L3 Fields Radiated by Elementary Sources - 2023

EE4016 – Antenna Systems
L3. Calculation of Fields Radiated by

Elementary Sources
Yanki Aslan
Delft
University of
Technology
EE4016 - Antenna Systems Feb-April 2023 1
Challenge the future
Course overview
Aim:
• Learn the generic formulation of fields radiated by
antennas; understand far field properties; apply the
knowledge to linear wire antennas.
Flow:
• Radiation integrals and auxiliary functions
• Solution of the vector wave equation
• Far field radiation
• Duality principle
• Fields for linear wire antennas
• Image theory
EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

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The basics - 1
• As a function of position and time,
Scalar field → magnitude, Vector field → magnitude, direction
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
1. 2.
Operator Represents
1. Grad max. space rate of increase
2. Div presence of flow sources

3.
3. Curl presence of vortex sources

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The basics - 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_in_cylindrical
• ‘‘Del’’ operator: ∇= 𝑥ො + 𝑦ො + 𝑧Ƹ _and_spherical_coordinates
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Operator Expression Acts on / Gives Represents

Grad ∇𝐴 Scalar / Vector max. space rate of increase
Div ∇ . 𝐴Ԧ Vector / Scalar presence of flow sources
Curl ∇ 𝑥 𝐴Ԧ Vector / Vector presence of vortex sources
• They provide a concise means for expressing relations of various

quatities in EM
• Null identities
∇ x (∇𝐴) = 0 Ԧ =0
∇ . (∇ x 𝐴)

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Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

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Maxwell’s Equations
In phasor domain: ∇
ഥ × 𝐸ത = −j𝜔𝜇𝐻
ഥ−𝑀
ഥ
ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ = j𝜔𝜖 𝐸ത + 𝐽 ҧ
ഥ. 𝐷
∇ ഥ=𝜌
ഥ. 𝐵ത = 0
∇
Maxwell’s equations are linear → the total radiated field 𝐸ത and

ഥ can be obtained as the sum of contributions of 𝐽 ҧ and 𝑀.
𝐻 ഥ
𝐸ത = 𝐸ത𝐴 + 𝐸ത𝐹 ഥ=𝐻

𝐻 ഥ𝐴 + 𝐻
ഥ𝐹
why subscript
due to 𝐽 ҧ due to 𝑀
ഥ 𝐴 and 𝐹 ?

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Radiation Integrals & Auxilary Functions
Path 1
Sources (integration)
Radiated fields
𝐽,ҧ 𝑀
ഥ ത 𝐻
𝐸, ഥ
Path 2 Path 2
(integration) (differentiation)
Vector potentials
𝐴,ҧ 𝐹ത
Path 1: Helmholtz eqns + radiation integrals involving source

Path 2: Through auxiliary functions (vector potentials)
𝐴:ҧ magnetic vector potential
ത electric vector potential
𝐹:
‘‘strictly mathematical tools’’
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Why Vector Potentials?
• The introduction of the potentials often simplifies the solution
despite the requirement of determining additional functions.
• The integrands in the two-step procedure are much simpler.
An intuitive example (from magnetostatics):

➢ magnetic field generated by a constant electric current
Biot-Savart law: Vector potential (from Poisson’s eqn.):

𝜇 𝐽 ҧ 𝑟ഥ′ × (𝑟ҧ − 𝑟ഥ′ ) 𝜇 𝐽 ҧ 𝑟ഥ′
ത 𝑟)ҧ =
𝐵( න 𝑑𝑣′ 𝐴(ҧ 𝑟)ҧ = න 𝑑𝑣′
4𝜋 ഥ
𝑟ҧ − 𝑟 ′ 3 4𝜋 𝑟ҧ − 𝑟 ഥ′
ഥ × 𝐴ҧ
𝐵ത = ∇
difficult to apply in general

