Transverse

quark
densities
in excited
Exciting Baryons: Design and Analysis
of Complete Experiments for Meson Photoproduction
baryons
Trento, June 30 - July 4, 2014
Main Topics
Status of meson photoproduction experiments with all possible degrees of polarization
Complete experiments in pseudoscalar-meson photoproduction
Model independent determination of reaction amplitudes
Marc Vanderhaeghen
Model independent baryon resonance analysis from energy independent partial wave amplitudes

ECT*, June 30 – July 4, 2014

Partial wave analyses (SAID, MAID, Bonn-Gatchina, ANL-Osaka)
Effective field theories and chiral corrections to nucleon resonance masses and amplitudes
Nucleon resonances and partial waves in lattice QCD

Key Participants
V. Burkert (JLab, USA), R. Beck (Bonn, Germany), M. Ostrick (Mainz, Germany), D. Ireland (Glasgow, UK), A. Sandorfi (JLab, USA), D. Watts (Edinburgh, UK), A. Svarc (Zagreb, Croatia), R.
Workman (GWU, USA), S. Kamalov (Dubna, Russia), A. Sarantsev (Bonn, Germany), R. Edwards (JLab, USA), M. Doering (GWU, USA), M. Vanderhaeghen (Mainz, Germany), A. Szczepaniak
(Indiana U, USA), H. Kamano (Osaka, Japan)

Organizers
Lothar Tiator (University of Mainz), tiator@kph.uni-mainz.de
J. Ryckebusch (University of Ghent), Jan.Ryckebusch@UGent.be
A. D'Angelo (University of Rome), annalisa.dangelo@roma2.infn.it

Director of the ECT*: Professor Wolfram Weise (ECT*)

The ECT* is sponsored by the “Fondazione Bruno Kessler” in collaboration with the “Assessorato alla Cultura” (Provincia Autonoma di Trento), funding agencies of EU Member and Associated
States and has the support of the Department of Physics of the University of Trento.

For local organization please contact: Ines Campo - ECT* Secretariat - Villa Tambosi - Strada delle Tabarelle 286 - 38123 Villazzano (Trento) - Italy
Tel.:(+39-0461) 314721 Fax:(+39-0461) 314750, E-mail: ect@ectstar.eu or visit http://www.ectstar.eu
 6
Electron microscopy
spatial distributions and form factors
6
Electron microscopy

the target is static (mq, mN >> Q), e e

When
whenthethetarget
targetisisstatic
static(m
(mq,constituent
mN >>, Q),mtarget >> Q) e e
dim. Fourier transform of the
the 3-dim. Fourier transform of the form
form γ
γ
s gives-> the
the spatial
3dim Fourier transform of
distribution oftheofform factors pp p+q
factors gives the spatial distribution
gives the spatial distribution of electric charge quarks p+q
ic charge and magnetization. quarks
electricand
charge and magnetization.
magnetization
 size and shape of non-relativistic
many-body systems

Sizes of nuclei
as revealed through

elastic electron scattering

Shapes of deformed nuclei

as revealed through

inelastic electron scattering

perspective on “Shape of Hadrons” : Alexandrou, Papanicolas, Vdh (2011)

 size of proton : radius puzzle ?

µH data: RE = 0.8409 ± 0.0004 fm

Pohl et al.(2010)
7.9σ
difference !?
Antognini et al.(2013)

ep-data:  
RE = 0.8770 ± 0.0045 fm
Bernauer et al. (2010)
 
 Outline
What do we know about the transverse
structure (imaging) of hadrons ?

Light-front charge densities <-> elastic nucleon Form Factors

Shape of hadrons <-> higher e.m. moments of transverse charge densities

(systems of spin 1 or higher)

Electromagnetic structure of the ∆(1232) resonance

transverse charge densities from lattice results
Baryon resonance structure / transition charge densities
<-> N -> N* Transition Form Factors
∆(1232), P11(1440), S11(1535), D13(1520),…
 interpretation of Form Factor as
q quark density q

overlap of wave function Fock

overlap of wave function
Fock components with
same number of quarks
interpretation as probability/
charge density
components with different
number of constituents
NO probability/charge
density interpretation
absent in a LIGHT-FRONT frame !
q+ = q0 + q3 = 0
quark transverse charge densities
in nucleon (I)
light-front
q+ = q0 + q3 = 0 z

p p’
photon only couples to forward moving quarks
quark charge density operator

longitudinally polarized nucleon

Miller
(2007)
quark transverse charge
densities in nucleon (II)
transversely polarized nucleon
transverse spin
e.g. along x-axis :

dipole field pattern Carlson, Vdh (2007)

 empirical quark
transverse densities
+ in proton

ρT
ρ0

+
induced EDM : dy = F2p (0) . e / (2 MN)

data : Arrington, Melnitchouk, Tjon (2007)

densities : Miller (2007); Carlson, Vdh (2007)

 empirical quark
transverse densities
+
- in neutron

ρT
ρ0

-
+ induced EDM : dy = F2n (0) . e / (2 MN)

data: Bradford, Bodek, Budd, Arrington (2006)

densities : Miller (2007); Carlson, Vdh (2007)

d/u quark spatial
distributions

2D spatial distr. :
d-quark distr. spread out further in
proton compared to u-quark distr.
Opposite behavior for neutron

d/u quark momentum

distributions
transverse spatial and
d / (u/2)
longitudinal momentum distribution
can be combined in a 3D picture of
nucleon, described through a GPD (ed/κd) / (eu/κu)
 Generalized Parton Distributions
(GPDs) : 3D picture of nucleon

DIS Unifying concept Elastic Scattering

longitudinal transverse quark
quark distribution GPDs distribution in
in momentum space coordinate space
fully-correlated
quark distributions in both
coordinate and momentum space
Q2 >> 1 GeV2

