Assignment 1

Name: Fahmi Izzuddin Bin Abdul Rahman

Subject: Compressible Flow

I.C Number: 930612055207

Metric Number: MKM161043

Lecturer: Dr Shabudin Bin Mat

Assignment 1

Supersonic ramjet engines require the compression and deceleration of the inlet flow
prior to the combustion chamber. This compression and deceleration to subsonic
conditions can be accomplished directly through a single strong normal shock. An
alternative approach consists of compressing he inlet flow first through oblique shock
and then through a normal shock. Decide which method is better. Consider a scenario
where the inlet flow is M=4.0 and the pressure is 1 atm.

Question A

Calculate the stagnation pressure associated with the inlet flow.

Stagnation pressure can be described as pressure at stagnation point. Stagnation point

is a point where the velocity of the flow is 0 or V=0m/s. The flow inside the engine is
at M= 4.0 which is a compressible flow. We know that the flow in nozzle is an
isentropic flow because the flow entropy remains constant. Hence the stagnation
pressure associated with the inlet flow can be described with isentropic relations:


p0  0  T0  1
( ) ( )
p  T

Where: P0 = stagnation or total pressure

p = pressure at a point

0 = stagnation or total density

 = density at a point

T0 = Total or stagnation temperature

T = Temperature at a point

ϒ= Cp/Cv. The standard value is 1.4

The isentropic relations are derived from the 2nd law of thermodynamic (entropy).

Where: dq= actual amount of heat added

T= Temperature

ds= Entropy

dsirrev = generation of entropy due to the irreversible, dissipative

phenomena of viscosity, thermal conductivity, and mass
diffusion occurring within the system.

For an adiabatic process, δq = 0. Also, for a reversible process, dsirrev = 0. Thus, for
an adiabatic, reversible process, Equation above yields ds = 0, or entropy is constant;
hence, the word “isentropic.” For such an isentropic process, equation above can be
written as:

From:


p0 T
The entropy equation can be written as:  ( 0 )  1
p T
 p0
p
The equation of interest for question A) is only . From there refer to appendix
p0
p
A in the text book. The interest section is at M= 4.0

From the table it can be seen that at M=4.0, p0

 0.1518  03 , from the question
p

statement it is known that p = 1atm. Hence;

P0  P(0.1518  03)  (1)(0.1518  03)  151.8atm

Question B

The properties of normal shock waves are:

1. The flow is steady, that is, ∂/∂t = 0.

2. The flow is adiabatic, that is, ˙q = 0. We are not adding or taking away heat from
the control volume (we are not heating the shock wave with a Bunsen burner, for
example). The temperature increases across the shock wave, not because heat is being
added, but rather, because kinetic energy is converted to internal energy across the
shock wave.

3. There are no viscous effects on the sides of the control volume. The shock wave
itself is a thin region of extremely high velocity and temperature gradients; hence,
friction and thermal conduction play an important role on the flow structure inside the
wave. However, the wave itself is buried inside the control volume, and with the
integral form of the conservation equations, we are not concerned about the details of
what goes on inside the control volume.

4. There are no body forces; f = 0.

From the properties mentioned above it is clear that normal shock wave is isentropic
flow or calorically perfect gas.

From the energy equation:

The equation can be elaborated to fit calorically perfect gas condition h=cpt and
turned into:

Equation above provides a formula from which the defined total temperature T0 can
be calculated from the given actual conditions of T and u at any given point in a
general flow field. Equivalently, if we have any two points along a streamline in a
steady, adiabatic, inviscid flow, Equation above become:

For a calorically perfect gas, the ratio of total temperature to static temperature T0/T is
a function of Mach number only, so:

Hence:


p0 T
From here the equation from question A)  ( 0 )  1 can be combine with
p T

above equation to form:

From there we can solve the problem:

ϒ = 1.4

P=1 atm

1.4  1
1.4

p 0  (1  (4) 2 ) 1.4 1 (1)  151.8atm

2
Question C

wave angle is β = 40˚, from figure 9.8 from the textbook the deflection angle can be
obtained, θ = 26.5˚.

intersection

Using the equation of normal Mach number behind oblique shock wave:

From the question M1 = 4

Mn,1 = M1 Sin β

= 4 Sin 40

= 2.57
 Using appendix B, the value of Mn,2 can be find

The value of Mn,1 is round to 2.6 and from the table, the value of Mn,2 = 0.5039 and
𝑃2
= 7.72.
𝑃1

From here the value of M2 can be find using:

𝑀𝑛,2
M2 =
𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 𝛽− 𝜃)

0.5039
=
𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 40− 26.5)

= 2.16
𝑃2
From = 7.72, the value of P2 is:
𝑃1

𝑃2 = 7.72 (P1)

P1 = 1 atm from the question.

So,
P2 = 7.72(1) = 7.72 atm
The flow then past normal shock wave. Therefore, the value of P0 can be find using
the equation from question B).

Where:

M = 2.16

ϒ = 1.4

P= 7.72 atm

1.4  1
1.4
p0  (1  (2.16) 2 ) 1.41 (7.72)  77.54atm
2

Question D

The stagnation pressure in question B is lower compared to question A.