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production
Methodology(R.S.M)
automotive fuel mixed with gasoline, have been described (Vilar et. al.
than fossil fuels. Following burning they are lost forever and pose no
rather than burning (Kadam et. al. 2000, Schugeri, 2000). These
corn fiber, rice straw and hulls, nutshells and farm silages (Driehuis
and Wikselaar, 2000) wood waste (sawdust, timber slash, and mill
scrap), the paper trash and urban yard clippings in municipal waste,
energy crops (fast growing trees like poplars, willows, and grasses like
switch grass or elephant grass) (Anderson et. al. 2005), the methane
from cattle or poultry and even from spent sulfite pulping liquor (SSL)
a low value fuel; therefore its conversion to ethanol has also been
considered (Teixeira et. al. 1999; Duchuis and van Wikselaar, 2000;
Gnansounon et. al.2005).
1991).
is not necessary that ethanol kills the cells, but rather temporarily
inactivate them in a reversible manner. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(Taylor et. al. 1995; Taylor et. al. 1998) Ethanol tolerance in free and
indicated that immobilized yeast was far less sensitive to the ethanol
ethanol.
Scott.,1988).
widely has also been reported by others (Wendhausen et. al. 2001;
Shen et. al. 2003b). Most of the methods involve the use of chemicals
(Ogbonna et. al. 1994). Many matrices have been used for
1995), agar gel, calcium alginate beads (Ogbonna et. al. 1989; Li,
1996; Sree et. al. 2000; Najafpour et. al. 2004), Kissiris (mineral glass
foam derived from lava) (Nigam et. al. 1997), carrageenan, in ethanol
fermentation.
can derive ethanol. Many and different raw materials used in the
of enzymes. Once simple sugars are formed, enzymes from yeast can
used for ethanol production are sugar, starch and cellulose materials.
(Table.2.1).
Table.2.1 Substrates for alcohol production
Proposed
S.No Substrates Name of the mocrobe Author Year
method
sweet S.fibulyer &
1 SSF Sevendsby 1981
potato Zymomonas mobilis
raw sweet one step
2 Rhizopus species Matsuoka 1987
potato process
uncooked Fang and
5 Rhizopus strain SSF 1989
starch Wang
Corticum rolfsii &
6 raw starch SSF Hariantono 1991
Schizosaccharomyces
Yekta
Beet Saccharomyces
7 fermentation G.KSUNGU 2001
Molasses cerevisiae
R
ozonized Nakamura
8 recombinant yeast SSF 2002
raw starch & Sawada
Ranulfo
Saccharomyces
9 fermentation Monte 2003
Molasses cerevisiae
Alegre
soybean Saccharomyces Paula F.
10 fermentation 2008
molasses cerevisiae Siqueira
sugars, such as starch, into simple sugars. Alpha and beta amylases
3 pulp bran
wheat Bacillus sp Sujata d 2010
6 starches,
wheat bran Bacillus Chimata
Maryam 2011
7 flours bran
wheat sp. KR-8104
Bacillus sp Hashem
V. P. Zambare 2011
2.8. RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM)
ANN linked with genetic algorithm were used to find the optimum
Renganathan (2010).
fermentation
network. The ANN’s fail the justification, but the HANN is good in
al(2007) worked on the case study on multiproduct batch plant for the
optimization algorithms.
batch fermentation
those obtained with the Pareto Archived Evolution Strategy and the
Ethyl Alcohol
1