Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

CHAPTER

2 Quadratic Equations

1. (b), (c) and (d) are quadratic equations. 4. (a) (x + 5) = 0

x = –5
2. (a) 3x – 4 = x2 Hence, x = –5 is a root.
x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
(b) 2x – 1 = 0
(b) x(4 – x) = 5 1
x =
4x – x2 = 5 2
x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 1
Hence, x = is a root.
2
(c) (x – 1)(5 + x) = 2x
5x + x2 – 5 – x = 2x (c) When (1 – 3x) = 0
x2 + 4x – 5 – 2x = 0 1
x =
x2 + 2x – 5 = 0 3
4x When (x + 3) = 0
(d) x – 2 = x = –3
x+1
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 4x Hence, x = 3 is not a root.
x2 + x – 2x – 2 = 4x
x2 – 5x – 2 = 0
5. (a) x2 – 9 = 0
(e) 5(x + 3)(2x – 1) = (x + 3)(4 – x) Try using the factors of 9, that is, 1, 9, –1, –9,
5(2x2 – x + 6x – 3) = 4x – x2 + 12 – 3x 3, –3.
10x2 – 5x + 30x – 15 = 4x – x2 + 12 – 3x
When x = 3 or x = –3,
10x2 + 25x – 15 = x – x2 + 12
x2 – 9 = 0
10x + 25x – 15 – x + x2 – 12 = 0
2

11x2 + 24x – 27 = 0 Therefore, x = 3 and x = –3 are the roots.

Alternative
3. (a) Substitute x = 1 into the expression, Using improvement method,
x2 – 2x + 1 = 12 – 2(1) + 1
=0 x x2 – 9
Thus, x = 1 is a root. –1 –8
(b) Substitute x = –2 into the expression, –2 –5
5x2 – 3x = 5(–2)2 – 3(–2) –3 0
= 20 + 6
1 –8
= 26 (≠6)
Thus, x = –2 is not a root. 2 –5

(c) Substitute x = 2 into 3x2 and 4x + 4 respectively, 3 0

3x2 = 3(2)2 Therefore, x = –3 and x = 3 are the roots.
= 12
4x + 4 = 4(2) + 4
= 12
Since LHS = RHS, therefore x = 2 is a root.

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

(b) x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 (f) (x – 1)(x + 2) = 2x

Try using the factor of 4, x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 2x
that is, 1, –1, 2, –2, 4, – 4. x2 – x – 2 = 0
When x = 1, x2 – 3x – 4 = 1 – 3 – 4 (x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
= – 6 ≠ 0 x – 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 2 or x = –1
When x = –1, x2 – 3x – 4 = 1 + 3 – 4
=0 x+3
(g) –––––– = x + 3
2x – 1
When x = 4, x2 – 3x – 4 = 42 – 3(4) – 4 x + 3 = (x + 3)(2x – 1)
=0 = 2x2 – x + 6x – 3
Therefore, x = –1 and x = 4 are the roots. 2x2 + 5x – 3 – x – 3 = 0
2x2 + 4x – 6 = 0
(c) 3x2 – 3x – 6 = 0 x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
x2 – x – 2 = 0 (x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
Try using the factors of 2, that is, 1, –1, 2, –2.
x + 3 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
When x = 1, x2 – x – 2 = 1 – 1 – 2 x = –3 or x = 1
= –2 ≠ 0
When x = –1, x2 – x – 2 = 1 + 1 – 2 7. (a) x2 + 4x = 1
=0 x2 + 4x + 22 = 1 + 22
(x + 2)2 = 5
When x = 2, x2 – x – 2 = 4 – 2 – 2
=0 x + 2 = ±AB 5

Therefore, x = –1 and x = 2 are the roots. x = ±AB

5   
–2
= AB
5   – 2 or –AB
5   
–2
6. (a) 3x = x 2 = 0.2361 or – 4.236
3x2 – x = 0 (b) 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0
x(3x – 1) = 0
3
x = 0 or 3x – 1 = 0 x2 + 2x – — = 0

2
1 3
x = — x2 + 2x = —
3 2
(b)
x2 – 4 = 0 3
x2 + 2x + 12 = — + 12

x2 = 4 2
x = ±AB 4 5
(x + 1) =2
—
= ±2 2

(c)

x2 + 3x + 2 =
(x + 1)(x + 2) =
0
0
x + 1 = ± —
5
2 ABB
x + 1 = 0 or x + 2 =
x = –1 or x =
0
–2

5
ABB
x = ± — – 1
2

(d)

4x2 – 2x – 6 =
2x2 – x – 3 =
0
0
=
5
—
2
5
ABB
 – 1 or – — – 1
2 ABB
(2x – 3)(x + 1) = 0 = 0.5811 or –2.581
2x – 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 (c) (x – 1)(x – 2) = 1
3 x = –1 x2 – 3x + 2 = 1
x = — or
2 x2 – 3x = 1 – 2
(e) 3x2 – 8 = 2x 3 2 3 2

