HYDRAULIC JUMP

HYDRAULIC JUMP

Prepared By: Mr. Himanshu Gaur

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 WHAT IS A HYDRAULIC JUMP?

Hydraulic jump is a sudden transformation from supercritical flow to

subcritical flow. This is because supercritical flow is unstable and it
transforms to subcritical flow.

Hydraulic jump can be observed in the laboratory flume.

flow

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HYDRAULIC JUMP EXAMPLE

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HYDRAULIC JUMP EXAMPLE

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 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC JUMPS
Hydraulic jumps in open-channel flow are characterized a drop in Froude
number Fr, where (Chadwick 2004)

from supercritical (Fr > 1) to subcritical (Fr < 1) conditions. The result is a
step increase in depth H and a step decrease in flow velocity U passing
through the jump.

flow

supercritical subcritical

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Hydraulic Jump

With the conservation of momentum principle (Chadwick 2004) :

Rate of change in momentum = Applied force

Net horizontal force = F1 – F2

Momentum change = M2 – M1
So,
F1 – F2 = M2 – M1

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Hydraulic Jump

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Hydraulic Jump

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Hydraulic Jump

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Energy Losses in Hydraulic Jump

Energy Loss E  E1  E2
2 2
V1 V
 E  ( y 1 )  ( y2  2 )
2g 2g
Substituting q = Vy
q2 1 1
 E  ( y 1 y 2 )  ( 2  2 )......... .......... ....( 3 )
2 g y1 y 2
Equation – 2 also can be written as

1 y2  y2 
F r1 
2
  1  .......... .......... ...( 4 )
2 y1  y1 
Energy Losses in Hydraulic Jump

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Length of Hydraulic Jump

No general theoretical solution

Experiments show

L  6 y2 for 4 .5 < F r1 < 1 3

 Classification of Hydraulic Jumps

Undular Jump Weak Jump Oscillating Jump

(1<Fr1<1.7) (1.7<Fr1<2.5) (2.5<Fr1<4.5)
y2/y1=2-3 y2/y1=3-6

Stable Jump Strong Jump

(4.5<Fr1<9) (Fr1>9)
y2/y1=6-12 y2/y1=12-20
 Classification of Hydraulic Jumps
Undular Jump (1<Fr1<1.7): The water surface exhibits slight
undulation. Two conjugate depths are close
Weak Jump (1.7<Fr1<2.5): A number of small eddies and
rollers are formed
Oscillating Jump (2.5<Fr1<4.5): The incoming jet oscillates
from the bottom to the top. It should be avoided if it is
possible since it may cause erosion to banks
Stable Jump (4.5<Fr1<9): Has many advantages. Well
balanced jump and the jump location is least sensitive to any
variation in y2.
Strong Jump (Fr1>9): Jump is effective and should not be
allowed to exceed 12 as the required stilling basins would be very
massive and expensive
Problem-1

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 Problem-2
A sluice gate at the base of a large reservoir is raised 1.7 m
as shown in the figure below. Water discharges through this 5
m wide rectangular orifice into a rectangular channel of the
same width. Specific energy of upstream flow of water is 3 m.
If hydraulic jump forms, what will be its height?
(Hint: Neglect losses through the sluice gate.)

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References
Chadwick AJ and Morfett JC, (2004), Hydraulics in
Civil and Environmental Engineering, 4th Edition, E &
FN Spon.