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Vector potential 𝐴ҧ for an electric source 𝐽 ҧ
-1/2
ഥ. 𝐵ത = 0
∇ ഥ × 𝐴ҧ
𝐵ത = ∇ since ∇ ഥ × 𝐴ҧ = 0
ഥ. ∇
1
ഥ=
𝐻 ഥ × 𝐴ҧ
∇ ∇ ഥ × 𝐴)ҧ
ഥ × 𝐸ത = −𝑗𝜔(∇ ഥ × 𝐸ത + 𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ = 0
∇
𝜇
𝐸ത + 𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ = −∇
ഥΦ
𝐸ത = −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − ∇
ഥΦ
Φ: electric scalar potential
ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ = 𝐽 ҧ + j𝜔𝜖𝐸ത
1
∇ ഥ × 𝐴ҧ = 𝐽 ҧ + j𝜔𝜖(−𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − ∇
ഥ×∇ ഥΦ)
𝜇
Note that: ∇ ഥ×∇ഥ × 𝐴ҧ = ∇ ഥ. 𝐴ҧ − ∇2 𝐴ҧ
ഥ ∇ ∇2 𝐴ҧ ∶ Laplacian
of the vector 𝐴ҧ

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Lorenz Gauge
∇ ഥ. 𝐴ҧ − ∇2 𝐴ҧ = 𝜇𝐽 ҧ + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐴ҧ − 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝜖∇
ഥ ∇ ഥΦ (*)
• The above definition does not define the magnetic vector

potential uniquely.
• We can arbitrarily add curl-free components to the magnetic
potential without changing the observed magnetic field.
• There is a degree of freedom available when choosing A.
• This condition is known as gauge invariance.
To simplify (*), let us choose:
ഥ. 𝐴ҧ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝜖Φ
∇ The ‘‘Lorenz Gauge’’ decouples the
vector and scalar potentials equations.

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Vector potential 𝐴ҧ for an electric source 𝐽 ҧ
-2/2
ഥ ∇
∇ ഥΦ (*)
ഥ. 𝐴ҧ − ∇2 𝐴ҧ = 𝜇𝐽 ҧ + 𝜔2 𝜇𝜖𝐴ҧ − 𝑗𝜔𝜇𝜖∇
ഥ. 𝐴ҧ = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝜖Φ
Assume ∇ ‘‘Lorenz condition’’
Then, (*) becomes: ∇2 𝐴ҧ + k 2 𝐴ҧ = −𝜇𝐽 ҧ ‘‘Vector wave equation for 𝐴ҧ ’’

(𝑘 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜖)
Remember:
1
𝐸ത = −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − ∇
ഥΦ ഥ= ∇
𝐻 ഥ × 𝐴ҧ
𝜇
1
ത ҧ
𝐸 = −𝑗𝜔𝐴 − 𝑗 ഥ. 𝐴ҧ
ഥ ∇
∇ Once 𝐴ҧ is obtained,
𝜔𝜇𝜖
𝐸ത and 𝐻
ഥ can be found!

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Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

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Solution of the Vector Wave Equation
2 ҧ 2 ҧ ҧ
∇ 𝐴 + k 𝐴 = −𝜇𝐽 (**)
– 1/3
Strategy: • Find a solution for a point source, 𝛿(𝑥)𝛿(𝑦)𝛿(𝑧)

• Represent the (arbitrary) source as a collection
of point sources
• Use the solution as unit impulse response to
derive a general formula
(**) yields 3-scalar equations: ∇2 𝐴𝑥 + k 2 𝐴𝑥 = −𝜇𝐽x

