PLAN AND ELEVATION

17.1 Key Terms

Orthogonal projection - Unjuran ortogon

Plan - Pelan
Front elevation - Dongakan depan
Side elevation - Dongakan sisi
Full scale - Skala penuh
Solid line - Garis penuh
( used to draw visible edge)

Dashed line - Garis putus-putus

(used to draw invisible edge)

Fine solid line - Garis penuh yang halus

(used to show projection/ construction line)

Orthogonal projection on a
vertical
Orthogonalplane asonviewed
projection a
from plane
vertical the asfront (X)
viewed from
the front (X)

Orthogonal projection on
a Orthogonal
verticalprojection
planeonas a viewed
from the side (Y)
vertical plane as viewed from
the side (Y)

Orthogonal
Orthogonal projection on a
projection on a
vertical plane as viewed from
the top
vertical plane as
viewed from the top

Plans and elevations 1

17.2 Orthogonal projection
The orthogonal projection of an object is a two dimensional or flat image of the object. The
image is formed by looking at perpendicular lines, that is , the normal coming from the object
and intersecting the plane of view.

Tick ( √ ) the correct orthogonal projections

1 Orthogonal projection on a horizontal plane

2 Orthogonal projection on a horizontal plane

Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane

3 Orthogonal projection on a horizontal plane

Plans and elevations 2

 Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane

4 Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane as viewed from

the side y

y x

Orthogonal projection on a vertical plane as viewed from

the front ,x

Plans and elevations 3

17.3 Plan

The orthogonal projection of a solid on a horizontal plane as viewed from the top of the object is
known as plan.

Draw to full scale, the plans of the solids below.

Plans and elevations 4

5

The height of the pyramid is 5 cm

5 cm

4 cm

Plans and elevations 5

9

m
3c

10

2 cm
cm
2

cm
6

6 cm

11

12

Plans and elevations 6

17.4 Elevation
17.4.1 Front Elevation

The orthogonal projection of a solid on a vertical plane as viewed from the front of the object is
known as front elevation.

Draw to full scale, the front elevation,(x) of the solids below

x
2

x
3

Plans and elevations 7

5

x
The height of the pyramid is 5 cm

7 x

x
The height of the prism is 4 cm

Plans and elevations 8

9

m
3c

10

2 cm
cm
2

cm
6

6 cm

11

x
12

Plans and elevations 9

 17.4.2 Side Elevation

The orthogonal projection of a solid on a vertical plane as viewed from the side of the object is
known as side elevation.

Draw to full scale, the side elevation (Y) of the solids below

Plans and elevations 10

5

The height of pyramid is 5 cm

The height of the prism is 3 cm

y
m
6c

Plans and elevations 11

9

m
3c

10
cm

y
2
4 cm

cm
6

11

12

Plans and elevations 12

 17.4.3 Elevation involving hidden edges
Draw to full scale, the side elevation (Y) of the solids below.

No Solid Elevation from y

Example :

3 cm
5 cm
y

Radius of the inner cylinder= 1 cm

Radius of the outer cylinder= 2 cm

Plans and elevations 13

 Solid Elevation from y
4

Plans and elevations 14

17. 5 Exercises

Example:

Draw to full scale

i. the plan of the solid,

ii. the front elevation of the solid as seen from X
iii. the side elevation of the solid as seen from Y

Solution:

(i) (ii) (iii)

4 4 6

4 3 3
7

4
4

6
Plan Elevation x Elevation y

Plans and elevations 15

For each of the following solids, draw to full scale

iv. the plan of the solid,

v. the front elevation of the solid as seen from X,
vi. the side elevation of the solid as seen from Y.

1. A cylinder of radius 2 cm is removed from the centre of a cuboid. The remaining solid is
shown in the diagram below.

Plans and elevations 16

 2

Plans and elevations 17

 3 2 cm

4c
m

Plans and elevations 18

 4

4 cm

2 cm

cm
2

cm
4

Plans and elevations 19

5

Plans and elevations 20

6.

Plans and elevations 21

17.6 Questions according to examination format

Example :
(a)Diagram (i) below shows a solid consisting of a right prism and a right pyramid which are
joined at the plane, PQRS. The base, JKLM, is placed on horizontal plane. PJKQ is the uniform
cross-section of the prism. PJ and SM are vertical edges. The height of the pyramid is
4 cm. Draw the full-scale elevation of the solid on the vertical plane parallel to JK as viewed from
X.

