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 Influence of Alloy Elements on Magnetic Properties
of Electrical Steels
Valentin Pricop, Elena Helerea, Marius Daniel Calin
Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics
Transilvania University of Brasov
Brasov, Romania
helerea@unitbv.ro
Abstract — Nowadays great efforts are done in order to
improve the performance of soft magnetic materials due to their
wide use in industrial applications. This paper deals with a
comparative analysis of the influence of the alloying elements on
magnetic properties of several grades of electrical steels. The
magnetic characteristics are obtained in the sinusoidal
magnetization regime at low frequency, of 1 Hz, and as indicators
of magnetic performance are proposed magnetic induction and
density of magnetic energy corresponding to 2500 A/m magnetic
field strength. The content of Si and Al and other elements are
determined using the spark optical spectroscopy technique.
Those alloying elements decrease the losses by increasing the
electrical resistivity and modifying the grain size of the magnetic
material. The results have shown that for electric steel grades
with content of (0.5-2.5) wt. % Si and (0.02-1.2) wt. % Al, the
magnetic induction indicator varies between (1.6-1.7) T, and the
magnetic energy density indicator between (40-75) mJ/kg.
Keywords — electrical steel, Fe-Si alloys, Si and Al contents,
magnetic properties, quasi-static magnetizing regime
I. INTRODUCTION
Large amounts of soft magnetic materials in the form of
electrical steel sheets, generally known as Fe-Si alloys, are
still required in a wide variety of industrial applications which
use magnetic cores. The area of applications was extended
from electric drives, power converters, high power generators
and transformers to sensors and micro-machines and even
particle accelerator [1]-[3].
The environmental protection requirements are also
expanded, related to reduction of material consumption and
increasing the energy efficiency, therefore, further studies and
researches are required to improve the magnetic characteristics
of electrical steel sheets by various methods and techniques -
alloying elements, appropriate heat treatment etc [4]-[8].
The most significant magnetic characteristics are the
magnetic flux density (magnetic induction) and the magnetic
losses corresponding to different magnetizing field
waveforms/magnetization regimes. There is an increased
interest for the knowledge of the magnetic behaviour of
materials in a wide range of frequencies and amplitudes of the
magnetizing field - e.g.: the saturation in the superior part of
the tooth of the rotating electrical machines and corners;
T-joints of laminated cores of transformers; deforming
regimes associated to inverters with frequency modulated
978-1-4673-8562-6/16/$31.00©2016 IEEE
waveforms; the magnetization regimes at 50 Hz associated
with electric machines and transformers; operation at low
frequency (1-2 Hz) in the case of particle accelerators [9, 10].
But, the optimization of magnetic characteristics of
electrical steels is a research issue that concerns both the
material manufacturing and the design of equipment/devices
with magnetic cores. Thus, new methods of designing
magnetic core components, based on modelling and
simulation of magnetic characteristics, should take into
account the influence of intrinsic factors (chemical
composition, crystallographic texture, heat treatment,
manufacturing process etc.) and extrinsic ones (operating
temperature, magnetization regime etc.) [11]–[14].
Corrections can be brought when the structure and
composition of electrical steels are known in detail.
The new Fe-Si grades require new studies on the influence
of the alloying elements and of the micro-structure to the
magnetic properties when operating in different regimes of
magnetization and temperature [15].
In this paper, the magnetic properties of several electrical
steel grades are analysed and correlated to their alloy
elements. For the analysis, to describe the behaviour of
electrical steels in quasi-static regime, the low frequency
sinusoidal magnetization of 1 Hz is applied. This regime is
encountered in many applications, such as DC machines or
particle accelerator magnets.
II. STATE OF ART ON INFLUENCING FACTORS
The interest in using Fe-Si alloys increased in particular
due to the beneficial influence of silicon in reducing the eddy-
