04 01 PAIR of LINES PDF

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CHAPTER 4
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
TOPICS:
1. Equation of a pair of lines passing through the origin
2.Angle between pair of lines
3.Bisectors of the angles between two lines.
4. pair of bisectors of angles between the pair of lines.
5.Equation of pair of lines passing through given point and parallel/perpendicular to the
given pair of lines.
6.Condition for perpendicular and coincident lines
7. Area of the triangle formed by give pair of lines and a line.
8.pair of lines-second degree general equation
9. Conditions for parallel lines-distance between them.
10. Point of intersection of the pair of lines.
11.Homogenising a second degree equation w.r.t a 1st degree equation in x and y.
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PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
Let L1=0, L2=0 be the equations of two straight lines. If P(x1,y1) is a point on L1 then it satisfies the
equation L1=0. Similarly, if P(x1,y1) is a point on L2 = 0 then it satisfies the equation.
If P(x1,y1) lies on L1 or L2, then P(x1,y1) satisfies the equation L1L2= 0.
∴ L1L2= 0 represents the pair of straight lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 and the joint equation of
L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 is given by L1. L2 = 0.-----(1)
On expanding equation (1) we get and equation of the form ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 which is a
second degree (non - homogeneous) equation in x and y.
Definition: If a, b, h are not all zero,then ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 is the general form of a second degree
homogeneous equation in x and y.
Definition: If a, b, h are not all zer, then ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is the general form of a second
degree non - homogeneous equation in x and y.
THEOREM
If a, b, h are not all zero and h 2 ≥ ab then ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines
passing through the origin.
Proof:
Case (i) : Suppose a = 0.
Given equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 reduces to 2hxy + by 2 = 0 ⇒ y (2 hx + by ) = 0 .
∴ Given equation represents two straight lines
y = 0 -- (1) and 2 hx + by = 0 -- (2) which pass through the origin.
Case (ii): Suppose a ≠ 0 .
Given equation ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0
⇒ a 2 x 2 + 2ahxy + aby 2 = 0
⇒ (ax) 2 + 2(ax)(hy ) + (hy ) 2 − (h 2 − ab) y 2 = 0
⇒ ( ax + hy ) 2 − ( y h 2 − ab ) 2 = 0
( ) (
⎡ ax + y h + h 2 − ab ⎤ ⎡ ax + y h − h 2 − ab ⎤ =0
⎣⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ )
∴Given equation represents the two lines
ax + hy + y h 2 − ab = 0 , ax + hy − y h 2 − ab = 0 which pass through the origin.
Note 1: If h 2 > ab , the two lines are distinct.
Note 2: If h 2 = ab , the two lines are coincident.
Note 3: If h 2 < ab , the two lines are not real but intersect at a real point ( the origin).
Note 4: If the two lines represented by ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 are taken as l1 x + m1 y = 0 and l2 x + m2 y = 0 then
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 ≡ (l1 x + m1 y ) ( l2 x + m2 y ) ≡ 1 2 x 2 + (1m2 + 2 m1 ) xy + m1m2 y 2
Equating the co – efficients of x2, xy and y2 on both sides, we get l1l2 = a , l1m2 + l2 m1 = 2h , m1m2 = b.
THEOREM
−2h
If ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 represent a pair of straight lines, then the sum of slopes of lines is and
b
a
product of the slopes is .
b
Proof:
Let ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 represent the lines l1 x + m1 y = 0 -- (1) and l2 x + m2 y = 0 -- (2). Then
l1l2 = a , l1m2 + l2 m1 = 2h , m1m2 = b.
l1 l
Slopes of the lines (1) and (2) are − and − 2 .
m1 m2
−l1 −l2 l m +l m 2h
sum of the slopes = + =− 1 2 2 1 =−
m1 m2 m1m2 b
⎛ −l ⎞⎛ l ⎞ l l a
Product of the slopes = ⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 1 2 =
⎝ m1 ⎠⎝ m2 ⎠ m1m2 b
ANGLE BETWEEN A PAIR OF LINES

THEOREM :
a+b
If θ is the angle between the lines represented by ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 ,then cos θ = ±
( a − b )2 + 4h2
Proof:
Let ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 represent the lines l1 x + m1 y = 0 -- (1) and l2 x + m2 y = 0 -- (2).
Then l1l2 = a , l1m2 + l2 m1 = 2h , m1m2 = b.
l1l2 + m1m2
Let θ be the angle between the lines (1) and (2). Then cos θ = ±
(l
2
1 )(
+ m12 l22 + m22 )
l1l2 + m1m2
=±
l12l22 + m12 m22 + l12 m22 + l22 m12
l1l2 + m1m2
=±
(l1l2 − m1m2 ) 2 + 2l1l2 m1m2
+(l1m2 + l2 m1 ) 2 − 2l1m2l2 m1
a+b
=±
( a − b) 2 + 4h 2
a+b
Note 1: If θ is the accute angle between the lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 then cos θ =
( a − b) 2 + 4h 2
2 h 2 − ab
Note 2: If θ is the accute angle between the lines ax + 2hxy + by = 0 then tan θ = ±
2 2
and
a+b
2 h 2 − ab
sin θ =
( a − b) 2 + 4h 2
CONDITIONS FOR PERPENDICULAR AND COINCIDENT LINES
1.If the lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 are perpendicular to each other then θ = π 2 and cos θ = 0 ⇒ a + b = 0 .
i.e., co-efficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0.
2.If the two lines are parallel to each other then θ = 0 .

⇒ The two lines are coincident ⇒ h2 = ab .
BISECTORS OF ANGLES.
THEOREM
The equations of bisectors of angles between the lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
are =± .
a12 + b12 a22 + b22
PAIR OF BISECTORS OF ANGLES.

