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Esd FV Slides
Esd FV Slides
Hardware/Software Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
Outline
lens
• Common metrics
– Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,
excluding NRE cost
– NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time
monetary cost of designing the system
– Size: the physical space required by the system
– Performance: the execution time or throughput of the system
– Power: the amount of power consumed by the system
– Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the system without
incurring heavy NRE cost
delayed entry
On-time • Percentage revenue loss =
Market rise Market fall (D(3W-D)/2W2)*100%
Delayed • Try some examples
– Lifetime 2W=52 wks, delay D=4 wks
D W 2W
– (4*(3*26 –4)/2*26^2) = 22%
On-time Delayed Time – Lifetime 2W=52 wks, delay D=10 wks
entry entry – (10*(3*26 –10)/2*26^2) = 50%
– Delays are costly!
• Costs:
– Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,
excluding NRE cost
– NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-time monetary cost of
designing the system
– total cost = NRE cost + unit cost * # of units
– per-product cost = total cost / # of units
= (NRE cost / # of units) + unit cost
• Example
– NRE=$2000, unit=$100
– For 10 units
– total cost = $2000 + 10*$100 = $3000
– per-product cost = $2000/10 + $100 = $300
Amortizing NRE cost over the units results in an
additional $200 per unit
p e r p ro d uc t c o st
$120,000 $120
$80,000 $80
$40,000 $40
$0 $0
0 800 1600 2400 0 800 1600 2400
Nu m b e r o f u n its (vo lu m e ) Num b e r o f u n its (vo lu m e )
• Technology
– A manner of accomplishing a task, especially using technical
processes, methods, or knowledge
• Three key technologies for embedded systems
– Processor technology
– IC technology
– Design technology
total = 0 total = 0
for i =1 to … for i =1 to …
General-purpose (“software”) Application-specific Single-purpose (“hardware”)
total = 0
for i = 1 to N loop
total += M[i]
end loop
Desired
functionality
general ALU
• User benefits Program
memory
Data
memory
– Low time-to-market and NRE costs
Assembly code
– High flexibility for:
• Benefits
– Fast
– Low power
– Small size
• Features Data
Program memory
– Program memory memory
– Optimized datapath Assembly code
– Special functional units for:
total = 0
• Benefits for i =1 to …
gate
IC package IC oxide
source channel drain
Silicon substrate
1985
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Embedded Systems Design: A Unified 29
Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis
Moore’s law
• Wow
– This growth rate is hard to imagine, most people
underestimate
– How many ancestors do you have from 20 generations ago
• i.e., roughly how many people alive in the 1500’s did it take to make
you?
• 220 = more than 1 million people
– (This underestimation is the key to pyramid schemes!)
10,000 150,000,000
transistors transistors
To final implementation
10,000
Productivity
100
10
0.1
0.01
2005
1993
2003
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2009
• Exponential increase over the past few decades
Behavioral synthesis
– Hardware and software Compilers (1990's)
(1960's,1970's)
design technologies were
Register transfers
very different Assembly instructions RT synthesis
– Recent maturation of Assemblers, linkers
(1980's, 1990's)
• Hardware/software
Implementation
“codesign” Microprocessor plus
program bits: “software”
VLSI, ASIC, or PLD
implementation: “hardware”
The choice of hardware versus software for a particular function is simply a tradeoff among various
design metrics, like performance, power, size, NRE cost, and especially flexibility; there is no
fundamental difference between what hardware or software can implement.
General- Single-
purpose ASIP purpose
General, Customized,
processor processor
providing improved: providing improved:
1997
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Embedded Systems Design: A Unified 36
Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis
Design productivity gap
1983
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Embedded Systems Design: A Unified 37
Hardware/Software Introduction, (c) 2000 Vahid/Givargis
The mythical man-month