Diagram (i)
(b) A solid cuboid is joined to the solid in Diagram (i) at the vertical plane, LMSR. The
combined solid is shown in Diagram (ii). The square base, JKED, is on a horizontal plane.

Diagram (ii)
Draw the full-scale
(i) the plan of the combined solid,
(ii) elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to LE as viewed from Y

Solution
V
(a) V (b)(i) (b)(ii) 1 cm
P/J H/S/M I/H F/G
G/D
V 4 cm
3 cm
4 cm
Q/R Q/P
P/S R/S
3 cm 2 cm
3 cm
F/E
K 4 cm 1 cm
E/D
J/M K/L K/J 4 cm L/M
5 cm

Plans and elevations 22

1a

cm
5
4 cm

cm
3

Diagram 1(i)

The above diagram shows a solid which consists of two prisms whose base ABPQRCD
lies on a horizontal table. PU = CV = 6 cm and W is the mid-point of PU. The length of PQ
is 7 cm. Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to QR as
viewed from Y.
1b
cm
5

cm
3

Diagram 1(ii)

A semi-cylinder is joined to the solid.

Draw to full scale,
i. the plan of the solid
ii. the elevation the solid on a vertical plane parallel to DR as viewed from x

Plans and elevations 23

2(a). Diagram 2 (i) shows a solid right prism with the rectangular base, PQRS, resting on a
horizontal table. EFGHQP is the uniform cross section of the prism. Rectangle EFLM is an
inclined plane. Rectangle GHJK is a horizontal plane. EP, FG and HQ are vertical edges.

Diagram 2 (i)
Draw the full scale plan of the solid.

2(b) A solid cuboid is joined to the prism in Diagram 2(i) at the vertical plane, MSUZ. The
combined solid is shown in Diagram 2(ii) . The base PQRUVWS, is on a horizontal plane and
AB = BC = 2 cm.

Diagram 2(ii)
Draw the full scale
(i) elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to PQ as viewed from X
(ii) elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to QR as viewed from Y

Plans and elevations 24

3(a) Diagram 3(i) shows a solid prism with its rectangular base, PQRS, on a horizontal table.
The surface, FGKLRQ, is the uniform cross-section of the prism. Rectangle EFGH is an inclined
plane and rectangle JKLM is a horizontal plane. FQ, KG and LR are vertical edges.

Diagram 3(i)
Draw the full scale elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to QR as viewed from X.

3(b) A solid right prism with the uniform cross-section, ITU, is removed from the solid in
Diagram 3(i) . The remaining solid is shown in Diagram 3(ii). Rectangle TFVU is a horizontal
plane. IU is a vertical edge. FT = 3 cm and IU = 2 cm.

Diagram 3(ii)

Draw the full scale

(i) plan of the remaining solid
(ii) elevation of the remaining solid on a vertical plane parallel to PQ as viewed from Y.

Plans and elevations 25

17.7 Past Year SPM Questions

November 2003

1(a) Diagram 1(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base FGPN on a horizontal
table. EFGHHJK is the uniform cross-section of the prism. Rectangle EKLM is an inclined
plane. Rectangle JHQR is a horizontal plane. EF,KJ and HG are vertical edges.

Diagram 1(i)

Draw to full scale the plan of the solid . [3 marks]

(b) A solid cuboid is joined to the prism in the Diagram 1(i).at the vertical plane PQRLMN. The
combined solid is as shown in the Diagram 1(ii). The square base FGSW is horizontal.

Diagram 1(ii)

Draw full scale

(i) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to FG as viewed from C,
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to GPS as viewed from D.
[5 marks ]

Plans and elevations 26

July 2004
2(a) Diagram 4(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base ABCD on a horizontal table.
The surface ABLKGF is the uniform cross section of the prism. Rectangle EFGH is an
inclined plane and rectangle JKLM is a horizontal plane. AF, GK and BL are vertical edges
and GK = 2 cm.