𝑅: radial
∇2 𝐴𝑦 + k 2 𝐴𝑦 = −𝜇𝐽y distance
∇2 𝐴𝑧 + k 2 𝐴𝑧 = −𝜇𝐽z
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
Consider ∇2 φ + k 2 φ = −𝜇𝛿(𝑥)𝛿(𝑦)𝛿(𝑧) Ans: φ = 𝜇
4𝜋𝑅
‘‘Green’s function’’
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ഥ
Now, assume the point source is located at 𝑟′ – 2/3
𝑧 𝑧 : source
: observation point
𝑟ҧ ഥ
𝑟′ ഥ
𝑅 = |𝑟ҧ − 𝑟′|
𝑟ҧ
ഥ
ҧ 𝑟′|
𝑦 𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘|𝑟−
𝑥 𝑥 φ=𝜇
ഥ
4𝜋|𝑟ҧ − 𝑟′|
Consider current distribution 𝐽 ҧ in a volume 𝑉
𝑧
𝑉
𝐽ҧ 𝜇 𝑒 ҧ ′
−𝑗𝑘 𝑟−𝑟
𝐴 ҧ= න 𝐽 ҧ ( ഥ′ )
𝑟 𝑑𝑣′
ഥ
𝑟′ 4𝜋 𝑉 𝑟ҧ − 𝑟ഥ′
𝑟ҧ
𝑦
𝑥 Titel van de Feb-April
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EE4016 - Antenna Systems 2023 14
ҧ
For a surface current density 𝐽 in a surface S:
– 3/3
𝑠
ҧ
−𝑗𝑘 𝑟−𝑟 ′
𝜇 𝑒
𝐴ҧ = න 𝐽𝑠ҧ (𝑟ഥ′ ) 𝑑𝑠′
4𝜋 𝑆 𝑟ҧ − 𝑟 ഥ′
For a line current 𝐼 ҧ in a contour C:

ҧ
𝜇 𝑒
𝐴ҧ = න 𝐼 ҧ (𝑟ഥ′ ) 𝑑𝑙′
4𝜋 𝐶 𝑟ҧ − 𝑟 ഥ′
➢ We have investigated the contribution from 𝐽.ҧ What about the

ഥ?
fields from a magnetic current source, 𝑀

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Vector potential 𝐹ത for a magnetic source 𝑀
ഥ
Assume 𝐽 ҧ = 0, 𝜌 = 0 everywhere, 𝑀
ഥ≠0
ഥ. 𝐷
ഥ = 0 or ∇
ഥ. (𝜖 𝐸)
ത =0 1 ത electric
𝐹:
∇ ത ഥ × 𝐹)
𝐸 = − (∇ ത
𝜖 vector potential
ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ = 𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝐸ത
ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ = −𝑗𝜔 (∇
ഥ × 𝐹)
ത ഥ× 𝐻
∇ ഥ + 𝑗𝜔𝐹ത = 0 ഥ + 𝑗𝜔𝐹ത = −∇
𝐻 ഥΦm
ഥ = −𝑗𝜔𝐹ത − ∇
𝐻 ഥ Φm
Φ𝑚 : magnetic scalar field
ഥ. 𝐹ത
∇
Following a similar procedure: Φm = − , ∇2 𝐹ത + k 2 𝐹ത = −𝜖𝑀
ഥ
𝑗𝜔𝜇𝜖
1 1
𝐸ത = − ∇ഥ × 𝐹,
ത ഥ = −𝑗𝜔𝐹ത − 𝑗
𝐻 ഥ ∇
∇ ഥ. 𝐹ത
𝜖 𝜔𝜇𝜖
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Calculation of Radiated Fields - Summary
𝐽 ҧ is known Find 𝐴ҧ ഥ𝐴
Find 𝐻
1
∇ 𝐴ҧ + k 2 𝐴ҧ = −𝜇 𝐽 ҧ
2 ഥ𝐴 =
𝐻 ഥ × 𝐴)ҧ
(∇
𝜇 ഥ×𝐻
ഥ𝐴 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸ത𝐴
∇
or
1 Find 𝐸ത𝐴
𝐸ത𝐴 = −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − 𝑗 ഥ. 𝐴ҧ
ഥ ∇
∇
𝜔𝜇𝜖
ഥ is known
𝑀 Find 𝐹ത Find 𝐸ത𝐹
1
∇2 𝐹ത + k 2 𝐹ത = −𝜖𝑀
ഥ 𝐸ത𝐹 = − (∇
ഥ × 𝐹)
ത
𝜖 ഥ × 𝐸ത𝐹 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐻
∇ ഥ𝐹
or
ഥ𝐹
Find 𝐻
1
ഥ𝐹 = −𝑗𝜔𝐹ത − 𝑗
𝐻 ഥ ∇
∇ ഥ. 𝐹ത
𝜔𝜇𝜖

