International English Language Testing Systeread2

International English Language Testing System, Academic Reading, Practice Test
Reading Passage 2
The Triune Brain

triune adj consisting of three in one (used especially with reference to the Trinity)
‘the triune Godhead’
1
evolve [intransitive, transitive] to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a
more complicated form; to develop something in this way
evolve (from something) (into something) The idea evolved from a
drawing I discovered in the attic.
evolve something (from something) Each school must evolve its own way
of working.
reptilian adj connected with or typical of reptiles
our reptilian ancestors
(figurative) He licked his lips in an unpleasantly reptilian way.
cortex (pl. cortices) (anatomy) the outer layer of an organ in the body, especially
the brain / vỏ não
the cerebral/renal cortex (= around the brain/ kidney)
sustain something to make something continue for some time without becoming
less
SYNONYM MAINTAIN
a period of sustained economic growth a sustained attack
She managed to sustain everyone's interest until the end of her speech.
elementary adj of the most basic kind
the elementary laws of economics
an elementary mistake
consciously adv in a way that shows that you are aware of something or noticing
something
Sound has more profound effects on us than we consciously realize.
Opposite unconsciously
house something to be the place where something is kept or where something
operates from
The gallery houses 2 000 works of modern art.
The museum is housed in the Old Court House.
mechanism a system of parts in a living thing that together perform a particular
function
the balance mechanism in the earsPain acts as a natural defence
mechanism.
facilitate something (formal) to make an action or a process possible or easier
The new trade agreement should facilitate more rapid economic growth.
Structured teaching facilitates learning.
swift adj happening or done quickly and immediately; doing something quickly
swift action a swift decision
swift to do something The White House was swift to deny the rumours.
occurrence [countable] something that happens or exists
a common/everyday/frequent/regular occurrence
Vandalism used to be a rare occurrence here.
panic [intransitive, transitive] to suddenly feel frightened so that you cannot think
clearly and you say or do something stupid, dangerous, etc.; to make somebody do
this
I panicked when I saw smoke coming out of the engine.
panic somebody/something The gunfire panicked the horses.
lurch [usually singular] a sudden strong movement that moves you forward or
sideways and nearly makes you lose your balance
The train gave a violent lurch.
His heart gave a lurch when he saw her.
slam [intransitive, transitive] to shut, or to make something shut, with a lot of force,
making a loud noise
SYNONYM BANG
I heard the door slam behind him.
+ adj. A window slammed shut in the wind.
slam something He stormed out of the house, slamming the door as he left.
slam something + adj. She slammed the lid shut.
+ adv./prep. She slammed out of the room (= went out and slammed the
door behind her).
heighten vi vt if a feeling or an effect heightens, or something heightens it, it
becomes stronger or increases
SYNONYM INTENSIFY
Tension has heightened after the recent bomb attack.
heighten something The campaign is intended to heighten public
awareness of the disease.
twig a small very thin branch that grows out of a larger branch on a bush or tree
crack [intransitive, transitive] to break open or into pieces; to break something in
this way
+ adv./prep. A chunk of the cliff had cracked off in a storm.
crack something to crack a nut
crack something + adv./prep. She cracked an egg into the pan.
bush [countable] a plant that grows thickly with several hard stems coming up
from the root
a rose bush holly bushes
stroll a slow relaxed walk
We went for a stroll in the park.
The beach is a leisurely ten-minute stroll away.
come to sth (no passive) to reach a particular situation, especially a bad one
The doctors will operate if necessary—but it may not come to that.
Who'd have thought things would come to this (= become so bad)?
interaction (between A and B) | interaction (of A) (with B) if one thing has
an interaction with another, or if there is an interaction between two things, the
two things have an effect on each other
the interaction of bacteria with the body’s natural chemistry
impulse (to do something) [countable, usually singular, uncountable] a sudden
strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think about the results
He had a sudden impulse to stand up and sing.
I resisted the impulse to laugh.
aggression feelings of anger and hatred that may result in threatening or violent
behaviour
The research shows that computer games may cause aggression.
Nowadays our aggression is channelled into sports.
mate (with something) (of two animals or birds) to have sex in order to produce
young
Do foxes ever mate with dogs?
