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Correlation Between Uniaxial Compressive Strength PDF
Correlation Between Uniaxial Compressive Strength PDF
Abstract
Nine rock types including Sandstone, Limestone, Siltstone, Dolomite and Marl collected from six
different rock formations of the Salt Range area of Pakistan were tested to evaluate the
correlations between the uniaxial compressive strength and the corresponding values of the point
load index. Two hundred rock cores were drilled and used for the uniaxial compressive strength
and point load index tests. Results indicate the existence of two rock groups showing distinct
behaviour in the context of this correlation. The first group of rocks, Group A, consists of hard
Jutana Sandstone, Baghanwala Sandstone, Siltstone, Sakessar Massive Limestone, Khewra
Sandstone and Dolomite. The second group of rocks, Group B, consists of relatively soft Dandot
Sandstone, Sakessar Nodular Limestone and Marl. The correlation equations for predicting
compressive strength using point load index for each group are presented along with their
confidence limits to show the variability of results produced from each equation.
Key Words: Uniaxial Compressive Strength; Point load Index; Confidence limits.
1. Introduction
Rock engineers widely use the uniaxial was analyzed statistically to determine the
compressive strength (UCS) of rocks in degree of correlation and the variability of
designing surface and underground structures. results.
The procedure for measuring this rock strength
has been standardized by both the International 2. Previous Investigations
Society for Rock Mechanics [1] and American The point load test has been reported as an
Society for Testing and Materials [2]. The indirect measure of the compressive or tensile
method is time consuming and expensive. strength of the rock. D’Andrea et al.[4]
Indirect tests such as Point Load Index (Is(50)) are performed uniaxial compression and the point
used to predict the UCS. These tests are easier load tests on a variety of rocks. They found the
to carry out because they necessitate less or no following linear regression model to correlate
sample preparation and the testing equipment is the UCS and Is(50).
less sophisticated. Also, they can be used easily
in the field. qu = 16.3 + 15.3 Is(50)
Index to strength conversion factors have been where
proposed by a number of researchers and have
been found to be rock dependent [3]. There is no qu = Uniaxial Compressive Strength of rock.
reported research in this regard for local rocks in Is(50) =Point Load Index for 50 mm diameter
Pakistan. The rationale of the study presented core.
herein is to evaluate the indirect methods of Broch and Franklin [5] reported that for 50 mm
estimating the uniaxial compressive strength of diameter cores the uniaxial compressive strength
specific rock types of Salt Range. For this is approximately equal to 24 times the point
purpose nine rock types including Sandstone, load index. They also developed a size
Limestone, Siltstone, Dolomite and Marl correction chart so that core of various
collected from six different rock formations of diameters could be used for strength
the Salt Range were tested to evaluate the determination.
correlations between the UCS test results and
the corresponding test results of Is(50). The data UCS = 24 Is(50)
Bieniawski [6] suggested the following ratio, the length and the diameter of the rock
approximate relation between UCS, Is and the specimen. Their theoretical prediction for k=14.9
core diameter (D). was reasonably close to the experimental
observation k = 12.5 for Hong Kong rocks.
UCS = (14 + 0.175 D) Is(50)
Rusnak and Mark [13] reported the following
Pells [7] showed that the index-to-strength relations for different rocks:
conversion factor of 24 can lead to 20 % error in
the prediction of compressive strength for rocks For coal measure rocks:
such as Dolerite, Norite and Pyroxenite. qu= 23.62 Is(50) – 2.69
According to ISRM commission on For other rocks:
Standardization of Laboratory and Field Test
report [8], the compressive strength is 20-25 qu= 8.41 Is(50) + 9.51
times Is. However, it is also reported that in tests Fener et al. [3] reported the following relation
on many different rock types the range varied between Point load index and UCS:
between 15 and 50, especially for anisotropic
rocks. So errors up to 100 % should be expected qu= 9.08 Is + 39.32
if an arbitrary ratio value is chosen to predict 3. Research Methodology
compressive strength from point load tests.
