Module 3

RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

Hydraulic Jumps
Occurs when there is a sudden transition from supercritical (y < yc) to subcritical (y > yc) flow. Examples of where this may occur are :
At the foot of a spillway Where a channel slope suddenly turns flat.

Classification of the Jump

The hydraulic jump can be classified based on initial Froude number as Undular Weak Oscillating Steady Strong (F1 = 1.0 1.7) (F1 = 1.7 2.5) (F1 = 2.5 4.5) (F1 = 4.5 9.0), and (F1 > 9.0)

Classification of the Jump

Classification of the Jump

Type of Jump
Froude Number Remarks

Undular jump
Weak jump

1 < F1 <1.7
1.7 < F1 < 2.5

Undulations on the surface.

Uniform Velocity Energy Loss - small Small rollers, No baffles Water Oscillates back and forth from the bottom to the surface. Position, is sensitive to variation of Tail Water, Efficiency is 45 to 70 %. Efficiency is 85 %

Oscillating Jump Steady Jump

2.5 < F1 < 4.5 4.5 < F1 < 9.0

Strong Jump

F1 > 9.0