Elimination method:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

1. ) 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 2) . 𝑥 + 3𝑥 = −5
𝑥+𝑦 =3 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛. 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛.

3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 3(2) − 𝑦 = 5 −4(𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −5) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −5

x+y =3 2+𝑦 =3 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6
4𝑥 = 8 −6 + 𝑦 = −5 −4𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 20 𝑥 + 3(−2) = −5
4 4 2+𝑦 =3 4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 − 6 = −5
𝐱=𝟐 −4 + 2𝑦 = −2 −13𝑦 = 26 𝑥 = −5 + 6
2𝑦 = 2 −13 = −13 𝒙=𝟏
2 2 𝒚 = −𝟐
𝒚=𝟏

3. ) 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 11 4) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −6
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 𝑥+𝑦 =8

𝑆𝑜𝑙’𝑛. 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛.

−3(2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 11 2𝑥 − 5(−1) = 11 𝑥 − 𝑦 = −6 1 − 𝑦 = −6
2(3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 2𝑥 + 5 = 11 𝑥+𝑦 =8 −𝑦 = −6 − 1
−6𝑥 + 15𝑦 = −33 2𝑥 = 6 2𝑥 = 2 −𝑦 = −7
6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 14 2 2 2 2 −1 − 1
19𝑦 = −19 𝒙=𝟑 𝒙=𝟏 𝒚=𝟕
19 19
𝒚 = −𝟏

5) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12
−3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛:

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 2(2) + 𝑦 = 12
−(−3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2) 4 + 𝑦 = 12
𝑦 = 12 − 4
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12 𝒚=𝟖
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
5𝑥 = 10
5 5
𝒙=𝟐
Matrices and matrix operation

1. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒: 𝐵 + 𝐶 4. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 , 𝐵𝐷 + 𝐸, 𝐼𝑓

 3  2 5 2  3  5 4 8
B  3 1 6 And C  6 4
  3  𝐸 = [5 10]
2 1 3 2 1 4  6 7

3  2  2  (3) 5  (5) 3(1) + (−2)(2) + 5(3) 3(0) + (−2)(1) + 5(2)

B  C  3  6 1 4 6  3  𝐵𝐷 = [ 3(1) + 1(2) + 6(3) 3(0) + 1(1) + 6(2) ]
2  2 11 3  4  2(1) + 1(2) + 3(3) 3(0) + 1(1) + 3(2)

5  5 0 
B  C  9 5 9
14 8 4 8
𝐵𝐷 = [23 13] + 𝐸 = [5 10]
4 2 7 13 7 6 7

𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟔
= [𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟑]
𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟒
2. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒, 𝐴𝐷

1 0
1 3 2
𝐴=[ ] 𝐷 = [ 2 1] 5. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒, 2𝐷 + 3𝐸
2 1 4
3 2
1(2) + 3(2) + 2(3) 1(0) + 3(1) + 2(2) 1 0 4 8
𝐴𝐷 = [ ] 2 [2 1] + 3 [5 10]
2(1) + 1(2) + 4(3) 2(0) + 1(1) + 4(2)
3 2 6 7

2 0 12 24
𝟏𝟒 𝟕
𝐴𝐷 = [ ] [2 1] + [15 30]
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
3 2 18 21

𝟏𝟒 𝟐𝟒
3. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒, 3𝐵 − 3𝐶 = [𝟏𝟗 𝟑𝟐]
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟓

 3  2 5 2  3  5
3 3 1 6 − 3 6 4
  3 
  
2 1 3 2 1 4 

9 −6 15 6 −9 −15
[9 3 18] − [18 12 9 ]
6 3 9 6 3 12

𝟑 𝟑 𝟑𝟎
= [−𝟗 −𝟗 𝟗 ]
𝟎 𝟎 −𝟑
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

5 4 3 1 4 7
𝐴 = [ 4 0 4] 𝐵 [2 5 8]
7 10 3 3 6 9

1. (𝐴)𝑇 4. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇

𝟓 𝟒 𝟕
1 2 1 0
= [𝟒 𝟎 𝟏𝟎] 𝐴=[ ] 𝐵=[ ]
3 4 2 −1
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑

𝑇 𝑇 1 2 1 0 𝑇 1 2𝑇 1 0 𝑇
2. (𝐴) + (𝐵) ([ ]+[ ]) = [ ] +[ ]
3 4 2 −1 3 4 2 −1

5 4 7 1 2 3
2 2𝑇 1 3 1 2
= [4 0 10] + [4 5 6] [ ] =[ ]+[ ]
5 3 2 4 0 −1
3 4 3 7 8 9

𝟔 𝟖 𝟏𝟎
𝟐 𝟓 𝟐 𝟓
=[𝟖 𝟓 𝟏𝟔] [ ]=[ ]
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

3. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒, (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 𝐼𝑓, 5. (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐴𝑇

1 0
1 2 3 1 2 1 0 𝑇 1 0 𝑇 1 2𝑇
𝐴=[ ] 𝐵 = [ 2 1] ([ ]×[ ]) = [ ] ×[ ]
4 5 6 3 4 2 −1 2 −1 3 4
3 2

1(1) + 2(2) + 3(3) 1(0) + 2(1) + 3(2) 5 −2 𝑇 1 2 1 3

=[ ] ([ ]) = [ ]×[ ]
4(1) + 5(2) + 6(3) 4(0) + 5(1) + 6(2) 11 −4 0 −1 2 4

14 8 𝑇 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟓 𝟏𝟏
=[ ] [ ]=[ ]
32 27 −𝟐 −𝟒 −𝟐 −𝟒

𝟏𝟒 𝟑𝟐
= [ ] ∵ 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝟖 𝟐𝟕
(𝐴𝐵)𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐴𝑇
GAUSS-JORDAN Method:

1. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 2. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −6 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 −𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 2

𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛. 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛.
−1𝑅1 +𝑅2 → 𝑅2
1 3 2 10 −2𝑅1+𝑅3 →𝑅3 1 1 −1 9 𝑅1+𝑅3 →𝑅3
[1 −2 −1 − 6 ] [0 1 3 3]
2 1 2 10 −1 0 −2 2

1 3 1 10 𝑅2⬌𝑅3 1 1 −1 9 −1𝑅2+𝑅3→𝑅3
[0 −5 −2 − 16] [0 1 3 3]
2 1 2 − 10 0 1 −3 11

1
1 3 1 10 𝑅2+𝑅3 → 𝑅3 1 1 −1 9 −6𝑅3→𝑅3
[0 −5 0 − 10] [0 1 3 3]
0 −5 −2 − 16 0 0 −6 8
1
− 𝑅2 →𝑅2
1 3 1 10
5
1 1 1 −1 9 −1𝑅2+𝑅1→𝑅1
− 𝑅3 →𝑅3
[0 1 3 3]
2
[0 −5 0 − 10 ] 4
0 0 −2 − 6 0 0 1 −
3

−3𝑅2 +𝑅1 → 𝑅1 4𝑅3 +𝑅1 → 𝑅1

1 3 1 10 −1𝑅3 +𝑅1 → 𝑅1 1 0 −4 6 −3𝑅3 +𝑅2 → 𝑅2

[0 −5 0 2 ] [0 1 3 3]
4
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 −
3
𝟐 𝟐
1 0 0 𝟏 𝒙=𝟏 1 0 0 𝒙=
𝟑 𝟑
[ 0 1 0 𝟐] = 𝒚=𝟐 [0 1 0 𝟕] = 𝒚=𝟕
𝟒 𝟒
0 0 1 𝟑 𝒛=𝟑 0 0 1 − 𝒛=−
𝟑 𝟑
 𝑎 𝑏 2 1 3 17
3. [ ] [ ]=[ ] 4. 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
𝑐 𝑑 3 1 4 −1
1
2 2 4 2𝑅1→𝑅1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑. 𝐼𝑛 [ ]
1 2 3
𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔:

2𝑎 + 3𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 3 17 1 1 2 −1𝑅1 +𝑅2→𝑅2

[ ]=[ ] [ ]
2𝑐 + 3𝑑 𝑐+𝑑 4 −1 1 2 3
1 1 2 −1𝑅2+𝑅1→𝑅1
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 [ ]
0 1 1

1 0 1 𝒙=𝟏
2𝑎 + 3𝑏 =3 [ ] =
0 1 1 𝒚=𝟏
𝑎+𝑏 = 17
2𝑐 + 3𝑑 = 4 5. 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 14
𝑐 + 𝑑 = −1 5𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 28
1
3 4 14 3𝑅1→𝑅1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑢𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚: [ ]
5 9 28