3.1 Sample Collection
Hassani et al. [9] performed the point load test
on large specimens and revised the size The rock samples for this study were collected
correlation chart commonly used to reference from the Salt Range area shown in Figure 1. A
point load values from cores with differing total of nine rock types from six different rock
diameters to the standard size of 50 mm. With formations were sampled and tested for this
this new correction, they found the ratio of UCS study. Sampling has been done from the Choa
to Is(50) to be approximately 29. Saiden Shah to Khewra road side section and
the Khewra Gorge section. The rock type, age
Brook [10] emphasized the possible sources of and formation names of the samples are given in
error when using the point load test, and Table 1. An attempt was made to collect rock
proposed an analytical method of “Size blocks that were large enough to obtain all of
Correction” to a chosen standard size. The the test specimens of a given rock type from the
formula containing the “Size Correction
Factor”, f, is:
Is(50) = f. F/ D2e
Where
f=(De/50)0.45
and
F = Applied Load.
De = Equivalent Core Diameter.
f = Size Correction Factor.
The dependence of the UCS versus Is(50)
correlation on rock types was demonstrated by
Cargill and Shakoor [11]. They found the
following correlation equation:
qu = 13 + 23 Is(50)
Chau and Wong [12] proposed a simple analytical
formula for the calculation of the UCS based on
corrected Is to a specimen diameter of 50 mm Is(50).
The index-to-strength conversion factor (k)
relating UCS to Is(50) was reported to depend on the
compressive to tensile strength ratio, the Poisson’s Figure 1: Location of the Study Area
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Correlation between Uniaxial Compressive strength and Point Load Index for Salt Range Rocks
same block. Each block was inspected for testing machine was used for testing (Figure 2).
macroscopic flaws so that it would provide test All core samples for this test were drilled
specimens free from fractures, joints or partings. perpendicular to bedding, had a minimum
length- to-diameter ratio of 2, and met the strict
3.2 Sample Preparation
tolerance limits as specified in the suggested test
Rock blocks were cored in the laboratory using procedure.
54 mm, 42 mm and 30 mm diameter diamond
The point load test was performed in accordance
coring bits. A total of 200 rock cores were
with the procedure described by Broch and
drilled and the samples with cracks or flaws
Franklin [5] and standardized by ISRM [14].
were excluded from further analysis. The
Digital Point Load test apparatus, model 45-
trimming and lapping of the rock cores was
D0550/D, made by Controls, England was used
done in accordance with the ISRM [1]
for Point Load testing of the rock samples (Figure
guidelines.
3). The core samples were diametrically loaded
3.3 Test Procedures during the test. Samples of three different
diameters 54 mm, 42 mm and 30 mm were used
The uniaxial compressive strength test was for this purpose. Corrections were applied to
performed in accordance with ISRM suggested calculate the equivalent diameters for samples
methods [1]. The Shimadzu 200 tons universal other than 54mm in diameter.
Figure 2: Shimadzu 200 tons Universal Testing Figure 3: Digital Point Load Test Apparatus.
Machine.
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 1 July 2007
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Correlation between Uniaxial Compressive strength and Point Load Index for Salt Range Rocks
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
Is(50) (MPa)
Figure 4: Scatter Plot of UCS against Is(50) for all the Tested Rocks
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 1 July 2007
140.00
Jutana Sandstone
120.00 Baghanwala Sandstone
Siltstone
100.00 Sakessar Massive Limestone
Khewra Sandstone
UCS (MPa)
80.00 Dolomite
60.00
20.00
0.00
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
Is(50) (MPa)
90.00
Dandot Sandstone
80.00 Sakessar Nodular Limestone
Marl
70.00
60.00
50.00
UCS (MPa)
40.00
30.00
20.00
UCS = 11.076Is(50)
2
R = 0.8876
10.00
0.00
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
Is(50) (MPa)
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Correlation between Uniaxial Compressive strength and Point Load Index for Salt Range Rocks
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Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 1 July 2007