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Kaneshiro Jon Korbin Greg Boulder PDF
Kaneshiro Jon Korbin Greg Boulder PDF
Gregg Korbin
Independent Geotechnical Consultant
1) Introduction
Definitions
Load Sharing
2) Case Histories Low Pressure Tunnels
3) Case Histories High Pressure Tunnels
2
1) Introduction
1) Introduction – Definitions
Low pressure < 55 psi
Outfall, low pressure sewer, water supply
RCP/RCCP/PCCP (AWWA M9), FRP, Cast-in-Place
Soil, weak rock
Precast with continuous reinforcing hoop steel
Various
Rebar or Prestressing steel with Bearing-Transfer Plates
5
Load Sharing Extent: 0 (lined) to 100% (unlined)
σ v
σ h
6
2) Low Pressure Tunnels
2) Low Pressure
Segmented Lining Pressure Confinement Strategies
Alt. Description
1 Use annular and secondary grouting to ensure thrust is applied on the
liner to close cracks and to lock in thrust, and provide instrumentation to
monitor the liner load
2* Provide hoop re-bar steel to accommodate tension and limit crack widths
3 Provide a secondary internal liner such as steel or precast concrete
cylinder pipe (PCCP)
4 Provide coatings and/or embedded plastic linings; the embedded liner
could be directly bonded to the segments or the plastic liner could be
cast-in-place inside the segments (e.g., plastic internal liner such as PVC,
HDPE, or equal)
5 Provide a steel shell in composite action with the segments
6* Provide hoop wire steel in the form of pre-stressing tendons to post
tension the concrete, thus eliminating the development of potential cracks
8
2) Low Pressure
Segmental Liner Case Histories
Preloading by External Grout pressure
DE, Keiser’s method, 1952
Preloading by Jacks
DE, 1960, Dusseldorf sewage tunnel under Rhine, 14.8’ OD
Rebar steel
US, 1995-2000, South Bay Tunnel Outfall, San Diego, 12.5’ OD
JP, 1999-2009, Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge
Channel, Tokyo, 17.7 to 34’? OD
Post tensioning / Pre-stressing steel
FR, 1949, Subaqueous tunnel under Seine, 14’ & 16’ dia., steel bands
JP, ca. 1999-2003 (Osaka area)
Onchigawa-Higashi Trunk Line, 9.7 ft OD,
Yao-Hiraoka Trunk Line, 11.6 ft OD
Shitanoya Trunk Line, 9 ft OD
Midorigaoka Rainwater Trunk Line,10.2 ft OD
CH, 2008, Thun Flood Relief Tunnel, 19.7’ OD
9
Water Leakage Criteria
through micro cracks in concrete
ACI 224 Control of Cracking in Concrete
Structures limiting fs < 20 ksi
Where
A = 2dcS
dc = bar cover
S = Bar Spacing
W = 0.008 in. crack width for water retaining
structures
10
Kieser’s (1960) Method
Prestressing segmented liner
As reported by Szechy (1966)
1. circumferential concrete
bedding is placed, providing
a smooth surface and grout
barrier
2. grout fissures in rock and
annular space
3. concrete segments erected
4. 1-1/4” gap use low
pressure grouted until return
in adjacent hole
5. finally pressure grouted to
150% of working load until
cement suspension is
hardened.
11
Subaqueous Sewer Tunnel under Seine
(Lalande, 1949)
As reported by Szechy (1966)
• 14 and 16 ft dia.
• compressed air
• hand excavation methods
• 11” x 0.20” steel bands/grouted
• segments 4’10” l, 1’10’ wd, 1’4” thk
12
Subaqueous sewage tunnel under Rhine
Dusseldorf (Hochtief News, 1960)
14
Continuous Hoop Re-bar
Fastened by C- and H- shape connectors
Metropolitan Area Outer Discharge Channel, JP
shap
16
Continuous Tendons
P&PC Segment Lining Method
17
Thun Flood Relief Tunnel, CH
20
21
South Bay Tunnel Ocean Outfall (ca. 1995-2000)
22
Hydrotest of Hoop Tendons or Bars (SBTO, ca. 1994)
23
LACSD JWPCP Effluent Outfall Tunnel 2017-2024
24
LACSD JWPCP Effluent Outfall Tunnel
Proof Concept Test
Approx. Location of
Stressing Pocket
1B 15 1A 1F 1E 1D 16 1C
C
9 1E 14 1D 13 1C 12 1B 11 1A 10 1F 9
A B
6 1B 5 1A 4 1F 3 1E 8 1D 7 1C 6
1 1E 1D 1C 2 1B 1A 1F 1
Ring 4
Ring 3
Ring 2
Ring 1
Photo 2
Issues and Conclusions
Low Pressure One Pass Segmented Liner
Alternatives Example Trade Off Analysis
Two Pass Alternative Description Relative Relative Rank
Reliability Cost
Load Sharing 1 Secondary grout, 1 5 5
lock in thrust
Plastic liner 2 Hoop steel 2 4 8
4 Embedded plastic 3 4 12
Anchorage/Liner thickness linings
5 Steel shell 4 2 8
Hoop Bars 6 Pre-stressing 3 4 12
tendons
Strands
Steel vs. Carbon
Bonded vs. Unbonded
Anchorage
Constructability
27
2) References
Segmented Liners designed for low pressure
Haefliger, P., 2009, Thun Flood Relief Tunnel, Sept. 22 Presentation to D. Klug European Tunnel Tour.