3x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
1 2
x2 – 3x + — = –1 + —
2 2 1 2
(3x + 4)(x – 2) = 0 3 2
5
3x + 4 = 0 or x – 2 = 0 1
x – — = —
2 2 4
4
x = – — or x = 2
3

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

3
x – — = ± —
2
5
4 ABB 42 – 4(2)(–3)
– 4 ± ABBBBBBBBB
= ––––––––––––––––––
2(2)

5
x = ± — + —
4
3
2 ABB = ––––––––
4
40
– 4 ±ABB

5 3
= — + — or – — + —
4 2 ABB
5
4
3
2 ABB 4
40
– 4 + ABB 40
– 4 – ABB
= ––––––––– or ––––––––
4
= 2.618 or 0.3820 = 0.581 or –2.581
2x – 1 –2 (c) (x – 1)(x – 2) = 1
(d) –––––––– = ––––––
11 1 – 3x x2 – 3x + 2 = 1
1 + –––x
2 x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
(2x – 1)(1 – 3x) = –2 – 11x So, a = 1, b = –3 and c = 1
2x – 6x2 – 1 + 3x = –2 – 11x
6x2 – 5x + 1 – 2 – 11x = 0 b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
6x2 – 16x – 1 = 0 2a
6x2 – 16x = 1 (–3)2 – 4(1)(1)
–(–3) ± ABBBBBBBBBB
= –––––––––––––––––––––
16 1 2(1)
x2 – ––– x = —
6 6 3 ± AB5
8 1 = –––––––
x – —x = —
2 2
3 6
3 + AB5 3 – AB5
8 4 2 1 4 2 = ––––––– or ––––––
1 2
x2 – —x + — = — + — 1 2 2 2
3 3 6 3 = 2.618 or 0.382
16
1x – —43 2 = —16 + –––
2
2x – 1 –2
9 (d) ––––––––– = ––––––
35 11 1 – 3x
= ––– 1 + –––x
18 2
(2x – 1)(1 – 3x) = –2 – 11x

4
x – — = ± –––
3
35
18 ABBB 2x – 6x2 – 1 + 3x = –2 – 11x
6x2 – 16x – 1 = 0

35
x = ± ––– + —
18
4
3 ABBB So, a = 6, b = –16 and c = –1

= ––– + —
35
18
4
3 ABBB b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
2a
or – ––– + —
35
18
4
3 ABBB (–16)2 – 4(6)(–1)
–(–16) ± ABBBBBBBBBBBB
= ––––––––––––––––––––––––
2(6)
= 2.728 or –0.06110
280
16 ± ABBB
= ––––––––––
8. (a) x + 4x = 1
2 12
x2 + 4x – 1 = 0 280
16 + ABBB 280
16 – ABBB
= –––––––––– or ––––––––––
So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = –1 12 12
= 2.728 or –0.061
b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
2a 9. (a) Sum of roots = 1 + 3
42 – 4(1)(–1)
– 4 ± ABBBBBBBBB =4
= –––––––––––––––––
2(1)
Product of roots = 1 × 3
– 4 ±ABB20
= –––––––– =3
2 Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 – 4x + 3 = 0.
– 4 + ABB20 20
– 4 – ABB
= ––––––––– or ––––––––– (b) Sum of roots = –2 + 5
2 2
= 0.236 or –4.236 =3

(b) 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 Product of roots = (–2)(5)

So, a = 2, b = 4 and c = –3 = –10

b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x = –––––––––––––
2a

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

Hence, the quadratic equation is 2x2 – 4x + 10 = 0

x2 – 3x + (–10) = 0 x2 – 2x + 5 = 0
x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 Therefore, sum of roots = 2
(c) Sum of roots = (– 6) + (–1) product of roots = 5
= –7
Product of roots = (–6)(–1) 11. (a) 4x2 – 5x + 1 = 0
=6 So, a = 4, b = –5 and c = 1
Hence, the quadratic equation is b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(4)(1)
x2 – (–7)x + 6 = 0 = 25 – 16
x2 + 7x + 6 = 0 =9.0
1 Hence, the two roots are distinct.
(d) Sum of roots = — + 7
2 (b) 3x2 + 2x + 6 = 0
15 So, a = 3, b = 2 and c = 6
= –––
2
b2 – 4ac = 22 – 4(3)(6)
1 = 4 – 72
Product of roots = — (7)
2 1 2 = – 68 , 0
7
=— Hence, there is no real roots.
2
Hence, the quadratic equation is (c) x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
15 7 So, a = 1, b = 4 and c = 4
x2 – ––– x + — = 0
2 2
b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(1)(4)
2x2 – 15x + 7 = 0
=0
(e) Sum of roots = 4 + 4
Hence, the two roots are equal.
=8
(d) 5x – 8 = x2
Product of roots = 4 × 4
x2 – 5x + 8 = 0
= 16
So, a = 1, b = –5 and c = 8
Hence, the quadratic equation is x2 – 8x + 16 = 0.
b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(1)(8)
= 25 – 32
10. (a) x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 = –7 , 0
Therefore, sum of roots = 3 Hence, there is no real roots.
product of roots = – 4
(e) (x – 3)(2x + 1) = 6x
(b) x2 + 8x + 1 = 0 2x2 – 5x – 3 – 6x = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = –8 2x2 – 11x – 3 = 0
product of roots = 1 So, a = 2, b = –11 and c = –3