current losses and magnetostriction. The electrical steel sheets
with silicon content above 6.5 weight percentages (wt %),
compared to the ones with silicon content of 0.3-3 wt %, show
superior magnetic properties: higher magnetic permeability,
lower dynamic effects, and practically the absence of
magnetostriction. These alloys are in accordance to energy
savings constraints. As the magnetostriction is very low, they
are useful in applications where small noise level is
required [16]. The early versions of electrical steels were
produced by cold rolling and the silicon content was
manageable up to 4.5 %. Above this level, the alloy brittleness
becomes unacceptable [17]. Thus, hot rolled sheets of Fe-Si
alloys are used generally with up to 3.5 wt% Si. Various
methods are being applied to increase the machinability of
steel sheets in correlation with optimization of magnetic
characteristics. Improvement of ductility and rolling is
obtained in the case of Fe-Si alloys with high Si content
(6.5 wt %) by adding boron with content up to 550 ppm [18].
The addition of aluminium also raises the electrical
resistivity of the alloy and increases the grain size, therefore,
manufacturers combine the advantageous effects of Si and Al
in optimizing the Fe-Si alloys characteristics [19]-[22]. But,
aluminium is oxygen-avid and alumina inclusions create
domain-wall pinning sites [17]. The influence of Al and Si
content on the saturation magnetization has been highlighted
by studies [9] being useful primarily in determining and
predicting the magnetic properties of electrical steels in the
saturation region [10].
The sulphur content in the alloy has the effect of pinning
domain walls and decreasing the grain size [23, 24]. The
manganese content has the effect of decreasing the core losses
by increasing the electrical resistivity [25]. By increasing the
copper content, the grain size is increased with a very small
permeability reduction [6].
The parameters and characteristics affected by the main
constituent elements of electrical steels (Si, Al and Mn) are the
electrical resistivity and the grain size, which have a major
influence on the magnetic properties of the alloy [19].
In addition to the chemical composition, the
crystallographic texture also has a major influence on the
magnetic properties of electrical steels [12, 26]. In his patent,
Goss [27] described the procedure to obtain electrical steel
sheets having magnetic properties similar to those of a single
crystal. The choice of crystallographic texture depends on the
application types: for rotating machines are preferred
non-oriented (NO) steels with isotropic properties, while for
transformers, the easy magnetization axis of the
grain-oriented (GO) steels is exploited.
The grain size is an important quantity as it has been found
to have a direct influence on the energy losses. With increased
grain dimension, the energy required to overcome the lattice
distortions present at grain boundaries decreases and,
therefore, the energy losses decrease [28]. For grain diameters
above 1 mm the energy reducing effect is reversed due to the
eddy-currents generated by the moving domain walls [29, 30].
The thermo-mechanical treatments can improve the alloy
micro-structure to obtain an acceptable compromise between
reasonable values of magnetic induction and low magnetic
losses values. The manufacturing process has a direct
influence on the magnetic properties of the steel: annealing
temperature affect the grain size [8, 11, 31], while the
quenching temperature affect the losses and coercivity [32].
III. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC
PROPERTIES
A. Description of the samples
The NO electrical steel samples from different
manufacturers were prepared for measurement according to
Epstein frame method, with the sizes of 280/300 × 30 mm, in
accordance to the indications of the international
standards [33, 34].
In Table I, the samples are arranged firstly in the ascending
order of the rated magnetic losses and secondarily function of
their thickness for the same magnetic losses values.
The samples have been laser cut, having the long side
oriented along the rolling direction. The size of the samples
has been measured with an electronic calliper and the average
values are reported. The thickness t of the samples has been
calculated from the cross-sectional area of the samples
determined according to the recommendations of the
international standard [33]:

