THE NUCLEUS

CHAPTER - 46
1. M = Amp, f = M/V, mp = 1.007276 u
1/3 15 1/3 27
R = R0A = 1.1 10 A , u = 1.6605402 10 kg
A 1.007276 1.6605402 10 27 18 17 3
= = 0.300159 10 = 3 10 kg/m .
4 / 3 3.14 R3
14
f in CGS = Specific gravity = 3 10 .
M M 4 1030 1 1
2. f= V 17
1013 1014
v f 2.4 10 0.6 6
3
V = 4/3 R .
1 3 3 1 3 1
1014 = 4/3 R R = 1014
6 6 4
3 1 100
R = 1012
8
4 4
R = 10 3.17 = 1.585 10 m = 15 km.
3. Let the mass of particle be xu.
particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
2
Binding energy = (2 1.007825 u 1 1.00866 u xu)C = 28.2 MeV (given).
x = 4.0016 u.
7 7
4. Li + p l + + E ; Li = 7.016u
4
= He = 4.0026u ; p = 1.007276 u
7
E = Li + P 2 = (7.016 + 1.007276)u (2 4.0026)u = 0.018076 u.
0.018076 931 = 16.828 = 16.83 MeV.
2
5. B = (Zmp + Nmn M)C
Z = 79 ; N = 118 ; mp = 1.007276u ; M = 196.96 u ; mn = 1.008665u
2
B = [(79 1.007276 + 118 1.008665)u Mu]c
= 198.597274 931 196.96 931 = 1524.302094
so, Binding Energy per nucleon = 1524.3 / 197 = 7.737.
238 4 234
6. a) U 2He + Th
E = [Mu (NHC + MTh)]u = 238.0508 (234.04363 + 4.00260)]u = 4.25487 Mev = 4.255 Mev.
238 234
b) E = U [Th + 2n0 + 2p1]
= {238.0508 [234.64363 + 2(1.008665) + 2(1.007276)]}u
= 0.024712u = 23.0068 = 23.007 MeV.
223 209 14
7. Ra = 223.018 u ; Pb = 208.981 u ; C = 14.003 u.
223 209 14
Ra Pb + C
223 209 14
m = mass Ra mass ( Pb + C)
= 223.018 (208.981 + 14.003) = 0.034.
Energy = M u = 0.034 931 = 31.65 Me.
1
8. EZ.N. EZ1, N + P1 EZ.N. EZ1, N + 1H [As hydrogen has no neutrons but protons only]
2
E = (MZ1, N + NH MZ,N)c
9. E2N = EZ,N1 + 10 n .
2 2
Energy released = (Initial Mass of nucleus Final mass of nucleus)c = (MZ.N1 + M0 MZN)c .
10. P32 S32 + 0v
0
10
Energy of antineutrino and -particle
= (31.974 31.972)u = 0.002 u = 0.002 931 = 1.862 MeV = 1.86.