2 3 0 0 3
1 14 −5𝑅1 +𝑅2 →𝑅2
0 17 
4
 1 0 1
[ 3 3 ]
0 0 2 3 4 5 9 28
 
0 0 1 1 1

3
4 14 7𝑅2 →𝑅2
1
3 3
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠 − 𝐽𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚: [ 7 14]
0
3 3

1 0 0 0 48  4
0 0  31
4 14 −3𝑅2 +𝑅1 → 𝑅1
 1 0 1
[ 3 3 ]
0 0 1 0 7 0 1 2
 
0 0 0 1 6 

1 0 2 𝒙=𝟐
𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 [ ] =
0 1 2 𝒚=𝟐
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:
𝒂 = 𝟒𝟖, 𝒃 = −𝟑𝟏, 𝒄 = −𝟕, 𝒅 = 𝟔

𝑎 𝑏 48 −31
[ ]=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −7 6
INVERSE OF A MATRIX
𝐼𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠.

3 6
1. 𝐴 = [ ] 4. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
1 2
𝑆𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 = (3 × 2) − (6 × 1) = 0 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛.
𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
2 −1 𝑥 −3
𝐴=[ ] , 𝑥 = [𝑦] , 𝑏 = [ ]
2 1 7
2 4 1
2. 𝐴 = [−1 1 −1] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 (𝐴)−1 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝐴𝑥 = 𝑏
1 4 0

2 4 1 1 0 0 𝑅1 +𝑅2→ 𝑅2
2 −1 1 0 −3
[−1 1 −1 0 1 0] 𝑥 = (𝐴)−1 𝑏 → [ ] ([ ])
2 1 0 1 7
1 4 0 0 0 1

 1 1 
2 4 1 1 0 0 𝑅1 +2𝑅3 → 𝑅3  1 0
[0 6 −1 1 2 0] (𝐴)−1 =  4 4

1 1
0 −4 1 1 0 −2  0 1
 2 2 

𝑅3 +𝑅1 → 𝑅1
1 1
2 0 2 2 2 −2 𝑅3 +𝑅2 → 𝑅2 𝒙=𝟏
4 4 −3 1
[0 2 0 2 2 −2] 𝑥 = (𝐴)−1 𝑏 = [ 1] ([ 7 ]) =[ ]
−2
1 5 𝒚=𝟓
0 −4 1 1 0 −2 2
1
𝑅 → 𝑅1
2 1
1
1 0 1 1 0 −1 𝑅 → 𝑅2
2 2
[0 1 0 1 1 −1]2𝑅2+𝑅3 → 𝑅3
0 0 1 5 4 −6
5. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1 0 0 −4 −4 5 −1𝑅3+𝑅1 → 𝑅1
[0 1 0 1 1 −1] 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
0 0 1 5 4 6
𝑆𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛.
 1 1 
−𝟒 −𝟒 𝟓  1 0
2 1 1 0
= (𝑨)−𝟏 =[ 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏] 𝐴=[ ] →(𝐴)−1 =  4 4

2 −1 0 1 1 1
𝟓 𝟒 𝟔  0 1
 2 2 
2 1
3. 𝐴 = [ ]
10 5
1 1
4 4 −1 −𝟏 𝒙 = −𝟏
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 = (2 × 5) − (10 × 1) = 𝟎 𝑥 = (𝐴)−1 𝑏 = [ 1] ([−3]) =[ ]
−2
1 −𝟏 𝒚 = −𝟏
2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.
Real vector space
−3
1. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [ ] 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 (−2,4).
6

−4
𝑥 − (2) = −3 𝑦 − (4) = 6 5. 𝐼𝑓 𝑐 = −2, 𝑑 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 = [ ]
5
𝑥 + 2 = −3 𝑦 =6+4 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = −3 − 2 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒙 = −𝟓

−𝟓 −4 −4
𝑷=[ ] 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢 = −2 [ ]+ 3[ ]
𝟏𝟎 5 5
2
4 −12
2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [5] 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑(3,1,6). =[ ]+[ ]
−10 15
4
3−𝑥 =2 1−𝑦 =5 6−𝑧 = 4
−𝟖
−𝑥 = 2 − 3 −𝑦 = 5 − 1 −𝑧 = 4 − 6 𝑐𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢 = [ ]
𝟓
−𝑥 = −1 −𝑦 = 4 −𝑧 = −2
𝒙=𝟏 𝒚 = −𝟒 𝒛=𝟐

𝟏
𝑷 = [−𝟒]
𝟐
𝑎−𝑏 3
3. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 & 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 [ ]&[ ] 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙?
3 𝑎+𝑏