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Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

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Far Field Radiation – 1/3
𝑧 (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙) Two red lines are assumed to be //
𝑉
𝐽ҧ when the observation point is very
ഥ
𝑟′ 𝑟ҧ far from the antenna
(𝑟ҧ = 𝑟 𝑟)Ƹ
𝑑 −𝑗𝑘𝑅 ഥ
𝑦 𝜇 𝑒 𝑅 = |𝑟ҧ − 𝑟′|
𝐴ҧ = න 𝐽 ҧ (𝑟ഥ′ ) 𝑑𝑣′
𝑥 4𝜋 𝑉 𝑅
• 𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 in magnitude terms 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 ′.𝑟Ƹ

• 𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 − 𝑟ഥ′ . 𝑟Ƹ in phase terms
ሽ 𝑅
=
𝑟
𝑒
ሽ
𝑑
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 ′
𝐴ҧ = 𝜇 න 𝐽 ҧ 𝑟ഥ′ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑟 .𝑟Ƹ 𝑑𝑣′
4𝜋𝑟 𝑉
𝑁 𝜃, 𝜙 : radiation integral
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𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐴ҧ = 𝜇 [𝑟Ƹ 𝑁𝑟 𝜃, 𝜙 + 𝜃෠ 𝑁𝜃 𝜃, 𝜙 + 𝜙෠ 𝑁𝜙 𝜃, 𝜙 ]
4𝜋𝑟
2𝐷2 1 1
➢ When r > , the term varying as , , H.O.T. are
𝜆 𝑟2 𝑟3
1
all neglected and only terms varying as are retained.
𝑟
1
ഥ𝐴 =
𝐻 ഥ × 𝐴ҧ ,
∇ ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ𝐴 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸ത𝐴
𝜇
Let’s recall the curl expression in spherical coordinates:
1 𝜕 𝜕𝐴𝜃 1 1 𝜕𝐴𝑟 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕𝐴𝑟
ഥ𝑥 𝐴ҧ =
∇ 𝐴 sin 𝜃 − 𝑟Ƹ + − 𝑟𝐴𝜙 𝜃መ + 𝑟𝐴𝜃 − 𝜙෠
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
1
➢ Neglecting H.O.T. of , the radiated 𝐸ത and 𝐻
ഥ fields has
𝑟𝑛
only 𝜃 and 𝜙 components.
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𝐽 ҧ is known Find 𝐴ҧ ഥ𝐴
Find 𝐻
1
∇ 𝐴ҧ + k 2 𝐴ҧ = −𝜇 𝐽 ҧ
2 ഥ𝐴 =
𝐻 ഥ × 𝐴)ҧ
(∇
𝜇 ഥ×𝐻
ഥ𝐴 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐸ത𝐴
∇
or
1 Find 𝐸ത𝐴
𝐸ത𝐴 = −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − 𝑗 ഥ. 𝐴ҧ
ഥ ∇
∇
𝜔𝜇𝜖
ሽ
H.O.T.
1 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕𝐴𝜙
ഥ. 𝐴ҧ =
∇ 𝑟 𝐴 𝑟 + 𝐴 sin 𝜃 +
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓 1 𝜕𝑓
ഥ𝑓 =
∇ 𝑟Ƹ + 𝜃መ + 𝜙෠
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
➢ 𝐸ത𝐴 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ (only for the 𝜃 and 𝜙 components in the far field)

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Far Field Radiation – Summary
➢ For 𝐽:ҧ 𝐸𝐴,𝑟 ≈ 0 ഥ
➢ For 𝑀: 𝐻𝐹,𝑟 ≈ 0
𝐸𝐴,𝜃 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜃 𝐻𝐹,𝜃 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐹𝜃
𝐸𝐴,𝜙 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜙 𝐻𝐹,𝜙 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐹𝜙
𝐸ത ഥ
𝐻 𝑟Ƹ 𝜇 𝐸𝜃 𝐸𝜙
𝜂= = =−
𝐸ത 𝜖 𝐻𝜙 𝐻𝜃
− +
𝑟Ƹ
𝑟Ƹ ഥ
𝐻 ഥ=
𝐻 × 𝐸ത
𝜂
𝐸ത = −𝜂 𝑟Ƹ × 𝐻
ഥ
➢ For free space, 𝜂 ≈ 120𝜋 ≈ 377Ω

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Break ~ 15 min.