11. In P + e
We know : Half life = 0.6931 / (Where = decay constant).
4
Or = 0.6931 / 1460 = 8.25 10 S [As half life = 14 min = 14 60 sec].
2 2
Energy = [Mn (MP + Me)]u = [(Mnu Mpu) Mpu]c = [0.00189u 511 KeV/c ]
2 2 2
= [1293159 ev/c 511000 ev/c ]c = 782159 eV = 782 Kev.
46.1
 The Nucleus
226
12. 58 Ra 24 222
26 Rn
19
8 O 19 0 0
9 F n 0 v
13 25
25 Al 12 MG 01e 00 v
13. 64
Cu 64Ni e v
Emission of nutrino is along with a positron emission.
a) Energy of positron = 0.650 MeV.
Energy of Nutrino = 0.650 KE of given position = 0.650 0.150 = 0.5 MeV = 500 Kev.
500 1.6 10 19 22
b) Momentum of Nutrino = 103 J = 2.67 10 kg m/s.
3 108
40
14. a) 19 K 20 Ca40 1e0 0 v 0
40
19 K 18 Ar 40 1e0 0 v 0
40
19 K 1e0 18 Ar 40
40
19 K 20 Ca40 1e0 0 v 0 .
2
b) Q = [Mass of reactants Mass of products]c
2
= [39.964u 39.9626u] = [39.964u 39.9626]uc = (39.964 39.9626) 931 Mev = 1.3034 Mev.
40
19 K 18 Ar 40 1e0 0 v 0
2
Q = (39.9640 39.9624)uc = 1.4890 = 1.49 Mev.
40 0 40
19 K 1e 18 Ar
2
Qvalue = (39.964 39.9624)uc .
6
15. 3 Li n 73Li ; 73 Li r 83Li
8
3 Li 84Be e v
8
4Be 42He 24He
+
16. C B + + v
mass of C = 11.014u ; mass of B = 11.0093u
Energy liberated = (11.014 11.0093)u = 29.5127 Mev.
For maximum K.E. of the positron energy of v may be assumed as 0.
Maximum K.E. of the positron is 29.5127 Mev.
17. Mass 238Th = 228.028726 u ; 224Ra = 224.020196 u ; = 24He 4.00260u
238 224
Th Ra* +
224 224
Ra* Ra + v(217 Kev)
224
Now, Mass of Ra* = 224.020196 931 + 0.217 Mev = 208563.0195 Mev.
226Th 224
KE of = E E( Ra* + )
= 228.028726 931 [208563.0195 + 4.00260 931] = 5.30383 Mev= 5.304 Mev.
12 12 +
18. N C* + e + v
12 12
C* C + v(4.43 Mev)
12 12 +
Net reaction : N C + e + v + v(4.43 Mev)
+ 12 12
Energy of (e + v) = N (c + v)
= 12.018613u (12)u 4.43 = 0.018613 u 4.43 = 17.328 4.43 = 12.89 Mev.
Maximum energy of electron (assuming 0 energy for v) = 12.89 Mev.
19. a) t1/2 = 0.693 / [ Decay constant]
t1/2 = 3820 sec = 64 min.
b) Average life = t1/2 / 0.693 = 92 min.
t
c) 0.75 = 1 e In 0.75 = t t = In 0.75 / 0.00018 = 1598.23 sec.
20. a) 198 grams of Ag contains N0 atoms.
6 1023 1 10 6
1 g of Ag contains N0/198 1 g = atoms
198

46.2
 The Nucleus

0.963 0.693 6 1017

Activity = N = N = disintegrations/day.
t1/ 2 198 2.7
0.693 6 1017 0.693 6 1017
= disintegration/sec = curie = 0.244 Curie.
198 2.7 3600 24 198 2.7 36 24 3.7 1010
A0 0.244
b) A = = 0.0405 = 0.040 Curie.
2t1/ 2 7
2
2.7
21. t1/2 = 8.0 days ; A0 = 20 Cl
a) t = 4.0 days ; = 0.693/8
= 20 10 e( 0.693 / 8)4 = 1.41 10 Ci = 14 Ci
t 6 5
A = A0e
0.693 6
b) = = 1.0026 10 .
8 24 3600
18 1
22. = 4.9 10 s
1 1 1
10 18 sec.
238
a) Avg. life of U =
4.9 1018 4.9
3
= 6.47 10 years.
0.693 0.693 9
b) Half life of uranium = = 4.5 10 years.
4.9 1018
A A
c) A = t / t0 0 2t / t1/ 2 = 22 = 4.
2 1/ 2 A
23. A = 200, A0 = 500, t = 50 min
200 = 500 e
t 50 60
A = A0 e or
4
= 3.05 10 s.
0.693 0.693
b) t1/2 = = 2272.13 sec = 38 min.
0.000305
5
24. A0 = 4 10 disintegration / sec
6
A = 1 10 dis/sec ; t = 20 hours.
A A
A = t / t0 2t / t1/ 2 0 2t / t1/ 2 4
2 1/ 2 A'
1/2
t / t1/ 2 = 2 t = t/2 = 20 hours / 2 = 10 hours.
A0 4 106 6 3
A = t / t1/ 2
A = 0.00390625 10 = 3.9 10 dintegrations/sec.
2 2100 / 10
25. t1/2 = 1602 Y ; Ra = 226 g/mole ; Cl = 35.5 g/mole.
1 mole RaCl2 = 226 + 71 = 297 g
297g = 1 mole of Ra.
1 0.1 6.023 1023 22
0.1 g = 0.1 mole of Ra = = 0.02027 10
297 297
11
= 0.693 / t1/2 = 1.371 10 .
11 20 9 9
Activity = N = 1.371 10 2.027 10 = 2.779 10 = 2.8 10 disintegrations/second.
26. t1/2 = 10 hours, A0 = 1 ci
0.693
9
t
Activity after 9 hours = A0 e = 1 e 10 = 0.5359 = 0.536 Ci.
th
No. of atoms left after 9 hour, A9 = N9
A 9 0.536 10 3.7 1010 3600 10 13
N9 = = 28.6176 10 3600 = 103.023 10 .
0.693
0.693
9
t
Activity after 10 hours = A0 e = 1 e 10 = 0.5 Ci.
th
No. of atoms left after 10 hour
A10 = N10