The equation to the pair bisectors of the angle between the pair of lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 is
x 2 − y 2 xy
h( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( a − b ) xy (or) = .
a−b h
Proof:
l1 x + m1 y l2 x + m2 y
The equations of bisectors of angles between (1) and (2) are − = 0 AND
l12 + m12 l22 + m22
l1 x + m1 y l2 x + m2 y
+ =0
l12 + m12 l22 + m22
The combined equation of the bisectors is
⎛ l x + m y l x + m y ⎞⎛ x + m y x + m y ⎞
⎜ 1 1
− 2 2 ⎟⎜ 1 1
+ 2 2 ⎟
=0
⎜ l 2 + m2 l 2
+ m 2 ⎟⎜
2
+ m 2
2
+ m 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 1 2 2 ⎠⎝ 1 1 2 2 ⎠
2 2
⎛ l x+m y ⎞ ⎛l x+m y⎞
⇒⎜ 1 1 ⎟ −⎜ 2 2 ⎟
=0
⎜ l 2 + m2 ⎟ ⎜ l 2 + m2 ⎟
⎝ 1 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
( ) (
⇒ l22 + m22 (l1 x + m1 y ) 2 − l12 + m12 (l2 x + m2 y ) 2 = 0 )
⎣ ( ) (
⎦ ⎣ ) (
⇒ x 2 ⎡l12 l22 + m22 − l22 l12 + m12 ⎤ y 2 ⎡ m22 l12 + m12 − m12 l22 + m22 ⎤
⎦ ) ( ) ⎣ ( ) (
−2 xy ⎡l2 m2 l12 + m12 − l1m1 l22 + m22 ⎤ = 0
⎦ )
⎛ 2
+ l2 m2 m12 − l1m1l22 − l1m1m22 ⎞ = 0
( ) (
⇒ x 2 l12l22 + l12 m22 − l12l22 − l22 m12 − y 2 l12 m22 + m12 m22 − m12l22 − m12 m22 ) −2 xy ⎜⎝ l2 m2l1 ⎟
⎠
( )
⇒ x 2 l12 m22 − l22 m12 − y 2 l12 m22 − l22 m22 ( ) = 2 xy [l1l2 (l1m2 − l2 m1 ) − m1m2 (l1m2 − l2 m1 )]
( )
⇒ ( x 2 − y 2 ) l12 m22 − l22 m12 = 2 xy ( l1l2 − m1m2 )( l1m2 − l2 m1 )
⇒ ( x 2 − y 2 )(l1m2 + l2 m1 ) = 2 xy (l1l2 − m1m2 )

⇒ 2h( x 2 − y 2 ) = 2 xy ( a − b)
x2 − y 2 xy
∴ h( x − y ) = ( a − b) xy
2 2
OR =
a −b h
THEOREM
The equation to the pair of lines passing through ( x0 , y0 ) and parallel ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
is a( x − x0 )2 + 2h( x − x0 )( y − y0 ) + b( y − y0 )2 = 0
Proof :
The equation of line parallel to (1) and passing through ( x0 , y0 ) is
l1 ( x − x0 ) + m1 ( y − y0 ) = 0 -- (3)
The equation of line parallel to (2) and passing through ( x0 , y0 ) is l2 ( x − x0 ) + m2 ( y − y0 ) =0 -- (4)
The combined equation of (3), (4) is
[l1 ( x − x0 ) + m1 ( y − y0 )][l2 ( x − x0 ) + m2 ( y − y0 )] = 0
⇒ l1l2 ( x − x0 ) 2 + (l1m2 + l2 m1 )( x − x0 ) ( y − y0 ) + m1m2 ( y − y0 ) 2 = 0
⇒ a( x − x0 )2 + 2h( x − x0 )( y − y0 ) + b( y − y0 )2 = 0
THEOREM
The equation to the pair of lines passing through the origin and perpendicular to ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 is
bx 2 − 2hxy + ay 2 = 0 .
The equation of the line perpendicular to (1) and passing through the origin is m1 x − l1 y = 0 -- (3)
The equation of the line perpendicular to (2) and passing through the origin is m2 x − l2 y = 0 -- (4)
The combined equation of (3) and (4) is
(m1 x − l1 y )(m2 x − l2 y ) = 0
⇒ m1m2 x 2 − (l1m2 + l2 m1 )ny + l1l2 y 2 = 0

⇒ bx 2 − 2hxy + ay 2 = 0
THEOREM
The equation to the lines passing through ( x0 , y0 ) and perpendiculars to ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
b( x − x0 )2 − 2h( x − x0 )( y − y0 ) + a( y − y0 )2 = 0 .
Try yourself.
AREA OF THE TRIANGLE.
THEOREM
n 2 h 2 − ab
The area of triangle formed by the lines ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0and lx + my + n = 0 is
am 2 − 2hm + b 2
The given straight line is lx + my + n = 0 -- (3) Clearly (1) and (2) intersect at the origin.
Let A be the point of intersection of (1) and (3). Then
x y 1
m1 0 m1
m n m l
x y 1
⇒ = =
m1n − 0 0 − nl1 l1m − lm1
m1n − nl1
⇒x= AND y =
l1m − lm1 l1m − lm1
⎛ m1n −l1n ⎞
∴A=⎜ , ⎟ = ( x1 , y1 )
⎝ l1m − lm1 l1m − lm1 ⎠
⎛ m2 n −l2 n ⎞
B=⎜ , ⎟ = ( x2 , y2 )
⎝ l2 m − lm2 l2 m − lm2 ⎠
1
∴The area of ΔOAB = x1 y2 − x2 y1
2
⎛ m1n ⎞⎛ −l2 n ⎞ ⎛ m2 n ⎞⎛ −nl1 ⎞
=
1⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ l1m − lm1 ⎠⎝ l2 m − lm2 ⎠ ⎝ l2 m − lm2 ⎠⎝ l1m − lm1 ⎠
2
1 l1m2 n2 − l2 m1n 2
2 ( l1m − lm1 )( l2 m − lm2 )
n2 (l1m2 − l2 m1 )
2 l1l2 m − (l1m2 + l2 m1 )lm + m1m2l 2
2
n2 (l1m2 + l2m1 )2 − 4l1m2l2m1