Diagram 4(i)
Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to AB as viewed
from X. [ 3 marks ]

(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the prism in Diagram 4(i) at the vertical plane
CVJQ. The combined solid is as shown in Diagram 4(ii). Quadrilateral PQCW is the
uniform cross section of the prism. rectangle WCRU is an inclined plane and the square
TPWU is a horizontal plane. The base ABRSQD lies on a horizontal table,
KL = JM = 3 cm and GK = 2 cm.

Diagram 4(ii)
Draw full scale,
( i ) the plan of the combined solid [ 4 marks]
( ii ) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to BCR
as viewed from Y [ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations 27

November 2004
3(a) Diagram 2(i) shows a solid consisting of a cuboid and a half cylinder which are joined at the
plane HJMN. The base GDEF is on a horizontal plane and HJ=3 cm

Diagram 2(i)

Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to DG as viewed from X.
[3 marks ]
(b) A solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 2(i) at the vertical plane ELMW. The
combined solid is as shown in diagram 2(ii). Trapezium PMWU is the uniform cross-section
of the prism and PQRM is an inclined plane. The base DEUTSWFG is on a horizontal plane
and EU= 2cm

Diagram 2(ii)
Draw to full scale,
(i) the plan of the combined solid [4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to UT
as view from Y [5 marks]

Plans and elevations 28

July 2005

4(a) Diagram 5(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base ABCD on a horizontal table.
The surface ABLKGF is the cross-section of the prism. Rectangle GKJH is an inclined
plane. Rectangles JKLM and EFGH are horizontal planes. AF and BL are vertical edges.

Diagram 5(i)
Draw full scale, the plan of the solid [ 3 marks]

(b) Another solid cuboid is joined to the prism in Diagram 5(i) at the vertical plane DPJHE.
The combined solid is as shown in Diagram 5(ii). The base ABBCPQV lies on a horizontal
table.

Diagram 5(ii)
Draw full scale,
( i) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to BC
as viewed from X, [4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to AB
as viewed from Y. [5 marks]

Plans and elevations 29

November 2005
5(a) Diagram 3(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base PEFN on a horizontal table.
The surface EFGHJ is the uniform cross section of the prism. Rectangle KJHL is an inclined
plane and rectangle LHGM is a horizontal plane. JE and GF are vertical edges.

Diagram 3(i)
Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to EF as viewed
from X . [ 3 marks ]

(b) A solid right prism with uniform cross section UVWX is removed from the solid in
Diagram 3(i). The remaining solid is as shown in Diagram 3(ii) rectangle VSTW is a
horizontal plane. UV and XW are vertical edges. VS=3 cm and SE= 2 cm.

Diagram 3(ii)
Draw full scale,
(i) the plan of the remaining solid [ 4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the remaining solid on a vertical plane parallel to PE as viewed from Y .
[ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations 30

July 2006

6. (a) Diagram 7(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base ABCD on a horizontal plane.
The surface ABHGF is its uniform cross section. The rectangle EFGK is an inclined
plane and the square GHJK is a horizontal plane.The edges AF and BH are vertical.

Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to AB as viewed
from X . [ 3 marks ]

(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 7(i) at a vertical plane CJKL to
form a combined solid as shown in Diagram 7(ii). Trapezium KLMS is its uniform cross section.
The rectangle KSRQ is an inclined plane. The edges KL and SM are vertical. The base
ABCMNPLD is on a horizontal plane.

Draw to full scale,

(i) the plan of the combined solid, [ 4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to ME as viewed from Y.
[ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations 31

SPM Nov 2006

7(a) Diagram 8(i) shows a solid right prism. The surface KLSR is its uniform cross section.
The base JKLM is a rectangle on a horizontal plane. The rectangle JKRQ is an inclined plane
and the square QRST is a horizontal plane.
The edges SL and TM are vertical.

Draw to full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane parallel to LK as viewed
from X . [ 3 marks ]

(b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 8(i) at the vertical plane KLSG
to form a combined solid as shown in Diagram 8(ii).
The trapezium ABCD is its uniform cross section and AFKB is an inclined plane
The rectangle ADEF is a horizontal plane.
The base JKBCLM is on a horizontal plane. The edge DC is vertical.