Hirosawa, N. et al., 2008, Development of composite concrete-packed steel segment, Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 97,
January, 39–44.
Kaneshiro, J.Y., S.J. Navin, and G.E. Korbin, 1996. Unique precast concrete segmented liner for the South Bay Ocean
Outfall Project, In Ozdemir, L. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on North American Tunneling, Washington,
DC.
Kohler, D. and B. Rupp, 2008, Thun flood relief tunnel, Part 1 – Challenges faced by the hydro-shield method., Tunnel,
Vol. 7/
Miyao, H et al., 1999. Development of a new lining for shield tunnels bearing internal pressures, ITA World Tunnel
Congress Proceedings 1999, Oslo, Norway.
Nishikawa, K, 2003, Development of a precast and prestressed concrete segmental lining, Tunnelling and Underground
Space, V. 18.
Saitou, S. , M. Kaneko, T. Sagara, M. Sugimoto, and J. Kondou, 1999, PC Segment Construction, Tunnel Engineering
Thesis, Collection of Reports, Vol. 9. Translation from: Proceedings of Tunnel Engineering, Japan Society of Civil Engineers,
Released on internet: June 27, 2011, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/journalte1991/9/0/9_0_325/_pdf
Shield Tunneling Association of Japan, 2004. P&PC Segment Lining Method, www.shield-method.gr.jp/english/, accessed
February 2012.
Szechy, K., 1966, The Art of Tunnelling, Budapest.
Hochtief Nachrichten (Newsletter), 1960, Rheintunnel Dusseldorf, Aug/Sept
Keiser, A., 1960, Druckstollenbau (Pressure Tunnel Construction), Springer-Verlag
Lalande, M., 1949, Diversite de applications du beton precontraint, Travaux, Feb.
Rousselier, M., 1952, Le revetment des galeries, Annales de l’Institut Technique de B.T.P., V. 59
28
3) High Pressure Tunnels
a) Geotech. Inv. for Design of Press. Tunnels & Shafts
b) Water Pressure Testing
c) Rock Cover and Minimum Stress
d) Lining Design and Lessons Learned
3a) Geotechnical Investigations for Design
of Pressure Tunnels and Shafts
Calaveras Power Tunnel
Potential water loss or gain
Landslide
potential
31
Landslide Potential
32
Issues
33
Field Exploration Program
34
Typical
Hydrojacking / Hydrofracture Test Program
Foliation can
trap fracture
35
3b) Water Pressure Testing (WPT)
WPT – Typical Setup
hp
Parameters:
Q = 10 - 20 gpm
L = 10 - 20 ft
ht = hw + hp
37
Water Pressure Testing (WPT)
38
Estimating inflow:
Heuer’s empirical approach
(modified radial flow equation)
39
Issues (WPT)
40
Permeability Histogram
Missing
data ???
41
WPT – Unfilled Standpipe
hp = 0
System resolution for:
Q = 10 - 20 gpm
Actual L = 10 - 20 ft
hw ht = hw + hp
=0
10 1 x 10-2
100 1 x 10-3
500 3 x 10-4
42
Permeability Histogram
18 16
16
14
Number of tests
12
30 tests 1 test
10 8
8
6 4
4 2
2 1
0
10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
Permeability (cm/sec)
(Assumes minimum
stress is vertical)
= 1.2 to 1.5
45
3d) Lining Design and Lessons Learned
Load Sharing
48
Steel Liner Design Flow Chart
(mod. after Schleiss, 1988)
Basic Parameters
1. Working Stresses and
-Properties of Rock Mass and Steel Liner Requirements 1. and 2.
Deformations in Steel
-Natural Stresses in Rock Mass are satisfied
Lining
-Groundwater Table
Design Loads
Y
Assume Steel
Grade Quality and N Carrying Capacity
Liner Thickness of the
Static System Liner-Rock
SF>2.0
Y
Assumption Carrying Capacity of the Tunnel at
Full Load Sharing including Failure, YIelding of Steel Liner at
Cracked Zone Rock Mass Failure
N Can Alignment N
Safety Factor Control of Rock
N be Modified to allow
Against Yield Increase Thickness of Steel Liner Participation or Cover
for Increased
SF>1.7? SF>2.0
Rock Cover?
