870 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 48, NO.
5, MAY 2000
Fig. 3. Simple equivalent circuit of main patch and power sensor.
expression for jS210
j2 . The other principal frequency dependencies in
the system are the relationship between the edge voltages V1 and V2 ,
and the radiating array factor of the two slots that affects the total power
radiated. Unlike the input return loss of the patch, none of these factors
determining jS210
j2 exhibits a strongly resonant behavior.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new method was described for performance assess-
ment of an active patch antenna. It should be applicable to any active
antenna with a one-port patch radiator, whether self-oscillating or oth-
erwise. Interesting features of this method are that it eliminates the un-
certainties involving in using the standard Friis equation method, or
the substitution method, and largely eliminates error introduced by an
imperfect anechoic environment. The method can be used with good
accuracy in an open laboratory, without anechoic walls, provided rea-
sonable care is taken to avoid strong reflections from nearby obsta-
cles. Another interesting feature is that a nearly frequency-indepen-
dent calibration constant can be obtained over a wider band than the
resonant bandwidth of the patch radiator under test. If desired, a very
low-order filter can be fitted to the sensor to remove the already small
frequency dependence, and this is very convenient when adjusting the
operating conditions such as frequency, drive level, and bias to opti-
mize the output power or the efficiency.
Like the existing methods of power measurement, the technique de-
scribed measures power input to the radiating structure, and an estimate
or measurement of radiation efficiency (e.g., [7], [8]) should be incor-
porated to find the true total radiated power.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Qian and T. Itoh, “Progress in active integrated antennas and their
applications,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 46, pp.
1891–1900, Nov. 1998.
[2] N. O. Sokal and I. Novak, “Classes of RF power amplifiers A through
S, how they operate, and when to use them,” in IEEE Electron. Conf.,
Boston, MA, June 1995, pp. 337–400.
[8] R. H. Johnston and J. G. McRory, “An improved small antenna radiation-
efficiency measurement method,” IEEE Antenna Propagat. Mag., vol.
40, pp. 40–47, Oct. 1988.
On the Goubau–Schwering Beam Waveguide Using a
Modified Paraxial Approximation
Karl E. Lonngren
Abstract—In this paper, we demonstrate that the beam waveguide can be
easily postulated by using a modified version of the paraxial approximation.
Index Terms—Beam waveguide, paraxial approximation.
The paraxial approximation is a technique that is gaining currency
in solving diffraction problems in electromagnetic theory. In particular,
it is found that in Cartesian coordinates, the far field is the two-di-
mensional Fourier transform of the field within the aperture. It is de-
scribed in recent literature [1]. The purpose of this paper is to extend the
paraxial approximation and demonstrate that the electromagnetic fields
in the beam waveguide described originally by Goubau and Schwering
[2], [3] can be directly obtained.
Goubau and Schwering calculated the transverse distribution of the
electromagnetic fields that could propagate and be guided by a structure
consisting of periodically displaced lenses. They found that the trans-
verse distribution would be expressed in terms of modes that consisted
of a Gaussian times a Laguerre polynomial in cylindrical coordinates
[2] and a Gaussian times a Hermite polynomial in Cartesian coordinates
[3]. This mode structure was experimentally confirmed at microwave
frequencies [4], [5]. Additional results can be found in [6]–[8].
With reference to Fig. 1(a), and in the spirit of the paraxial approxi-
mation [1], the far field E (x; y; z ) is written as
E (x0 ; y0 ; z 0 )e0jr
[3] V. Radisic, S. T. Chew, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, “High-efficiency power
j
amplifier integrated with antenna,” IEEE Microwave Guided Wave Lett., E (x; y; z ) = dx0 dy0
r00
(1)
vol. 7, pp. 39–41, Feb. 1997.  S
[4] H. An, B. Nauwelaers, and A. Van de Capelle, “Measurement technique
where the single prime indicates the coordinates of the aperture. The
distance r00 is the distance between an element within the aperture and
for an active microstrip antennas,” Electron. Lett., vol. 29, no. 18, pp.
1646–1647, Sept. 1993.
[5] E. Elkhazmi, N. J. McEwan, and J. Moustafa, “Control of harmonic ra- the far-field point, and is expressed as
r00 =
diation from an active microstrip antenna,” J. Int. Nice Antennas, pp.
313–316, Nov. 1996. (x 0 x0 )2 + (y 0 y0 )2 + (z 0 z0 )2: (2)
[6] V. Radisic, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, “Novel architectures for high-efficiency
amplifiers for wireless applications,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
Tech., vol. 46, pp. 1901–1909, Nov. 1998. Manuscript received July 14, 1999.
[7] D. M. Pozar and B. Kaufman, “Comparison of three methods for the The author is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
measurement of printed antenna efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Antenna Prop- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA.
agat., vol. 36, pp. 136–139, Jan. 1988. Publisher Item Identifier S 0018-9480(00)03758-3.