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Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

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Duality Principle – 1/2
➢ Dual equations for electric and magnetic type current sources
Electric type sources only Magnetic type sources only

(𝐽 ҧ ≠ 0, 𝑀
ഥ = 0) (𝐽 ҧ = 0, 𝑀
ഥ ≠ 0)
ഥ × 𝐸ത = −j𝜔𝜇𝐻
∇ ഥ ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ = j𝜔𝜇𝐸ത
ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ = 𝐽 ҧ + j𝜔𝜖𝐸ത ഥ × 𝐸ത = 𝑀
−∇ ഥ + j𝜔𝜇𝐻
ഥ
ഥ. 𝐵ത = 0,
∇ ഥ × 𝐴ҧ
𝐵ത = ∇ ഥ. 𝐷
∇ ഥ = 0, ഥ = −∇
𝐷 ഥ × 𝐹ത
1 1
𝐸ത = −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − 𝑗 ∇ ഥ. 𝐴ҧ
ഥ ∇ ഥ = −𝑗𝜔𝐹ത − 𝑗
𝐻 ഥ ∇
∇ ഥ. 𝐹ത
𝜔𝜇𝜖 𝜔𝜇𝜖

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Duality Principle – 2/2
➢ Dual quantities
Electric current problem Magnetic current problem
𝐸ത ഥ
𝐻
𝐻ഥ −𝐸ത
𝐽ҧ 𝑀ഥ
𝐴ҧ 𝐹ത
𝜇 𝜖
𝑘 𝑘
𝜂 1/𝜂
1/𝜂 𝜂
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Duality – Example Let’s see how we obtain
this.
➢ Electric Hertz dipole
𝑧 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝑒
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝑘𝜂𝐼0𝑒 𝑙 sin 𝜃
4𝜋𝑟
𝐼0𝑒 𝑙
𝑦 𝐸𝜃
𝐻𝜙 =
𝑥 𝜂
➢ Magnetic Hertz dipole

𝑧
1 𝑚 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐻𝜃 = 𝑗𝑘 𝐼0 𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝜂 4𝜋𝑟
𝐼0𝑚 𝑙
𝑦 𝐸𝜙 = −𝜂𝐻𝜃
𝑥
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Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

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Linear Wire Antennas – Hertz Dipole
– 1/6
➢ Consider an electric Hertz dipole of infinitesimally
small length 𝑙 ≪ 𝜆, oriented along 𝑧-axis as shown
𝑧 𝑙
𝐼 ҧ 𝑧 = I0 𝑧,Ƹ 𝑧 <
2
𝐼0 , 𝑙 𝜇 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
𝑦 𝐴ҧ = 𝑧Ƹ න 𝐼(𝑧 ′ ) 𝑑𝑧′
4𝜋 𝐶 𝑅
𝑥
𝜇 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑙/2
𝐴ҧ = 𝑧𝐼Ƹ 0 න 𝑑𝑧′
4𝜋 𝑟 −𝑙/2
𝜇𝑙 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐴ҧ = 𝑧𝐼Ƹ 0
4𝜋 𝑟
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ҧ ෠
– 2/6
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑧 𝑧Ƹ = 𝐴𝑧 (𝑟Ƹ cos 𝜃 − 𝜃 sin 𝜃)
𝐼0 𝑙 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐴𝑟 = 𝜇 cos 𝜃
𝐴𝜃 = −𝜇
4𝜋 𝑟
𝐼0 𝑙 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
sin 𝜃
ሽ independent of 𝜙
due to symmetry
4𝜋 𝑟
1 𝐼0 𝑙 1
ഥ=
𝐻 ഥ ҧ ෠
∇ × 𝐴 = 𝜙 𝑗𝑘 sin 𝜃 1 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝜇 4𝜋𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟
1 1
𝐸ത = −𝑗𝜔𝐴ҧ − 𝑗 ഥ ∇
∇ ҧ
ഥ. 𝐴 = ഥ×𝐻
∇ ഥ
𝜔𝜇𝜖 𝑗𝜔𝜖