* t

x+ξ x-ξ

GPD (x, ξ ,t)

Burkardt (2000, 2003),

Belitsky, Ji, Yuan (2004)
figure courtesy Weiss
“complete” picture Momentum
space
Position
space

of hadron GTMDs

Transverse density in Transverse density in

momentum space position space

TMDs TMFFs GPDs

Lorcé (2011)

Transverse

TMSDs PDFs FFs

Longitudinal

Charges
    Energy-luminosity frontier in lepton-nucleon physics

JLab 11 GeV
projections:
Guidal, Moutarde, Vdh
(2013)

 
   High-energy, high-luminosity
facilities:
Compass, JLab@11 GeV,
collider projects (EIC)
 
   Global
nucleon structure  
 
analysis effort required
Spin 1 particle: transversely polarized deuteron
experiment :
 E.M. moments of W bosons
for spin-1 point particle
GM (0) = 2 and GQ(0) = -1

LEP Electroweak working group D0 Collaboration

hep-ex/0612034 PRL100, 241805 (2008)
 particle with arbitrary spin:
natural values for e.m. moments
Anomalous moments Orbital angular
Spin j : 2j+1 multipoles momentum

Induced electric
moments

Structureless particle
Standard Model
No OAM
Supergravity
No distortions

No anomalous moments

Natural EM moments
Charge Universal
normalization g=2 factor Lorcé (2008)
Hadron shape : e.m.Δ toΔ transition
γ

Δ Δ

C0 , M1,
C2 , M3
transitions

lattice analysis :
Alexandrou, Korzec, Koutsou, Leontiou, Lorcé, Negele, Pascalutsa, Tsapalis, Vdh (2008)
 transverse charge densities in Δ(1232)

for spin-3/2 point particle

GM1 (0) = 3eΔ and GE2(0) = -3eΔ

+
transverse charge densities
depend only on anomalous
values of e.m. moments
-> reflect internal structure
-
lattice analysis :
Alexandrou, Korzec, Koutsou, Leontiou, Lorcé, Negele,
Pascalutsa, Tsapalis, Vdh (2008)
 Transverse
charge densities
for
N ->Δ (1232), P11(1440),
S11(1535), D13(1520),…
N -> Δ(1232) transition densities in
transverse spin state

monopole
dipole
quadrupole

- +
- -
+ +
 N ->Δ DVCS events in CLAS
W > 2 GeV *
Q2 ≈ 2.5 GeV2

N Δ
ep→epπ0γX ep→enπ+γX
2nd region

3rd region
Δ+ Δ+

IM π 0 p (GeV) Moreno (2009)

IM π + n (GeV)
 N -> Δ magnetic dipole GPD and FF
large Nc : G*M (0) = κV / √2 = 2.62
large Nc limit EXP : G*M (0) = 3.02

GPD FF
x data : MIT-Bates, MAMI,
Jlab/Hall C, Jlab/CLAS

modified Regge
GPD model

HM

b? (fm)
Guidal, Polyakov, Radyushkin, Vdh (2005)
scaling behavior of N and N -> Δ FF
PQCD
N N, Δ

data : SLAC
+ collinear quarks

F1 p ~ 1/Q4
F2 p / F1 p ~ 1/Q2
data : JLab GM* ~ 1/Q4

GPD modified Regge

GPD model
data : Jlab
MIT-Bates, MAMI Guidal, Polyakov, Radyushkin, Vdh
(2005)
 N -> Δ : E2 and C2 FFs
large Nc limit of QCD :
neutron GE

Buchmann, Hester, Lebed (2002)

EXP : rn2 = - 0.113 (3) fm2 N -> Δ : E2/M1

large Nc : Qp -> Δ+ = - 0.080 fm2
EXP : Qp -> Δ+ = - 0.085 (3) fm2

N -> Δ : C2/M1
finite (low) Q2 :

GEn fit: Bradford,Bodek,Budd,Arrington (2006)

Pascalutsa, Vdh (2006)

E2,C2 data: MAMI, NIKHEF, MIT-Bates, JLab
empirical transition FFs for
p -> P11(1440) excitation

data : CLAS F1
analysis : MAID

F2

Tiator, Vdh
(2008)
 transverse transition densities
for p -> N*(1440) excitation

longitudinal polarization (definite helicity)

transverse polarization
empirical transverse transition densities
p n p -> Δ+ (1232) p -> N* (1440)

-
+ - - +

- + -
+ - - +
+ +

Carlson, Vdh (2007) quadrupole Tiator, Vdh (2008)

pattern
 empirical transition FFs for
p -> S11(1535), D13(1520) excitations

2007
data : CLAS analysis : MAID 2003
 empirical transverse
transition densities for
p -> S11(1535) excitation

ρT

ρ0
Tiator, Vdh
transition s⊥ = +1/2 -> s⊥ = -1/2

 empirical transverse
transition densities for
p -> D13(1520) excitation

ρT

ρ0

Tiator, Vdh
transition s⊥ = +1/2 -> s⊥ = -1/2

 Summary
Light-front charge densities provide a
2D transverse imaging of hadrons

elastic nucleon form factors : empirical transverse charge densities reveal

different spatial distributions of u / d quarks

Shape of hadrons can be understood within relativistic QFT from

higher e.m. moments of transverse charge densities as deviations
from their “natural” values

electromagnetic structure of the ∆(1232) resonance

Lattice QCD results allows to access transverse charge densities,
pointing to a prolate ∆ deformation when viewed from the light-front

N -> N* transition form factors allow to map out the

nucleon-resonance transition charge densities
∆(1232), P11(1440), S11(1535), D13(1520),…