2 am2 − 2hlm + bl 2
n2 4h 2 − 4ab
=
2 am2 − 2hlm + bl 2
n2 h2 − ab
=
am2 − 2hlm + bl 2
THEOREM
The product of the perpendiculars from ( α , β ) to the pair of lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 is
aα 2 + 2hαβ + bβ 2
(a − b)
2
+ 4h 2
Proof:
The lengths of perpendiculars from ( α , β ) to
l1α + m1β
the line (1) is p= =
l12 + m12
l2α + m2β
and to the line (2) is q= =
l22 + m22
∴The product of perpendiculars is
l1α + m1β l2α + m2β
pq = .
l12 + m12 l22 + m22
l1l2 α 2 + (l1m2 + l2 m1 )αβ + m1m2β2

=
l12l22 + l12 m22 + l22 m12 + m12 m22
aα 2 + 2hαβ + bβ2 aα 2 + 2hαβ + bβ2

= =
(l1l2 − m1m2 ) 2 + 2l1l2 m1m2 + (l1m2 + l2 m1 ) 2 − 2l1m2l2 m1 ( a − b) 2 + 4h 2
EXERCISE
I
1. Find the acute angle between the pair of line represented by the following equations.
ii) y 2 − xy − 6x 2 = 0 iii) ( x cos α − y sin α ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) sin 2 α

2
i) x 2 − 7xy + 12y 2 = 0
iv) x 2 + 2xy cot α − y 2 = 0
Sol. i) Given eq is x 2 − 7xy + 12y 2 = 0 . Comparing with ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

7
a = 1, b = 12, h = −
2
49 1
2 − 12 2
2 h 2 − ab 4 4 = 1
Let θ be the angle between the lines, then tan θ = = =
a+b 1 + 12 13 13
1 ⎛1⎞
tan θ = ⇒ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
13 ⎝ 13 ⎠
π
ii) y 2 − xy − x 2 = 0 ans ∴θ =
4
iii) ( x cos α − y sin α ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) sin 2 α

2
x 2 cos 2 α + y 2 sin 2 α − 2xy cos α sin α = x 2 sin 2 α + y 2 sin 2 α
∴ x 2 ( cos 2 α − sin 2 α ) − 2xy cos α sin α = 0
x 2 .cos 2α − xy sin 2α = 0 ⇒ a = cos 2α, b = 0, 2h = − sin 2α

Let θ be the angle between the lines, then
cos 2α + 0
cos θ = = cos 2α ∴ θ = 2α
( cos 2α − 0 )
2
+ sin 2 2α
iv) x 2 + 2xy co tα − y 2 = 0
π
Coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = a + b = 1 − 1 = 0 ∴θ =
2
II
1. Show that the following pairs of straight lines have the same set of angular bisector
(that, is they are equally inclined to each other).
i) 2x 2 + 6xy + y 2 = 0, 4x 2 + 18xy + y 2 = 0
ii) a 2 x 2 + 2h ( a + b ) xy + b2 y2 = 0 , ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0, a + b ≠ 0
iii) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + λ ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0; ( λ ∈ R ) ,
ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Sol. i) equation of 1st pair of lines is 2x 2 + 6xy + y2 = 0
Equation of the pair of bisectors is 3 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( 2 − 1) xy
3 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = xy ………(1)
Equation of 2nd pair of lines is is 4x 2 + 18xy + y 2 = 0
Equation of the pair of bisector is 9 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( 4 − 1) xy
9 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 3xy ⇒ 3 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = xy ……….(2)
(1), (2) are some

Given pairs have same angular bisectors. Hence they are inclined to each other.
ii) and iii) same as above .
2. Find the value of h, if the slopes of the lines represented by 6x 2 + 2hxy + y 2 = 0 are in the ratio 1 : 2.
Sol. Combined equation of the pair of lines is 6x 2 + 2hxy + y 2 = 0
Let y = m1x and y = m 2 x be the lines represented by 6x 2 + 2hxy + y 2 = 0

−2h h 1
∴ m1 + m 2 = =− , m1m 2 =
6 3 6
m1 1
Given = ⇒ m 2 = 2m1
m2 2
h h 1
∴ m1 + 2m1 = − ⇒ 3m1 = − ; 2m12 =
3 3 6
2
h 1 ⎛ h⎞ 1 h2 1
m1 = − ; m12 = ⇒ ⎜− ⎟ = ⇒ =
9 12 ⎝ 9 ⎠ 12 81 12
81 27 27 3 3
h2 = = ⇒h=± =±
12 4 4 2
3. If ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents two straight lines such that the slope of one line is twice the slope of
the other, prove that 8h2 = 9ab.
Sol. Equation of the pair of lines is ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Let y = m1x and y = m 2 x be the lines represented by ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