46.3
 The Nucleus

A10 0.5 3.7 1010 3600 10 13

N10 = = 26.37 10 3600 = 96.103 10 .
0.693 /10
13 13
No.of disintegrations = (103.023 96.103) 10 = 6.92 10 .
27. t1/2 = 14.3 days ; t = 30 days = 1 month
As, the selling rate is decided by the activity, hence A0 = 800 disintegration/sec.
t
We know, A = A0e [ = 0.693/14.3]
A = 800 0.233669 = 186.935 = 187 rupees.
28. According to the question, the emission rate of rays will drop to half when the + decays to half of its
original amount. And for this the sample would take 270 days.
The required time is 270 days.
+ +
29. a) P n + e + v Hence it is a decay.
b) Let the total no. of atoms be 100 N0.
Carbon Boron
Initially 90 N0 10 N0
Finally 10 N0 90 N0
0.693
t
t
Now, 10 N0 = 90 N0 e 1/9 = e 20.3 [because t1/2 = 20.3 min]
1 0.693 2.1972 20.3
In tt = 64.36 = 64 min.
9 20.3 0.693
23
30. N = 4 10 ; t1/2 = 12.3 years.
dN 0.693 0.693
a) Activity = n N 4 1023 dis/year.
dt t1/ 2 12.3
14
= 7.146 10 dis/sec.
dN 14
b) 7.146 10
dt
14 17 19
No.of decays in next 10 hours = 7.146 10 10 36.. = 257.256 10 = 2.57 10 .
0.693
t 23
6.16 23
c) N = N0 e = 4 10 e 20.3 = 2.82 10 = No.of atoms remained
23 23
No. of atoms disintegrated = (4 2.82) 10 = 1.18 10 .
2
31. Counts received per cm = 50000 Counts/sec.
16
N = N3o of active nucleic = 6 10
2
Total counts radiated from the source = Total surface area 50000 counts/cm
4 4 9
= 4 3.14 1 10 5 10 = 6.28 10 Counts = dN/dt 1 cm2
dN
We know, N
dt
6.28 109 7 7 1 1m
Or = = 1.0467 10 = 1.05 10 s .
6 1016
32. Half life period can be a single for all the process. It is the time taken for 1/2 of the uranium to convert to
lead.
238 6 1023 2 103 12 20
No. of atoms of U = = 10 20 = 0.05042 10
238 238
6 1023 0.6 10 3 3.6
No. of atoms in Pb = 1020
206 206
12 3.6 20
Initially total no. of uranium atoms = 10 = 0.06789
235 206
0.693 0.693
t 9
N = N0 e N = N0 e t / t1/ 2 0.05042 = 0.06789 e 4.4710
0.05042 0.693t
log
0.06789 4.47 109
9
t = 1.92 10 years.

46.4
 The Nucleus
33. A0 = 15.3 ; A = 12.3 ; t1/2 = 5730 year
0.6931 0.6931 1
= yr
T1/ 2 5730
Let the time passed be t,
0.6931
We know A = A 0 et t 12.3 = 15.3 e.
5730
t = 1804.3 years.
34. The activity when the bottle was manufactured = A0
0.693
8
Activity after 8 years = A 0 e 12.5

Let the time of the mountaineering = t years from the present

0.693
t
A = A0e 12.5 ; A = Activity of the bottle found on the mountain.
A = (Activity of the bottle manufactured 8 years before) 1.5%
0.693 0.693
8
A0e 12.5 = A0e 12.5 0.015
0.693 0.6938
t In[0.015]
12.5 12.5
0.05544 t = 0.44352 + 4.1997 t = 83.75 years.
9 1
35. a) Here we should take R0 at time is t0 = 30 10 s
30 109
i) In(R0/R1) = In
30 109 = 0 30

25
30 109
ii) In(R0/R2) = In = 0.63
9 Count rate R(109 s1) 20
16 10
15
30 109
iii) In(R0/R3) = In = 1.35 10
9
8 10 5

30 10 9
iv) In(R0/R4) = In 9 = 2.06 25 50 75 100
3.8 10 Time t (Minute)
30 109
v) In(R0/R5) = In
2 109 = 2.7

