This article was downloaded by: [New York University]

On: 27 November 2013, At: 10:52

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street,
London W1T 3JH, UK

Numerical Heat Transfer,

Part A: Applications: An
International Journal
of Computation and
Methodology
Publication details, including instructions for
authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/unht20

THERMAL MODELING
OF ROLL AND STRIP
INTERFACE IN ROLLING
PROCESSES: PART 2-
SIMULATION
Ampere A. Tseng
Published online: 29 Oct 2010.

To cite this article: Ampere A. Tseng (1999) THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND
STRIP INTERFACE IN ROLLING PROCESSES: PART 2-SIMULATION, Numerical Heat
Transfer, Part A: Applications: An International Journal of Computation and
Methodology, 35:2, 135-154, DOI: 10.1080/104077899275290

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/104077899275290

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all
the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our
platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors
make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy,
completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any
opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and
 views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor
& Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and
should be independently verified with primary sources of information.
Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,
proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities
whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in
connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content.

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study
purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution,
reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access
and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-
and-conditions
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013
 Num erica l Heat Tr an sfer , Par t A, 35:135 ± 154, 1999
Cop yrigh t Q 1999 Taylor & Fr an cis
1040 ± 7782 r 99 $12.00 H .00

THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND

STRIP INTERFACE IN ROLLING PROCESSES:
PART 2 Ð SIMULATION

Ampere A. Tseng
Manufacturin g Institute, Arizona State Univ ersity, Tem pe, Arizon a 85287-5106,
USA

Part 1 of th is paper [ 1 ] rev iewed the modeling approach es and correlation s used to stu dy the
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

interface heat tran sfer ph enomena of the roll-strip contact region in rollin g processes. The
therm al contact conductance approach was recom mended for modeling the interface
ph enomena. To illustrate, the recom mended approach an d selected correlation s are adopted
in th e presen t stu dy for modeling of the roll-strip interface region . The specific v alues of the
param eters u sed to correlate the correspon ding therm al contact conductance for the typical
cold an d hot rollin g of steels are first estim ated. The influence of therm al contact resistan ce
on th e temperatu re distribu tions of the roll an d strip is then stu died. Com parin g the present
sim ulation resu lts with prev iously publish ed experim ental an d an alytical results sh ows that
the therm al contact condu ctance approach an d nu merical models used can reliably sim ulate
the heat transfer beha v ior of the rolling process.

INTRODUCTION
In me tal rolling the workpie ce s strip . e xpe rie nce s e normous de formation in
the re gion of contact with the rolls. A large amount of he at is ge ne rated by the
de formation as we ll as by the friction along the interface . Significant te mpe rature
change s occur across the interface, whe re a conside rable am ount of the rmal
inte rface resistance e xists. A wide range of approache s and correlations have bee n
de ve lope d for m ode ling the interface he at transfer phe nome na. As indicate d in
Part 1 of this study w 1 x , m any approache s or corre lations curre ntly use d may not be
re liable for m ode ling the he at transfe r phe nom e na across the roll-strip inte rface
be cause of the unique conditions e ncountere d in rolling.
As conclude d in the re vie w pape r w 1 x , the the rmal contact conductance
approach closely simulates the actual phe nom e na occurring at the inte rface.
Conse que ntly, this approach is se le cted in the pre sent study for mode ling the
inte rface he at transfer phe nome na unde r typical cold and hot rolling conditions. In
this pape r the physical parame te rs associate d with the the rmal contact conduc-
tance approach are discussed first. The appropriate data, or correlations, for the se
physical parame te rs are e valuated for quantifying the contact conductance unde r

Receive d 26 May 1998; accepte d 15 July 1998.

The author grate fully acknowle dge s the support to this surve y study by the U.S. National Scie nce
Foundation unde r Grant Nos. DMI-9408 623, DMI-9696 062, and DMI-9812 984, and by Nippon Ste el
U SA. Nume rical and graphic assistance from S. R. W ang is appre ciated.
Addre ss corre sponde nce to Dr. Am pe re A. Tse ng, Manufacturing Institute , Arizona State
U nive rsity, Colle ge of Busine ss r Colle ge of E ngine ering and Applie d Scie nce s, P.O . Box 875106, Tem pe ,
AZ 85287-5106, USA .

