EC6102D

Embedded System
DESIGN Monsoon 2022-23

Raghu C V
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
NIT Calicut
Some general terms
Micro processor and Micro
Controller
Micro Processor
Central Processing Unit capable of performing arithmetic/Logical
Operations
Contains Control Unit, ALU and Working Registers
Dependent unit - needs combination of other hardware units
General Purpose in design and operation
Intel 4004 is considered to be first microprocessor in the world
Micro Controller
Integrated chip contains CPU, Special/General Purpose Registers,
Program Memory, and other peripherals like Timer, ADC, dedicated
I/O ports.
Can be considered as a super set of micro processor
TMS1000 from TI is considered as the world’s first micro controller
 CISC vs RISC Architecture
CISC (Complex Instruction Set
Computing)
Complex Instructions
implemented fully using
hardware
Faster execution
Higher hardware budget
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing)
Average number of complex
instructions used is generally low
Why not implement them using
simple instructions?
Lesser hardware use
Increased load on software
 Harvard vs Von-Neumann Architecture

• Harvard • Von-Neumann
• Separate buses for instruction and • Single shared bus for instruction and
data fetching data fetching
• Easier to pipeline – Higher • Low performance
performance • Lower cost
• Higher cost • Chances for accidental corruption of
• No chance of accidental corruption of program memory
program memory
Big endian – Little endian
Higher order of data at the higher memory and lower order of
data in the lower memory – Little endian
Lower order of data at the higher memory and higher order of
data in the lower memory – Big endian
Embedded System

Software

Sensors Actuators

Micro
controller

Power Supply User Interface

Some design aspects
Choosing the right Micro
controller
Supporting the required functionality?
Bit Handling capacity
8,16,32,64-bits
Time to market
Easily available?
Easy to use?
High level language?
Development Tools?
Development kits, IDEs?
Moving to different device?
Does a device with compatible features available?
Choosing the right Micro
controller
Technical Support?
Overall system cost?
Cost of micro controller + other components
Cost of PCB
Any other hidden cost?
Stocking more devices? Minimum ordering quantity
Extra features available?
Without much cost addition !
Some 8-bit micro controllers

8051 family – more than 1000 variants – CISC

PIC – RISC

PsoC – CISC

AVR – RISC
Some 16-bit micro controllers

8051XA

MSP 430

PIC24
Some 32-bit micro controllers

ARM

STM-32

IBM Power PC
Input devices
User Input
Pushbutton, Toggle switch, keypad, Touch sensors etc.
Sound
Microphone
Magnetic
Hall effect, Inductor
Distance
Proximity, Ultra sound sensor
Temperature
Thermistor, Thermocouple, semiconductor sensors
Light
LDR, Photo diode
Input devices
Strain/Force
Strain gauge, piezo
Position
Shaft encoder, LVDT, Opto-coupler, GPS
Image
CCD
Time
RTC, counter
Output devices
Light
LED, IR
Display
LED Display, LCD Display, Touch Screen
Sound
Speaker, Buzzer, Ultrasound
Temperature
Heater
Motion
DC Motor, Stepper motor, Servo, solenoid
Flow
Valve, Pump
Output devices
Print
Printers
Other interfaces
Relay, Opto-Coupler
Power supply
Source
AC Supply, Battery, Solar
Converters
Linear regulator, Switching regulator
Protection Mechanism
Communication
UART, SPI, I2C

Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zig-bee, CAN, USB, Ethernet, LAN