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GEOMETRY

Properties of lines

Intersecting Lines and Angles

If two lines intersect at a point, then opposite angles are called vertical angles and they have the same
measure.

Perpendicular Lines
An angle that measures 90o is a right angle. If two lines intersect at right angels, the lines are perpendicular to
each other.

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Parallel Lines
If two lines in the same plane do not intersect, they are parallel to each other.

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Lines AB and CD are parallel and denoted by AB⏐⏐CD.

Parallel lines and a transverse:

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tu Transverse

1
am
L1
2 4
ex

3
L2
sc

In the above given figure, the two lines L1 & L2 are parallel to each other and T is the transverse to both the
.s

lines.
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Then we will have,

∠1 = ∠3 (Pair of corresponding angles)
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∠2 = ∠3 (Pair of alternate angles) &

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0
∠3 + ∠4 = 180 (Sum of interior angles)

Polygons:
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together is called a polygon.

Types of Polygons
¾ Equiangular (All angles equal)
¾ Equilateral (All sides equal)
¾ Regular (All sides & angles equal)
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Mid Point Theorem:

A line joining the mid points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel and equal to half of the third side.
If in ∆ ABC, D & E are the mid points of AB & AC respectively, then we have A

1
DE || BC and DE = BC
2
D E

B C

Problem
In ∆AEF, CD is parallel to EF. AD = DF, CD = 4 and DF = 3. What is EF?
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 8 (4) 6

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Similar triangles:
Two figures are said to be similar, if they have the same shape but not the same size.

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NOTE: Congruent triangles are similar but similar triangles need not be congruent.

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Properties of similar triangles:
If two triangles are similar, the following properties hold true.
tu
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(a) The ratio of the medians is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(b) The ratio of the altitudes is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(c) The ratio of the internal bisectors is equal to the ratio of corresponding sides.
ex

(d) The ratio of inradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(e) The ratio of the circumradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
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(f) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding sides.
(g) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of squares of the corresponding medians.
.s

(h) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding altitudes.
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(i) Ratio of area is equal to the ratio of the squares of the corresponding angle bisectors.
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Basic Proportionality Theorem:

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In a triangle, if a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides in the same ratio.
So if DE is drawn parallel to BC, it would divide sides AB and AC proportionally i.e. A

AD AE
=
BD EC
D E

B C
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Pythagoras Theorem:
The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two
sides.
i.e. in a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Angle Bisector Theorem: C

If in ∆ABC, CD is the angle bisector of ∠BCA,
the ratio of the lines BD & AD is equal to the ratio of sides
B A
containing the angle. D

BD BC

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=
AD AC

Quadrilateral (a four side closed figure):

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Properties & Facts:

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1. In a quadrilateral, sum of all four angles is equal to 360°.
2. The area of the quadrilateral = ½ × one diagonal x sum of the perpendicular to it from vertices.
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Important Results
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If we join the mid-points of the sides of a quadrilateral, we get a parallelogram and the mid-points of the sides
of a parallelogram will give a rectangle. If we again join the mid-points of the sides of a rectangle, we get a
rhombus and the mid points of the sides of a rhombus will give us a square.
ex

Quadrilateral
sc

Parallelogram
.s

Rectangle
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Rhombus
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Square
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Circles
If O is a fixed point in a given plane, the set of points in the plane which are at equal distances from O will
form a circle.
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Properties of a Circle
1. If two chords of a circle are equal, their corresponding arcs have equal measure.
2. Measurement of an arc is the angle subtended at the centre. Equal arcs subtend equal angles at the
center.
3. A line from centre and perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.
5. When two circles touch, their centres and their point of contact are collinear.
6. If the two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal to sum of their radii.
7. If the two circles touch internally, the distance between the centres is equal to difference of their radii.
8. Angle at the centre made by an arc is equal to twice the angle made by the arc at any point on the
A
remaining part of the circumference.

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Let O be the centre of the circle. P
O
∠BOC = 2 ∠P, when ∠BAC = ∠P
2P

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B C

9. If two chords are equal, the arc containing the chords will also be equal.

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10. The locus of the line joining the mid-points of all the equal chords of a circle is also a circle of radius,
1
2
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4r 2 − d 2 where r is the radius of the given circle and d is the length of equal chords.
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11. There can be one and only one circle that touches three non-collinear points.
12. The angle inscribed in a semicircle is 90o.
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13. If two chords AB and CD intersect externally at P,

PA × PB = PC × PD
sc

A
B
OR
.s

A D P
P
D
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C B C

14. If two chords AB and CD intersect internally at P,

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PA × PB = PC × PD
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B A

15. If PAB is a secant and PT is a tangent,

PT2 = PA × PB
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16. The length of the direct common tangent (PQ)

= (The dis tan ce between their centres)2 − (r1 − r2 )2

P
Q
r1
r2

O O

17. The length of the transverse common tangent (RS)

= ( The dis tan ce between their centres )2 − ( r1 + r2 )2

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O S
r1 r2
i
O

r.c
R

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Cyclic Quadrilateral
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle i.e. all the vertex lies on the circumference of the circle, it is said to be
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a cyclic quadrilateral.
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1. In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.
2. In a cyclic quadrilateral, if any one side is extended, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the interior
opposite angle.
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Alternate angle theorem

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Angles in the alternate segments are equal.