2h a
∴ m1 + m 2 = − , m1m 2 =
b b
2h a
Given m 2 = 2m1 ∴ m1 + 2m1 = − , m1.2m1 =
b b
2h a
∴ 3m1 = − ; 2m12 =
b b
2h a
m1 = − ; and m12 =
3 2b
2
⎛ 2h ⎞ a 4h 2 a
∴⎜ − ⎟ = ⇒ 2 = ⇒ 8h 2 = 9ab
⎝ 3b ⎠ 2b 9b 2b
4. Show that the equation of the pair of straight lines passing through the origin and making an angle
of 30º with the line 3x – y – 1 = 0 is 13x 2 + 12xy − 3y 2 = 0 .
Sol. let the Equation of AB be 3x – y – 1 = 0.
Let OA, OB be the lines which are making angles of 30º with AB and passing through the origin.
let slope of OA be m ,then equation of OA is y – 0 = m(x – 0) or mx – y =0
3m + 1 3
cos OAB = ⇒ cos OAB = cos 30° =
9 +1 m +1 2 2
3 3m + 1
∴ =
2 10 m 2 + 1
Squaring and cross multiplying
3 ( m 2 + 1) ( 3m + 1)
2
4
=
10
( )
⇒ 15 m2 + 1 = 2 ( 3m + 1)
2
⇒ 15m 2 + 15 = 2 ( 9x 2 + 6m + 1) = 18m2 + 12m + 2
⇒ 3m 2 + 12m − 13 = 0
−13
If m1, m2 are two roots of the equation m1 + m 2 = −4 and m1m 2 =
3
Combined equation of OA and OB is
( m1x − y )( m2 x − y ) = 0 ⇒ m1m 2 x 2 − ( m1 + m 2 ) xy + y 2 = 0
−13 2
⇒ x + 4xy + y 2 = 0 ⇒ −13x 2 + 12xy + 3y2 = 0 ⇒ or 13x 2 − 12xy − 3y 2 = 0
3
5. Find the equation to the pair of straight lines passing through the origin and making an acute angle
α with the straight line x + y + 5 = 0.
Sol. Let the equation of line AB be x + y + 5 = 0 ……..(1)
let OA and OB be the required lines making angles α with OA
let the equation of OA be y=mx ⇒ mx-y=0
a 1a 2 + b1b 2 m −1
⇒ cos α = =
a +b
2
1
2
1 a +b
2
2
2
2 2 m2 + 1
⇒ 2 ( m2 + 1) cos 2 α = ( m − 1)
2
( m − 1)
2
⇒ 2 ( m + 1) = ( m − 1) sec 2 α
2
2
=
cos α 2
⇒ 2m 2 + 2 = m 2 sec 2 α − 2m sec 2 α + sec 2 α
⇒ m 2 ( sec 2 α − 2 ) − 2m sec 2 α + ( sec 2 α − 2 ) = 0
2sec2 α
⇒ m1 + m2 = ,m1m2 = 1
sec2 α − 2
Combined equation of OA and OB is ( y − m1x )( y − m2 x ) = 0
y 2 − ( m1 + m 2 ) xy + m1m 2 x 2 = 0
2sec2 α
⇒ y2 + .xy + x 2 = 0
sec2 α − 2
2sec2 α 2 −2 −2
⇒ m1 + m 2 = = = = = −2sec 2α
sec α − 2 1 − 2 cos 2 α
2
2 cos α − 1 cos 2α
2
Therefore required pair of lines is x 2 + 2xy sec 2α + y 2 = 0
6. Show that the straight lines represented by (x+2a)2 – 3y2 = 0 and x = a form an equilateral triangle.
Sol.
( x + 2a )
2
Given equation is − 3y 2 = 0
( ) ( x + 2a + )( )
2
⇒ ( x + 2a ) −
2
3y =0⇒ 3y x + 2a − 3y = 0
Equations of the lines are x + 3y + 2a = 0 ……(1) and x − 3y + 2a = 0 …..(2)
Equation of 3rd line is x – a = 0 ------(3)
1+ 0 1
Angle between I and iii is cos α = = = cos 60°
1+ 3 1+ 0 2
∴ α = 60°
Angle between ii and iii is
1− 0 1
cos β = = = cos 60°
1+ 3 1+ 0 2
∴β = 60°
∴ angle between i and ii = 180° − ( α + β )
= 180° − ( 60° + 60° ) = 180° − 120° = 60°
∴ΔOAB is an equilateral traingle.
7. Show that the pair of bisectors of the angle between the straight lines (ax+by)2=c(bx – ay)2, c > 0 are
parallel and perpendicular to the line ax+by+k=0.
( ax + by ) = c ( bx − ay )
2 2
Sol. Equation of pair of lines is
⇒ a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + 2abxy = c ( b 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 − 2abxy ) = cb2 x 2 + ca 2 y2 − 2cabxy
⇒ ( a 2 − cb 2 ) x 2 + 2ab (1 + c 2 ) xy + ( b 2 − ca 2 ) y 2 = 0
Equation of the pair of bisector is h ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( a − b ) xy
ab (1 + c ) ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( a 2 − cb 2 − b 2 + ca 2 )( x 2 − y 2 ) == ( a 2 − b 2 ) (1 + c ) xy
i.e. ab ( x 2 − y 2 ) − ( a 2 − b 2 ) xy = 0
but ( ax + by )( bx − ay ) = abx 2 − a 2 xy + b 2 xy − aby 2
= ab ( x 2 − y 2 ) − ( a 2 − b 2 ) xy
∴ The equation of the pair of bisectors are (ax+by) (bx – ay) = 0
The bisectors are ax + by = 0 and bx – ay =0.
The line ax + by = 0 is parallel to ax+by+k = 0 and the line bx – ay = 0 is perpendicular to ax + by + k = 0
8. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2x 2 − 5xy + 3y 2 = 0 and one diagonal is x + y + 2= 0. Find
the vertices and the other diagonal.
Sol. Let OACB be the given parallelogram.
Let Combined equation of OA and OB be 2x 2 − 5xy + 3y 2 = 0
2x 2 − 5xy + 3y 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 − 2xy-3xy + 3y 2 = 0
⇒ ( x − y )( 2 x − 3 y ) = 0
⇒ x − y = 0 − − − (1) and 2 x − 3 y = 0 − − ( 2)
The point of intersection of above lines is O(0,0)
Equation of diagonal AB is x + y + 2 =0 (∵ it is not passing through O)
Solving (1) and (3), we get vertex A =(-1,-1)
Soving (2) and (3), we get vertex B = (-6/5,-4/5)
4th vertex C = A+B-0 = (-1-6/5, -1-4/5) = (-11/5, -9/5)
Equation of diagonal OC is
2x 2 − 5xy + 3y 2 = 0 ⇒ 2x 2 − 2xy-3xy + 3y2 = 0