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2023 30 30
– 3/6
𝐼0 𝑙 1 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 1 1
𝐸𝑟 = 𝜂 cos 𝜃 1 + 𝑒 , terms
2𝜋𝑟 2 𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟3
𝑘𝐼0 𝑙 1 1 1 1 1
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝜂 sin 𝜃 1 + − 2
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 , , terms
𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟3
4𝜋𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑘𝑟
𝐸𝜙 = 0
𝐻𝑟 = 0
𝐻𝜃 = 0
𝐼0 𝑙 1 1 1
𝐻𝜙 = 𝑗𝑘 sin 𝜃 1 + 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 , terms
𝑟 𝑟2
4𝜋𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟
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2023 31 31
➢ Complex Poynting’s Vector: – 4/6
1 1
ഥ = 𝐸ത × 𝐻
𝑊 ഥ = (𝑟𝐸
∗ ෠ 𝑟 𝐻𝜙∗ )
Ƹ 𝜃 𝐻𝜙∗ − 𝜃𝐸
2 2
ሽ
ሽ
𝑊𝑟 𝑊𝜃
3
1 𝑙2 sin2 𝜃 1
𝑊𝑟 = 𝜂 𝐼0 2 2 2 1−𝑗 = a + jb
8 𝜆 𝑟 𝑘𝑟
2
𝑘𝐼02 𝑙2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
𝑊𝜃 = −𝑗𝜂 2 3
1+ = jc
16𝜋 𝑟 𝑘𝑟
If 𝑘𝑟 ≫ 1, 𝑎 ≫ 𝑏 & |𝑐| Real power dominates

If 𝑘𝑟 ≪ 1, 𝑏 ≫ 𝑎 , |𝑐| is not negligible Reactive power
dominates32
Titel van de presentatie
EE4016 - Antenna Systems Feb-April 2023 32
➢ Near field region (𝑘𝑟 ≪ 1) – 5/6
𝐼0 𝑙 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
𝐸𝑟 ≈ −𝑗𝜂 cos 𝜃 𝑒
2𝜋𝑘𝑟 3
𝐸𝜃 ≈ 𝑗𝜂 sin 𝜃 𝑒
4𝜋𝑘𝑟 3
𝐻𝜙 ≈ sin 𝜃 𝑒
4𝜋𝑟 2
𝐸𝜙 = 𝐻𝑟 = 𝐻𝜃 = 0
ഥ is purely imaginary, no 𝑃𝑎𝑣 radiating, only energy storage.

𝑊

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2023 33 33
➢ Far field region (𝑘𝑟 ≫ 1) – 6/6
𝐸𝑟 ≈ 0 Radiated power:
𝐼0 𝑙 1
𝐸𝜃 ≈ 𝑗𝜂𝑘 sin 𝜃 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑃𝑟 = ර 𝑅𝑒 𝐸ത × 𝐻
ഥ ∗ 𝑑𝑠
4𝜋𝑟 𝑆 2
𝐼0 𝑙 2𝜋 𝜋
𝐻𝜙 ≈ 𝑗𝑘 sin 𝜃 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝐼 2 2
0𝑙
4𝜋𝑟 𝑃𝑟 = න න 𝜂𝑘 2 sin 3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
32𝜋 2
0 0
𝐸𝜙 = 𝐻𝑟 = 𝐻𝜃 = 0
𝜋 2 𝑙2
𝑃𝑟 = 𝜂 𝐼0 2
3 𝜆
2
2 2𝑙
For 𝜂 ≈ 120𝜋, 𝑃𝑟 = 40𝜋 𝐼0 2
𝜆