Draw to full scale,

(i) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel to JB as viewed from Y
[ 4 marks]
(ii) the plan of the combined solid . [ 5 marks]

Plans and elevations 32

 8 SPM Jul 2007
You are not allowed to use graph paper to answer this question.
(a) Diagram 6(i) shows a solid right prism with rectangular base FGRQ on a
horizontal plane. EFGHJKLM is the uniform cross-section of the prism.
Rectangles EMNP, LKUV and JHST are horizontal planes.
FE , LM , KJ and GH are vertical edges. EM = LK = JH = 2 cm.

P
N

6 cm
T
V S
U
E 2 cm
Q
M
3 cm
R
5 cm
J
H
L
K
F 3 cm

6 cm
G
Diagram 6(i)
A

Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane

parallel to FG as viewed from A. [3 marks]

Plans and elevations 33

 (b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 6(i) at the vertical plane
PQRSTUVN . The combined solid is shown in Diagram 6(ii). Right-angled triangle
XYZ is its uniform cross-section of the prism.
The base FGRWQ lies on a horizontal plane and FQW is a straighf line.
X

3 cm

2 cm Z
P N

6 cm
W T
S
V U
E 2 cm
Q
M
3 cm
R
5 cm
J
H
L
K
F 3 cm

6 cm B
G

Diagram 6(ii)
Draw to full scale,

(i) the plan of the combined solid,

[4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel
to GR as viewed from B .
[5marks]

Plans and elevations 34

9 November 2007

You are not allowed to use graph paper to answr this question.

(a) Diagram 7(i) shows a solid right prism with rectanglular base ABCD
on a horizontal plane. The surface ABJHGF is the uniform cross-
section of the prism. AF , HG and BJ are vertical edges. Rectangle
JKLH is a horizontal plane and rectangle GMEF is an inclined
plane.
M

3 cm
G E
L
6 cm
F K

H D
5 cm 4 cm
J
C
A
7 cm
8 cm
B

Diagram 7(i)
[3 marks]

Draw full scale, the plan of the solid.

Plans and elevations 35

 (b) A half-cylinder solid of diameter 6 cm is joined to the prism in
Diagram 7(i) at the plane SKLT . The length of SK is 4 cm .
The combined solid is shown in Diagram 7(ii).

G E
L

F K
T
H D
5 cm 4 cm
S
J
C
A
7 cm
8 cm
B Q

P
Diagram 7(ii)

Draw full scale,

(i) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel

to AB as viewed from P ,
[4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the combined solid on a vertical plane parallel
to BC as viewed from Q .
[5 marks]

Plans and elevations 36

 10 Jun 2008

You are not allowed to use graph paper to answr this question.

(a) Diagram 15(i) shows a solid right prism. The rectanglular base ABCD
lies on a horizontal plane. The rectangle ABGF is an inclined plane.
Trapezium ADEF is the uniform cross-section of the prism.
The edges DE is vertical .

H 3 cm G

E
F
C 4
3 cm c
5 cm

D 5 cm A

Diagram 15(i)

Draw to full scale, the plan of the solid.

[3 marks]

Plans and elevations 37

 (b) Another solid right prism is joined to the solid in Diagram 15(i) at the
vertical plane DCHE . The composite solid is shown in Diagram 15(ii).
Pentagon QPNMR is the cross-section of the prism. PJKN is an
inclined plane and NKLM is a horizontal plane The base ABCSRQD
lies on a horizontal plane. The edges RM and QP are vertical.
MN = QD = 2 cm and PQ = 6 cm.

L K
H G
7 cm P

M E F
N
S C B

4 cm
5 cm
Y
D 5 cm A
R 4 cm Q

X
Diagram 15(ii)

Draw to full scale

(i) the elevation of the composite solid on a vertical plane parallel

to RQ as viewed from X,
[4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the composite solid on a vertical plane parallel
to AB as viewed from Y .
[5 marks]

Plans and elevations 38

11 November 2008

You are not allowed to use graph paper to answr this question.

(a) Diagram 15(i) shows a solid right prism with rectanglular base ABHG
on a horizontal plane.The surface ABCDE is the uniform cross-section
of the prism. AE and BC are vertical edges. Rectangle DEFK is an
inclined plane and rectangle CDKJ is a horizontal plane.