After mating, the female kills the male.
territorial adj (of animals, birds, etc.) guarding and defending an area of land that
they believe to be their own
territorial instincts Cats are very territorial.
sense [countable] the meaning that a word or phrase has; a way of understanding
something
The word ‘love’ is used in different senses by different people.
education in its broadest sense
spot a particular area or place
a quiet/secluded/lonely, etc. spot
He showed me the exact spot where he had asked her to marry him.
turf war a violent disagreement between two groups of people about who should
control a particular area, activity or business
a vicious turf war between rival gangs of drug dealers
gang [countable + singular or plural verb] an organized group of criminals
criminal gang members and drug dealers
a gang of pickpockets
2
lizard a small reptile with a rough skin, four short legs and a long tail
stake (out) a/your claim (to/for/on something) to say or show publicly that you
think something should be yours
Adams staked his claim for a place in the Olympic team with his easy win
yesterday.
exert something to use power or influence to affect somebody/something
He exerted all his authority to make them accept the plan.
The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.
indifference (to somebody/something) [uncountable, singular] a lack of interest,
feeling or reaction towards somebody/something
his total indifference to what people thought of him
What she said is a matter of complete indifference to me.
well-being U general health and happiness
emotional/physical/psychological well-being
to have a sense of well-being
anguished adj showing severe pain, mental suffering or unhappiness
anguished cries
an anguished letter from her prison cell
squeal a long high cry or sound
a squeal of pain a squeal of delight
He stopped with a squeal of brakes.
pod [countable] a small group of sea animals, such as dolphins or whales,
swimming together
a pod of adult dolphins
a pod of pilot whales
witness something to see something happen (typically a crime or an accident)
She was shocked by the violent scenes she had witnessed.
Police have appealed for anyone who witnessed the incident to contact
them.
mourn to feel and show sadness because somebody has died; to feel sad because
something no longer exists or is no longer the same
SYNONYM GRIEVE
Please, leave us to mourn in peace.
mourn something He was still mourning his brother's death.
mourn (for somebody/something) Today we mourn for all those who died
in two world wars.
play [uncountable] things that people, especially children, do for pleasure rather
than as work
the happy sounds of children at play
the importance of learning through play
limbic system (biology) a system of nerves in the brain involving several different
areas, concerned with basic emotions such as fear and anger and basic needs such
as the need to eat and to have sex
unique (to somebody/something) belonging to or connected with one particular
person, place or thing
an atmosphere that is unique to New York
The koala is unique to Australia.
impel (formal) if an idea or feeling impels you to do something, you feel as if you
are forced to do it
impel somebody to do something He felt impelled to investigate further.
impel somebody (to something) There are various reasons that impel me
to that conclusion.
nurture somebody/something (formal) to care for and protect
somebody/something while they are growing and developing
These delicate plants need careful nurturing.
children nurtured by loving parents
offspring (pl. offspring) (formal or humorous) the young of an animal or plant
Female badgers may give birth to as many as five offspring.
The beast was believed to be the offspring of a panther.
tenderness U the quality of being kind, gentle and loving / sự âu yếm, sự dịu dàng
She always treated him with tenderness and compassion.
warmth the state or quality of being enthusiastic and/or friendly
They were touched by the warmth of the welcome.
His expression lacked warmth or encouragement.
sensation C usually singular a general feeling caused by something that happens to
you, especially a feeling that you cannot describe exactly
[ + (that) ] I had the odd sensation (that) someone was following me.
I can remember the first time I went sailing - it was a wonderful sensation.
kinship [uncountable, singular] a feeling of being close to somebody because you
have similar origins or attitudes
SYNONYM AFFINITY
We tend to feel kinship with those who share the same values.
network a closely connected group of people, companies, etc. that exchange
information, etc.
a communications/distribution network
a network of friends
togetherness U the happy feeling you have when you are with people you like,
especially family and friends
By the end of the week, there was a tremendous feeling of togetherness in
the group.
solidarity U support by one person or group of people for another because they
share feelings, opinions, aims, etc.
community solidarity
solidarity with somebody to express/show solidarity with somebody
set in (of rain, bad weather, infection, etc.) to begin and seem likely to continue
The rain seemed to have set in for the day.
companionship U the pleasant feeling that you have when you have a friendly
relationship with somebody and are not alone
They meet at the club for companionship and advice.