presentatie
2023 34 34
Linear Wire Antennas – Finite Length
Dipole – An Important Observation
𝑧 𝐿 𝐿
𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐼0 sin 𝑘 − 𝑧 , 𝑧 ≤
2 2
𝐿/2 𝑅
𝐿/2
𝐼(𝑧) 𝜇 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
𝑟′ҧ 𝑟
𝐴ҧ = 𝑧Ƹ න 𝐼(𝑧 ′ ) 𝑑𝑧′
4𝜋 𝑅
𝑦 −𝐿/2
𝑥
−𝐿/2 at far zone, 𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 − 𝑧′ cos 𝜃 (|𝑟 ′ | = z ′ )
𝐿/2
𝜇 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟
′ cos 𝜃
Let 𝑘 cos 𝜃 = 𝛼
𝐴𝑧 = න 𝐼 𝑧′ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑑𝑧′ ሚ
4𝜋 𝑟 න 𝐼 𝑧 ′ 𝑒 𝑗𝛼𝑧′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ = 𝐼(𝛼)
−𝐿/2
Fourier transform of the current
➢ The far fields are mainly determined by the Fourier transform of
the current.
presentatie
2023 35 35
Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

presentatie
2023 36 36
Antennas Above/On an Infinite Conductor
• The conductor is a PEC (𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 0) or PMC (𝐻𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 0).
• It is infinite in extent.
Image equivalent problem

direct
Original problem
VED
ℎ
ሽ reflected ℎ
ሽ
𝑧=0 ሽ
PEC ℎ image source
VED: vertical electric dipole (virtual source)
➢ Remove the conductors and place a suitable image

antenna in the lower half space so that 𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 0 at 𝑧 = 0
➢ The two problems are equivalent in the half space, 𝑧 ≥ 0
presentatie
2023 37 37
Image Theory
VED VMD
HED HMD
actual
V: vertical sources
H: horizontal
PEC
E: electric
image
M: magnetic
sources
VED HED VMD HMD

actual
sources
PMC
image
sources

presentatie
2023 38 38
An example – Quarter wave monopole
𝑧
𝜆/4 The two antennas

≡ have identical 𝐸ത
𝜆/2 ഥ fields for the
and 𝐻
Large PEC
upper half space.
2𝜋 𝜋
1
𝑃𝑟, 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = න න 𝑅𝑒 𝐸ത × 𝐻
ഥ ∗ 𝑑𝑠
2
0 0
2𝜋 𝜋/2
1 𝑃𝑟,𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑃𝑟, 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = න න 𝑅𝑒 𝐸ത × 𝐻
ഥ 𝑑𝑠 =
∗
2 2
0 0
𝑍𝑖𝑛, 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
Similarly, 𝑍𝑖𝑛, 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
2

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2023 39 39
Content
• Image theory
• Conclusions

presentatie
2023 40 40
Conclusions on radiated field computation
• Vector potentials 𝐴,ҧ 𝐹ത help us formulate the radiation
problem in antennas straightforwardly.
• From known or assumed current distribution 𝐽,ҧ 𝑀, ഥ the
vector potentials are computed via vector wave equations:
∇2 𝐴ҧ + k 2 𝐴ҧ = −𝜇𝐽 ҧ ∇2 𝐹ത + k 2 𝐹ത = −𝜖 𝑀
ഥ
• First, a solution is obtained for a point source. This

response is then used to form a general solution for an
arbitrary source as a collection of point sources.
ҧ ′
−𝑗𝑘 𝑟−𝑟 ҧ
𝜇 𝑒 𝜖 𝑒
ҧ
𝐴= ҧ ഥ′
න 𝐽 (𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑣′ 𝐹ത = න𝑀ഥ (𝑟ഥ′ ) 𝑑𝑣′
4𝜋 𝑉 ഥ
𝑟ҧ − 𝑟 ′ 4𝜋 𝑉 𝑟ҧ − 𝑟 ഥ′