135
 136 A. A. TSENG

NOMENCLATURE
C spe cific he at u angle or circum fere ntial dire ction
e he at gene ration rate l Lagrange multiplie r
E work function p functiona l
F surface traction r de nsity
h he at transfe r coe fficie nt s flow or de viator stre ss
hc total the rmal conductan ce v angular ve locity
k the rmal conductivity
m friction factor Su bscr ip ts
M hardne ss
n normal dire ction a arithm etic me an
P pre ssure b boundary or surface
q he at flux f friction
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

r radial dire ction h harm onic me an

run c contact are a ratio i, j Carte sian coordinate inde x
R roughne ss m me dium
S surface o oxide or initial
T te mpe rature r roll or radiation
u velocity ve ctor or ve locity in x dire ction s strip or solid
v velocity in y dire ction ` infinity
V volum e
x, y Carte sian coordinate s Su pers crip t
d thickne ss
e strain ? rate

conditions close to rolling proce ss situations. The n mode ling procedure s for using
the quantifie d contact conductance are illustrate d; the se nsitivity of roll and strip
tem pe rature distributions to variations in contact conductance is spe cifically e xam-
ine d.
In the simulation illustrate d in this pape r, the roll, strip, and interface contact
are mode le d sim ultane ously. Differe nt surface roughne sses of the roll and strip are
inve stigate d. Cold and hot rolling unde r typical production conditions are both
conside red. The major differe nce s in m ode ling are that in cold rolling, the
influe nce s of oxide can be ne gle cted, while in hot rolling the mate rial be come s
tem pe rature and rate sensitive. As a re sult, the mode ls of constitutive re lation and
friction use d in the study of hot and cold rolling diffe r. A spe cial finite differe nce
sche me using nonorthogonal me sh in the de forme d strip re gion is used to pre dict
the tempe ratures. A finite e le me nt me thod is adopte d to e valuate the de formation
and friction e ne rgies dissipate d in the strip and roll during the rolling proce ss.
The rmal conductivity, spe cific he at, and othe r the rmal prope rtie s of the roll and
strip are conside red to be tem pe rature de pe nde nt.

CONTACT CONDUCTANCE IN ROLLING

In this se ction, contact conductance unde r typical rolling conditions is e sti-
mated on the basis of those corre lation e quations studie d in the pre ceding pape r
w 1 x . To clarify the prese ntation, those correlation e quations that will be spe cifically
use d in the subse que nt discussions are summarize d first. The spe cific value s of the
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 137

major parame te rs relate d to the se correlations unde r typical rolling conditions,

including surface roughne ss, hardne ss, the rmal conductivity, and oxide laye r prop-
e rties, will be studie d and e valuated in this se ction.

Correlations of Contact Conductance

In the prece ding pape r w 1 x , corre lations of the rmal contact conductance h c
unde r various contact conditions we re reviewe d, and the spe cific correlations
suitable for roll-strip inte rface contact we re se le cted. Two corre lations we re
se le cted unde r cold rolling conditions. O ne was based on an analysis by Mikic w 2 x :

0 .9 4
h c s 3800 k h R ya 0 .257 w P r s M q P . x q s km r d m . runc s 1.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

and the othe r was se mie mpirically de rive d by Yovanovich e t al. w 3 x :

0 .9 5
h c s 4200 k h Rya 0 .257 s P r M . q s km r d m . run c s 2.

whe re k h is the harmonic m e an the rmal conductivity in W r s m K., R a is the

combine d arithme tic m e an surface roughne ss in me ters, P is the contact pressure
on the nominal area, M is the hardne ss of the softe r mate rial, k m is the the rmal
conductivity of the me dium, d m is the thickne ss of the me dium in the void be twe e n
the roll and the strip, and run c is the ratio of the noncontact are a to the nominal
contact area. In both e quations the first term on the right-hand side re prese nts the
conductance com pone nt of the solid s h c s ., while the se cond term re prese nts the
compone nt of the interface fluid me dium s h c m .. The conductance s h c . in both
e quations has units of W r s m 2 K..
In hot rolling, any analysis of the the rmal contact conductance s h c . of the
inte rface should include the conductance of the oxide scale. To se rially link the
oxide laye r with inte rface contact conductance s h c ., the conductance in E qs. s 1 . or
s 2 . can be m odified as

h c s h cs k o r d o
. w h c q s ko r d o
.x s 3.

whe re the unde rline signifies the contact conductance including the oxide scale
conductance s h c o ., which e quals k o r d o . He re k o and d o are the the rmal conductiv-
ity and thickne ss of the oxide scale , re spe ctive ly. In a diffe rent approach, Mian e t
al. w 4 x conside re d the oxide scale to be an integrated part of the inte rface and
obtained in the correlation:

h c s 0 .0156 R 0a .1 28 P 0 .945d y 0 .0346

o
s 4.

whe re h c has units of W r s m 2 K., R a and d o are in me te rs, and P is in Pascals.