TABLE I. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ELECTRICAL STEEL SAMPLES

No of sheets Sample density Sample mass Size Thickness

Grade
N dm [kg/m3] m [kg] l × w [mm×mm] t [mm]
250-35A HP 12 7650 0.29 300 x 30 0.351
270-50A 8 7650 0.273 300 x 30 0.495
M270-50A 32 7600 1.061 300 x 30 0.485
270-50A HP 8 7650 0.276 300 x 30 0.500
M270-50A HP 24 7600 0.773 280 x 30 0.504
M300-35A 8 7650 0.189 300 x 30 0.343
M350-50A 16 7650 0.509 280 x 30 0.495
M400-50A 16 7700 0.508 280 x 30 0.491
M470-50A 8 7700 0.259 280 x 30 0.501
M530-50A 16 7700 0.52 280 x 30 0.502
M700-50A 8 7800 0.262 280 x 30 0.499
M700-65A 24 7750 1.087 300 x 30 0.649
M800-50A 16 7800 0.556 300 x 30 0.495
M1400-100A 8 7800 0.547 300 x 30 0.975
 TABLE II. MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC STEEL SAMPLES
t=
m . (1) AT 1 HZ SINUSOIDAL MAGNETISATION REGIME
dm ⋅ N ⋅ l ⋅ w
The value of the mass density dm represents the specific B25 wm25 wm1.5T
Grade
density provided by the manufacturers in data catalogues. The [T] [mJ/kg] [mJ/kg]
mass m has been determined using an electronic balance 250-35A HP 1.600 48.91 41.08
model Kern PCB 1000-2, with a resolution of 0.01 g. 270-50A 1.649 33.19 25.28
B. Measurement setup M270-50A 1.622 39.52 34.17
The magnetic properties for the samples described in
Table I are investigated in sinusoidal magnetization regime, at 270-50A HP 1.616 34.2 26.94
the frequency of 1 Hz. The block diagram of the measurement M270-50A HP 1.631 37.45 31.95
setup (Fig. 1) comprises power supply (PS), shunt resistor , M300-35A 1.635 31.96 24.94
standard Epstein frame (EF), air-flux compensation coil
(AFCC), steel samples (S), data acquisition system equipped M350-50A 1.612 50.09 42.75
with analogue (ADC) and digital (DAC) converters, and PC M400-50A 1.607 49.87 43.85
for process control and recording measurement data. A M470-50A 1.616 73.75 63.1
specific magnetization waveform control procedure has been
applied as in [15], to obtain the magnetic parameters and M530-50A 1.616 50.62 42.84
characteristics in sinusoidal magnetization regime. M700-50A 1.703 88.65 68.19
C. Measurement results M700-65A 1.661 71.17 58.85
The families of symmetric hysteresis cycles have been M800-50A 1.668 75.02 61.00
raised with sinusoidal magnetization waveform at 1 Hz. The M1400-100A 1.701 63.39 49.43
normal magnetization curve Bmax= f(Hmax) and the magnetic
energy losses curve wm= f(Bmax) have been determined from
the measured hysteresis cycles. The values of the magnetic 1.5
induction (B25) at H=2500 A/m have been determined from the Measured hysteresis cycle
determined curves. Also, the density of magnetic energy Locus point of cycle
Magnetic induction, B (T)

(wm25) at H=2500 A/m, and (wm1.5T) at B=1.5 T has been Normal magnetization curve
calculated through experimental data processing, as in [15]. 1
The results are presented in Table II.
A selection of magnetic hysteresis cycles measured for
grades M470-50A and M1400-100A, as well as the obtained 0.5
normal magnetization curves are presented in Fig. 2. The
dynamic effects are negligible at low magnetization
frequencies as it is indicated in literature [5, 35].
0
IV. FE-SI ALLOY ELEMENTS ANALYSIS
−400 −200 0 200 400
In this section, the chemical composition of Fe-Si alloys is Magnetic field strength, H (A/m)
investigated. Sheets of each sample were prepared for
chemical composition analysis, having the size of 10×10 mm. a)
is(t) Rs
1.5
Measured hysteresis cycle
>
PS Locus point of cycle
Magnetic induction, B (T)

AFCC Normal magnetization curve

1

DAC S 0.5

EF N

us(t) 0

−400 −200 0 200 400

Magnetic field strength, H (A/m)
PC ADC
b)
u2(t)
Fig. 2. Family of magnetic hysteresis cycles and the normal magnetization
curves, in sinusoidal magnetization regime at 1 Hz, for:
Fig. 1. Block diagram of the measurement setup a) M470-50A sample; b) M1400-100A sample