She had only her cat for companionship.
3
capability (to do something/of doing something) U C the ability or qualities
necessary to do something
Animals in the zoo have lost the capability to catch/of catching food for
themselves.
beyond/within the capabilities of current technology
extend [ I usually + adv/prep ] to reach, stretch, or continue
The Sahara Desert extends for miles.
The path extends beyond the end of the road.
scope the range of things that a subject, an organization, an activity, etc. deals with
Our powers are limited in scope.
This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation.
plot [intransitive, transitive] to make a secret plan to harm somebody, especially a
government or its leader
SYNONYM CONSPIRE
plot (with somebody) (against somebody) They were accused of plotting
against the state.
plot something Military officers were suspected of plotting a coup.
plot to do something They were plotting to overthrow the government.
rationalize (something) to find or try to find a logical reason to explain why
somebody thinks, behaves, etc. in a way that is difficult to understand
an attempt to rationalize his violent behaviour
debate [transitive, intransitive] to discuss something, especially formally, before
making a decision or finding a solution
SYNONYM DISCUSS
debate (something) Politicians will be debating the bill later this week.
debate whether, what, etc… The committee will debate whether to lower
the age of club membership to 16.
fine adj [usually before noun] difficult to see or describe
SYNONYM SUBTLE
You really need a magnifying glass to appreciate all the fine detail.
There's no need to make such fine distinctions.
morality [uncountable] principles concerning right and wrong or good and bad
behaviour
matters of public/private morality
Standards of morality seem to be dropping.
expansive adj covering a large amount of space
She opened her arms wide in an expansive gesture of welcome.
landscape with expansive skies
neocortex (anatomy) part of the brain that controls sight and hearing
engage (with something/somebody) to become involved with and try to
understand something/somebody
She has the ability to engage with young minds.
logic [uncountable] a way of thinking or explaining something
I fail to see the logic behind his argument.
The two parts of the plan were governed by the same logic.
reason [uncountable] the power of the mind to think in a logical way, to understand
and have opinions, etc.
Only human beings are capable of reason (= of thinking in a logical way,
etc.).
to lose your reason (= become mentally ill)
concrete adj based on facts, not on ideas or guesses
concrete evidence/proposals/proof
‘It's only a suspicion,’ she said, ‘nothing concrete.’
mainly adv more than anything else; also used to talk about the most important
reason for something
SYNONYM CHIEFLY, PRIMARILY
They eat mainly fruit and nuts.
‘Where do you export to?’ ‘France, mainly.’
impulsive adj (of people or their behaviour) acting suddenly without thinking
carefully about what might happen because of what you are doing
SYNONYM IMPETUOUS, RASH
an impulsive decision/gestureYou're so impulsive!
ape a large animal like a monkey, with no tail. There are different types of ape.
the great apes (= for example, orangutans or chimpanzees)
the big picture (informal) the situation as a whole
Right now forget the details and take a look at the big picture.
string sth together strung,strung if you string words or sentences together,
you manage to say something that other people can understand
People tend to be very impressed if you can string together
a couple of sentences in Japanese.
hurt [intransitive, transitive] to make somebody unhappy or upset
What really hurt was that he never answered my letter.
hurt somebody/something I'm sorry, I didn't mean to hurt you.
it hurts (somebody) to do something It hurt me to think that he would lie
to me.
phenomenon (pl. phenomena) a fact or an event in nature or society, especially
one that is not fully understood
cultural/natural/social phenomena
Globalization is a phenomenon of the 21st century.
4
commit (to somebody/something) to be completely loyal to one person,
organization, etc. or give all your time and effort to your work, an activity, etc.
Why are so many men scared to commit? (= say they will be loyal to one
person)
course of action (pl. courses of action) (also course) [countable] a way of acting
in or dealing with a particular situation
There are various courses open to us.
What course of action would you recommend?
string sth together strung,strung if you string words or sentences together,
you manage to say something that other people can understand
People tend to be very impressed if you can string together
a couple of sentences in Japanese.
over time if something happens over time, it happens gradually during a long
period
The research project will be assessed over time.
