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Lab Orifice
Lab Orifice
The title of this experiment is orifice and free jet flow. The
objectives are to determine the coefficient of velocity, the coefficient of
contraction and the coefficient of discharge for two small orifices.
The method used throughout this experiment is taking the
measurement of jet trajectories under steady flow conditions. The
coefficient of velocity is estimated from the gradient of the graph root
of yH against x. The coefficient of discharge is obtained from plotting
the square root of the head against the volumetric flow rate. The
coefficient of contraction is from calculation using the equation
Cc=Cd/Cv.
From the experiment that has been carried out, it is found that
the coefficient of velocity, Cv can be taken to an average, since the
values are similar for each diameter of orifice and different heads
taken. Whereas values of the coefficient of discharge, Cd cannot be
taken to an average since both values of Cd for 3 mm and 6 mm orifice
sizes are not similar to each other. Other details of the experiment can
be found in the following sections.
1
Theory
gH = vi2 / 2 (1)
2
Cv = v / vi (2)
Also when a jet discharged from a sharp edged orifice, the jet is
smaller in diameter than the orifice.
Cd = Q = Q .
3
Ao vi Ao √ 2gH
RESULTS
Table 1.1 : Orifice : 3mm
Head : 395mm
4
Table 2.1 : Orifice : 6mm
Head : 395mm
5
Table 3.1 : Orifice : 3mm
Volume
√Head Volume Time Flowrate
Needle Head (m) collected
(m)^0.5 collected (ml) (s) (m3/s)
(m3)
1 0.395 0.6285 141 0.000141 10 0.0000141
2 0.380 0.6164 136 0.000136 10 0.0000136
3 0.360 0.6000 134 0.000134 10 0.0000134
4 0.340 0.5831 132 0.000132 10 0.0000132
5 0.320 0.5657 130 0.000130 10 0.0000130
6 0.300 0.5477 128 0.000128 10 0.0000128
7 0.280 0.5292 124 0.000124 10 0.0000124
8 0.260 0.5099 120 0.000120 10 0.0000120
Volume Volume
√Head Time Flowrate
Needle Head (m) collected collected
(m)^0.5 (s) (m3/s)
(ml) (m3)
1 0.395 0.6285 220 0.000220 4 0.0000550
2 0.375 0.6124 206 0.000206 4 0.0000515
3 0.355 0.5958 204 0.000204 4 0.0000510
4 0.335 0.5788 198 0.000198 4 0.0000495
5 0.315 0.5612 194 0.000194 4 0.0000485
6 0.295 0.5431 186 0.000186 4 0.0000465
7 0.275 0.5244 182 0.000182 4 0.0000455
8 0.255 0.5050 176 0.000176 4 0.0000440
6
Graph 1: Jet trajectories for two orifice sizes at the different flow rates
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Graphs of √yH against x
Graph 2.1 Orifice : 3mm
Head : 260mm
8
Graph 2.3 Orifice : 6mm
Head : 255mm
9
Below are the graphs of the square root of the head against the
volumetric flow rate. The gradient of the graph will give the value for
the discharge coefficient.
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DISCUSSION
Generally, the graphs of the jet trajectories for the two orifice
sizes at the different flow rates are decreasing. The slope of the graph
is much higher for the orifice of diameter 3mm compared with the
orifice of diameter 6mm. From the graph in Figure 1 and 2, it can seen
that the higher the flow rates, the less the gradient of the slope and
the less the degree of the decrease of the graph. The graph also shows
that the diameter of the orifice do not greatly affect the trajectory of
the water flowing out from the orifice. The trajectories differ greatly
because of the flow rates.
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value is 6 mm. As soon as the water flows out from the orifice, the jet
diameter will get smaller.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the diameter of the orifice have not much effect
on the trajectory of the water flowing out from the orifice. But, the head of the water is
found to have more effect on the trajectory than the diameter of the orifice. The
coefficient of velocity, Cv can be estimated by plotting the root of yH against x, where the
graph gives a gradient of Cv .The coefficient of velocity of water is taken to an average
since all values are similar. Therefore, the objective of this experiment has been obtained.
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Appendix
Cd
Cc
Cv
0.5106
11 .84
0.0431
Ac
Cc
Ao
Ac C c Ao
0.0431 ( (6.0 10 3 ) 2 )
4
A c 1.219 10 -6 m 2
13
Ac
Jetdiameter 2( )
1.219 10 6
2
1.2460 10 3 m
14