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BNJF PDF
BNJF PDF
General Overview
Plan Of Talk
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Plan Of Talk
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Mycotoxins … Human First Discovery
England 1960,
An outbreak of Turkey X disease and the
subsequent discovery of the aflatoxins
stimulated great interest in the field of
mycotoxin research (Bullerman, 1979).
Characteristics of Mycotoxins:
1. There are hundreds of known mycotoxins.
2. They are chemically different.
3. They vary greatly in their severity.
4. Their molecular weight ranges from 200 to 500 kD.
Mycotoxins Host Affinity
1. Poor growth
2. Reduced egg production
3. Reduced feed conversion
4. Increased mortality
5. Poor egg shell quality
6. Reduced fertility
7. Leg problems
8. Carcass condemnation
9. Increased susceptibility to disease
Diagnosing Mycotoxicosis
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Fungi Species
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Fungal Growth
pH
Ideal pH: 4 - 8.
Some moulds can grow at lower
or higher values by modifying
the acidity of the medium
during their development.
Cont. …
O2
Moulds are generally aerobic organisms that
develop above the surface of the medium.
Some species can however develop in deep
mediums or in liquid mediums such
as Stachybotrys, with a low oxygen rate.
Plan Of Talk
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Agronomic Factors
Affecting Mycotoxin Formation In The Field
2. Soil cultivation:
Ploughing harvest residues will
reduce spore contamination of
the subsequent crop and thus
reduce fungal infestation and
mycotoxin formation.
No-till systems will enhance
the risk.
Cont. …
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Principal Factors Influencing Mycotoxin
Production
2. Temperature
It is difficult to define temperature values to control
mycotoxin production.
Aspergillus flavus produces aflatoxins at 10°C - 25°C.
Fusarium tricinctum produce T2 toxin at 1°C - 4°C, up to
15°C.
Aspergillus ochraceus produces ochratoxin from 12°C -
20°C up to 30°C.
Penicillium viridicatum produces ochratoxin between 4°C -
31°C.
Cont. …
3. Oxygen
Oxygen concentration and the acidity of substratum are
not relevant for mycotoxin production.
Cont. …
4. Type of substrate
Some types of substrate may help improve mycotoxin
production;
1. Vegetal, more than the animal substrates.
2. Starch.
3. Zinc, only referred to the aflatoxin production.
4. Cereals, oleaginous seeds and dried fruit are the foods most
frequently contaminated by aflatoxins.
5. The more frequent products contaminated with mycotoxins are
maize, peanuts and cotton seeds.
Plan Of Talk
Introduction
Fungi species
Fungi growth
Agronomic factors affecting mycotoxin formation in the field
Principle factors influencing mycotoxin production
Mycotoxin types
Types Of Mycotoxins
then then
Mycotoxin levels
Fungi proliferate Grow colonies
become high
Cont. …
Storage Field
fungi fungi
Cocktails of mycotoxins
Cont. …
Blood vessels
Increases the fragility of capillaries
Reduce prothrombin levels.
Ochratoxin A is nephrotoxic
– Proximal tubules are mainly affected and the kidney is pale and grossly
enlarged.
– In acute cases, mortalities occur due to acute renal failure.
As with aflatoxin, fatty liver can also occur due to ochratoxin
exposure.
In young chicks, ochratoxin A is approximately three times
more toxic than aflatoxin.
Clinical Signs Of
Ochratoxin Toxicity
5. Immune suppression
– It affects cellular immune response by direct effects on
bone marrow, spleen, lymphoid tissues, thymus and
intestinal mucosa, where actively dividing cells are
damaged.
– Reduced vaccination response.
6. Reduced egg production - Poor shell quality.
7. Regression of ovaries.
8. Reduced female fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs.
9. Tibia dyschondroplasia.
10. Increased liver weight.
Zearalenone (ZEA)
Zearalenone (ZEA)