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2023 41 41
Conclusions on far field
• The far fields are determined by the Fourier transform of
the current.
• The radiated 𝐸ത and 𝐻 ഥ fields has only 𝜃 and 𝜙 components
that do not vanish at the far field.
➢ For 𝐽:ҧ 𝐸𝐴,𝑟 ≈ 0 ഥ 𝐻𝐹,𝑟 ≈ 0
➢ For 𝑀:
𝐸𝐴,𝜃 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜃 𝐻𝐹,𝜃 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐹𝜃
𝐸𝐴,𝜙 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜙 𝐻𝐹,𝜙 ≈ −𝑗𝜔𝐹𝜙
• The electric and magnetic far fields are related by
𝑟Ƹ
𝐻 = × 𝐸ത
ഥ 𝐸ത = −𝜂 𝑟Ƹ × 𝐻
ഥ
𝜂
• Far fields of an electric Hertz dipole:
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝐸𝜃
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗𝑘𝜂𝐼0𝑒 𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝐻𝜙 =
4𝜋𝑟 𝜂
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2023 42 42
Conclusions on duality – image theory
• The fields obtained from electric and magnetic type current
sources are related by the duality principle.
• For antennas above/on an infinite conductor, an equivalent

problem without the conductor & with proper image sources
is formed, which gives identical 𝐸ത and 𝐻
ഥ fields for the half
space above the conductor in the original problem.

presentatie
2023 43 43
Literature
• C. Balanis, “Antenna theory. Analysis and Design”:
Ch. 3.1-3.7 – Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary

Potential Functions
Ch. 4.1-4.7 – Linear Wire Antennas
• Support material: A. Neto, EE 4510: Advanced

Electromagnetics, p2, Lec. 3: Potentials and Green's
functions, Lec. 4: Radiation from elementary sources.
• Complementary material: Radiation from a loop antenna
Further read (history):

• C. N. Yang, ‘‘The conceptual origins of Maxwell’s
equations and gauge theory,’’ Physics Today, Nov. 2014.
presentatie
2023 44 44

L3 Fields Radiated by Elementary Sources - 2023

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EE4016 – Antenna Systems

L3. Calculation of Fields Radiated by

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

2. Div presence of flow sources

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Operator Expression Acts on / Gives Represents

• They provide a concise means for expressing relations of various

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Maxwell’s equations are linear → the total radiated field 𝐸ത and

𝐸ത = 𝐸ത𝐴 + 𝐸ത𝐹 ഥ=𝐻

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Path 1: Helmholtz eqns + radiation integrals involving source

An intuitive example (from magnetostatics):

Biot-Savart law: Vector potential (from Poisson’s eqn.):

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

• The above definition does not define the magnetic vector

To simplify (*), let us choose:

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Then, (*) becomes: ∇2 𝐴ҧ + k 2 𝐴ҧ = −𝜇𝐽 ҧ ‘‘Vector wave equation for 𝐴ҧ ’’

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Strategy: • Find a solution for a point source, 𝛿(𝑥)𝛿(𝑦)𝛿(𝑧)

(**) yields 3-scalar equations: ∇2 𝐴𝑥 + k 2 𝐴𝑥 = −𝜇𝐽x

For a line current 𝐼 ҧ in a contour C:

➢ We have investigated the contribution from 𝐽.ҧ What about the

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

• 𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 in magnitude terms 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑗𝑘𝑟 ′.𝑟Ƹ

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

➢ For free space, 𝜂 ≈ 120𝜋 ≈ 377Ω

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Electric type sources only Magnetic type sources only

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Electric current problem Magnetic current problem

➢ Magnetic Hertz dipole

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

If 𝑘𝑟 ≫ 1, 𝑎 ≫ 𝑏 & |𝑐| Real power dominates

ഥ is purely imaginary, no 𝑃𝑎𝑣 radiating, only energy storage.

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Image equivalent problem

➢ Remove the conductors and place a suitable image

VED HED VMD HMD

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

𝜆/4 The two antennas

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

• First, a solution is obtained for a point source. This

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

• For antennas above/on an infinite conductor, an equivalent

EE4016 - Antenna Systems Titel van de Feb-April

Ch. 3.1-3.7 – Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary

• Support material: A. Neto, EE 4510: Advanced

• Complementary material: Radiation from a loop antenna

Further read (history):