1
b) The decay constant = 0.028 min
c) The half life period = t1/2.
0.693 0.693
t1/2 = = 25 min.
0.028
9 9
36. Given : Half life period t1/2 = 1.30 10 year , A = 160 count/s = 1.30 10 365 86400
0.693
A = N 160 = N
t1/ 2
160 1.30 365 86400 109 18
N= = 9.5 10
0.693
23
6.023 10 No. of present in 40 grams.
40
6.023 1023 = 40 g 1 =
6.023 1023
18 40 9.5 1018
4
9.5 10 present in = = 6.309 10 = 0.00063.
6.023 1023
The relative abundance at 40 k in natural potassium = (2 0.00063 100)% = 0.12%.

46.5
 The Nucleus
7 -1/2
37. a) P + e n + v neutrino [a 4.95 10 s ; b 1]
b) f = a(z b)
7 7 2 14
c / = 4.95 10 (79 1) = 4.95 10 78 C/ = (4.95 78) 10
3 108 5 6 4
= = 2 10 10 = 2 10 m = 20 pm.
14903.2 1014
dN dN
38. Given : Half life period = t1/2, Rate of radio active decay = R R=
dt dt
Given after time t >> t1/2, the number of active nuclei will become constant.
i.e. (dN/dt)present = R = (dN/dt)decay
R = (dN/dt)decay
R = N [where, = Radioactive decay constant, N = constant number]
0.693 Rt1/ 2
R= (N) Rt1/2 = 0.693 N N = .
t1/ 2 0.693
39. Let N0 = No. of radioactive particle present at time t = 0
N = No. of radio active particle present at time t.
t
N = N0 e [ - Radioactive decay constant]
t t
The no.of particles decay = N0 N = N0 N0e = N0 (1 e )
We know, A0 = N0 ; R = N0 ; N0 = R/
From the above equation
R
N = N0 (1 e ) = (1 e t )
t
(substituting the value of N0)

23
40. n = 1 mole = 6 10 atoms, t1/2 = 14.3 days
t = 70 hours, dN/dt in root after time t = N
0.69370
t 23 23 23
N = No e = 6 10 e 14.324 = 6 10 0.868 = 5.209 10 .
5.209 1023 0.693 0.010510 dis/hour.
23
14.324 3600
6 23 17
= 2.9 10 10 dis/sec = 2.9 10 dis/sec.
1ci
Fraction of activity transmitted = 100%
2.9 1017
1 3.7 108 11

2.9 1011 100 % = 1.275 10 %.

41. V = 125 cm3 = 0.125 L, P = 500 K pa = 5 atm.
8
T = 300 K, t1/2 = 12.3 years = 3.82 10 sec. Activity = N
23 5 0.125 22
N = n 6.023 10 = 6.023 1023 = 1.5 10 atoms.
8.2 10 2 3 102
0.693 8 9 1
= = 0.1814 10 = 1.81 10 s
3.82 108
9 22 3
Activity = N = 1.81 10 1.5 10 = 2.7 10 disintegration/sec
2.7 1013
= Ci = 729 Ci.
3.7 1010
212 208
42. 83 Bi 81 Ti 24He( )
212
83 Bi
212
84 212
Bi 84 P0 e
t1/2 = 1 h. Time elapsed = 1 hour
212
at t = 0 Bi Present = 1 g
212
at t = 1 Bi Present = 0.5 g
Probability -decay and -decay are in ratio 7/13.
Tl remained = 0.175 g
P0 remained = 0.325 g
46.6
 The Nucleus
108 110 8
43. Activities of sample containing Ag and Ag isotopes = 8.0 10 disintegration/sec.
8
a) Here we take A = 8 10 dis./sec
i) In (A1/ A 01 ) = In (11.794/8) = 0.389
ii) In (A2/ A 02 ) = In(9.1680/8) = 0.1362 12
10
iii) In (A3/ A 03 ) = In(7.4492/8) = 0.072
8
iv) In (A4/ A 04 ) = In(6.2684/8) = 0.244
6
v) In(5.4115/8) = 0.391 4
vi) In(3.0828/8) = 0.954
2 20 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 500
vii) In(1.8899/8) = 1.443
viii) In(1.167/8) = 1.93
2
ix) In(0.7212/8) = 2.406 Time
b) The half life of 110 Ag from this part of the plot is 24.4 s. 4
110
c) Half life of Ag = 24.4 s.
decay constant = 0.693/24.4 = 0.0284 t = 50 sec,
t 8 0.028450 8
The activity A = A0e = 8 10 e = 1.93 10
d)
6
4
2