(c) 2x2 – 6x – 7 = 0 b2 – 4ac = (–11)2 – 4(2)(–3)

7 = 121 + 24
x2 – 3x – — = 0 = 145 . 0
2
Therefore, sum of roots = 3 Hence, there are two different roots.
7
product of roots = – —
2 4x
(f) 2x – 1 = ––––––
(d) (x – 1)(x + 3) = 8 3x + 5
x2 + 2x – 3 – 8 = 0 (2x – 1)(3x + 5) = 4x
x2 + 2x – 11 = 0 6x2 + 10x – 3x – 5 – 4x = 0
6x2 + 3x – 5 = 0
Therefore, sum of roots = –2 So, a = 6, b = 3 and c = –5
product of roots = –11
b2 – 4ac = 32 – 4(6)(–5)
x–2
–––––– —x = 9 + 120
(e) =
2x + 1 5 = 129 . 0
5(x – 2) = x(2x + 1)
5x – 10 = 2x2 + x Hence, there are two different roots.

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

12. 2x2 – kx + 2 = 0 18. x2 – kx + 9 = 6x

So, a = 2, b = –k and c = 2 x2 – kx – 6x + 9 = 0
Since the roots are equal, x2 – (k + 6)x + 9 = 0
then b2 – 4ac = 0 So, a = 1, b = – (k + 6) and c = 9
(–k)2 – 4(2)(2) = 0 Since the roots are equal,
k2 = 16 then b2 – 4ac = 0
k = ±4 [–(k + 6)] – 4(1)(9) = 0
2

(k + 6)2 – 36 = 0
13. x2 – 3x – k = 0 (k + 6)2 = 36
So, a = 1, b = –3 and c = –k k + 6 = ±6
k = ±6 – 6
Since the roots are different, = 6 – 6 or –6 – 6
then b2 – 4ac . 0 = 0 or –12
(–3)2 – 4(1)(–k) . 0
9 + 4k . 0
4k . –9 19. (x – 4)(2x + 3) = k
9 2x2 + 3x – 8x – 12 – k = 0
k . – — 2x2 – 5x – 12 – k = 0
4
So, a = 2, b = –5 and c = –12 – k
14. kx2 + 4x – 1 = 0 Since the roots are real,
So, a = k, b = 4 and c = –1 then b2 – 4ac > 0
Since the roots are not real, (–5)2 – 4(2)(–12 – k) > 0
then b2 – 4ac , 0 25 + 96 + 8k > 0
42 – 4k(–1) , 0 121 + 8k > 0
42 + 4k , 0 8k > –121
4k , –16 121
k > – ––––
k , –4 8

15. kx2 + hx – 4 = 0 20. Given y = 4x – 1................................. 1

So, a = k, b = h and c = –4 and y = kx2 + 3x – 2........................ 2

Since the roots are equal, Substitute 1 into 2,

then b2 – 4ac = 0 4x – 1 = kx2 + 3x – 2
h2 – 4k(– 4) = 0 kx2 + 3x – 4x – 2 + 1 = 0
h2 + 16k = 0 kx2 – x – 1 = 0
So, a = k, b = –1 and c = –1
16. 2x2 + px = k Since the straight line intersects the curve at two
2x2 + px – k = 0 different points,
So, a = 2, b = p and c = –k then b2 – 4ac . 0
(–1)2 – 4(k)(–1) . 0
Since the roots are not real, 1 + 4k . 0
then b2 – 4ac , 0 4k . –1
p2 – 4(2)(–k) , 0
1
p2 + 8k , 0 k . – —
4

17. px2 – qx = 4 21. Given y = hx – k.................................. 1

px2 – qx – 4 = 0 and y = 4x2 – 5x + 6........................ 2
So, a = p, b = –q and c = – 4
Substitute 1 into 2,
Since the roots are different, hx – k = 4x2 – 5x + 6
then b2 – 4ac . 0 4x2 – 5x – hx + 6 + k = 0
(–q)2 – 4(p)(– 4) . 0 4x2 – (5 + h)x + 6 + k = 0
q2 + 16p . 0 So, a = 4, b = – (5 + h) and c = 6 + k