⇒ ( x − y )( 2 x − 3 y ) = 0
⇒ x − y = 0 and 2 x − 3 y = 0
−9
y − 0 = 5 ( x − 0)
−11
5
i.e., 11y = 9x
9. Find the centroid and the area of the triangle formed by the following lines.
i) 2y 2 − xy − 6x 2 = 0, x + y + 4 = 0
ii) 3x 2 − 4xy + y2 = 0, 2x − y = 6
Sol. i) The point of intersection of 2y2 − xy − 6x 2 = 0 is 0(0,0)
Let OAB be the triangle formed by given lines.
Let the combined equation of OA,OB be 2y2 − xy − 6x 2 = 0 …….(1)
Equation of AB is x + y + 4 = 0 ⇒ y = − ( x + 4 ) …….(2)
Substituting in (1)
2 ( x + 4 ) + x ( x + 4 ) − 6x 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 ( x 2 + 8x + 16 ) + x 2 + 4x − 6x 2 = 0
2
⇒ 2x 2 + 16x + 32 + x 2 + 4x − 6x 2 = 0 ⇒ −3x 2 + 20x + 32 = 0
⇒ ( 3x + 4 )( x − 8 ) = 0 ⇒ 3x + 4 = 0 or x − 8 = 0
4
⇒ 3x = −4 or x = 8 ⇒ x = − or 8
3
4
Case (i) : x = − ⇒ y = − ( x + 4)
3
⎛ −4 ⎞ 8
= −⎜ + 4⎟ = −
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
⎛ 4 8⎞
Co-ordinates of A are ⎜ − , − ⎟
⎝ 3 3⎠
Case (ii): x = 8 ⇒ y = − ( x + 4 ) = − ( 8 + 4) = −12
Co-ordinates of B are (8, - 12)
Let G be the centriod of ΔAOB
⎛ 4 8 ⎞
⎜ 0 − 3 + 8 0 − 3 − 12 ⎟ ⎛ 20 44 ⎞
Co-ordinates of G are ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ ,− ⎟
⎜⎜ 3 3 ⎟⎟ ⎝ 9 9 ⎠
⎝ ⎠
1 1 ⎛ 4⎞ ⎛ 8⎞
Area of ΔOAB = x1 y 2 − x 2 y1 = ⎜ − ⎟ ( −12 ) − ⎜ − ⎟ ( 8 )
2 2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
1 48 64 1 112 56
= + = . = sq.units.
2 3 3 2 3 3
ii) ans 36 sq.units
10. Find the equation of the pair of lines intersecting at (2, - 1) and
(i) Perpendicular to the pair 6x 2 − 13xy − 5y2 = 0 and (ii) parallel to the pair 6x 2 − 13xy − 5y2 = 0 .
Sol. Given point is (2, - 1)= ( x1 , y1 )
Equation of pair of lines is 6x 2 − 13xy − 5y2 = 0
i) Equation of the pair of lines through (x1,y1) and perpendicular to ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
b ( x − x1 ) − 2h ( x − x1 )( y − y1 ) + a ( y − y1 ) = 0
2 2
⇒ Require pair of lines is −5 ( x − 2 ) + 13 ( x − 2 )( y + 1) + 6 ( y + 1) = 0

2 2
⇒ −5 ( x 2 − 4x + 4 ) + 13 ( xy + x − 2y − 2 ) + 6 ( y2 + 2y + 1) = 0 −5x 2 + 20x − 20 + 13xy + 13x − 26y − 26 + 6y2 + 12y − 6 = 0
⇒ −5x 2 + 13xy + 6y 2 + 33x − 14y − 40 = 0
or 5x 2 − 13xy − 6y 2 − 33x + 14y + 40 = 0
ii) Equation of the pair of lines through (x1,y1) and parallel to ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is
a ( x − x1 ) + 2h ( x − x1 )( y − y1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) = 0
2 2
⇒ Required Equation of the pair of parallel lines is 6 ( x − 2 ) − 13 ( x − 2 )( y + 1) − 5 ( y + 1) = 0

2 2
⇒ 6 ( x 2 − 4x + 4 ) − 13 ( xy + x − 2y − 2 ) −5 ( y 2 + 2y + 1) = 0
⇒ 6x 2 − 24x + 24 − 13xy − 13x + 26y + 26 −5y 2 − 10y − 5 = 0
⇒ 6x 2 − 13xy − 5y 2 − 37x + 16y + 45 = 0
11. Find the equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines
3x − 4y + 7 = 0 and 12x + 5y − 2 = 0
Sol. Given lines 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 ………(1)
12x + 5y – 2 = 0 ……….(2)
The equations of bisector’s angles between (1) & (2) is
3x − 4y + 7 12x + 5y − 2
± =0
32 + 42 122 + 52
3x − 4y + 7 12x + 5y − 2
⇒ ± =0
5 13
⇒ 13 ( 3x − 4y + 7 ) ± 5 (12x + 5y − 2 ) = 0
⇒ ( 39x − 52y − 91) ± ( 60x + 25y − 10 ) = 0
⇒ 39x − 52y + 91 + 60x + 25y − 10 = 0 And ( 39x − 52y + 91) − ( 60x + 25y − 10 ) = 0
⇒ 99x − 27y + 81 = 0 and 21x + 77y − 81 = 0
⇒ 11x − 3y + 9 = 0 ----3 and 21x + 77y − 81 = 0 ------4
Let θ be the angle between (1), (4)
a1b 2 − a 2 b1 231 + 84 315

tan θ = + = = >1
a1a 2 + b1b 2 63 − 308 225
∴ (4) is the bisector of obtuse angle , then other one (3) is the bisectorof acute angle.
∴ 99x − 27y + 41 = 0 is the acute angle bisector.
12. Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines x + y – 5 =0 and x – 7y + 7 =0.
Sol. Given lines

