Chapter 5: THREE-DIMENSIONAL LINEAR ELASTOSTATICS 5–22

Homework Exercises for Chapter 5

Solutions

EXERCISE 5.1
Align x1 ≡ x with the bar axis. In the matrix equations below, an asterisk means a quantity that is nonzero
but does not appear in the governing equations of the bar. A explicit zero means a quantity that vanishes or is
negligible according to bar theory.
 e (x)   e(x) 
11
         ∗   ∗ 
u 1 (x) u(x) b1 (x) b(x)  ∗   ∗ 
u= ∗ = ∗ , b= 0 = 0 , e=  
 0  =  0 ,
 (E5.1)
∗ ∗ 0 0    
0 0
0 0
 σ (x)   σ (x)   E (x) ∗ ∗ 0 0 0
 
e(x)
11 11
 0   0   ∗ ∗ ∗ 0 0 0 ∗ 
 0   0   ∗ ∗ ∗ 0  
σ=     0 0   ∗  = e,
 0 = 0 = 0 0 0 ∗ 0 0 0 
(E5.2)
      
0 0 0 0 0 0 ∗ 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ∗ 0
Note that displacements u 2 and u 3 and the normal strains e22 and e33 are generally nonzero because of
Poisson’s effect (cross section expansion or contraction) but they do not appear in the bar equations because
the corresponding body forces and stresses are zero. Thus they produce no energy.12 Final bar equations in
stress-strain form reduce to scalars:

du dσ
e= , σ = Ee, +b =0 (E5.3)
dx dx

In stress resultant form, with N = Aσ and q = Ab:

du d(N /A) q d(E du/d x) q

e= , N = E Ae, + = + = 0. (E5.4)
dx dx A dx A

The indicial and tensor forms are omitted since they dont add much to the Exercise.

EXERCISE 5.2

Verification by direct matrix multiplication.

EXERCISE 5.3

Draw a sphere of radius  about P. Call that surface S P , which becomes part of Su . Apply the DBC u = u P
on S P . Then shrink  → 0.

12 Those terms cannot be discarded, for example, in wave propagation dynamics since the change in cross section takes up
kinetic energy.

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5–23 Solutions to Exercises

EXERCISE 5.4
Using indicial notation. Split λi j into symmetric and antisymmetric: λi, j = 12 (λi, j + λ j,i ) + 12 (λi, j − λ j,i ).
Then
σi j λi, j = 12 σi j (λi, j + λ j,i ) + 12 σi j (λi, j − λ j,i ) (E5.5)
But the antisymmetric contribution vanishes because

σi j (λi, j − λ j,i ) = σi j λi, j − σ ji λi, j = σi j λi, j − σi j λi, j = 0 (E5.6)

where σi j = σ ji was used. Hence σi j λi, j = 12 σi j (λi, j + λ j,i ).

EXERCISE 5.5
Do some index gymnastics:

δ( 12 σiuj eiuj ) = 12 δσiuj eiuj + 12 σiuj δeiuj = 12 E i jk δek

u u
ei j + 12 σiuj δeiuj
(E5.7)
= 12 E i jk ek
u
δeiuj + 12 σiuj δeiuj = 12 σiuj δeiuj + 12 σiuj δeiuj = σiuj δeiuj .

5–23