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

Since the straight line does not intersect the curve, 2

then b2 – 4ac , 0 1 2
Product of roots = (–5) —
3
[–(5 + h)] – 4(4)(6 + k) , 0
2
10
= – –––
(5 + h)2 – 96 – 16k , 0 3
25 + 10h + h2 – 96 – 16k , 0 Hence, the quadratic equation is
h2 + 10h – 16k , 96 – 25
13 10
h2 + 10h – 16k , 71 1 3 2 1 3 2
x2 – – ––– x + – ––– = 0
13 10
x +
2
––– x – ––– = 0
3 3
Multiply both sides by 3,
1 3x2 + 13x – 10 = 0
1. (2 – x)(x + 1) = —x(x – 5)
4
1 5
2x + 2 – x2 – x = —x2 – —x
4 4 4. (a) (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3
1 2 —5 x2 + 2x – x – 2 – 3 = 0
x – x + 2 = x – x
2
—
4 4 x2 + x – 5 = 0
1 5
—x + x – —x – x – 2 = 0
2 2
4 4 (b) product of roots = –5
5 9
—x2 – — x – 2 = 0
4 4 (c) a = 1, b = 1, c = –5
b2 – 4ac = 12 – 4(1)(–5)
Multiply both sides by 4,
= 21 > 0
5x2 – 9x – 8 = 0
So, a = 5, b = –9 and c = –8 \ There are 2 different real roots.

b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x =
2a 5.   4nx2 + x + 4nx + n – 2 = 0
(–9)2 – 4(5)(–8)
–(–9) ± ABBBBBBBBBBB 4nx2 + (1 + 4n)x + n – 2 = 0
=
2(5) a = 4n,   b = 1 + 4n,   c = n – 2
241
9 ± ABBB For two equal roots,
=
10 b2 – 4ac = 0
241
9 + ABBB 241
9 – ABBB (1 + 4n)2 – 4(4n)(n – 2) = 0
= or 1 + 8n + 16n2 – 16n2 + 32n = 0
10 10
= 2.452 or – 0.6524 40n + 1 = 0
n = – 1
40
2. 2x2 + AB
px = q – 1
2x + AB
2
px + 1 – q = 0 6. 3x2 – 4x + p – 1 = 0
p and c = 1 – q
So, a = 2, b = AB a = 3,   b = –4,   c = p – 1
Since the equation has two equal roots, b2 – 4ac , 0
then b2 – 4ac = 0 (–4) – 4(3)(p – 1) , 0
2

16 – 12p + 12 , 0
p) – 4(2)(1 – q) = 0
(AB 2
28 – 12p , 0
p – 8(1 – q) = 0
28 , 12p
p – 8 + 8q = 0 28
8q = 8 – p , p
12
8–p 7
q = p .
8 3
2
3. Sum of roots = –5 +
3
–15 + 2
=
3
13
=–
3

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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

4. (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3(x – 1)
x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 3x – 3
1. Substitute x = 5 into 3x2 – px + 6 = 0, x2 + x – 2 – 3x + 3 = 0
3(5)2 – p(5) + 6 = 0 x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
75 – 5p + 6 = 0 (x – 1)2 = 0
5p = 81 x = 1
81
p =
5 x
5. x – 4 =
x+2
2. 2x2 + px + q = 0 (x – 4)(x + 2) = x
p q x2 + 2x – 4x – 8 = x
x2 + —x + — = 0
2 2 x2 – 3x – 8 = 0
p So, a = 1, b = –3 and c = –8
Sum of roots = – —
2
p b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
2 + (–3) = – — x =
2 2a
p (–3)2 – 4(1)(–8)
–(–3) ± ABBBBBBBBBBB
–1 = – — =
2 2(1)
p = 2 41
3 ± ABB
=
q 2
Product of roots = —
2 41
3 + ABB 41
3 – ABB
q = or
2(–3) = — 2 2
2 = 4.702 or –1.702
q = –12

