Strength of Materials Part

Ch. 3: Mechanical Properties of Materials

Recall:
Load =

−
=

Material Geometry =
2
−
Strength of a material: ability to sustain a load without undue deformation or failure
(material’s stress – strain behavior).

Stress – strain behavior for a material is determined by experiment.

Organizations and Institutions perform tests and make standards

ASTM : American Society for Testing of Materials

JIS : Japanese Industrial Standards
CNS : Chinese National Standards
DIN: German Industry Standards
etc.
Tensile test Compression test
Tensile Test Specimen

A0
Necking Failure
L0

P
During the Experiment, at various times, the following is recorded:

Applied Load, P =
Nominal (Engineering) Stress

Changing gauge length, L0’ −

=
Nominal (Engineering) Strain
Strain gauge used
to measure strain Stress – Strain (σ-ε) Diagram
Conventional (σ-ε) Diagram
 σ
Ultimate Stress σu
Fracture Stress σf
Yield Stress σY
Proportional limit σpl

ε
Behavior
Elastic

Yielding

Strain Hardening Necking

Plastic Behavior

Conventional (σ-ε) Diagram

 Materials can be classified as either being ductile or brittle, depending on their
stress – strain diagram.
Ductile Materials: can be subjected to large strains before it fractures. Ex. Mild steel,
brass, aluminum, etc. (resist tension and compression)

−
Use either = (100%)
to
−
determine = (100%)
that

e.g.

e.g. Mild steel has a typical value of percent reduction

of area of 60%.
 Not all ductile material exhibit same behavior in terms of
constant yielding occurring beyond the elastic range.
 e.g. Aluminum and some plastics
 often does not have a well-defined yield point, use offset method
σ

σY

0.2% Offset method

ε
0.2%
  will assume that the yield strength, yield point, elastic limit,
and proportional limit all coincide unless otherwise stated.
Except for rubber obviously!
It does not even have a proportional limit, since stress and
strain are not linearly related
Brittle Materials: exhibit little or no yielding before failure.
Ex. Gray cast iron, concrete, etc.
 resist compression much more than tension

microscopic
crack result in
tensile failure
It can generally be stated that most materials exhibit
both ductile and brittle behavior.

e.g. steel has brittle behavior when it contains a high

carbon content, and it is ductile when the carbon
content is reduced.

Also, at low temperatures materials become harder

and more brittle, whereas when the temperature rises
they become softer and more ductile.
 σ
Ultimate Stress σu
Fracture Stress σf
Yield Stress σY
Proportional limit σpl
Modulus of
Young’s modulus, E Elasticity
(Stiffness
= Hooke’s law indicator)

ε
Yielding
Behavior
Elastic

Strain Hardening Necking

Plastic Behavior
Question: Calculate the modulus of elasticity for the mild steel

Although steel alloys have different carbon

contents, most grades of steel, from the
softest rolled steel to the hardest tool steel,
have about this same modulus of elasticity
 plastic
σ elastic

σY

ε
permanent set elastic recovery
higher yield point
Strain Hardening  but the material has less
ductility
 By alloying metals,
engineers can change
their mechanical
properties.
 e.g. changing the
percentage of carbon
in steel.
External Example I: For a 10-m rod made of the material for which part of σ- ε
diagram is shown, what is the Young’s modulus of the material?
External Example II: For a 10-m rod made of the material for which part of σ- ε
diagram is shown, if it is subjected to a tensile stress of 500 MPa, what will be the
change in its length?
P

d'
d
P
−
=
− =−
=
Poisson’s ratio
P

d'

d
P
−
=
− =−
=
Positive Dimensionless
Poisson’s ratio 0 ≤ υ ≤ 0.5
MCI) For a 10-meter rod made of a material with Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, that has
elongated by 12 mm, what is its new radius if originally it had a radius of 50 mm?

d
P
− 50
0.3 = − 50
12
10000
 Specimen in the shape of a thin tube subjected to a torsional loading
 Measurements of torque and angle of twist (Chapter 5)

τ
Ultimate stress τu

Fracture stress τf

Proportional limit τpl

γ
Conventional (τ-γ) Diagram
 τ
Ultimate stress τu

Fracture stress τf

Proportional limit τpl

Modulus of Rigidity, G
(Shear modulus of elasticity)

= =
γ
Conventional (τ-γ) Diagram
 Material Properties Relation
Modulus of Elasticity

=
2(1 + )
Modulus of Rigidity
Poisson’s Ratio

Derivation in Section 10.6

 Example I: A cubic block with each side of original length 10 cm is subjected to the
compressive force as shown. If its sides along the x and y directions increased to
10.00025 cm, determine ν and G for the material. Assume it behaves elastically and E =
70 GPa
z
45 kN −
=
y
x 10.00025 − 10
= = 2.5 10
10
= = =
−45 10
=
(0.1 0.1)(70 10 )
10 cm = −6.429 10
Cont. Example I: A cubic block with each side of original length 10 cm is subjected to
the compressive force as shown. If its sides along the x and y directions increased to
10.00025 cm, determine ν and G for the material. Assume it behaves elastically and E =
70 GPa
45 kN
= 2.5 10
= −6.429 10
2.5 10
ν=− =− = 0.389
−6.429 10
70 10
= = = 25.2
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.389)

10 cm
Example II: Three rigid metal plates are glued to two 4 cm thick rubber pads. A 1.2 kN load
pulls the middle plate to the right as shown. How far does the middle plate move to the right
assuming rubber does not leave elastic range? Assume Erubber=3.5 MPa and νrubber=0.49.

Double shear  Vmax = 600 N

600
= = 10 000
0.2 × 0.3
3.5
= = = 1.1745
2 1+ 2(1 + 0.49)

10000
= = 8.5142857 × 10
x 1.1745 × 10
Ends are fixed
  ∆ = 8.5142857 × 10 × 4 × 10
= 3.406 × 10
= 0.341
3-29 (9th ed.)
3-16 (9th ed./Similar to 3.14 10th ed.)
The wire has a diameter of 5 mm and is made from A-36 steel.
If a 80-kg man is sitting on seat C, determine the elongation of
wire DE.
Example III: The thin-walled tube is subjected to an axial
force of 40 kN. If the tube elongates 3 mm and its
circumference decreases 0.09 mm, determine the modulus
of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, and the shear modulus of the
tube’s material. The material behaves elastically.

−
R3-4

FBC
5 4
3
Ax
Ay
R3-3

FA FB

< σY,Al

Check as well on your own σB < σY,Al!

(Assuming elastic) Compression
and tension =
414 MPa and
assumption is
correct
 Suggested Problem
3-4, 3-8, 3-10, 3-14, 3-25, 3-26, 3-28, 3-33