𝑎−𝑏 =3 3−𝑏 =3
𝑎+𝑏 =3 −𝑏 = 3 − 3
2𝑎 = 6 𝒃=𝟎
2 2
𝒂=𝟑 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒏, 𝒂 = 𝟑, 𝒃 = 𝟎

4. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑈 + 𝑉 + 𝑊, 𝑐𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊

2 3 3
𝑈 = [3] , 𝑉 = [ 2 ] , 𝑊 = [4]
4 −1 5
2+3+3 8
𝑈 + 𝑉 + 𝑊 = [ 3 + 2 + 4 ] = [9]
4 + (−1) + 5 8

𝑐𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊

2 3 𝟐𝒄 𝟑𝒅
= 𝑐 [3] + 𝑑 [4] → 𝑐𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊 = [𝟑𝒄] + [𝟒𝒅]
4 5 𝟒𝒄 𝟓𝒅
Inner product space

1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.

2 0 2
𝑎. [ ] 𝑏. [ ] 𝑐. [ ]
0 0 3

𝑣 = √(2)2 + (0)2 𝑣 = √02 + 02 𝑣 = √(2)2 + (3)2

𝑣 = √4 𝑣=0 𝑣 = √4 + 9
𝒗=𝟐 𝒗 = √𝟏𝟑

0 −2
2. 𝑎. [−3] 𝑏. [−4]
0 −1

𝑣 = √(0)2 + (−3)2 + (0)2 𝑣 = √(−2)2 + (−4)2 + (−1)2

𝑣 = √9 𝑣 = √4 + 16 + 1
𝒗=𝟑 𝒗 = √𝟐𝟏

3. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖

0 1 3 2
𝑎. 𝑢 = [ ] , 𝑣 = [ ] 𝑏. 𝑢 = [ ] , 𝑣 [ ]
1 2 6 5

‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ = √(0 − 1)2 + (1 − 2)2 ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ = √(3 − 2)2 + (6 − 5)2

= √1 + 1 = √1 + 1
= √𝟐 = √𝟐

1 4 2 7
4. 𝑎. 𝑢 = [3] , 𝑣 = [5] 𝑏. 𝑢 = [3] , 𝑣 = [8]
2 6 4 9

‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ = √(1 − 4)2 + (3 − 6)2 + (2 − 5)2 ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ = √(2 − 7)2 + (3 − 8)2 + (4 − 9)2

= √9 + 9 + 9 = √(−5)2 + (−5)2 + (−5)2
= √𝟐𝟕 = √75
= 𝟓√𝟑
5. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉
3 4 5 10
𝑎. 𝑢 = [ ] , 𝑣 [ ] 𝑏. 𝑢 = [ ] , 𝑣 = [ ]
6 5 9 4

‖𝑣 − 𝑢‖ = √(4 − 3)2 + (5 − 6)2 ‖𝑣 − 𝑢‖ = √(10 − 5)2 + (4 − 9)2

= √1 + 1 = √(5)2 + (5)2
= √𝟐 = √50
= 𝟓√𝟐
Cross product in 𝑅3 (optional)

1. 𝐴 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 3. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑃 = (1,0,0), 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎⃗ = (−1,2, −2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = (2, 1, -1).
𝑄 = (1,1,1), 𝑅 = (2, −1,3). 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠
−1 2
𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = [ 2 ] × [ 1 ]
−2 −1
1−1 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = [1 − 0] = [1] 𝑖 = (2 × −1) − (−2 × 1) = 0
1−0 1
𝑗 = (−2 × 2) − (−1 × −1) = −5
2−1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 = [−1 − 0] = [−1] 𝑘 = (−1 × 1) − (2 × 2) = −5
3−0 3
0 1
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 × 𝑃𝑅 = [1] × [−1] 𝐴∆ = 2 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2 √(0)2 + (−5)2 + −52
1 1
1
= 2 √25 + 25
𝑖 = (1 × 3) − (1 × −1) = 4
𝑗 = (1 × 1) − (0 × 3) = 1 = √50
𝑘 = (0 × −1) − (1 × 1) = −1 2
= 𝟒𝒊 + 𝒋 − 𝒌 𝑨∆ = 𝟓√𝟐
𝑆𝑜, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 4𝑖 + 𝑗 − 𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝟐
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠.

2. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑃 = (1,4, −7), 𝑄 = (2, −1,4),

𝑅 = (0, −9,18), 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡.

𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟:
𝑆𝑜, 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜, 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑖𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: ⃗𝑃⃗•(𝑄⃗⃗ × 𝑅⃗⃗)

2 0
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑄 × 𝑅 = [−1] × [−9]
4 18

= {(−1 × 18) − (4 × −9)} + {(4 × 0) − (2 × 18)} + {(2 × −9) − (−1 × 0)}

= 18𝑖 − 36𝑗 − 18𝑘
𝑉 = {(𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 7𝑘)(18𝑖 − 36𝑗 − 18𝑘)}
= 18 − 144 + 126
𝑽 = 𝟎

𝑆𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒.

4. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠, (0,2,1), (2, −4,4), (2,3,4).

2−0 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 = [−4 − 2] = [−6]
4−1 3

2−0 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃3 = [3 − 2] = [1]
4−1 3

2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃2 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃1 𝑃3 = [−6] × [1]
3 3

= (−6 × 3) − (3 × 1) = −21
(3 × 2) − (2 × 3) = 0
(2 × 1) − (−6 × 2) = 14
= −21(𝑥 − 0) + 0(𝑦 − 2) + 14(𝑧 − 1)

= −𝟐𝟏𝒙 + 𝟏𝟒𝒛 − 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟏𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒𝒛 + 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟎

5. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎⃗ = (3,4,5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = (6,7,8).

3 6
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 = [4] × [7]
5 8

𝑖 = (4 × 8) − (5 × 7) = −3
𝑗 = (5 × 6) − (3 × 8) = 6
𝑘 = (3 × 7) − (4 × 6) = −3

1 1
𝐴∆ = 2 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2 √(−3)2 + (6)2 + (−3)2
1
= 2 (3√6 )

𝑨∆ = 𝟑√𝟔
𝟐
Linear transformation

1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿: 𝑃2 → 𝑃1 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐿(𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑝(𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝑆 = (𝑡 2 , 𝑡, 1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = (𝑡 + 2, 𝑡 − 2) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃1 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.

(𝑎. ) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐿.

(𝑏. )𝐼𝑓 𝑝(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 3, 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐿(𝑝(𝑡).

1
𝐿(𝑡 2 ) = 2𝑡 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 2) + 𝑏(𝑡 − 2) = [ ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒃 = 𝟏
1
1
𝟏 𝟏
𝐿(𝑡) = 1 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 2) + 𝑏(𝑡 − 2) = [ 4 1] , 𝒂 = 𝟒, 𝒃 = −𝟒
−4
0
𝐿(1) = 0 = 𝑎(𝑡 + 2) + 𝑏(𝑡 − 2) = [ ] , 𝒂 = 𝟎, 𝒃 = 𝟎
0

1
1 0
4
𝐴=[ 1 ] 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴
1 −4 0

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 (𝑏)

1
1 0 2
4 𝟏
𝐿(𝑝(𝑡) = [ 1 ] [−4] = [ ]
1 −4 0 3 𝟑

2. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 3 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥.

1 2 3
𝐴 = [4 5 5]
0 1 4

𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜 𝑅 3 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑

2 1
(𝑎. ) 𝑥 = [4] (𝑏) 𝑥 = [3]
5 6

1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1
= [4 5 5] [4] = [4 5 5 ] [3 ]
0 1 4 5 0 1 4 6

1 2 3 𝟐𝟓 1 2 3 𝟐𝟓
𝐿 = 2 [4] + 4 [5] + 5 [5] = [𝟓𝟑] 𝐿 = 1 [4] + 3 [5] + 6 [5] = [𝟒𝟗]
0 1 4 𝟐𝟒 0 1 4 𝟐𝟕
 2 1 −3
3 . 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗,
𝑒1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗, 𝑒3 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
𝑒2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 −1 4

(𝑎). 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜
𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝐴.

1 1 0
(𝑏). 𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑆 = [0] , [1] , [1] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = [2] , [1]
1 4
1 0 1
𝐵𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 𝑡𝑜 𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦, 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿: 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2
3 2

𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝐴.

2
(𝑐). 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝐿 [3] 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 (𝑏).
4
𝑆𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛.

