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Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 2 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as shown:
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 3 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Currents in a Transistor
IE = IC + IB
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 4 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Base Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 5 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Base Amplifier
Input Characteristics
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 6 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Base Amplifier
Output Characteristics
This graph demonstrates
the output current (IC) to
an output voltage (VCB) for
various levels of input
current (IE).
I CO = I CBO
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 7 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Operating Regions
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 8 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Approximations
I ≅ I
C E
Base-emitter voltage:
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 9 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Alpha (α)
Ideally: α = 1
I C = αI E + I CBO
In reality: α is between 0.9 and 0.998
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 10 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Transistor Amplification
Omit DC biasing to demonstrate AC response
Assume Ri and Ro from input & output
characteristic curves
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 11 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common–Emitter Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 12 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Characteristics
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 13 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common-Emitter Amplifier Currents
Ideal Currents
IE = IC + IB IC = α IE
Actual Currents
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 14 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Beta (β)
β represents the amplification factor of a transistor. (β is
sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor modeling
calculations)
In DC mode:
IC
β dc =
IB
In AC mode:
∆IC
β ac = V CE = constant
∆IB
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 15 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Beta (β)
Determining β from a Graph
2.7 mA
β DC = V CE = 7.5
25 µ A
= 108
Both β values are usually reasonably close and are often used interchangeably
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 16 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Beta (β)
β α
α= β=
β+1 α −1
I C = βIB I E = (β + 1)I B
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 17 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common–Collector Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 18 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Common–Collector Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 19 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Operating Limits for Each Configuration
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 20 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Power Dissipation
Common-base:
PCmax = VCB I C
Common-emitter:
PCmax = VCE I C
Common-collector:
PCmax = VCE I E
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 21 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Transistor Specification Sheet
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 22 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Transistor Specification Sheet
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 23 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Transistor Terminal Identification
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 24 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Biasing
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Operating Point
The DC input
establishes an
operating or
quiescent point
called the Q-point.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
The Three States of Operation
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
DC Biasing Circuits
• Fixed-bias circuit
• Emitter-stabilized bias circuit
• Collector-emitter loop
• Voltage divider bias circuit
• DC bias with voltage feedback
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Fixed Bias
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
The Base-Emitter Loop
V CC − V BE
IB =
RB
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Collector-Emitter Loop
Collector current:
I C = βI B
VCE = VCC − I C R C
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Saturation
V CC
I Csat =
RC
VCE ≅ 0 V
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Load Line Analysis
more …
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
more …
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Circuit Values Affect the Q-Point
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Emitter-Stabilized Bias Circuit
Adding a resistor
(RE) to the emitter
circuit stabilizes
the bias circuit.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Base-Emitter Loop
This image cannot currently be displayed.
Since IE = (β + 1)IB:
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Collector-Emitter Loop
This image cannot currently be displayed.
Since IE ≅ IC:
VCE = VCC – I C (R C + R E )
Also:
VE = I E R E
VC = VCE + VE = VCC - I C R C
VB = VCC – I R R B = VBE + VE
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Improved Biased Stability
I C = βI B
IB in fixed-bias circuit cannot change, so change in β results in large
change in output current and voltage.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Saturation Level
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Voltage Divider Bias
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Approximate Analysis
Where IB << I1 and I1 ≅ I2 :
R 2 VCC
VB =
R1 + R 2
VCE = VCC − I C R C − I E R E
IE ≅ IC
VCE = V CC −I C (R C + R E )
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Voltage Divider Bias Analysis
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Voltage Divider Bias
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Voltage Divider Bias (Exact)
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
DC Bias with Voltage Feedback
Another way to
improve the stability
of a bias circuit is to
add a feedback path
from collector to
base.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Base-Emitter Loop
From Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
VCC – I ′C R C – I B R B – VBE – I E R E = 0
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Collector-Emitter Loop
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Base-Emitter Bias Analysis
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Transistor Switching Networks
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Switching Circuit Calculations
Saturation current:
VCC
I Csat =
RC
To ensure saturation:
I Csat
IB >
β dc
Emitter-collector resistance
at saturation and cutoff:
VCEsat
R sat =
I Csat
VCC
R cutoff =
I CEO
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Switching Time
t on = t r + t d
t off = t s + t f
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Troubleshooting Hints
• Approximate voltages
– VBE ≅ .7 V for silicon transistors
– VCE ≅ 25% to 75% of VCC
• Test for opens and shorts with an ohmmeter.
• Test the solder joints.
• Test the transistor with a transistor tester or a curve tracer.
• Note that the load or the next stage affects the transistor operation.
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
PNP Transistors
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Homework 3 (Chapter 3)
• Common-Base Configuration
– 3.4 (13)
• Transistor Amplifying Action
– 3.5 (18)
• Common-Emitter Configuration
– 3.6 (23)
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 56 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.
Homework 3 (Chapter 4)
• Fixed-Bias Configuration
– 4.3 (1)
• Emitter-Bias Configuration
– 4.4 (8)
• Voltage Divider Configuration
– 4.5 (13)
• Collector-Feedback Configuration
– 4.6 (23)
• Miscellaneous Bias Configuration
– 4.59 (30)
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 57 Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved.