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اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
Engineering Leveling
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ هﻮ
اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ
ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ.
أﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻰ
)اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ( وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤
أهﻤﻴﺔ وأهﺪاف أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ
أهﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ :
-١ﻣﻦ أهﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ
-٢هﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ )اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ واﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ( ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ
اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ – اﻟﻄﺮق – اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ واﻟﻜﺒﺎرى –
ﻣﺸﺎرﻳﻊ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ واﻟﺼﺮف وﺧﻼﻓﺔ
أهﺪاﻓﻬﺎ :
-١ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ورﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ
-٢رﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ
-٣رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ
-٤ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥
ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
leveling methods
ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻃﺮق ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ :
-١اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ :Direct leveling
وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﻴﺔ Spirit or Differential leveling
وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﻰ اﻷدق وﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
ﺟـ -ﻣﻴﺰان ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ : Low accuracy Levelأﻗﻠﻬﻢ دﻗﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ
اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة )ﻣﺜﻞ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻄﺮق وأﻋﻤﺎل ﺣﺴﺎب
ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﻔﺮ واﻟﺮدم واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة(.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١
-١ﻣﻴﺰان دﻣﺒﻰ
Dumpy Level
-اﻷآﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ
اﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎدﻳﺔ و ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻰ أو ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ Builder's
or Engineer's Level
-اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر واﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ.
-ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ وﻟﺬا ﺗﺤﺘﺎج
ﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٣
-٣ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ او ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﻮدﻳﺴﻰ
Precise or Geodetic level
ﻣﻦ أدق اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ
-ﻣﺰود ﺑﻤﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ذو ﻟﻮح ﻣﺘﻮازى Micrometer with parallel plate
ﻟﻘﺮاءة آﺴﺮ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ
-اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺰودة ﺑﺸﺮﻳﻂ اﻧﻔﺎر )ﻣﺎدة ذات ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺪد ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪا(
ﻣﻴﺰان دﻗﻴﻖ
Precise Level
)(Carl Zeiss
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٤
-٤ﻣﻴﺰان أﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ
Automatic or Self - leveling Level
ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت
وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ ﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ.
Topcon, Japan
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٥
-٥ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر Laser Level
-ﻳﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
-ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻟﻴﺰر أﻓﻘﻰ دوار ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﻘﻰ او رأﺳﻰ
ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪﻩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎز ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﺈﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب أو اﻟﻤﻴﻞ
-ﺗﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺮاﺻﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ One man leveling
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٦
-٦اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻰ )اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ(
Electronic Digital (Bar-code) Level
-ﻋﺮض اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ذاآﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ
)آﺮوت ﻣﻤﻐﻨﻄﺔ (PCMCIAوﺗﺒﻠﻎ دﻗﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ١ﻣﻢ١/آﻢ ودﻗﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ٥-١ﺳﻢ
-ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٧
اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ وﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ-٧
Theodolite and Total Station
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ آﻤﻴﺰان هﻨﺪﺳﻰ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢١
أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ
ﻣﺤﻮر
ﺧﻂ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮاخ
اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮخ
اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
ﻗﺎﻋﺪة
اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى
ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٥
Level components
Focus Knob
Gun
Sight Objective
Eyepiece
Slow
Bubble Motion
Line of
sight
Foot screw
Internal
Trivet vertical line
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٦
اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
-١اﻟﻨﺎﺷﻨﻜﺎة :Gun sightأﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﺪﺋﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ.
-٢اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر :Telescopeاﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ،وﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ
واﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ.
-٣اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ :Eyepieceاﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم
ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ.
-٤اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ :Object lensاﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ.
-٥ﻣﺴﻤﺎر ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ )ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ( :Object focus screwﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻬﺪف ﺗﺒﻌﺎ
ﻟﻘﻮة إﺑﺼﺎر اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ.
-٦ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ :Horizontal tangent screwﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة
اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان أﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺸﻌﺮة اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ،وﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﺎر.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٧
-٧ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى :Linear (tube) or circular level
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ وﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى أﻓﻘﻰ وهﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺧﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ ،وﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ او داﺋﺮى
وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻣﺎ ان ﻳﻜﻮن داﺧﻠﻰ او ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ.
-٨اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ :Horizontal circleﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻰ درﺟﺎت أو
آﺴﻮرهﺎ ،وﻳﺰود اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ أو داﺧﻠﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺰود ﺑﺪاﺋﺮة أﻓﻘﻴﺔ.
-٩ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ :leveling headوهﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﻦ داﺋﺮﻳﻴﻦ
وﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ وﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أو ارﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
ا -اﻟﺘﺮاﻳﺒﺮاخ :Tribrachﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ داﺋﺮي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺎر وآﺬﻟﻚ
ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ.
ب -ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ :leveling or Foot screwﻋﺎدة ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ٣ﻣﺴﺎﻣﻴﺮ
ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر رأﺳﻰ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻬﺪف أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان )ﺿﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﻴﺰان(.
ﺟـ -ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ) :Base (Trivetﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ داﺋﺮى ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺮﺑﻂ
اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٨
اﻟﻤﺤﺎور اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ :Line of sightهﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات
وﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ.
اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ :Line of collimationهﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰى اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺘﻴﻦ
اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ.
اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ :هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ.
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ:
* ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺰودة ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ :ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ اﻟﻤﻮازى ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان.
* ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺰودة ﺑﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ داﺋﺮى :ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى هﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻟﻤﻮازى ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
)اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ(.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٩
أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٠
اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ آﻼ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ
اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ
ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ :هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات وﻣﺮآﺰ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ
ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ :هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮآﺰى اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٢
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻷوﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ
خ
o
’
ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ
ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ
compensator
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان :هﻮ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻷﻓﻘﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺖ
اﻟﺮاﺻﺪ )ﺧﻂ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ( وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٧
”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ) :(Bench Mark BMهﻮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ او ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ أو ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﺔ
اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ،وﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻃﻮال ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع.
ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ) :(level differenceهﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻓﺮق اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﺘﻴﻦ.
ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة ):(Back Sight BSهﻰ أول ﻗﺮاءة ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻓﻰ وﺿﻊ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ.
ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ) :(Foresight FSهﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺮاءة ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان.
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺪوران ) :(Change Point CPهﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺣﻴﺚ
ﻳﺪون ﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻗﺮاءة أﻣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول وﻗﺮاءة ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٨
اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
B
3.42
BM A
)(+10.00
ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ = A, Bﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة BSﻋﻨﺪ – Aﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ FSﻋﻨﺪ B
= ٢٫٦٢ = ٠٫٨ – ٣٫٤٢ﻣﺘﺮ
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ =Bﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) Aاﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ + (BMﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ A, B
= ١٢٫٦٢ = ٢٫٦٢ + ١٠٫٠ﻣﺘﺮ
ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ :ﻳﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺘﻴﻦ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٩
اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻮهﻤﻰ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ
ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٠
آﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺟﺮاء ﺳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ leveling operation
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ دوران
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
ﻣﺆﺧﺮة ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
ﻣﺆﺧﺮة ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
BM F
E
A
C D
B
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤١
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٤
آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ
-إﺧﺮاج اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ووﺿﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ.
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺟﻴﺪا ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺴﻤﺎر اﻟﺮﺑﻂ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٥
اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ذات ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ
1 2
3 4
3 4
3 4
1.133
1.130
1.120
1.110
1.100
٢٫٧٧
٢٫٠١
٣٫٠٤
٢٫٤٦
١٫٩١
١٫٥٦
BM
١٫٨٢
A
B
C
D
E
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان G
F
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٦
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٧
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٨
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٩
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٠
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦١
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٢
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٣
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٤
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٥
-١ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
O.K اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٦
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎب ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان
١٫٦٤
٣٫٠٤
٢٫٠١
٢٫٤٦
٢٫٧٧
١٫٩١
١٫٥٦
BM
١٫٨٢
A
B
C D
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان E G
F
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ
٢٢٫٢٢ ٢٣٫٨٦ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٢٢٫٣٨ ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ دوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ١٫٨٢ G
٤٫٨٦ ٣٫٢٠ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
١٫٦٦- ١٫٦٦- اﻟﻔﺮق