O 20 40 60 80
108
e) The half life period of Ag from the graph is 144 s.
44. t1/2 = 24 h
tt 24 6
t1/2 = 1 2 = 4.8 h.
t1 t 2 24 6
A0 = 6 rci ; A = 3 rci
A 6 rci t
A = t / t0 3 rci = t / 4.8h = 2 t = 4.8 h.
2 1/ 2 2 24.8h
45. Q = qe t / CR ; A = A0e
t

Energy 1q2 e 2t / cR

Activity 2 CA 0 e t
Since the term is independent of time, so their coefficients can be equated,
2t 2 1 2
So, = t or, = or, or, R = 2 (Proved)
CR CR CR C
46. R = 100 ; L = 100 mH
After time t, i = i0 (1 e t / Lr )
t
N = N0 (e )
i i0 (1 e tR / L )
i/N is constant i.e. independent of time.
N N0 et
Coefficients of t are equal R/L = R/L = 0.693/t1/2
3 4
= t1/2 = 0.693 10 = 6.93 10 sec.
235 23
47. 1 g of I contain 0.007 g U So, 235 g contains 6.023 10 atoms.
6.023 1023
So, 0.7 g contains 0.007 atom
235
6.023 10 23 0.007 200 106 1.6 10 19 8
1 atom given 200 Mev. So, 0.7 g contains J = 5.74 10 J.
235
48. Let n atoms disintegrate per second
6 19
Total energy emitted/sec = (n 200 10 1.6 10 ) J = Power
6
300 MW = 300 10 Watt = Power
46.7
 The Nucleus
6 6 19
300 10 = n 200 10 1.6 10
3 3
n= 1019 = 1019
2 1.6 3.2
23
6 10 atoms are present in 238 grams
3 238 3 1019 4
1019 atoms are present in = 3.7 10 g = 3.7 mg.
3.2 6 1023 3.2
8
49. a) Energy radiated per fission = 2 10 ev
8 7 12
Usable energy = 2 10 25/100 = 5 10 ev = 5 1.6 10
8 8
Total energy needed = 300 10 = 3 10 J/s
3 108 20
No. of fission per second = = 0.375 10
5 1.6 1012
20 24
No. of fission per day = 0.375 10 3600 24 = 3.24 10 fissions.
24
b) From a No. of atoms disintegrated per day = 3.24 10
23
We have, 6.023 10 atoms for 235 g
235
for 3.24 1024 atom = 23
3.24 1024 g = 1264 g/day = 1.264 kg/day.
6.023 10
2 2
50. a) 1 H 1H 13H 11H
Q value = 2M(12 H) = [M(13 H) M(13 H)]
= [2 2.014102 (3.016049 + 1.007825)]u = 4.0275 Mev = 4.05 Mev.
2 2
b) 1 H 1H 32H n
Q value = 2[M(12 H) M(32 He) Mn ]
= [2 2.014102 (3.016049 + 1.008665)]u = 3.26 Mev = 3.25 Mev.
2 3
c) 1 H 1H 24H n
Q value = [M(12 H) M(13 He) M( 24 He) Mn ]
= (2.014102 + 3.016049) (4.002603 + 1.008665)]u = 17.58 Mev = 17.57 Mev.
Kq1q2 9 109 (2 1.6 1019 )2
51. PE = = (1)
r r
23
1.5 KT = 1.5 1.38 10 T (2)
23 9 109 10.24 10 38
Equating (1) and (2) 1.5 1.38 10 T=
2 10 15
9 109 10.24 10 38 9 10
T= = 22.26087 10 K = 2.23 10 K.
2 10 15 1.5 1.38 10 23
4 4 8
52. H + H Be
2
M( H) 4.0026 u
8
M( Be) 8.0053 u
2 8
Q value = [2 M( H) M( Be)] = (2 4.0026 8.0053) u
= 0.0001 u = 0.0931 Mev = 93.1 Kev.
23
53. In 18 g of N0 of molecule = 6.023 10
6.023 1026 25
In 100 g of N0 of molecule = = 3.346 10
18
26
% of Deuterium = 3.346 10 99.985
25
Energy of Deuterium = 30.4486 10 = (4.028204 3.016044) 93
5
= 942.32 ev = 1507 10 J = 1507 mJ

46.8