeTiK6mmta efvar avéyuxta. Emy napowioa pe- 2ém Ta ayépia avégepay nepiooérepn avéyiEN, 1600 we Spates 600 Kal wo BUpata. FeviKd, auté ta anoteMopata unoSnsvouv én, ave- Edpmra and ™m gton Tuy KolveviKiy cuvava- otpogdy, 1 emieriKoTTa Kal N Bupatonoinon anorehouv peyadttepa npoBhfiaTa yia Ta ayé- pla an’ 6,71 yla Ta Kopftoia ota EAAnViKa OXO- Aeia. Map" éAa aut, dre paivetat kai atov Ni- vaka 1, évag onyavrikds apI8udg Koprroidy uIo- @etel Kat Tous S00 porous (SnAasr Spaotes / Gipara). Enopévwe, o1 napepBdcerg nou ano- oxorouv oT pelwon me eniBeTKOTHTag NpEneL va éxouv ot6xo Kai ta 5U0 @uAa. H avéduon Kiplav ounotwodv tev epuTt- Gewy Tou oxedidomKav yia Tm HETPNON Tov OTdoewv TV OURpETEXvIWY NpOG Thy EmlBeT- kémnta eixe wg anotékegpa S40 napayovtes. O évag e&éqpate Thy Gnoyn étin eruBetikdtTa Ei- vat d3iKkn kat eruBhaBrig yia ta BUpara, kat o GA- Rog Ty Grom oti n emBenxKdrnTa propel va woeNjoe! ta Gpata. ‘Hrav evBappuvtiKé To ye~ Yyovdg 611 ol cupeTéxovteg yekd dev eképpa- ‘gay Betikés ordoeic yia Kapa and autés Tig dia- ordoeic. O1 peyadttepot pasyTés, Smwe Kal Ta oyépa, elyay nepioadtepes mBavoTnTEG va Kd- vouv Kan Této10 an’ 6,n1 o1 jKpStepor pasntés Kai ta Kopfroia. Ta anotedopata mg napoticag épeuvac, unoompiZouv Th oxéon petaEd Twv otdcewv Kal ‘Tg enlBeTua}g aULMEpIpopac Snws Thy Eképpa- Gav 01 pabrrés, Fe KA8e nepintwan kat agod ot Snpoypapixés petaBAnréc efxav teGel und EALy- XO, KABE pla aNd Tig TpEIG EpuTrcelg GUL PETO- wig Ge emiBetixH cupMepipopa ouvéBade onpa-26 @ Michael J. Boulton, Iadwva KapéUov, loéwa Aavirn, Baowlixr, Mavovoov, Ovpavia Aepovr, vmiké omV MPSBAEYN Twv SUo Napayovtwy OTG- oewy. Yynddtepa enineda avagepdueync eruBe- “Tuxrig OuLMEpIpopdg MPOgBAEnav pia BeTIKT KAL Bextixh, OTGON MIpog Ty ETuBeriKOTNTA KaBuG Kal pia toxupdtepn renoi6non oti n emiBetiKST- ta nope’ va éxet BeTiKés Ouvénsiec. Katd Tov 10 TpATI0, KGBE Evag and Toug BvO aUTOUG Na- payovtes otdcewy OUvEBarE oNHAVTIKG OT TPSBAEYN Tov Tey PopHuY eMNBeTIKdTHTAC, Ta naié&ia nou e€égpacay my ioxupstepn oTéon Katd TH¢ emBetiKoTHTaG avépepav Kat THY EAd- OTH entETIKR GULMEpPOPA. AvTIOTOixwG, TA TraiSid iow rirav Ayétepo MBaVd va TioTEGOUY OTL euBeTKOTHTA éxei BeTIKES OUVETELEG avE- epay Kal XaLNASTEpA enineda Této1AG cULME- pigopdc. Ta anotedgopata auta cuppwvouy pe Ta anotedécpata ano épeuva ae AyyAous Haen- tég NAiKiag 11-15 etdv Mou Mpayparoroienxe ‘ané Toug Boulton Kat Flemington (1998) Kat, Ka- 16 ouvéneta, anoteAouv loxuph évdetEn Out eivat Buvarév va unapXet OXEON HETAEY oTaEWY Kal emiBetiKoTTAG. Napd to yeyovds ott npénet va Tepiuévoupe Ta anotehgopara pac SiaxpowKtic Epeuvac via va SiamiatwOel n Popa TM aITisTN- Tag, Ta Hin uNdpxovta anotehsopata ~ta ontoia uroampitouv ™ oxéon auTr}- eivat apxeTd yia va unoampigouy my Siekaywyth plac této1ag épeuvac. Baoropevor ota cupMepdoyata auTHg MG pekémns Ba yNopowoaye va uNOBEGOUPE, HE emupuAagn, O11 01 MepicadtEpo GeTiKEs OTAGEIG Tipog Thy emBeTiKTHTA GULBGAAOUY oTHY ELpa- von eniBetiktig cuLMepipopac, n onoia pe TH) csipd TH¢, emoxvel