Fig. 3. Assembly of the spectrometer measurement system
The analysis of the chemical composition has been
accomplished using the spark optical spectroscopy technique,
The measurement system used is the PMI-MASTER~PRO,
manufactured by Oxford Instruments (Fig. 3).
By spark optical spectroscopy technique, high energy
sparks are created between an electrode and the specimen. The
electric arc will melt, evaporate and excite the elements in the
specimen. When the atoms in the plasma relax, they will emit
light with a characteristic wavelength, which is compared to
known standards to provide quantitative results.
For each specimen, a minimum of three measurements
have been performed and the average value is reported. The
standard deviation SD of the measurements relative to the
mean has been calculated using the following relation:
1
n
(
∑ xi − x )
2
SD = ⋅ i =1
(2)
x n −1
where: is the mean of the measurements, xi is the value of a
measurement and n is the number of measurements.
TABLE III. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ELECTRICAL STEEL SAMPLES AND STANDARD DEVIATION S OF MEASUREMENTS
The weight percentages of the chemical content of alloying
elements from the electric steel samples and standard
deviations of measured values obtained using spark optical
spectroscopy measurements are presented in Table III. The
measurements show the following maximum SD values:
4.048 % for Si content for M470-50A, 4.193 % for Al content
for M700-65A and 2.532 % for Mn content for M400-50A.
V. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
For the analysis, the magnetic induction B25 and the
density of magnetic energy wm25, corresponding to the
intensity of magnetizing field of H=2500 A/m are chosen as
magnetic indicators. The magnetizing field strength value has
been chosen such that the tested materials can be considered to
be saturated. Thus, the provided information is relevant for the
before mentioned applications and the tested quantities are
influenced mostly by the chemical composition. Additionally,
the obtained results can be extended to the full magnetization
range.
To process the data from Table II and Table III, the
regression analysis is proposed. In literature, as in [9] and
[19], a linear regression model is applied. The relation
between magnetic induction near saturation Bs and the
contents of silicon Psi and aluminium PAl is given by the
following relation:
Bs = B0 − K Si PSi − K Al PAl (3)
where B0 is the saturation magnetization of pure iron, PSi and
PAl are the weight percentages of silicon and aluminium
contents, and KSi and KAl are experimental constants. The
values obtained are: B0=2.2 T [19] and 2.133 T [9]; KSi = -
0.067 [19]; - 0.0409 [9]; KAl= - 0.045 [19]; - 0.033 [9].
In this paper, a new procedure is applied, using the
facilities of the Matlab program. The regression function
proposed is a polynomial surface of second degree,

Fe SDFe Si SDSi Al SDAl Mn SDMn Other elements

Grade
[wt %] [%] [wt %] [%] [wt %] [%] [wt %] [%] [wt %]
250-35A HP 96.167 0.060 1.957 0.295 1.217 1.711 0.322 1.643 0.338
270-50A 95.800 0 2.173 2.534 1.213 1.259 0.558 1.531 0.255
M270-50A 95.400 0 1.650 0 1.247 2.316 0.177 1.723 1.526
270-50A HP 96.00 0 2.243 1.122 1.253 3.225 0.339 2.231 0.164
M270-50A HP 96.100 0 2.560 0.677 0.969 1.709 0.212 0.719 0.158
M300-35A 95.933 0.060 2.217 1.450 1.257 2.431 0.35 1.738 0.243
M350-50A 96.700 0.103 2.333 3.889 0.577 2.603 0.195 2.139 0.195
M400-50A 96.967 0.119 2.220 4.004 0.418 1.762 0.209 2.532 0.186
M470-50A 97.667 0.059 1.620 4.048 0.346 1.204 0.273 1.118 0.094
M530-50A 97.900 0 1.373 1.112 0.327 1.235 0.289 0.719 0.110
M700-50A 98.633 0.059 0.877 1.013 0.001 0 0.340 1.060 0.149
M700-65A 98.367 0.059 1.133 1.019 0.153 4.193 0.191 1.385 0.156
M800-50A 98.300 0 1.177 1.769 0.129 0.446 0.213 0.716 0.181
M1400-100A 98.433 0.059 0.446 1.06 0.463 1.620 0.493 1.223 0.165
representing the interaction of two components: wt. % Si and where the colour represents the amplitude of the observed
wt. % Al: quantities B25 and wm25.
The dependency of the magnetic induction (B25) and of the
z = k00 + k10 PSi + k01 PAl + k 20 PSi2 + k02 PAl2 (4) density of magnetic energy (wm25) on the silicon and
aluminium content in the analysed electrical steel samples are
where z is the output quantity (B25 or wm25) of the model, PSi is
shown in Fig. 4.
wt. % Si content, and PAl is wt. % Al, and kxx is a set of
A parallel between the obtained results (Table IV) and the
coefficients specific to each fitted quantity.
results from the literature (relation (3) and coefficients values)
The coefficients of the fits and the quality of the fits, given
shows that the regression coefficients have the same tendency
by the R2 quantity, are presented in Table IV. The correlation
of decreasing the value of magnetic indicators.
coefficient R2 is a statistical measure of how close the data are
Correlation coefficients R2 have acceptable values and
to the fitted surface, and can take values between 0 and 1,
certify that in the domain of (0.5-2.5) wt.% Si and
where 0 indicates that the model does not explain the
(0.02-1.2) wt.% of Al content, relation (4) can be used by
variability of the data, and 1 indicates that the model fully
designers and manufacturers to establish a relation between
justifies the variability of the data. The obtained values of R2,
the chemical composition and the magnetic indicators.
above 0.85, show that the model described by relation (4) is
The influence of the Si and Al contents on the magnetic
appropriate to represent the correlation of data.
indicators of the electrical steel grades for sinusoidal
These correlations are also analysed through plotting the
magnetization regime at 1 Hz (Fig. 4) can be resumed, as:
colour coded histograms in the (wt.% Si, wt.% Al) plane,
- a content of (0.5-1.5) wt.% Si and (0.02-0.4) wt.% Al in
electrical steel grades increases the value of magnetic
TABLE IV. PARAMETERS OF STATISTICAL REGRESSION IN (4)
induction B25 to (1.65-1.7) T, but also increases the value
Quantity k00 k10 k01 k20 k02 R2 of magnetic energy density wm25 to (65-80) mJ/kg;
- a content of (1.5-2.5) wt.% Si and (0.4-1.2) wt.% Al in
B25 1.8412 -0.2018 -0.1909 0.0566 0.1255 0.904 electrical steel grades decrease the value of magnetic
wm25 89.51 -4.82 -64.31 -0.50 25.97 0.876 induction B25 to (1.6-1.64) T, but also decrease the value of
magnetic energy of density wm25 to (40-60) mJ/kg.
Experimental data
1.2 1.7 The effect of the aluminium content on the energy loss
Interpolated data
density has a more pronounced decreasing effect, as it can be
Magnetic induction B25 (T)