6
3. px2 + 2x = –px + q – 1 6. —y = y2 – 1
5
px + 2x + px + 1 – q = 0
2

px2 + (2 + p)x + 1 – q = 0 Multiply both sides by 5,

2+p 1–q 6y = 5y2 – 5
x2 + 1 p x+ 2 1 p = 0 2 5y2 – 6y – 5 = 0
So, a = 5, b = –6 and c = –5
2+p
Sum of roots = –  1 p 2 b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB
x =
1 2 2a
— + (– 4) = – —p –1
2 (– 6)2 – 4(5)(–5)
–(– 6) ± ABBBBBBBBBBB
2 — 5 =
— 2(5)
p = 2
36 + 100
6 ± ABBBBBBB
4 =
p = — 10
5
136
6 ± ABBB
1–q =
Product of roots = 10
p
136
6 + ABBB 136
6 – ABBB
1 1–q = or
— (– 4) = 10 10
2 4
5 = 1.766 or – 0.5662
–2 = (1 – q) 1 54 2
Completing
5 5 7. x2 – 6x + 1 = (x2 – 6x + 32) – 32 + 1
= –  q the square
4 4 = (x – 3)2 – 8
5 13 Compare (x – 3)2 – 8 with (x + m)2 + n,
 q =
4 4 therefore m = –3 and n = –8.
13
q =
5

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

8. x2 – 4x + 2 = 0 12. 2x2 + 6x – 9 = 0
x2 – 4x + 22 – 22 + 2 = 0 9
x2 + 3x – — = 0
(x – 2)2 – 2 = 0 2
Hence, a = 1, b = –2 and c = –2. (a) Sum of roots = –3
9
(b) Product of roots = – —
2
9. 3x2 – 6x – 1 = 0
h
1 13. 2x2 – kx + — = 0
x2 – 2x – — = 0 2
3 k h
1 x – —x + — = 0
2
x2 – 2x + 12 – 12 – — = 0 2 4
3
1 k
(x – 1)2 – 1 – — = 0 Sum of roots = —
3 2
4 k
(x – 1) – = 0 2
— 4 + (–5) = —
3 2
4 k
Hence, a = 1, b = –1 and c = – —. –1 = —
3 2
k = –2
10. 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
h
1 Product of roots = —
x2 + 2x + — = 0 4
2 h
1 4(–5) = —
x + 2x + 1 – 1 + — = 0
2 2 2 4
2 h = –80
1
(x + 1) – — = 02
2
14. 2x2 + 4x – 7 = 0
2x + 4x + 1 = 8
2 7
x2 + 2x – — = 0
1 2
(x + 1)2 – — = 8 7
2 a + b = –2 and ab = – —
1 2
(x + 1)2 = 8 + —
2 Sum of the roots 2a and 2b = 2a + 2b
17
= = 2(a + b)
2
= 2(–2)
(x + 1) = ± 17
2 ABBB = – 4
Product of the roots 2a and 2b = (2a)(2b)
x = –1 + 17 or –1 –
2 ABBB ABBB
17
2
= 4ab
7
= 1.915 or –3.915 1
=4–—
2 2
= –14
1
11. Sum of roots = — + (–5) Hence, the quadratic equation is
3
1 x2 – (– 4)x + (–14) = 0
= — – 5
3 x2 + 4x – 14 = 0
14
= – –––
3 15. Let a and 3a are the roots of quadratic equation
1 2x2 – 2 = 8x – 4k
3 1 2
Product of roots = — (–5) 2x2 – 8x + 4k – 2 = 0
5 x2 – 4x + 2k – 1 = 0
=–—
3 Sum of roots = 4
Therefore, the quadratic equation is a + 3a = 4
14 5 4a = 4
x2 – –1 3 2 1
x + – — = 0
3 2 a = 1
14 5 Product of roots = 2k – 1
x + –––x – — = 0
2
3 3 a(3a) = 2k – 1
3x2 + 14x – 5 = 0 3a2 = 2k – 1
3(1)2 = 2k – 1
2k = 4
k = 2
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 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