0018–9480/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 48, NO. 5, MAY 2000 871

in the phase terms. The aperture is located at z 0 = 0zo . We retain the

higher order terms. After substituting (5) and (6) in (1), we obtain

j
E (x; y; +zo ) = E (x0 ; y0 ; 0zo )
2zo S

2e0j 2z 0 + +
dx0 dy0 (7)

or

je0j2z
(a)
E (x0 ; y0 ; 0zo )
j
E (x; y; +zo )e =
2zo S

2e0j +
dx0 dy0 :
(8)

In (8), the two quadratic exponential terms can be removed with

phase correcting lenses at both locations. The term in front of the in-
tegral sign is the normal wave propagation for a distance 2zo . After
removing these terms, we obtain

0j
(b) E (x; y; +zo ) = E (x0 ; y0 ; 0zo )e dx0 dy0 : (9)
S
Fig. 1. Plane-wave element as part of a plane aperture. (a) Plane at z = 0. (b)
6
Planes at z = z . Equation (9) is the result that we seek in that the field at z = +zo
is the Fourier transform of the field at z = 0zo if the aperture were
infinite in extent. A Gaussian times a Hermite polynomial satisfies this
In the standard paraxial approximation for diffraction [1], one ap- in Cartesian coordinates, which is the normal mode [3]. Equation (9)
proximates r 00 with can be transformed to cylindrical coordinates [1] with the result that a
Gaussian times a Laguerre polynomial is the Hankel transform of itself
r00  r = x2 + y 2 + z 2
and, thus, is a mode in cylindrical coordinates [2].
(3)

in the amplitude terms and uses the binomial expansion ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes to acknowledge his former colleagues and

xx0 + yy0
r 00
r0 r
(4)
teachers G. Goubau, F. Schwering, J. B. Beyer, E. H. Scheibe, and
J. W. Mink for discussions concerning the beam waveguide, and
A. Korpel and E.-W. Bai for discussions concerning the paraxial
approximation.
in the phase terms. The aperture is located at z 0 = 0. In addition, the
terms containing

REFERENCES
(x )
0 2 (y )
0 2
and [1] S. Ramo, J. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, Fields and Waves in Commu-
r r nication Electronics. New York: Wiley, 1994, pp. 618–624.
[2] G. Goubau and F. Schwering, “On the guided propagation of electro-
and higher order are neglected, as they are considered to make an in- magnetic wave beams,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-9, pp.
significant contribution. 248–256, May 1961.
[3] F. Schwering, “Reiterative wave beams of rectangular symmetry,” Arch.
In our modified paraxial approximation with the beam waveguide Elektr. Uebertrag., vol. 15, pp. 555–564, 1961.
application in mind, we do expect and will require that the wave prop- [4] J. B. Beyer and E. H. Scheibe, “Loss measurements of the beam wave-
agation be predominantly in the z direction, as shown in Fig. 1(b). We guide,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-11, pp. 18–22,
approximate r00 with Jan. 1963.
[5] J. W. Mink and E. H. Scheibe, “A dual-mode beam waveguide resonator
and frequency stabilizer at millimeter—wave frequencies,” IEEE Trans.
Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-14, pp. 222–228, May 1966.
r00  2zo (5) [6] G. Goubau, “Beam waveguides,” in Advances in Microwaves. New
York: Academic, 1968, vol. 3.
[7] P. F. Goldsmith, “Quasioptical techniques at millimeter and submil-
in the amplitude terms and expand (2) with the binomial expansion limeter wavelengths,” in Infrared and Millimeter Waves, K. J. Button,
Ed. New York: Academic, 1983, vol. 6.
[8] J. W. Mink and F. Schwering, “Hybrid dielectric slab–beam waveguide
xx0 + yy0 x02 + y02 x2 + y2
r00  2zo 0
for the sub-millimeter wave region,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
+ + (6)
2zo 4zo 4zo Tech., vol. 41, pp. 1720–1729, Oct. 1993.