Students are encouraged to consider the way language changes over time.
accumulate [intransitive] to gradually increase in number or quantity over a period
of time
SYNONYM BUILD UP
Debts began to accumulate.
Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.
feat (approving) an action or a piece of work that needs skill, strength or courage /
sự hoàn thành cái gì cần đến sự khéo léo, sức mạnh hoặc lòng can đảm; kỳ công
The tunnel is a brilliant feat of engineering.
to perform/attempt/achieve astonishing feats
anticipate to expect something
anticipate something We don't anticipate any major problems.
anticipate doing something They anticipate moving to bigger premises by
the end of the year.
anticipate something doing something I don't anticipate it being a
problem.
anticipate that… We anticipate that sales will rise next year.
it is anticipated that… It is anticipated that inflation will stabilize at 3%.
ignore something to pay no attention to something
SYNONYM DISREGARD
He ignored all the ‘No Smoking’ signs and lit up a cigarette.
I made a suggestion but they chose to ignore it.
urge a strong desire to do something
sexual urges
urge to do something I had a sudden urge to hit him.
socialize (with somebody) to meet and spend time with people in a friendly way,
in order to enjoy yourself
SYNONYM MIX
I enjoy socializing with the other students.
Maybe you should socialize more.
ongoing adj [usually before noun] continuing to exist or develop
an ongoing debate/discussion/process
The police investigation is ongoing.
translate [transitive, intransitive] to change something, or to be changed, into a
different form
translate something (into something) It's time to translate words into
action.
translate into something I hope all the hard work will translate into
profits.
first-class adj [usually before noun] in the best group; of the highest standard
SYNONYM EXCELLENT
a first-class novel a first-class writer
The car was in first-class condition.
graduate school (informal grad school)(both North American English) a part of a
college or university where you can study for a second or further degree
lifetime the length of time that somebody lives or that something lasts
His diary was not published during his lifetime.a lifetime of experience
groundbreaking adj if something is groundbreaking, it is very new and
a big change from other things of its type
His latest movie is interesting, but not groundbreaking.
drive [countable, uncountable] a strong desire or need in people
a strong sexual drive
5
triune adj consisting of three in one (used especially with reference to the Trinity)
‘the triune Godhead’
appreciate [transitive] (not used in the progressive tenses) to understand that
something is true
SYNONYM REALIZE
appreciate something What I failed to appreciate was the distance between
the two cities.
appreciate how, what, etc… I don't think you appreciate how expensive it
will be.
appreciate that… We didn't fully appreciate that he was seriously ill.
disorder an illness of the mind or body
a blood disorder
The family have a history of mental disorder.
devastating adj causing a lot of damage and destruction
SYNONYM DISASTROUS
a devastating explosion/fire/cyclone
Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.
condition [countable] an illness or a medical problem that you have for a long time
because it is not possible to cure it
a medical condition
He suffers from a serious heart condition.
unconscious adj in a state like sleep because of an injury or illness, and not able to
use your senses
She was knocked unconscious.
They found him lying unconscious on the floor.
illusory adj (formal) not real, although seeming to be
an illusory sense of freedom
Any power he may seem to have is purely illusory.
be on automatic pilot to do something without thinking because you have done the
same thing many times before
I got up and dressed on automatic pilot.
6
disturbance [uncountable, countable] a state in which somebody’s mind or a
function of the body is upset and not working normally
emotional disturbance
register (something) [transitive, no passive, intransitive] (formal) to show or
express a feeling
Her face registered disapproval.Shock registered on everyone's face.
manner [singular] (formal) the way that something is done or happens
She answered in a businesslike manner.
The manner in which the decision was announced was extremely
regrettable.
puppy (also pup) a young dog
a litter of puppies a Labrador puppy
register (something) register [transitive, no passive, intransitive] (often used in
negative sentences) to notice something and remember it; to be noticed
He barely registered our presence.
