Hydraulic jump

Hydraulic jump
A hydraulic jump occurs when supercritical flow meets
subcritical flow of sufficient depth.
Classification of jump. Based on initial Froude number it can be

1 ≤ 𝐹𝑟1 ≤ 1.7 undular jump: The jump is irregular and not

properly formed. The surface of the water is rotating on the
surface with a very slight wave.

1.7 ≤ 𝐹𝑟1 ≤ 2.5 weak jump: It forms when flow velocity is less.
Small rollers are developed on the surface of the water.

2.5 ≤ 𝐹𝑟1 ≤ 4.5 oscillating jump: Formation of large waves of

irregular periods. Waves are transmitted downstream which
damages the embankment.
4.5 ≤ 𝐹𝑟1 ≤ 9 steady jump: A clear separate static hydraulic
jump is formed. Energy dissipation is (45-70)%

9 ≤ 𝐹𝑟 1 strong jump: In this case, a rough surface prevails, which

continues downstream for a long distance. The jump action is
quite rough but is effective, since the energy dissipation may
reach 85%.
𝑦1, 𝑦2 sequent depths/conjugate depths
Length of jump 𝐿𝑗
Length of roller 𝐿𝑟𝑗
1.Relation between 𝑦1 and 𝑦2

2.Energy loss in the jump

3.Height of the jump, 𝐻𝑗 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

4. Length of the jump, 𝐿𝑗 = 5 to 7 times height of
the jump
5. Efficiency of jump, 𝐸2/𝐸1
6.Relative loss of jump, Δ𝐸/𝑦1
Procedure:
1. In a rectangular flume, a spillway is fixed at
some location and at far downstream of the
sluice gate a controlling gate is provided.
2. Apply discharge into the channel and allow to
form a hydraulic jump at downstream of the
spillway.
3. Take reading of conjugate depths and
measure the discharge using measuring tank.
4. Repeat the experiment for at least for 4
readings.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5etwhZ0
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5gXfyVi
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_ZLyzB
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Observation table:
Width of the flume =
Discharge, Y1, Y2, Hj Lj E1 E2 ΔE Fr1 Type
10-3 m3/s cm cm of
(using jump
measuring
tank)

Plot:
1. y2/y1 vs Fr1
2. Hj/y1 vs Fr1
3. ΔE/y1 vs Fr1
4. E2/E1 vs Fr1
Assignment 5
1. What is the purpose of a hydraulic jump and what
are its applications? 2.5
2. Derive the expression for the energy loss during a
hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel and also
write down the assumption made. 5
3. Write short notes on following: a. Undulating jump,
b. Weak jump, c. Oscillating jump and d. Steady
jump, e. Strong jump. 2.5