x+y–5=0 …(1)
x – 7y + 7 = 0 …(2)
The equations of bisectors of angles between (1) and (2) is
x + y − 5 x − 7y + 7
± =0
1+1 1 + 49
x + y − 5 x − 7y + 7
⇒ ± =0
2 5 2
⇒ (5x + 5y − 25) ± (x − 7y + 7) = 0
(i) 5x + 5y − 25 + x − 7y + 7 = 0
6x − 2y − 18 = 0
3x − y − 9 = 0 ...(3)
(ii) 5x + 5y − 25 − (x − 7y + 7) = 0
4x + 12y − 32 = 0
x + 3y − 8 = 0 ...(4)
Let θ be the angle between (1), (4)
a1b 2 − a 2 b1 3 − 1 2 1
tan θ = = = = <1
a1a 2 + b1b 2 1 + 3 4 2
∴ (4) is the acute angle bisector, then other one 3x – y – 9 = 0 is the obtuse angle bisector.
III
Show that the lines represented by ( lx + my ) − 3 ( mx − ly ) = 0 and

2 2
1. lx + my + n = 0 from an equilateral
n2
triangle with area .
3 (l 2 + m 2 )
Equation of the pair of lines is ( lx + my ) − 3 ( mx − ly ) = 0 ------(1)

2 2
⇒ l 2 x 2 + m 2 y 2 + 2lmxy − 3m 2 x 2 − 3l 2 y 2 + 6lmxy = 0
⇒ ( l 2 − 3m 2 ) x 2 + 8lmxy + ( m 2 − 3l 2 ) y 2 = 0 .
The point of intersection of above lines is 0( 0,0).
a+b
Let θ be the angle between the lines, then cos θ =
(a − b)
2
+ 4n 2
l 2 − 3m2 + m2 − 3l 2 2 l 2 + m2 2 l 2 + m2 1
= = = =
4 (l + m )
(l ) (l )
2 2
2
− 3m2 − m2 + 3l 2 2
+ 64l 2 m2 4 2
−m 2 2
+ 4l 2 m 2 2
⇒ θ = 60° .
( lx + my ) − 3 ( mx − ly ) = 0
2 2
( ) =0
2
⇒ ( lx + my ) − 3 ( mx − ly )
2
(
⇒ ( lx + my ) − 3 ( mx − ly ) ) ( ( lx + my ) + )
3 ( mx − ly ) = 0
( lx + my ) − 3 ( mx − ly ) = 0and ( lx + my ) + 3 ( mx − ly ) = 0
( ) ( )
⇒ l − m 3 x + m + 3l y = 0 − − − − − ( 2 )
and ( l + m 3 ) x + ( m − 3l ) y = 0 − − − − ( 3)
Equation of given line is lx + my + n = 0 ------(4)
Let the Angle between (2) and (4) be α, then cos α =

( ) (
l l + 3m + m m − 3l )
(l + 3m ) + ( m − 3l )
2 2
l 2 + m2
l 2 + m2 1
= cos α = = ⇒ α = 600
(
4 l +m 2 2
) l +m
2 2 2
Now Angle between (3) and (4) = 1800 – (60+60) = 600
Therefore the angles of the triangle are 600, 600, 600
Hence the triangle is an equilateral triangle
n
Let p = Length of the perpendicular from p to line lx + my + n = 0 is =
l + m2
2
p2 n2
∴ Area of ΔOAB = = sq units.
3 3 (l 2 + m 2 )
2. Show that the straight lines represented by 3x2 + 48xy + 23y2 = 0 and 3x – 2y + 13 =0 form an
13
equilateral triangle of area sq. units.
3
Sol. Equation of pair of lines is 3x 2 + 48xy + 23y 2 = 0 ………….(1)
Equation of given line is 3x – 2y + 13 = 0 ……(2)
⇒ slope = 3/2
3
∴ the line (2) is making an angle of tan −1 with the positive direction of x-axis. Therefore no straight line
2
which makes an angle of 600 with (2) is vertical.
Let m be the slope of the line passing through origin and making an angle of 600 with line (2).
3
−m
m1 − m2 2 3 − 2m
∴ tan 60 =0
⇒ 3= ⇒ 3=
1 + m1m2 3
1+ m 2 + 3m
2
( 3 − 2m )
2
Squaring on both sides , 3 = ⇒ 23m 2 + 48m + 3 = 0 ,which is a quadratic equation in m.

( 2 + 3m )
2
Let the roots of this quadratic equation be m1,m2, which are the slopes of the lines.
−48 3
Now , m1 + m2 = and m1.m2 = .
23 23
The equation of the lines passing through origin and having slopes m1,m2 are m1x –y = 0 and m2x –y =0.
Their combined equation is (m1x –y )( m2x –y )=0
⇒ m1m2 x 2 − ( m1 + m2 ) xyy 2 = 0
3 2 ⎛ 48 ⎞
⇒ x − ⎜ − ⎟ xy + y 2 = 0
23 ⎝ 23 ⎠
⇒ 3 x 2 + 48 xy + 23 y 2 = 0
Which is the given pair of lines.
Therefore, given lines form an equilateral triangle.
n 2 h 2 − ab 169 576 − 69
∴ Area of Δ = 2 =
am − 2hlm + bl
2
3 ( −2 ) − 48.3 ( −2 ) + 23 ( 3 )
2 2
169 507 169.13 3 13 3 13