Using e xpe rim e ntal hot rolling data, Hlady e t al. w 5 x de velope d a contact conduc-
tance corre lation for the rolling of ste e l and aluminum:

1 .7
h c s 28 ,571 k h s P r s . s 5.

whe re k h is in W r s m K. and s is the flow stress of the strip surface .

 138 A. A. TSENG

Combined Surface Roughness

In rolling, the surface roughne ss of the workpie ce refle cts that of the work
rolls w 6, 7 x . The surface of the workpie ce rapidly conforms to the highly polishe d
roll surface , e spe cially during dry rolling. W he n ve ry rough rolls are used, the y te nd
to be come smoothe r on account of the slippage that occurs in the roll bite .
O blite rating all topographical characte ristics, it can be assume d that the roll and
strip have the same surface roughne ss. The type of finish or surface roughne ss
e xhibited by rolls varies conside rably. In ste e l rolling, grit blasted rolls are often
use d w 8, 9 x . Grit size s usually range from G20 s to yield an R a in the range of 7 ] 8
m m . to G80 s to yie ld an R a of 1.2 ] 1.8 m m .. E le ctrodischarge texturing and the
lase r dre ssing of rolls are now coming into use in roll shops to provide require d
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

surface finishe s.
Many roughne ss me asurem e nts of the roll and workpie ce have be e n con-
ducted chie fly to study the surface quality of rolle d products as we ll as the
proble ms of mill chattering. E l-Kalay and Sparling w 10 x studie d the rolling of
low-carbon ste e l bars at tem pe rature s of 1000, 1100, and 1200 8 C unde r light,
me dium, and he avy scaling conditions, with the mill spe e d adjuste d to maintain an
e ssentially constant strain rate s 4.55 ] 5.12 s y 1 .. Both sm ooth s 0.35 ] 0.58 m m finish .
and rough s 3.8 ] 4.8 m m finish . work rolls we re se le cted in the ir study.
Ratte and B oute ille w 11 x m e asure d the typical roughne ss of work rolls in a
five -stand tande m mill. For the cold rolling of low-carbon stee ls, the initial
roughne ss of the work rolls was 1.5 m m in stand 1 and 0.6 m m in stands 2 ] 5. In the
case of rim me d stee ls, strip roughne ss de cre ase d sharply to about 0.3 m m afte r
rolling a strip of more than 50 km in le ngth. In the case of aluminum -kille d ste e ls,
roughne ss de crease d sim ilarly to about 0.2 m m afte r rolling a strip longe r than 80
km. O n the othe r hand, Nikolae v e t al. w 12 x studie d the roughne ss of the rolle d
product in a 1200-m m re versing cold mill using a 3 ] 5% oil-water e mulsion as a
lubricant. The initial roughne ss of the rolle d strip was be twe e n 4.6 and 7.0 m m.
After rolling 100 tonne s, the average surface roughne ss of the top surface of the
strip was found to be 0.5 ] 1.6 m m , while that of the bottom surface was from 0.5 to
0.8 m m.
The spe cific relationship be twe e n roll and strip roughne ss in cold rolling has
also be e n investigated with an e ye to various roll surface finish conditions. Barne y
and Robb w 13 x found that roll roughne ss we ars off rapidly as rolling begins. Rolling
approximate ly 5 km worth of strip incre ase s the roll roughne ss R a from 1.8 to 2.3
m m, while the strip R a change s monotonously from 1.0 to 1.5 m m; furthe r
increases in roll roughne ss of up to 3.0 m m do not se e m to change the surface
quality of the product. Subse que nt to the rolling of the first coil, the strip R a can
drop off by up to m m for more than 60 km of rolle d strip. W ilson e t al. w 7, 14 x
found that for re latively thin lubricant film, the strip conforme d to the roll so that
the ir roughne sses be came similar.
Based on the above discussion, the combine d surface roughne ss of the
roll-workpie ce interface can vary considerably. Howe ve r, in mode ling, it can be
safe ly assume d that the me an roughne ss s R a . of the roll-strip surface typically lie s
be twe e n 0.254 and 2.54 m m.
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 139