I told her my name, but it obviously didn't register.
littermate one of the offspring in a litter in relation to the others
litter [countable] a number of baby animals that one mother gives birth to at the
same time
a litter of puppies
the runt (= the smallest and weakest baby) of the litter
lobotomy a rare medical operation that cuts into part of a person’s brain in order to
treat mental illness / phẫu thuật thùy não
surgical adj [only before noun] used in or connected with surgery
surgical procedures
a surgical ward (= for patients having operations)
impaired adj damaged or not functioning normally
impaired vision/memory
outrage somebody [often passive] to make somebody very shocked and angry
He was outraged at the way he had been treated.
I am morally outraged by their actions.
peer [usually plural] a person who is the same age or who has the same social
status as you
She enjoys the respect of her peers.
Peer pressure is strong among young people (= they want to be like other
people of the same age).
tread (on/in/over something/somebody) trod or US ALSO
treaded, trodden or US AND AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH ALSO trod (especially British
English) to put your foot down while you are stepping or walking
Ouch! You trod on my toe!
Careful you don't tread in that puddle.
log a thick piece of wood that is cut from or has fallen from a tree
logs for the fire
sociopathic adj of, relating to, or characterized by a social or antisocial
behavior or exhibiting antisocial personality disorder
sociopath a person who has a mental illness and who behaves in an aggressive or
dangerous way towards other people / kẻ tâm thần
shrewd adj clever at understanding and making judgements about a situation /
khôn, khôn ngoan; sắc, sắc sảo
SYNONYM ASTUTE a shrewd businessman
She is a shrewd judge of character.
emotionally adv in a way that is connected with people's feelings (= with the
emotions)
emotionally disturbed children
I try not to become emotionally involved.
relate to sb/sth to be able to understand and have sympathy with
somebody/something
SYNONYM EMPATHIZE
Many adults can't relate to children.
Our product needs an image that people can relate to.
empathize (with somebody/something) to understand another person’s feelings
and experiences, especially because you have been in a similar situation
A glamorous 20-year-old stylist is unlikely to empathize with a working
mother of three.
a person’s inability to empathize with others
7
neurological adj relating to nerves or to the science of neurology / (thuộc) thần
kinh, (thuộc) hệ thần kinh
neurological damage
incident [countable, uncountable] a serious or violent event, such as a crime, an
accident or an attack
There was a shooting incident near here last night.
The demonstration passed off without incident.
rod (often used in compounds) a long straight piece of wood, metal or glass
skewer something to push a skewer or other thin pointed object through something
/ xiên
Skewer the meat and vegetables.
The murderer had skewered him to the floor.
considerable adj (rather formal) great in amount, size, importance, etc.
SYNONYM SIGNIFICANT
The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money.
Damage to the building was considerable.
fellow [usually plural] a person that you work with or that is like you; a thing that is
similar to the one mentioned
She has a very good reputation among her fellows.
Many caged birds live longer than their fellows in the wild.
shift (in something) C a change in position or direction
a dramatic shift in public opinion
a shift of emphasis
equilibrium [uncountable, singular] a calm state of mind and a balance of
emotions / trạng thái thăng bằng về tâm trí, tình cảm
He sat down to try and recover his equilibrium.
propensity tendency to a particular kind of behaviour
SYNONYM INCLINATION
propensity (for something/for doing something) He showed a propensity
for violence.
propensity (to do something) She has a propensity to exaggerate.
pronounce (formal) to say or give something formally, officially or publicly
pronounce something to pronounce an opinion
pronounce somebody/something + noun She pronounced him the winner
of the competition.
pronounce somebody/something + adj. She was pronounced dead on
arrival at the hospital.
pronounce somebody/something to be/have something He pronounced
the country to be in a state of war.
pronounce that… She pronounced that an error had been made.
+ speech ‘It's pneumonia,’ he pronounced gravely.
sharply adv in a way that clearly shows the differences between two things
Their experiences contrast sharply with those of other children.
sharply contrasting attitudes to work
intellectual adj [usually before noun] connected with or using a person’s ability to
think in a logical way and understand things
SYNONYM MENTAL intellectual curiosity
an intellectual novel
suffer [intransitive] to be badly affected by a disease, pain, sadness, a lack of
something, etc.