Y
Y
Safety of
N
Steel Liner 2. Carrying Capacity of Rock
Increase Thickness of Steel Liner
for Crack Bridging Mass
w < t/2? 49
Y
Steel Liner Design – Seeber Diagram
Pi = Pr + Ps
50
Graphical Line Method, Seeber Diagram
Rock
Radial Strain
GAP
Steel
Internal Pressure
fy / 2 LIMIT 51
Rock Load Carrying Capacity –
Cracked Zone Analysis
x < 3 to 4 r
52
Rock Mass Modulus of Deformation
Methods:
Seismic
Flat jack / plate load
Borehole dilatometer (Goodman jack or rock
pressure meter)
Instrumented TBM gripper pads
53
Borehole WPT Interval
Borehole
Typical approaches:
•Tunnel diameter or envelope
•± 1 tunnel diameter beyond
envelope
•100 ft overall interval
Future tunnel
54
Unlined waterways –
confined and unconfined hydraulic jacking
56
Hydraulic jacking to determine
normal stress across fracture
Q α a3
“knee”
57
Hydraulic Jacking – methodology
σmax
σmin
σnormal
58
Hydraulic Jacking - Issues
59
Problems: Too few points, no repeat of cycle
after breakdown of healed fracture
60
Hydraulic Jacking Test – two cycles
First cycle
Jacking pressure (psi)
Second cycle
Flow (gpm)
61
Bi-County Hydrojacking Tests
(horizontal stresses greater than vertical)
Lithostatic Pressure
Tests on near vertical
joints: (6 points)
Depth (ft)
Tests on sub-
horizontal joints:
(4 points)
Ko = 0.62
Depth (ft)
Minimum stress
(0.28 psi/ft)
63
Dinkey Creek – 8 hour test
8 hr hold
(~ 1000 cf water)
64
Dinkey Creek – Tunnel Profiles
Low alignment
High alignment
65
Balsam Meadow Hydroelectric Project
66
67
Balsam Meadow – open joints
(right photo: silt infilling)
~18”
68
Another Hydroelectric Project
69
View through tunnel plug
toward back wall of headrace tunnel
70
Hydraulic jacking of individual
joint parallel to valley side
Open joint
71
Lessons Learned
72
References
Moderate to High Pressure
C ASCE, 1989, Civil engineering guidelines for planning and designing hydroelectric developments, Vol. 2, Waterways, Ch. 3, Tunnels and shafts, ed. E. Moore
ASCE, 1993, Steel Penstock, Manual of Practice No. 79, by ASCE Task Committee on Manual of Practice for Steel Penstocks, Energy Division, Richard D.
Stutsman, (committee chairman)
Benson, R.P., 1989, Design of Unlined and Lined Pressure Tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 4. No. 2
Berti, D.J., R. Stutzman, E.S. Lindquist, M. Eshghipour, 1998, Buckling of steel liner under external pressure, ASCE J. of Energy Engineering, Dec.
C Brekke, T.L. and B. Ripley, 1987, Design Guidelines for Pressure Tunnels and Shafts, Electric Power Research Institute
Brekke, T.L. and G.E. Korbin, 1990, Recent Sierra Nevada hydroelectric projects geological engineering lessons, in J.M. Duncan, ed., V. 2 H.Bolton Seed
Memorial Symposium Proceedings, May.
Broch, E., 1982, Designing excavating underground powerplants, Water Power & Dam Construction, April.
Broch, E., 1984, Unlined high pressure tunnels in areas of complex topography, Water Power & Dam Construction, November.
Eskilsson, J.N., 1999, Design of Pressure Tunnels, ASCE Proceedings from Geo-Engineering for Underground Facilities, June 13-17. University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
Fernandez, G. and T.A. Alvarez, 1994, Seepage-induced effective stresses and water pressures around pressure tunnels, ASCE J. of Geotechnical
Engineering, V. 120, No. 1, Jan.
Fernandez, G., 1994, Behavior of pressure tunnels and guidelines for liner design, ASCE J. of Geotechnical Engineering, V. 120, No. 10, Oct.
Goodall, D.C., H. Kjorholt, T. Tekle, and E. Broch, 1988, Air cushion surge chambers for underground power plants, Water Power and Dam Construction, Dec.
Hendron, A.J., G. Fernandez, P.A. Lenzini, and M.A. Hendron, Design of pressure tunnels, Ch. 9, in Cording et al. eds., The Art and Science of Geotechnical
Engineering, At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century, A Volume Honoring Ralph B. Peck.
C Kang, J. and Y. Hu, 2005, Techniques and performance of post-prestressed tunnel liner, ASCE Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, May,
Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 102-108.
Korbin, G.E., 2009, 7th Annual William Barclay Parsons Lecture in Underground Engineering
C Matt, P., F. Thurnherr, and I. Uherkovich, 1978, Prestressed concrete pressure tunnels, Water Power & Dam Construction, May.
Schleiss, A., 1988, Design criteria applied for the lower pressure tunnel of the North Fork Stanislaus River Hydroelectric Project in California, Rock Mechanics
and Rock Engineering, V. 21, p.161-181.
C Schleiss, A., 1988, Design of reinforced concrete-lined pressure tunnels, in J.M. Serrano, ed., Proceedings of the International Congress on Tunnels and Water:
Water and its influence on the design, construction, and exploitation of tunnels and underground works, June 12-15.
Seeber, G., 1985, Power conduits for high-head plants, Part One, Water Power & Dam Construction, June.
Seeber, G., 1985, Power conduits for high-head plants, Part Two, Water Power & Dam Construction, July.
Strassburger, A.G., 1982, Hydro-fracturing at Helms, Water Power & Dam Construction, October.
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