Workpiece Hardness
A varie ty of stee ls can be rolle d. The typical hardne ss of hot-rolle d low-carbon
stee ls s Ame rican Iron and Ste e l Institute, 1005 ] 1026 . lie s be twe e n 90 and 135 on
the V icke rs hardne ss s HV . scale , with tensile stre ngth ranging from 300 to 450
MPa. The corre sponding hardne sse s for m e dium-carbon ste e ls s AISI 1029 ] 1053 .
run from HV 140 to HV 240, with tensile strengths of 460 ] 620 MP a. The se hardne ss
data can be found in most mate rial handbooks, including Re fs. w 15, 16 x .

Thermal Conductivity
The the rm al conductivity of a roll or strip is a composition and te mpe rature
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

de pe nde nt prope rty. For e xample , the the rmal conductivity of an AISI 1010 ste e l is
65.2 W r s m K. at 0 8 C and 28.9 W r s m K. at 800 8 C w 16 x . The the rm al conductivity of
high-carbon ste e ls is some what lowe r; the rmal conductivity of a popular roll
material, AISI 1078 ste e l, is 47.8 W r s m K. at 0 8 C and 24.3 W r s m K. at 800 8 C. In
ge ne ral, the rmal conductivity data can be found in m ost material or he at transfe r
re fe re nce books. In many e arlie r studie s a me an conductivity value for the
mode ling of e ithe r roll or strip was adopted to simplify the analysis w 17 ] 19 x .
Currently, polynomial e quations similar to those re porte d in Table 2 are freque ntly
use d to correlate the te mpe rature de pe nde nt data.

Interface Oxide or Scale Layer

During hot rolling, an oxide laye r grows on the stee l surface . This oxide laye r,
also known as a scale layer, partially self-prote cts against oxidation as its growth
rate de cre ase s with time . Ge ne rally spe aking, mild ste e l oxidized at tem pe rature s
be low 500 8 C forms a combination of Fe O s wustite ., Fe 3 O 4 s m agne tite ., and Fe 2 O 3
s hae matite .. For oxidation tem pe rature s in e xce ss of 500 8 C, wustite, magne tite , and
hae matite form with relative thickne sses of 95% , 4% , and 1% , re spe ctive ly. For
oxidation te mpe rature s highe r than 900 8 C, the pe rce ntage of m agne tite incre ase s,
the pe rce ntage of wustite de cre ase s corre spondingly, and some additional hae m atite
forms w 4, 20 x . Be cause wustite is unstable at lowe r tempe ratures, it begins to
de compose into magne tite whe n the tem pe rature drops below 500 8 C w 4, 21, 22 x .
V agnard and Mane nc w 23 x , m e asuring the hardne ss of wustite , found that its
HV de cre ase s from more than H V 90 to le ss than HV 10 as the te mpe rature
increases from 600 to 1000 8 C, with 21 s of holding time . O n the othe r hand, Garbe r
and Sturge on w 24 x observe d that wustite can be as hard as HV 350 at lowe r
tem pe ratures. In ge ne ral, wustite is more plastic, or softer, than the othe r two
oxide s.
In hot rolling, the strip is norm ally we ll de scale d by high-pre ssure wate r je ts
prior to its e ntry into the roll bite , with such de scaling occurring ahe ad of the
finishing train in a hot-strip mill and prior to e ach pass in a reve rsing mill w 20, 25,
26 x . The scale grows with tim e , its rate a function of tem pe rature. Ranta e t al. w 22 x
obse rve d that the scale ’s thickne ss varies from 10 to 100 m m in a laboratory mill.
Torre s and Colas w 27 x assume d that the growth follows a parabolic re lationship; the
 140 A. A. TSENG

scale took about 6 s to grow 30 m m thick, but anothe r 25 s to grow an additional 30

m m . B y conside ring the rolling spe e d and the distance be twe e n the de scaling je t
and the bite e ntrance , the y e stimate d as did Jarl w 28 x , that the scale in a
se ven-stand hot mill would typically be about 10 m m thick. Gie rulski and Cie rniak
w 29 x used a 5 ] 15 m m thick scale in the ir calculation. Che n e t al. w 30 x indicate d that
the thickne ss of the scale is approximate ly 90 m m in rough rolling and of the orde r
of 20 m m in finish rolling. Browne e t al. w 31 x , mode ling and me asuring the scale
growth of a 1015 stee l at a six-stand hot strip m ill, found that scale thickne ss can
vary from 4 to 14 m m from one stand to anothe r. The y also reporte d that the scale
thickne ss can be as high as 15 m m on e nte ring the mill and 8 m m during coiling. In
a production m ill, a scale 10 m m thick is typical.
The the rmophysical prope rtie s of the thre e oxide s are also differe nt. Accord-
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