= = = = sq.units.
12 + 288 + 207 507 3 3
3. Show that the equation of the pair of lines bisecting the angles between the pair of bisectors of the
angles between the pair of lines ax2 + 2hxy +by2 = 0 is (a – b) (x2 – y2 ) + 4hxy = 0.
Sol. Equation of the given lines is ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
Equation of the pair of bisector is h ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( a − b ) xy
hx 2 − ( a − b ) xy − hy2 = 0 − − − − − (1)
∴ A = h, B = −h, 2H = − ( a − b )
Equation of the pair of bisector of (1) is
H ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( A − B ) xy
(a − b)
⇒−
2
(x 2
− y 2 ) = 2hxy
⇒ − ( a − b ) ( x 2 − y 2 ) = 4hxy
⇒ (a – b) (x2 – y2) + 4hxy= 0
∴ Equation of the pair of bisector of the pair of bisectors of ax 2 + 2hyx + by 2 = 0 is
( a − b ) ( x 2 − y 2 ) + 4hxy = 0
4. If one line of the pair of lines ax 2 + 2hyx + by2 = 0 bisects the angle between the co-ordinate axes,
prove that (a+b) = 4h2.
Sol. The angular bisectors of the co-ordinate axes are y = ± x
Case (i) let y = x be one of the lines of ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
⇒ x 2 ( a + 2h + b ) = 0
⇒ a + 2h + b = 0 ………(1)
Case (ii) let y = - x is one of the lines of ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
⇒ x 2 ( a − 2h + b ) = 0
⇒ a − 2h + b = 0 ……..(2)
Multiplying (1) and (2), we get
( a + b + 2h ) . ( a + b − 2h ) = 0 ⇒ ( a + b ) − 4h 2 = 0
2
⇒ ( a + b ) = 4h 2
2
5. If ( α, β ) is the centroid of the triangle formed by the lines ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 and lx + my = 1 ,
α +β 2
prove that = =
bl − hm am − hl 3 ( bl − 2hlm + am 2 )
2
Sol. Given equation of pair of lines is ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 …………(1)
Point of intersection of the lines is O(0,0)
Let O,A,B the vertices of the triangle and Let A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2).
Let equation of AB be lx + my = 1 ⇒ my = 1 − lx
1 − lx
⇒ y= ……….(2)
m
(1 − lx ) + b (1 − lx )
2
from (1) and (2) ax 2

+ 2hx =0
m m2
⇒ am 2 x 2 + 2hx (1 − lx ) + b (1 + l 2 x 2 − 2lx ) = 0
⇒ am 2 x 2 + 2hmx − 2hlmx 2 + b + bl 2 x 2 − 2blx = 0
⇒ ( am 2 − 2hlm + bl 2 ) x 2 − 2 ( bl − hm ) x + b = 0
2 ( bl − hm )
Let A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2), then x1 + x 2 = …….(3)
am2 − 2hlm + bl 2
A and B are points on lx + my = 1 ⇒ lx1 + my1 = 1 and lx 2 + my 2 = 1
⇒ l ( x1 + x 2 ) + m ( y1 + y2 ) = 2
l.2 ( bl − hm )
⇒ m ( y1 + y2 ) = 2 − l ( x1 − x 2 ) = 2 −
am2 − 2hlm + bl 2
2 ( am 2 − 2hlm + bl 2 − bl 2 + hlm ) 2 ( am 2 − hlm ) 2m ( am − hl )

= = =
am − 2hlm + bl
2 2
am − 2hlm + bl
2 2
am 2 − 2hlm + bl 2
2 ( am − hl )
⇒ y1 + y2 = ………..(4)
am2 − 2hlm + bl 2
⎛ x + x 2 y1 + y 2 ⎞ x1 + x 2
Now centroid G = ⎜ 1 , ⎟ = ( α, β ) ⇒ =α
⎝ 3 3 ⎠ 3
2 ( bl − hm )
⇒α=
3 ( am 2 − 2hlm + bl 2 )
α 2
= ….(5)
bl − hm 3 ( bl − 2hlm + am 2 )
2
y1 + y 2 2 ( am − hl )
=β ⇒β=
3 3 ( bl − 2hlm + am 2 )
2
β 2
∴ = …..(6)
am − hl 3 ( bl − 2hlm + am 2 )
2
From (5) and (6), we get
α β 2
= =
bl − hm am − hl 3 ( bl − 2hlm + am 2 )
2
7. The straight line lx + my + n = 0 bisects an angle between the pair of lines of which one is px+qy+r=0.
Show that the other line is (px+qy+r) (l2 +m2) - 2(lp+mq) (lx+my+n) = 0
Sol. Given line is L1= px+qy+r=0
Equation of the bisector is L2= lx + my + n = 0
Equation of the line is passing through the point of intersection of L1=0 andL2=0 is L1+ λ L2=0
⇒ ( px + qy + r ) + λ ( lx + my + n ) = 0 …..(1)
let ( α, β ) be any point on L2 =0 so that lα + mβ + n = 0 ----(2)
If ( α, β ) be a point on the bisector then its perpendicular distance from the lines L2=0 and (2) are equal.
⇒
( pα + qβ + r ) + λ ( lα + mβ + n ) = ± pα + qβ + r
⎡( q + l λ )2 + ( q + mλ )2 ⎤ p2 + q 2
⎣ ⎦
⇒ ( p + l λ ) + ( q + mλ ) = p 2 + q 2 (From (2), lα + mβ + n = 0 )
2 2
⇒ 2λ ( pl + qm ) + λ 2 ( l 2 + m 2 ) = 0
pl + qm
∴λ = −2
l 2 + m2
Substitute λ value in (1), ( px + qy + r ) ( l 2 + m 2 ) − 2 ( p l + qm )( lx + my + n ) = 0
8. If the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of intersecting lines,
then show that the square of the distance of their point of intersection from the origin is
c(a + b) − f 2 − g 2 f 2 + g2
. Also show that the square of this distance is if the given lines are
ab − h 2 h 2 + b2
perpendicular.
Sol. Let the equation
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
represent the lines
l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 …(1)
l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 …(2)
(l1x + m1y + n1)( l2x + m2y + n2) =ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
l1l2 = a, m1m2 = b, n1n2 = c
l1m 2 + l2 m1 = 2h, l1n 2 + l2 n1 = 2g,
m1n 2 + m 2 n1 = 2f
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
= =
m1n 2 − m 2 n1 l2 n1 − l1n 2 l1m 2 − l2 m1
The point of intersection,
⎡ m n − m 2 n1 l2 n1 − l1n 2 ⎤
P⎢ 1 2 , ⎥
⎣ l1m 2 − l2 m1 l1m 2 − l2 m1 ⎦
(m1n 2 − m 2 n1 ) 2 + (l2 n1 − l1n 2 ) 2
OP 2 =
(l1m 2 − l2 m1 ) 2
(m1n 2 + m 2 n1 ) 2 − 4m1m 2 n1n 2
+ (l1n 2 + l2 n1 ) 2 − 4l1l2 n1n 2
=
(l1m 2 + l2 m1 ) 2 − 4l1l2 m1m 2
4f 2 − 4abc + 4g 2 − 4ac
=
4h 2 − 4ab
c(a + b) − f 2 − g 2
=
ab − h 2
If the given pair of lines are perpendicular, then a + b = 0
∴ a = –b
0 − f 2 − g2 f 2 + g2
OP 2 = = .
(− b)b − h 2 h 2 + b 2