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying O.K. Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ٦٧
Rise and Fall method ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض-٢
٢٫٧٧
٢٫٠١
٣٫٠٤
٢٫٤٦
١٫٩١
١٫٥٦
BM
١٫٨٢
A
B
C
D
E
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان G
F
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٩
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٠
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧١
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٢
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٣
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٤
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٥
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٦
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٧
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٨
اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺴﺎب ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
١٫٦٤
٣٫٠٤
٢٫٠١
٢٫٤٦
٢٫٧٧
١٫٩١
١٫٥٦
BM
١٫٨٢
A
B
C D
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻷول ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان E G
F
اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان
اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع) (+اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ) (-ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٠٫٣٧ ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٠٫٤٥ ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٠٫٣١ ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٠٫٢٧ ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ٠٫٣٥ ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ٠٫٠٩ ١٫٨٢ G
٤٫٨٦ ٣٫٢٠ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
١٫٦٦- ١٫٦٦- اﻟﻔﺮق
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying O.K Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ٧٩
ﺣﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨١
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٢٫٤٦ C
٢٫٧٧ D
٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
١٫٩١ F
١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٢
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٢٫٧٧ D
٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
١٫٩١ F
١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٣
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
١٫٩١ F
١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٤
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
١٫٩١ F
١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٥
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٦
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
٠٫٠٩ + ١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٧
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ٠٫٠٩ + ١٫٨٢ G
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٨
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ٠٫٠٩ + ١٫٨٢ G
٤٫٨٦ ٣٫٢٠ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٩
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ٠٫٠٩ + ١٫٨٢ G
٤٫٨٦ ٣٫٢٠ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
١٫٦٦- اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٠
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ٠٫٠٩ + ١٫٨٢ G
٤٫٨٦ ٣٫٢٠ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
١٫٦٦- اﻟﻔﺮق
اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩١
-٢ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع واﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض )ﺣﻞ ﻣﺒﺴﻂ(
ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ارﺗﻔﺎع ) (+أو اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮة اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔa
اﻧﺨﻔﺎض )(-
٢٢٫٢٢ ١٫٦٤ Aروﺑﻴﺮ
٢١٫٨٥ ٠٫٣٧ - ٢٫٠١ B
٢١٫٤٠ ٠٫٤٥ - ٢٫٤٦ C
٢١٫٠٩ ٠٫٣١ - ٢٫٧٧ D
٢٠٫٨٢ ٠٫٢٧ - ٣٫٠٤ ١٫٥٦ Eدوران
٢٠٫٤٧ ٠٫٣٥ - ١٫٩١ F
٢٠٫٥٦ ٠٫٠٩ + ١٫٨٢ G
٤٫٨٦ ٣٫٢٠ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع
١٫٦٦- ١٫٦٦- اﻟﻔﺮق
O.K اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٢
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎدس
و ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ )أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﺮة( آﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ:
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٨
ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﻮازى ﻣﺤﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺰان-ا
ﻋﻨﺪ ورود اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮاز دﻣﺒﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﻳﻜﻮن آﻼ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ واﻟﻤﺤﻮر
اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﺎن وﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎن )ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ( collimation lineوآﻼهﻤﺎ ﻳﻮازى ﻣﺤﻮر
ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٠
اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎور ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ أو ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﺒﻂ اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ
اﻟﺸﻴﺌﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻨﻈﺮ
اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ
ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات
اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ
وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎور ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ او اﻟﺬى ﺳﺒﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت وﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ داﺋﻢ
ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻤﻮازاة
اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ
ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻌﺮات
اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰاﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ
ﻣﺤﻮر ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ
ﻣﺤ
ﻮر ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠١
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻮﺗﺪﻳﻦ The two-peg-test
A
L/2 L/2 B
L
S4 S3
A
B
L / 10
Collimation error,
e = (S1 - S2) - (S3 - S4) mm / Lm
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٣
ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ
AUTOCOLLIMATION
EYEPIECE
Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen)
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٤
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ – اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٥
-١اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
-١اﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺟﻴﺪا ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ وﺗﺄﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﻴﺪا ﻣﻊ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ روﺑﻴﺮ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻰ
ﺣﻮل ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع.
-٢ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ وﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ٥٠ﻣﺘﺮ.
-٣اﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺠﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ هﺒﻮط اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺮﺻﺪ.
-٤ﻟﻀﻤﺎن رأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ داﺋﺮى ﺧﻠﻔﻬﺎ.
-٥ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ﻳﻔﻀﻞ أﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض )ﺗﺠﻨﺐ أى
ﻗﺮاءات ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ٥٠ﺳﻢ(.
-٦اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﻨﻘﻂ دوران اﻟﻘﺎﻣﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٦
-٢أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ أﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ:
-١ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ وﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﺴﺎوى اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﻤﺆﺧﺮات ﻣﻊ
اﻟﻔﺎرق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب أول وﺁﺧﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )اﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﺪاول اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(.