𝟐 𝟏 −𝟑
(𝑎). 𝑳(𝒆 𝟏 = [ ] , 𝑳(𝒆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝟐 =[ ] , 𝑳(𝒆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝟑 =[ ]
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟒

1
(𝑏). 𝐿 = ([0]) = 2 [2] + 3 [1] = [ 7 ]
1 4 14
1
1
2 1 1
𝐿 = ([1]) = 1 [ ] − 1 [ ] = [ ]
1 4 −3
0
0
2 1 −2
𝐿 = ([1]) = −3 [ ] + 4 [ ] = [ ]
1 4 13
1

7 1 −2
𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑎1 [ ] + 𝑎2 [ ] + 𝑎3 [ ]
14 −3 13

𝟕𝒂𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝟑
𝐿(𝑥) = [ ]
𝟏𝟒𝒂𝟏 − 𝟑𝒂𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝒂𝟑

2
(𝑐). 𝑇𝑜 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿 ([3])
4

1 1 0 2
3 1 5
= 𝑎1 [0] + 𝑎2 [1] + 𝑎3 [1] = [3] → 𝑎1 = 2 , 𝑎2 = 2 , 𝑎3 = 2
1 0 1 4

3 1 5
7 (2) + (2) − 2 (2) 2
𝟔 𝟔
𝐿(𝑥) = [ 3 1 5
] = [ ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿 = ([ 3]) = [ ]
14 (2) − 3 (2) + 13 (2) 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
4

.
(4 − 5). 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐿1 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿2 : 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡.
𝐿1 (𝑒1𝑇 ) = [−2,3,1], 𝐿1 (𝑒2𝑇 ) = [0,2,2], 𝐿1 (𝑒3𝑇 ) = [4,2, −3] 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐿2 (𝑒1𝑇 ) = [−1,2,3], 𝐿2 (𝑒2𝑇 ) = [2, −1,4], 𝐿1 (𝑒2𝑇 ) = [4,5,6]

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆 = [𝑒1𝑇 , 𝑒2𝑇 , 𝑒3𝑇 ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑅 3 , 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑:

(𝑎). (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 )([𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 ]

(𝑏). (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) ([3 1 −1])𝑇
(𝑐). (3 × 𝐿1 )([𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 ])
(𝑑). (3 × 𝐿1 ) + (2 × 𝐿2 ) ([3 1 −1]𝑇 )

−2 0 4 −1 2 4 𝑎1
(𝑎). {[ 3 2 2 ] + [ 2 −1 5]} [𝑎2 ]
1 2 −3 3 4 6 𝑎3

−3𝑎1 2𝑎2 8𝑎3 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟖

= [ 5𝑎1 𝑎2 7𝑎3 ] → 𝒂𝟏 [ 𝟓 ] + 𝒂𝟐 [𝟏] + 𝒂𝟑 [𝟕]
4𝑎1 6𝑎2 3𝑎3 𝟒 𝟔 𝟑

−3 2 8 −𝟑 𝟐 𝟖 −𝟏𝟓
(𝑏) 𝑎1 [ 5 ] + 𝑎2 [1] + 𝑎3 [7] → 𝟑 [ 𝟓 ] + 𝟏 [𝟏 ] − 𝟏 [𝟕 ] = [ 𝟗 ]
4 6 3 𝟒 𝟔 𝟑 𝟏𝟓

−2 0 4 𝑎1
(𝑐). 3 [ 3 2 2] 𝑎
[ 2]
1 2 −3 𝑎3

−6 0 12 𝑎1 −6𝑎1 0 12𝑎3 −𝟔 𝟎 𝟏𝟐
=[ 9 6 6 ] [ 𝑎 2 ] = [ 9𝑎1 6𝑎2 6𝑎3 ] → 𝒂𝟏 [ 𝟗 ] + 𝒂𝟐 [𝟔] + 𝒂𝟑 [ 𝟔 ]
3 6 −9 𝑎3 3𝑎1 6𝑎2 −9𝑎3 𝟑 𝟔 −𝟗

−2 0 4 −6 0 12
(𝑑). 𝐿1 = 3 [ 3 2 2 ] = [ 9 6 6 ]
1 2 −3 3 6 −9

−1 2 4 −2 4 8
𝐿2 = 2 [ 2 −1 5] = [ 4 −2 10]
3 4 6 6 8 12

−6 0 12 −2 4 8 −8 4 20
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = [ 9 6 6 ] + [ 4 −2 10] = [ 13 4 16]
3 6 −9 6 8 12 9 14 3

−8 4 20 3 −8 4 20 −𝟒𝟎
= [ 13 4 16] ([ 1 ]) → 3 [ 13 ] + 1 [ 4 ] − 1 [16] = [ 𝟐𝟕 ]
9 14 3 −1 9 14 3 𝟑𝟖