K 3 cm
F J

5 cm
G
H

E D C
8 cm
4cm

A
6 cm
B

Diagram 15(i)

Draw full scale, the elevation of the solid on a vertical plane

parallel to AB as viewed from X . [3 marks]

Plans and elevations 39

 (b) A solid cuboid is cut and removed from the solid in Diagram 15(i).
The remaining solid is shown in Diagram 15(ii). Rectangle QRST
is a horizontal plane. SB = 2 cm, UT = 3 cm and ST = 4 cm.

K 3 cm
F J

5 cm
G
W U H

Q
T
E D
8 cm
4cm Y
R
A S
6 cm
B

Draw to full scale,

(i) the plan of the remaining solid,

[4 marks]
(ii) the elevation of the remaining solid on a vertical plane parallel
to BH as viewed from Y .

[4 marks]

Plans and elevations 40

 ANSWERS

Orthogonal Plan Front Elevation, X Side Elevation

projection Y
1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 3cm

4 cm

3 3 3
5cm 5cm

6cm 6cm

3 4 4 4
5 cm

5 5 5

4 6 5cm 6 6
4cm

4cm 5 cm

7 5cm 7 7

6cm

Orthogonal Plan Front Elevation, X Side Elevation

projection Y
1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 3cm

4 cm

3 3 3
5cm 5cm

6cm 6cm

3 4 4 4
5 cm

5 5 5

Plans and elevations 41

4 6 5cm 6 6
4cm

4cm 5 cm

7 5cm 7 7

6cm

8 8 8
6cm

9 9 9
4cm

3 cm

10 10 10

11 11 11

6cm
6 cm

3 cm

12 12 12

17.43 Elevation involving hidden sides

1. 2 3 1 2 1 4

5 6 7

Plans and elevations 42

 Plan Front elevation, X Side elevation, Y
1

2
8 cm

6 cm

3
1 cm

2 cm
2 cm 3 cm 1 cm
5 cm

3 cm
3 cm

4 cm
4 cm
2 cm 4 cm
6 cm

5 3
2

Plans and elevations 43

6 2
cm 2
4 4
cm cm
3
4 cm
6 6
cm

1 a. b. c.
Y-elevation Plan X-elevation

2 (a) (b)(i) (b)(ii)

4 cm 1 cm
2 cm 1 cm
1 cm 3 cm
4 cm 1 cm
1 cm
4 cm

3 cm

3 6 cm
4 cm 6 cm
2 cm
2 cm
3 cm 3 cm
6 cm
2 cm
2 cm
10
2 cm
cm

Plans and elevations 44

 17.7 SPM past years questions

1) SPM2003(N)
V/U
X/T
1(b)(i)
5 cm 2 cm
2 cm M,N
E/M

5 cm 5 cm
5 cm

J/R
2 cm

J R
2 cm F/N/W
G/P/S
7 cm

H/G Q/P

1(b) (ii)
X//L/V
K T/U

2 cm
E M

3 cm 7 cm

H/J Q/R

2 cm

S/W
G/F 5 cm P/N 2 cm

Plans and elevations 45

2 SPM2004(Julai)

(a) 3 cm (b) (i)

2cm
2 cm
2 cm
5 cm 3 cm

4 cm
4 cm
6 cm

6 cm
b(ii)

4 cm
7cm
2 cm

3 cm

4 cm 2cm

3 SPM2004(Nov)

(a) 3 cm

2 cm

3 cm

6 cm

Plans and elevations 46

(b) (i)
H/G N/F

3 cm

J M/W R/S

3 cm

5 cm
K/D L/E
4 cm

Q/T
P/U 2 cm
b(ii)

2 cm
P Q

2 cm

K/J/H R
L/M/N

3 cm

U/E/W/F T/S
D/G 4 cm

4 SPM 2005(Julai)

(a)

Plans and elevations 47

(b) (i)

(ii)

Plans and elevations 48

5 SPM 2005(Nov)
J,K

H,L G,M
7 cm

4 cm

E,P F,N
8 cm
(b)(i)
K,P L M,N

U,V X,W

S,E
H,T G,F
3 b(ii)
K U

X
L,M H,G

S,T
V,W

P,N E,F
Plans and elevations 49
6 SPM 2006(Julai)

Plans and elevations 50

7 SPM 2006(Nov)

Plans and elevations 51

SPM 2007(Jun)

SPM 2007(Nov)

Plans and elevations 52

SPM 2008(Jun)

SPM 2008(Nov)

Plans and elevations 53