-٢ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺈﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق اﻵﺗﻴﺔ :
ا -ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺰدوﺟﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ذهﺎﺑﺎ وإﻳﺎﺑﺎ
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎر.
ب -ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻔﻠﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ذهﺎﺑﺎ وإﻳﺎﺑﺎ
ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎرﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ.
ﺟـ -إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺘﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٧
اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ
ﺣﺪود ﺧﻄﺄ اﻟﻘﻔﻞ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ وهﻰ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ:
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٨
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٩
-١اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ Trigonometric leveling
ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ
Theodoliteأو ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻻرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ Total stationﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻓﺮوق
اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ )اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت(.
وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻷهﺪاف ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻴﻬﺎ
) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻣﺌﺬﻧﺔ او ﻣﺒﻨﻰ ﺷﺎهﻖ -اهﺪاف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮى ﻣﺎﺋﻰ -
ﻗﻴﺎس ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت آﺎﺑﻼت آﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ –او ﺧﻼﻓﺔ.
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ اﻗﻞ دﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٠
أﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻴﺔ
Trigonometric leveling instruments
D
Theodolite measures r
vertical Angle S V
B
z
C α
hi
H
A
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮوق اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮى ﻋﻨﺪ آﻞ
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ.
-ﻳﺘﻢ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺟﻬﺰة اﻷﻟﺘﻴﻤﻴﺘﺮ Altimeter
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٤
-٣اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ
Hydrostatic leveling
-ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻷواﻧﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺮﻗﺔ ،وﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺨﺮﻃﻮم .
-ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻃﻮم ﺷﻔﺎف ﻣﺮن ﻣﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ .
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺪف.
-ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺮوﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻰ اﺧﺮى وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺪة اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ وﺧﻼﻓﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٥
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٦
-٤اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺟﻬﺰة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ
GPS
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻌﺾ أﺟﻬﺰة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﺎس ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﺎط
اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ دﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻰ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ذات
اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٨
ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ )اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ(
Spirit or Tube Level
-ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻃﻮﻟﻰ.
-ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ.
-ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ :
ﻳﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻰ وﺿﻌﻴﻦ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﺎن ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ١٨٠درﺟﺔ.
اذا ﻇﻠﺖ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻦ دل ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ان اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﻀﺒﻮط
وﺧﻼف ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٩
Spirit level (Engineers)
2 axis bubble spirit level
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٠
ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎر )اﻟﻨﺠﺎرﻳﻦ(
Carpenter’s Level
-ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ.
-ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ Tube Levelﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻮح ﺧﺸﺒﻰ او ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ.
-اﻟﻠﻮح ذات ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎت أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ وﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ.
-ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺿﺒﻂ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﻟﻪ.
-إذا آﺎن ﻃﻮل اﻟﺴﻄﺢ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻹدة.
-ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ اﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ رأﺳﻴﺔ
اﻷﺳﻄﺢ.
-ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﻦ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻊ زاوﻳﺔ ٤٥درﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻰ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢١
أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎر
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٢
ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮى )اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﻳﺔ(
Circular or Bubble Level
-ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر رأﺳﻰ.
-ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻀﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ) ٣٦٠درﺟﺔ(
-ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ آﻔﺎءة ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ :ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى وﻳﺘﻢ دوراﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﻮل ﻣﺤﻮرهﺎ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ
اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت .إذا ﻇﻠﺖ اﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ دل ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ وﺧﻼف ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ.
Bubble level
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٣
ﻣﻴﺰان رأﺳﻴﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة
Post Level
ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻴﺰان هﻮ اﻷداة اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ رأﺳﻴﺔ أرآﺎن اﻷﻋﻤﺪة
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ واﻟﺪاﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷرآﺎن.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٤
ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺨﻴﻂ
Line Level
هﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ ﻳﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻰ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺿﺒﻂ أﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻴﻂ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٥
ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﻴﻂ اﻟﺸﺎﻏﻮل
Plumb level
ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻂ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻰ أﺳﻔﻠﻪ ﺛﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻔﻞ.
-ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس رأﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت.
-وﻗﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻓﻰ ﻋﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﺪﻣﺎء وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎن رأﺳﻴﺔ
اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ واﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٦
اﻟﻤﻴﺰان اﻟﻴﺪوى
Hand level
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٧
ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر اﻟﺨﻄﻰ
Laser line level
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٨
Handy laser level ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﻠﻴﺰر اﻟﻴﺪوى
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢٩
Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: saidmaghraby@yahoo.com
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٣٠