In the given figure, PAT is tangent to the circle and makes angles ∠PAC & ∠BAT respectively with the chords
.s

AB & AC.
C B
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Then, BAT = ∠ ACB & ∠ ABC = ∠ PAC

w
w

P A T
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Formulae to calculate area of some geometrical figures:

Perimeter in
Area in
S.No Name Figure units of
square units
length

b
1. Rectangle 2(a + b) ab
a
a = length
b = breadth

a a2
2. Square 4a
1
a (diagonal)2

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a = side 2
a

b h b

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Parallelogra a
3. 2(a + b) ah
m a = side

to
b = side adjacent to a
h = distance between tu
the opp. parallel sides
a
am
d1
a
d2 a
1
Rhombus d1d2
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a
4a 2
4. a = side of rhombus;
d1,d2 are the two
sc

diagonals
D C
.s

h1
h2
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A B
1
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5 Quadrilateral Sum of its (AC) (h1 +

AC is one of its 2
four sides
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diagonals and h1, h2 h2)

are the altitudes on
AC from D, B
respectively.
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1
Trapezium Sum of its four h(a + b)
a 2
sides
6. a, b, are parallel sides
and h is the distance
between parallel sides

a c
h
1
b
b×h
a + b + c = 2s 2
7. Triangle b is the base and h is where s is the or

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the altitude. semi perimeter. s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
a, b, c are three sides
of ∆.

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to
d
h

Right tu
8. b+h+d 1
triangle b bh
d(hypotenuse) 2
am
= b 2 + h2

a
ex

h a
1
(i) ah
Equilateral a 2
9. 3a
sc

triangle 3 2
a = side (ii) a
4
3
h = altitude = a
.s

2
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a a
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Isosceles c 4a 2 − c 2
10. 2a + c
triangle c 4
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c = unequal side
a = equal side

d
a

a
d(hypotenuse) 1 2
11. 2a + d a
Isosceles =a 2 2
right triangle a = Each of equal
sides.
The angles are 90o,
45o, 45o.
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r
•

12. Circle 2πr πr2

r = radius of the circle
22
π= or 3.1416
7

13. Semicircle r
•
r 1 2
πr + 2r πr
r = radius of the circle 2

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R
Ring r •
14. (shaded …. π (R2 – r2)
region)
R = outer radius

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r = inner radius

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r θo r

Sector of a
tul + 2r
where l = θ
l × πr2
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15. o
circle θ = central angle of θ 360
×2πr
the sector 360
r = radius of the
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sector l = length of
the arc
sc
.s
w
w
w
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Volume of some solid figures

Nature Lateral/ Total surface

S. No of the Shape of the solid curved area Volume Abbreviations
solid surface area Used
l = length
h b = breath
1. Cuboid 2h (l + b) 2(lb + bh + lh) lbh h = height
b
l

a a = length of

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2 2 3
4a 6a a edge
2. Cube a
a

r.c
2 (area of one
(perimeter of

to
Right end) + lateral Area of
3. base) ×
prism surface area base ×
Height tu height

r = radius of
am
r
base
Right
h h = height of
4. circular 2πrh 2πr(r + h) πr2h
the cylinder
ex

cylinder r
sc

1 1
(Perimeter Area of the (Area of
2 3
5. base + lateral
.s

Right of the base) × base) ×

surface area
pyramid (slant height) height
w

h = height
r = radius
w

h l
1 2
6. Right πr(l + r) πr h l = slant height
3
w

r
circular πr l
cone
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Lateral/
Nature of Shape of the Total surface
S. No curved Volume Abbreviations
the solid solid area
surface area Used
r = radius
r
• 4 3
7. –– 4πr2 πr
3
Sphere

r = radius
r

⎛2 3⎞
8. 2πr2 3πr2 ⎜ πr ⎟
Hemi- ⎝3 ⎠

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sphere

R
R = outer radius
r = inner radius

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r
4
9. –– 2 2
4π (R – r ) π(R3 – r3)
Spherical 3

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shell

tu R = larger radius
R r = smaller
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Volume of πh 2 2
10. h (R + r + Rr) radius
bucket 3
h = height
r
ex
sc
.s
w
w
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