Tapandvw Tic oTdoEIG UNEP ig enietixémtas. Notd00, 6a npénet va on- pewOei ut oTHY MapoUCG PEAT, N OULETOXA G€ eneioddia eniGetixFig UpMEpIpopAG TTav kavt] va TIPOBNE EL vO Eva [IKPd TIOGOOTS Twv oTdoewv. H eumeipixt) anddei€n mg oxéong peTaky Twv OTADEWY Kal TG CULMEpIpopAc Exe! KArOI- eg ONHAVTIKES MpaKTiKés OUVErtEiEG. ZUYKEKPILE- va, UNoSnAdvet ti o1 MpwroBouries Kat TS enietikOmtag 8a unopotcay va eivat Tio enitu- xeig ov ertSiwkay va aAdEouv Tig oTdoEIG Ka- TOW HaBnTav, o onoiol Se Bewpouy Thy EruBe- THOTHTA dBuKn Kat emIBhaBH Kat ot no{o1 MUoTED- ouv 611 Ba ynopotice udAtoTa va éXet BeTIKEG OU- vénetes, Ta anotedgoyata Tg NapouTaG HENE- Ig Hag OBnYOwY ato OULMEépaopa Sti n EruKE- vipwon Tou evdiapépovtog omy aAAayt} TNS emBeTixrig ULMEPIpOPEG THY HOBNTaV, Xwpic va 308ei n anarroupevn mpodoyt otic uNoKEipe- vec oTdoeic, dev eivat Suvardv va éxet iaitepn emuxia. To oupmépaopa auté unoompiterat, enon, Kal and Kénotec BaowKés apxéc 01 onoieg, anoteAouv Tov Tluprva Tg YwworiKric Beparei- ac pe aida Kai eprBouc, SnAadn, 6tin éKBNAN uLMepupopa KaBopifeTar and ywworiKés Biep- Yaoiec, Ot 01 GAAayég Tw yuoTKaY auTaV Biepyaoudy yNopouv va emipépouv addayéG Kat omy éxBn\n GuLNEpIpOPA Kat dt! KAnOLoG Ba TipEnel va eMKEVTpUVETOI OTHY aAAaYH| Tw ywu- oruKy Stepyooiwy wore va Snpioupyroet Seute- poyeveig adAayéc omy exdr}\won npoBANpaT- Kt\¢ CuMEp\popac (Spence, 1994). Ze avtiGeon He Ta GuLMEpdopata Twv epw- Thoewy eruBeTIKATHTaG, Ue Ovo BUo eEaIpETeIS (Ka 01 v0 agopouv om GwpaTiKA BuLATOTOn- ‘n Kat otov Napaéyovta 2), ot epwrjaeig Twv ordcewy Kat oI EpwTHoEIG TE BuLAToMOInoN< Bev éBwoav auventeig MAnpogopies via MY TPS- BAeyN Twv enWipouG oLddwv, Népa an’ auTéc Twv SnLOypapIKav peTABANtdv (Boivin, Hymel, & Bukowski, 1995. Boulton & Smith, 1994. Crick & Grotpeter, 1995. Hawker & Boulton, 1997. Kochenderer & Ladd, 1996. Olweus, 1993. Sharp, 1995). Fa roo Adyo Ta nia\dia Trou ave- GEPAY TO HEYAALTEPO Babys owaTiKT}G BuLG- Tonoinans 6a npénet va EXoUV MepioodtepEc N- Gavémtes va GuLwwooUY pe TH SAAwON Tou unoompiet nt n @upatoroinon unopei va éxe @erixés ouvénetes eival SUoKoAO va eEnynéel, BeSopévou ti GAAEG Epeuves (extdg EAAddac) éxouv deiEet Ott KGNOIeS HOPPES BULaToNoinoNs éxouv ouvdebel We uN EnapKr puXo-KoIvwviKth Tpocapyoyy (Boivin, Hymel, & Bukowski, 1995. Boulton & Smith, 1994. Crick & Grotpeter, 1995. Hawker & Boulton, 1997. Kochenderfer & Ladd, 1996. Olweus, 1993b. Sharp, 1995). Mia muBav} eBfynon, obpgwva pe Tm Bewpia TE YrwoTIKTSaguppwviag (Festinger, 1957), efvat 6 ta nat Bid rou négrouv AGpata owpotuxtig emMBeTy ‘Tac, omy npoondseld toug va Thy avTIvETwMi- couy, efvai miBavé va apvouvtat Tov névo rou emupépet, Kat fowg @tavouv oto anpelo va mi otedouv én ynopel va éyei péxpt Kat Betixés ou- véneteg yr auta, H napodoa pedgm katayet oto cupnépa- pa 6117 owpriKt}, n AEKTIKT] emnBeTIKOTMTTa-BU- Hatoroinon, énw¢ Kat y eniBetiKSTTA-Bupato- Tloinon péow anokAs\opou, eivat TouAdyiotov Té00 diadedopéve ora EdAnviKa oxoksia dco kat ge addec xtipec. Mapa to yeyovds étin