16. 3x2 – 5x – 2 = 0 19. 3px – 5 = (qx)2 – 1

(3x + 1)(x – 2) = 0 3px – 5 = q2x2 – 1
1 q2x2 – 3px – 1 + 5 = 0
x = – — or 2
3 q2x2 – 3px + 4 = 0
1 So, a = q2, b = –3p and c = 4
Since a . 0 and b , 0, then a = 2 and b = – —
3
3 Since the roots are equal,
1
Sum of roots = (a – 1) + b + —
4 2 then b2 – 4ac = 0
1 3 (–3p)2 – 4q2(4) = 0
1
= (2 – 1) + – — + —
3 4 2 9p2 – 16q2 = 0
1 3 9p2 = 16q2
=1–—+—
3 4 p2 16
17 =
= q2 9
12 p 2 4 2
3
1 2 1 2
—
q
= —
3
1
Product of roots = (a – 1) b + —
4 2 —
p —
=
4
q 3
1 3 p : q = 4 : 3
1
= (2 – 1) – — + —
3 4 2
– 4 + 9 20. 4x2 – 5x + t + 2 = 0
= (1) 1 12 2 So, a = 4, b = –5 and c = t + 2
5
= Since the roots are distinct,
12
then b2 – 4ac . 0
17 5 (–5)2 – 4(4)(t + 2) . 0
x+ =0
Hence, the quadratic equation is x 2 –
12 12 25 – 16t – 32 . 0
12x – 17x + 5 = 0
2
–16t . 7
7
t , –
16
17. x2 + (1 – p)x + 4 = 0
So, a = 1, b = 1 – p and c = 4 21. (p – 1)x2 – 8x = 4
Since the roots are equal, (p – 1)x2 – 8x – 4 = 0
then b2 – 4ac = 0 So, a = p – 1, b = –8 and c = – 4
(1 – p)2 – 4(1)(4) = 0 Since the roots are not real,
(1 – p)2 = 16 then b2 – 4ac , 0
1 – p = ±4 (–8)2 – 4(p – 1)(– 4) , 0
–p = ±4 – 1 64 + 16p – 16 , 0
–p = 4 – 1 or – 4 – 1 16p + 48 , 0
p = –3 or 5 16p , – 48
48
p , – –––
18. x2 – 2x = 9(2x – 5) – 5p 16
= 18x – 45 – 5p p , –3
x2 – 2x – 18x + 45 + 5p = 0
x2 – 20x + 45 + 5p = 0 22. Given y = 3x – k................................. 1
So, a = 1, b = –20 and c = 45 + 5p and y = 4 – x2.................................. 2
Since the roots are equal, Substitute 1 into 2,
then b2 – 4ac = 0 3x – k = 4 – x2
(–20)2 – 4(1)(45 + 5p) = 0 x2 + 3x – k – 4 = 0
400 – 180 – 20p = 0 So, a = 1, b = 3 and c = –k – 4
220 – 20p = 0 Since the straight line intersects the curve at two
–20p = –220 different points,
–220 then b2 – 4ac . 0
p =
–20 32 – 4(1)(–k – 4) . 0
= 11 9 + 4k + 16 . 0
4k + 25 . 0
4k . –25
25
k . –
4

9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

23. Given y = 2x – 1................................. 1 Since the roots are not real,

and y = x2 + p.................................. 2 then b2 – 4ac , 0
Substitute 1 into 2, (2p + 3)2 – 4(p)(p) , 0
2x – 1 = x2 + p 4p2 + 12p + 9 – 4p2 , 0
x2 – 2x + 1 + p = 0 12p + 9 , 0
So, a = 1, b = –2 and c = 1 + p 12p , –9
3
p , – —
Since the straight line is a tangent to the curve, 4
then b2 – 4ac = 0
(–2)2 – 4(1)(1 + p) = 0 1
26. (a) x2 + px – —pq = qx
4 – 4 – 4p = 0 2
– 4p = 0 1
x + px – qx – —pq = 0
2

p = 0 2
1
x2 + (p – q)x – —pq = 0

2
24. x2 – px + q = 0 1
So, a = 1, b = –p and c = q So, a = 1, b = p – q and c = – —pq
2
Since the roots are equal, 1
then b2 – 4ac = 0
1
b2 – 4ac = (p – q)2 – 4(1) – —pq
2 2
(–p)2 – 4(1)(q) = 0 = p2 – 2pq + q2 + 2pq
p2 – 4q = 0............................... 1 = p2 + q2
Given q + p2 = 1............................... 2 Since p2 . 0 and q2 . 0 for all values of p and q,
2 – 1, 5q = 1 then p2 + q2 . 0 for all values of x.
1 That is, b2 – 4ac . 0 for all values of x.
q = —
5
Hence, the quadratic equation has roots for all
1
Substitute q = — into 1, values of p and q.
5
1
1 2
p2 – 4 — = 0
5
(b) Given a and b are the roots of 3x2 – 8x + 2 = 0.
4 3x2 – 8x + 2 = 0
p2 – — = 0
5 8 2
4 x2 – —x + — = 0
p2 = — 3 3
5
Sum of roots = a + b
p = ± —
4
5ABB =—
8
3
= 0.8944 or –0.8944
Product of roots = ab
2
25. (a) 4x – 6 + 3x2 = 0 =—
3
3x2 + 4x – 6 = 0 2 2
So, a = 3, b = 4 and c = –6 For the roots —
a and — ,
b
2 2
b2 – 4ac
–b ± ABBBBBB Sum of roots = —a +—
x = b
2a
2b + 2a
42 – 4(3)(– 6)
– 4 ± ABBBBBBBBB =
= ab
2(3) 2(b + a)
88
– 4 ± ABB =
= ab
6 8
– 4 + ABB88 88
– 4 – ABB 1 2
2  —
3
= or =
6 6 2
—
= 0.8968 or –2.230 3
8 3
=2×—×—
(b) px2 + 2px + p = –3x 3 2
px2 + 2px + 3x + p = 0 =8
px2 + (2p + 3)x + p = 0
So, a = p, b = (2p + 3) and c = p

