Experiment (9): hydraulic jump

Introduction:

In engineering practice the hydraulic jump frequently appears downstream from overflow
structures (spillways) or underflow structures (sluice gates) where velocities are high. It may be
used to effectively dissipate kinetic energy and thus prevent scour of the channel bottom, to mix
chemicals in a water or sewage treatment plant or to raise the water levels and prevent backward
water flow for efficient water intake and water way use.

*The hydraulic jump( standing wave): is a rapid transition from supercritical flow to
subcritical flow.

*A hydraulic jump occurs when a liquid at a high velocity discharges into a zone that has a lower velocity
Objectives:

To observe and understand the characteristics of the hydraulic jump and the sluice gate used in the flume
to create conditions allowing the jump to occur.

Theory:

In a hydraulic jump, Energy equation not suitable tool for analysis, the velocity changes from V 1
to V2 and hence there is a change in momentum through the jump. The force producing this
change in momentum is due to the difference in hydrostatic pressure resulting from the change of
depth. By equating the resultant hydrostatic force to the rate of change of momentum, the
conjugate depth y2 can be calculated from the initial depth y1 from the following relationship:
P1*A1 + ρ*Q*V1 = P2*A2 + ρ * Q*V2
For rectangular cross section

where The Froude number, Fr, is a dimensionless ratio of the inertial forces of a particle in the
fluid to the weight of the particle. The Froude number is calculated for the conditions upstream
of the jump (Fr1) and downstream (Fr2)

If Fr > 1 , y1 < y2 the flow is supercritical

If Fr < 1 , y1 > y2 the flow is subcritical

If Fr = 1 the flow is critical

1 2
h2= 2 ∗h1∗( √ 1+ 8 Fr 1 −1)

1 2
h1= 2 ∗h2∗( √ 1+ 8 Fr 2 −1)

*The length for hydraulic jump (Lj) =6* y2

 ( y 2− y 1)3
*The head loss (hl) =E1 –E2 =
4∗y 1∗y 2