ava- epSyevn GULLETOY Twv ayopuby Htav HeyaAL- ‘Tepn, To MoGOOTS Tw KOpITOItV Tou E_MAgKETAL eivat e€{oou onHavTKd. Ta SeBopéva pag odn- Youv, eniong, oto cupnépaopa étt undpyet pia oxéan peta’ Twv oTdoewy Tuy HaBrTiy MOG Thy eniBeTiKéMT Kat TOU BaByoU avayleigtoUG Ge emBeriKd eneiaddta. M’ auté to Adyo npotel- Vouye Thy evoupérwon, ong NapepBaceig Kara ‘Tg emBerixr\¢ GupMEpipopac, NpoonaBeldv aA- Rayiig Taw oTdoewy Tw PaBNTav, ws pEa0 ya THY enmtuy*) Helwan avrioto1Xwv cULNEpIpOPaV. BiBktoypagia ‘Ahmad, Y., & Smith, P. K. (1990). Behavioural mea- sures: Bullying in schools. Newsletter of the Association for the Child Psychology, 12, 19- 20. Ahmad, Y., & Smith, P. K, (1994). Bullying in scho- ols and the issue of sex differences. In J. Archer (Ed.), Male violence (pp. 70-83). Lon- don: Routledge. Archer, J., Pearson, N., & Westeman, K. E. (1988). Aggressive behaviour of children aged 6-11: Gender differences and their magnitude. Bri- {ish Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 371-384. Arora, T. (1996). Defining bullying. Schoo! Psycho- logy International, 17, 317-329. Bjorkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and EniOenxdmyra vax Oyparonotnan @ 27 indirect aggression. 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A survey of the Bullying in schools (pp.7-19). Stoke-on-Trent, nature and extent of bullying in junior / middle UK: Trentham Books. and secondary schools. Educational Re- Tattum, D., & Herbert, G. (Eds.). (1997) Bullying: search, 35, 3-25. Bullying and victimisation in Greek primary school pupils MICHAEL J. BOULTON, IOANNA KARELLOU, IOANNA LANITIS, VASSILIKI MANOUSSOU & OURANIA LEMON! Keele University, Staffordshire, UK Assample of 8 to 11 years old Greek pupils (N = 664) provided self-report data on ABSTRACT their involvement in, and attitudes towards, three types of bullying behaviour (hitting and kicking, calling others nasty names and deliberately leaving others out of social activities). A substantial proportion of the sample, and significantly more boys than girls, indicated that they had perpetrated and received such actions. A principal components analysis of the 30 altitudinal items yielded two main factors that accounted for 31.4% of the variance. They were labeled «bullying is wrong and harmfule and «bullying has positive effects, Overall, pupils expressed anti-bullying attitudes, but this was especially true for girls and younger pupils. In terms of the linkages between attitudes and behaviour, higher levels of all three forms of reported bullying, but only one form of victimisation (being hit and kicked), significantly predicted positive, accepting attitudes towards bullying. The implications of these results for educational policy in Greek schools, and for antibullying interventions, are discussed. Key words: Attitudes, Bullying, Victimisation. Address: Michael Boulton, Department of Psychology, University of Keele, Staffordshire, STS 5BG, UK. Tel: *44-1782-583391, Fax: *44-1782-583387, E-mail: psa23@keele.ac.uk