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

2 2
Product of roots = — 1 21 2
a —b 17
4 2
=
ab
4
=
2
—
3
3
=4×—
2
=6
2
Hence, the quadratic equation with roots —
a and
2
— is x2 – 8x + 6 = 0. q
b —
2
27. (a) Given
y + px – 1 = 0 q
—
y = 1 – px.................. 1 2
and x2 – 3x = y(y –3) q
—
x2 – 3x = y2 – 3y................. 2 2
q
Substitute 1 into 2, —
2
x2 – 3x = (1 – px)2 – 3(1 – px) q
x2 – 3x = 1 – 2px + p2x2 – 3 + 3px —
2
p2x2 – x2 + 3x – 2px + 3px + 1 – 3 = 0
(p2 – 1)x2 + (3 + p)x – 2 = 0
So, a = p2 – 1, b = 3 + p and c = –2
Since the straight line touches the curve at only
one point,
then b2 – 4ac = 0
(3 + p) – 4(p – 1)(–2) = 0
2 2 14
9 + p2 + 6p + 8p2 – 8 = 0 4
9p2 + 6p + 1 = 0 7
—
(3p + 1)2 = 0 2
3p + 1 = 0
1
p = – —
3
(b) 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
1
x2 – 2x + — = 0
2 h
—
Sum of roots = a + b 3
=2
Product of roots = ab
1
=—
2
Sum of new roots = (a + 2) + (b + 2) h
=a+b+4 3
=2+4 h2
=6 9
Product of new roots = (a + 2)(b + 2) 2
—
9
= ab + 2(a + b) + 4
1
= — + 2(2) + 4
2
1 a b
= 8— — —
2 2 2
17
=
2

11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

(b) px2 + (p + 2)x = 4q + 10

a px2 + (p + 2)x – 4q – 10 = 0
—
2 p+2 4q + 10
x2 +
p1
­­ x– ­­
p 2 1 = 0 2
b
—
2 p+2
Sum of roots = –  1 p­­ 2
1 p+2
q + — = – 1 p­­ 2
p
a Multiply both sides by p,
—
2 pq + 1 = –p – 2
a pq + p = –3................................... 1
—
2
a 4q + 10
—
6 Product of roots = –  1
 

p
­­ 2
4q + 10
b
—
(q) 1 1p 2 = 1
–  p
­­ 2
2
q = – 4q – 10
b
— 5q = –10
4
q = –2
Substitute q = –2 into 1,
a b p(–2) + p = –3
— —
6 4 –p = –3
a2 b
— p = 3
36 4

31. (a) (h2 + 1)x2 + 2phx + p2 = 0

So, a = (h2 + 1), b = 2ph and c = p2
b2 – 4ac = (2ph)2 – 4(h2 + 1)(p2)
= 4p2h2 – 4p2h2 – 4p2
= – 4p2
Since – 4p2 , 0 for all real non-zero p and
p2 . 0, then b2 – 4ac , 0.
Therefore, the quadratic equation has no roots.
(b) x2 + (p + 1)2 = 3px – 2x
x2 + 2x – 3px + (p + 1)2 = 0
1 x2 + (2 – 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
12
So, a = 1, b = 2 – 3p and c = (p + 1)2
Since the equation has only one root,
then b2 – 4ac = 0
(2 – 3p) – 4(1)(p + 1)2 = 0
2

4 – 12p + 9p2 – 4(p2 + 2p + 1) = 0

4 – 12p + 9p2 – 4p2 – 8p – 4 = 0
5p2 – 20p = 0
5p(p – 4) = 0
p = 0 or 4
x2 + (2 – 3p)x + (p + 1)2 = 0
When p = 4,
x2 – 10x + 25 = 0
1 (x – 5)2 = 0
16 x = 5

