Socialization refers to group learning process in which the group members develop into competent

group members.

Formal Education

From a socialization perspective, one of the main functions of formal schooling is to build social
cohesion by educating young people in abstract knowledge that knits groups together in order to foster
reverence for formal authority and to generate emotional allegiance to the nation. (Durkheim, 1977).
From a functionalist perspective, role expectations as defined by the organization should benefit all by
helping to maintain a system. Teachers fill expectations of their job contract and position description.

From a conflict perspective, roles held by them should put them in advantageous positions for obtaining
the scarce resources of society, such as prestige and pay. The more authority there is in a role, the
greater the possibility of conflict between that role and those of less authority. Conflict theorists argue
that this domination is achieved in subtle ways through the socialization process, which forces students
into a subordinate role.

Schools in Malaysia tend to promote implicitly and explicitly, different and sometimes conflicting
socialization purposes.

Informal Education

Extracurricular activities, or supplementary education, are a powerful resource for development of

personality and social competencies in children and adolescents. ( The structure promotes students
to get them positively socialized, to