1 1.68 observed in Fig. 4(b) and by the k coefficients: k10=-4.82

Al content (wt.%)

0.8 (for Si) and k01=-64.31 (for Al). Although the second order
1.66 coefficient associated to the Al content has a larger positive
0.6 value (k02=25.97), for the range (0,1) the influence of this
1.64 coefficient is low.
0.4
On the other hand, the model has shown that both Si and
0.2
1.62 Al have similar contributions to decreasing the value of the
magnetic induction, as it appears in Fig. 4(a) and as
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1.6 highlighted by the close values of the first degree coefficients
Si content (wt.%) (k10=-0.2018 and k01=-0.1909) and of the second degree
a) coefficients (k20=0.0566 and k02=0.1255).
Specific grades of electrical steels can be identified,
Experimental data optimized to designer requirements of: high values of
1.2 80
Interpolated data magnetic induction and small values of density of magnetic
Energy loss density wm25 (mJ/kg)

1
energy losses.
70
Al content (wt.%)

0.8 VI. CONCLUSION

60 In this paper an analysis of the influence of the silicon and
0.6
aluminium content in Fe-Si alloys on the magnetic
0.4 50 characteristics of different grades of non-oriented electric steel
sheets is proposed.
0.2 The magnetic characteristics of the samples are obtained in
40
sinusoidal magnetization regime at the low frequency of 1 Hz,
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 and as indicators are proposed: magnetic induction B25 and
Si content (wt.%) density of magnetic energy wm25 at magnetic field strength
b) H=2500 A/m.
The content of Si, Al, and other elements in electrical steel
Fig. 4. Correlation of Si and Al contents with magnetic properties of electric sheets are determined using the spark optical spectroscopy
steel samples in quasi-static magnetising regime with magnetic indicators: technique.
a) magnetic induction B25; b) magnetic energy density wm25
 The data are processed in Matlab and the second order
polynomial surface model for the magnetic induction and
magnetic energy density at H=2500 A/m is identified.
The results have shown that for electric steel grades with
content of (0.5-2.5) wt.% Si and (0.02-1.2) wt.% Al, the
magnetic induction varies between (1.6-1.7) T. and magnetic
energy indicator between (40-80) mJ/kg.
The model has shown that the increase of aluminium
content has a larger contribution to decreasing the energy loss
density. On the other hand, both alloying elements have
similar contributions to decreasing the value of the magnetic
induction. Nevertheless, additional measurements in the
central part of the area of the (wt.% Si, wt.% Al) plane are
required to strengthen the model accuracy.
This analysis is useful for designers and manufacturers as
the saturation induction can be maximized and the energy
density minimized.
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