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 12

 Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2  

32. (a) x2 + 2kx = k – 4 2x2 + 4x + 5 = 21

x2 + 2kx + 4 – k = 0 2(x + 1)2 + 3 = 21
So, a = 1, b = 2k and c = 4 – k 2(x + 1)2 = 18
Since x-axis is the tangent to the curve, (x + 1)2 = 9
then x has only one value. x + 1 = ±3
x = ±3 – 1
Therefore, b2 – 4ac = 0 = 3 – 1 or –3 – 1
(2k) – 4(1)(4 – k) = 0
2
= 2 or – 4
4k2 – 16 + 4k = 0
4k2 + 4k – 16 = 0
2. 7 – 6x – 3x2 = –3(x2 + 2x) + 7
k2 + k – 4 = 0
= –3(x2 + 2x + 12 – 12) + 7
(1)2 – 4(1)(– 4)
–1 ± ABBBBBBBBBB
k = = –3[(x + 1)2 – 1] + 7
2(1)
= –3(x + 1)2 + 3 + 7
–1 ± 1 + 16
ABBBBB = –3(x + 1)2 + 10
=
2
17
–1 ± ABB 6 – 6x – 3x2 = 0
= 7 – 6x – 3x2 = 1
2
–3(x + 1)2 + 10 = 1
17
–1 + ABB 17
–1 – ABB
= or –3(x + 1)2 = –9
2 2 (x + 1)2 = 3
(b) 2x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 x + 1 = ±AB3
1 x = ±AB3–1
x2 – 2x + — = 0
2
= AB 3 – 1 or –AB
3–1
Sum of roots = 2
= 0.7321 or –2.732
a + b = 2
1 3. y = x2 + px – x – p
Product of roots = —
2
1 When the x-axis is the tangent to the curve, then
ab = — b2 – 4ac = 0 for x2 + px – x – p = 0.
2
Sum of the new roots = a2 + b2 That is, x2 + (p – 1)x – p = 0
= a2 + b2 + 2ab – 2ab b2 – 4ac = 0
= (a + b)2 – 2ab (p – 1)2 – 4(1)(–p) = 0
1 p2 – 2p + 1 + 4p = 0
= (2)2 – 2 —
2 1 2 p2 + 2p + 1 = 0
=4–1 (p + 1)2 = 0
=3 p + 1 = 0
Product of the new roots = a2b2 p = –1
= (ab)2
1 2 4. x2 + ax + b = 0
= — 1 2
2 Sum of roots = – a
1 q + 3q = – a
=— 4q = – a
4
a
Hence, the quadratic equation is q = – —............................ 1
4
1
x2 – 3x + — = 0 Product of roots = b
4
4x2 – 12x + 1 = 0 q(3q) = b
3q2 = b............................. 2
Substitute 1 into 2,
a 2
31– —2 = b
1. 2x2 + 4x + 5 = 2(x2 + 2x) + 5 4
= 2(x2 + 2x + 12 – 12) + 5 3a2
––– = b
= 2[(x + 1)2 – 1] + 5 16
= 2(x + 1)2 – 2 + 5 3a2 = 16b
= 2(x + 1)2 + 3

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   Additional Mathematics  SPM  Chapter 2

5. x2 – ax = –2a 8. The quadratic equation is

x2 – ax + 2a = 0 x2 – (–2 + p)x + (–2)(p) = 0
Sum of roots = a x2 – (p – 2)x – 2p = 0
p + q = a.................................. 1 Given product of roots = sum of roots
Product of roots = 2a –2p = –2 + p
pq = 2a.......................... 2 3p = 2
2
Substitute 1 into 2, p = —
3
pq = 2(p + q)
pq = 2p + 2q 9. p2x2 + 2pqx + x2 + q2 = 0
(p2 + 1)x2 + 2pqx + q2 = 0
6. 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0 b2 – 4ac = (2pq)2 – 4(p2 + 1)(q2)
3x2 + (3 + p)x + p = 0 = 4p2q2 – 4p2q2 – 4q2
b2 – 4ac = (3 + p)2 – 4(3)(p) = – 4q2
= (3 + p)2 – 12p Since q is real non-zero number, then q2 . 0 for all
= 9 + 6p + p2 – 12p values of q.
= p2 – 6p + 9 Therefore, b2 – 4ac , 0 for all values of q.
= (p – 3)2 Hence, there is no real roots for all values of p and q.
Since (p – 3)2 > 0 for all values of p,
then b2 – 4ac > 0 for all values of p. 10. (a) Sum of roots = p – 4
Therefore, equation 3x2 + p + 3x + px = 0 has roots Product of roots = –4p
for all values of p. (x) = x2 – (p – 4)x + (–4p)
f 
= x2 – (p – 4)x – 4p
7. Substitute x = 0, y = 0 into y = ax2 + bx + c,
\ c = 0 (b) y = kf(x)
y = ax2 + bx = k[x2 – (p – 4)x – 4p]
Substitute x = 4, y = 8 into y = ax2 + bx, Substitute x = 0 and y = 16 into the equation,
8 = a(4)2 + b(4) 16 = k(– 4p)
16a + 4b = 8 kp = – 4
4a + b = 2........................................ 1
When p = 2,
Given a + b + 4 = 0
k(2) = – 4
a + b = – 4......................... 2 k = –2
1 – 2, 3a = 6
a = 2 11. y = x2 – 4x + c
Since minimum point is above the x-axis,
Substitute a = 2 into 2,
then b2 – 4ac , 0
2 + b = –4
(–  4)2 – 4(1)(c) , 0
b = –6
16 – 4c , 0
Therefore, a = 2, b = –6 and c = 0.
– 4c , –16
When y = 0, 2x2 – 6x = 0 c . 4
2x(x – 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3

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