I hate to see animals suffering.
suffer from something He suffers from asthma.
suffer for something He made a rash decision and now he is suffering for
it.
garrulous adj talking a lot, especially about unimportant things
SYNONYM TALKATIVE
He became positively garrulous after a few glasses of wine.
a garrulous old woman
obscene adj connected with sex in a way that most people find offensive
obscene gestures/language/books
an obscene phone call (= in which somebody says obscene things)
wit [uncountable, singular] the ability to say or write things that are both clever and
amusing / sự hóm hỉnh, tài dí dỏm
to have a quick/sharp/dry/ready wit
a woman of wit and intelligence
soften [intransitive, transitive] to become or to make somebody/something more
sympathetic and less severe or critical
She felt herself softening towards him.
His face softened as he looked at his son.
soften somebody/something She softened her tone a little.
abrupt adj sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way
an abrupt change/halt/departure
The accident brought his career to an abrupt end.
over time if something happens over time, it happens gradually during a long
period
The research project will be assessed over time.
Students are encouraged to consider the way language changes over time.
rediscover something to find again something that had been forgotten or lost
The manuscript was rediscovered in a private library.
With this new album he has rediscovered his musical roots.
manner [singular] the way that somebody behaves towards other people
to have an aggressive/a friendly/a relaxed manner
His manner was polite but cool.
reparative adj of, relating to, or effecting repair
therapy [uncountable, countable] the treatment of a physical problem or an illness
Most leukaemia patients undergo some sort of drug therapy (= treatment
using drugs).
alternative/complementary/natural therapies (= treatments that do not use
traditional drugs)
potential [uncountable] the possibility of something happening or being developed
or used
potential (for) the potential for change
potential (for doing something) The European marketplace offers
excellent potential for increasing sales.
advanced adj at a late stage of development
the advanced stages of the disease
trauma [uncountable] (psychology) a mental condition caused by severe shock,
especially when the harmful effects last for a long time / chấn thương, tổn thương
(chấn động về cảm xúc gây tác hại lâu dài)
the effects of trauma and stress on the body
The children showed no signs of trauma after their ordeal.
Questions 14-22
Answers
classify somebody/something as something to decide which type or group
somebody/something belongs to
Only eleven of these accidents were classified as major.
Would you classify it as a hard drug or a soft drug?
typical adj having the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person,
thing or group
SYNONYM REPRESENTATIVE a typical Italian cafe
typical of somebody/something This meal is typical of local cookery.
typical for somebody/something The weather at the moment is not typical
for July.
Opposite atypical
14 C
short-term adj [usually before noun] lasting a short time; designed only for a short
period of time in the future
a short-term loan
to find work on a short-term contract
gain [countable] an advantage or improvement
efficiency gains
These policies have resulted in great gains in public health.
15 A
maintain something to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc.
SYNONYM PRESERVE
to maintain law and order/standards/a balance
The two countries have always maintained close relations.
16 B
experience something to have and be aware of a particular emotion or physical
feeling
to experience pain/pleasure/unhappiness
I experienced a moment of panic as I boarded the plane.
17 B 18 C 19 A
guard somebody/something to protect property, places or people from attack or
danger
The dog was guarding its owner's luggage.
political leaders guarded by the police
20 C 21 B 22 A
Questions 23=26
Answers
23 brain dead
24 sociopathic behaviour
sociopathic adj of, relating to, or characterized by a social or antisocial
behavior or exhibiting antisocial personality disorder
sociopath a person who has a mental illness and who behaves in an aggressive or
dangerous way towards other people / kẻ tâm thần
associated adj if one thing is associated with another, the two things are connected
because they happen together or one thing causes the other
SYNONYM CONNECTED
the risks associated with taking drugs
Salaries and associated costs have risen substantially.
disruption (to somebody/something) a situation in which it is difficult for
something to continue in the normal way; the act of stopping something from
continuing in the normal way
We aim to help you move house with minimum disruption to yourself.
disruptions to rail services
limbic adj of, relating to, or being the limbic system of the brain
25 neocortex
26 animal propensities
propensity tendency to a particular kind of behaviour
SYNONYM INCLINATION
propensity (for something/for doing something) He showed a propensity
for violence.
propensity (to do something) She has a propensity to exaggerate.
thinking U the process of thinking about something
I had to do some quick thinking.

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The Triune Brain

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