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CE 632 Retaining Wall Design Part-1 Handout PDF
CE 632 Retaining Wall Design Part-1 Handout PDF
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
First, approximate
dimensions are
chosen for the
retaining wall.
Then, stability of
wall is checked for
these dimensions
dimensions.
Section is changed
if its undesirable
from the stability or
Stem economy point of
view.
Heel
Toe
0.3 m min
0.3 m min
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Pa (Rankine)
Pa (Coulomb)
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
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Earth
Pressure
on
Retaining
walls
with
backfill
slope
l off
finite
distance
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
OVERTURNING SLIDING
about its toe. along the base
BEARING CAPACITY
Excessive SETTLEMENT
failure of supporting
may occur if weak soil
base
layer is located below the
foundation within 1.5
times foundation width.
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Check Against
OVERTURNNG
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5
Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
FOS =
∑M R Resisting Moment
∑M O Overturning Moment
( P + ∑ W ) .x = ∑ M − ∑ M
av i R O
x=
∑M −∑M R O
P + ∑W av i
In the design of cantilever retaining wall it is preferred that the stem center is
right above the location of resultant force at the base (resultant of soil reaction). 16
FOS =
∑F R
≥ 1.75
passive earth
pressure is ignored
∑F S
while calculating
FOS against sliding
FR = R.tan δ b + cb B + PP
Base friction and
FS = Pah adhesion may be
taken by the
FOS = 1.5,
1 5 if wind/seismic
i d/ i i following
forces are considered assumption
⎛1 2⎞
δ b = ⎜ to ⎟ .φ2′
⎝2 3⎠
⎛1 2⎞
cb = ⎜ to ⎟ .c2′
⎝2 3⎠
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
( P + ∑W ) + ( P − PP )
2
R=
2
av i ah
CE = x =
∑M −∑M R O
P + ∑W
av i
B
Eccentricity: e= −x
2
Q ⎛ 6e ⎞ ( Pav + ∑ Wi ) ⎛ 6e ⎞
qmax = ⎜1 + ⎟ = ⎜1 + ⎟
B⎝ B⎠ B ⎝ B⎠
Q ⎛ 6e ⎞ ( Pav + ∑ Wi ) ⎛ 6e ⎞
qmin = ⎜1 − ⎟ = ⎜1 − ⎟
B⎝ B⎠ B ⎝ B⎠
qu
Factor of safety against
bearing capacity:
FOS = [ 23 for granular soil
for cohesive soils
qav 20
Wall Joints
Construction Joints: Vertical or horizontal joints are placed between two
successive pour of concrete. To increase shear resistance at the joints,
keys may used as shown in the figure below.
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Wall Joints
22
Wall Drainage
Accumulation of rain water in the back fill results in its saturation, and
thus a considerable increase in the earth pressure acting on the wall.
This may eventually lead to unstable conditions. Two of the options to
take care of this problem are the following:
Provision of weep holes w/o geo-textile on the back-face of wall
Perforated pipe draining system with filter
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Foundation Analysis and Design: Dr. Amit Prashant
Wall Drainage
Perforated Pipes: These are provided horizontally along the back face of
wall at the bottom of stem. The filter material around the perforated pipe
should satisfy the following requirements.
The soil to be protected should note wash into the filter
D15( Filter )
<5
D85( Backfill )
Excessive hydraulic pressure head is not created in the soil due to low
permeability.
D15( Filter )
>4
D15( Backfill )
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Wall Settlements
Settlement of soil below the wall
Immediate settlement in granular soil.
Consolidation settlement in cohesive soil.
Differential settlement
Heel settlement is larger when there is substantial increase in
backfill
Toe settlements are produced by lateral earth pressure. To
minimize toe settlements, ground may be strengthened using sand
piles, rock columns, grouting, or structural piles.
Differential settlements along the length of wall may produce
cracks in the wall. This can be watched during construction itself
and preemptive action may be taken such as ensuring proper
compaction of the ground.
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