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PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

1. Equation of a pair of lines passing through the origin

2.Angle between pair of lines

3.Bisectors of the angles between two lines.

4. pair of bisectors of angles between the pair of lines.

6.Condition for perpendicular and coincident lines

7. Area of the triangle formed by give pair of lines and a line.

8.pair of lines-second degree general equation

9. Conditions for parallel lines-distance between them.

10. Point of intersection of the pair of lines.

11.Homogenising a second degree equation w.r.t a 1st degree equation in x and y.

ANGLE BETWEEN A PAIR OF LINES

2.If the two lines are parallel to each other then θ = 0 .

PAIR OF BISECTORS OF ANGLES.

⇒ ( x 2 − y 2 )(l1m2 + l2 m1 ) = 2 xy (l1l2 − m1m2 )

⇒ m1m2 x 2 − (l1m2 + l2 m1 )ny + l1l2 y 2 = 0

n2 (l1m2 + l2m1 )2 − 4l1m2l2m1

l1l2 α 2 + (l1m2 + l2 m1 )αβ + m1m2β2

aα 2 + 2hαβ + bβ2 aα 2 + 2hαβ + bβ2

ii) y 2 − xy − 6x 2 = 0 iii) ( x cos α − y sin α ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) sin 2 α

iv) x 2 + 2xy cot α − y 2 = 0

Sol. i) Given eq is x 2 − 7xy + 12y 2 = 0 . Comparing with ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

iii) ( x cos α − y sin α ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) sin 2 α

x 2 cos 2 α + y 2 sin 2 α − 2xy cos α sin α = x 2 sin 2 α + y 2 sin 2 α

∴ x 2 ( cos 2 α − sin 2 α ) − 2xy cos α sin α = 0

x 2 .cos 2α − xy sin 2α = 0 ⇒ a = cos 2α, b = 0, 2h = − sin 2α

Sol. i) equation of 1st pair of lines is 2x 2 + 6xy + y2 = 0

Equation of the pair of bisectors is 3 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( 2 − 1) xy

Equation of 2nd pair of lines is is 4x 2 + 18xy + y 2 = 0

Equation of the pair of bisector is 9 ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( 4 − 1) xy

(1), (2) are some

Sol. Combined equation of the pair of lines is 6x 2 + 2hxy + y 2 = 0

Let y = m1x and y = m 2 x be the lines represented by 6x 2 + 2hxy + y 2 = 0

Let y = m1x and y = m 2 x be the lines represented by ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

Sol. let the Equation of AB be 3x – y – 1 = 0.

Squaring and cross multiplying

⇒ 15m 2 + 15 = 2 ( 9x 2 + 6m + 1) = 18m2 + 12m + 2

Combined equation of OA and OB is

Sol. Let the equation of line AB be x + y + 5 = 0 ……..(1)

let the equation of OA be y=mx ⇒ mx-y=0

⇒ 2m 2 + 2 = m 2 sec 2 α − 2m sec 2 α + sec 2 α

⇒ m 2 ( sec 2 α − 2 ) − 2m sec 2 α + ( sec 2 α − 2 ) = 0

Combined equation of OA and OB is ( y − m1x )( y − m2 x ) = 0

Therefore required pair of lines is x 2 + 2xy sec 2α + y 2 = 0

Equations of the lines are x + 3y + 2a = 0 ……(1) and x − 3y + 2a = 0 …..(2)

Equation of 3rd line is x – a = 0 ------(3)

Angle between ii and iii is

∴ angle between i and ii = 180° − ( α + β )

= 180° − ( 60° + 60° ) = 180° − 120° = 60°

∴ΔOAB is an equilateral traingle.

⇒ a 2 x 2 + b 2 y 2 + 2abxy = c ( b 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 − 2abxy ) = cb2 x 2 + ca 2 y2 − 2cabxy

Equation of the pair of bisector is h ( x 2 − y 2 ) = ( a − b ) xy

but ( ax + by )( bx − ay ) = abx 2 − a 2 xy + b 2 xy − aby 2

∴ The equation of the pair of bisectors are (ax+by) (bx – ay) = 0

The bisectors are ax + by = 0 and bx – ay =0.

The line ax + by = 0 is parallel to ax+by+k = 0 and the line bx – ay = 0 is perpendicular to ax + by + k = 0

Sol. Let OACB be the given parallelogram.

Let Combined equation of OA and OB be 2x 2 − 5xy + 3y 2 = 0

The point of intersection of above lines is O(0,0)

Equation of diagonal AB is x + y + 2 =0 (∵ it is not passing through O)

Solving (1) and (3), we get vertex A =(-1,-1)

4th vertex C = A+B-0 = (-1-6/5, -1-4/5) = (-11/5, -9/5)