ing to Slowik e t al. w 32 x , the the rm al conductivity and diffusivity of wustite incre ase s
from 2.7 to 3.2 W r s m K. and from 7.0 = 10 y 7 to 7.5 = 10 y 7 m 2 r s, re spe ctively,
for tempe ratures ranging from 200 to 1000 8 C. Taylor e t al. w 33 x observe d that the
corre sponding change in the rmal diffusivity is from 5.8 = 10 y 7 to 7.8 = 10 y 7 m 2 r s.
The de nsitie s of wustite , magne tite , and hae matite used by Torre s and Colas w 27 x
are 7750, 5000, and 4900 kg r m 3 , re spe ctive ly. Lindorfer and H ofer w 34 x use d a
de nsity of 7600 kg r m 3 in the ir he at transfer study of the scale, and Ranta e t al. w 22 x
use d a value of 5700 kg r m 3.
Roughly spe aking, the the rmal conductivity of wustite is about 20 tim e s le ss
than that of ste e l. As a result, the e xiste nce of scale can greatly affe ct the he at
transfer be havior along the roll-workpiece interface . Typical strip surface te mpe ra-
ture is in the ne ighborhood of 800 8 C, while roll surface te mpe rature is around
200 8 C w 26 x . As a result, interface te mpe rature at the bite region should be from
about 400 to 600 8 C. Any scale in the bite re gion should be of wustite and magne tite
having a hardne ss around HV 100.

THERMAL MODELS
Two finite diffe rence mode ls pre viously de velope d for the roll and strip w 17,
35 x are use d he re to assess the e ffect of inte rface re sistance on he at transfe r during
the rolling of ste e ls. Be cause mills ofte n ope rate ne ar a quasi- or cyclic-ste ady-state
condition, the cyclic-ste ady-state and planar assum ptions we re adopted in the
mode ls. In the prese nt simulation the roll, strip, and inte rface contact are consid-
e red toge the r.

Roll Model
The tempe rature change s within the roll s Tr . are governe d by the following
e quation:

­ Tr 1 ­ ­ Tr 1­ ­ Tr
r rC r v
­ u
s
r ­ r t krr
­ r / q
r ­ u
2
t kr
­ u / s 6.

whe re the subscript r repre sents the roll; r and u are the radial and circumfe re n-
tial directions of a cylindrical coordinate, respe ctively; v is the angular velocity;
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 141

and r , k, and C are the de nsity, the rm al conductivity, and spe cific he at, re spe c-
tive ly. In the m ode l use d, the above gove rning e quation was approximate d using a
se cond-orde r ce ntral differe nce for the conduction terms s right side . and a
se cond-orde r upwind diffe re nce for the conve ction te rm s le ft side . w 17, 36 x .

Strip Model
The te mpe rature variation in the strip s Ts . can be convenie ntly e xpre sse d in
the Cartesian coordinate s x, y . system as

­ Ts ­ Ts ­ ­ Ts ­ ­ Ts
t
r sC s u
­ x
q v
­ y / t
s
­ x
ks
­ x / q
­ y t ks
­ y / q e s 7.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

whe re the subscript s re prese nts the strip, e is the de formation he at ge ne ration
rate , and u and v are the ve locitie s in the x and y dire ctions, re spe ctively. The
strip tem pe rature in E q. s 7 . was solved using a ge ne ralize d finite differe nce
me thod, which e asily handle s the curve d interface s or boundarie s w 35, 37 x . The
the rmal conductivity and spe cific he at of the strip and roll are all tre ate d as
tem pe rature de pe nde nt. The velocity distributions and de formation he at used in
the prese nt simulation are obtaine d from a finite e le me nt m ode l de scribed in the
ne xt se ction.

Boundary Conditions
The boundary conditions that e nable the gove rning e quations of E qs. s 6 . and
s 7 . to be solve d simultane ously can be e xpre ssed in the form

y k s ­ T r ­ n . b s h s T < b y T` . q q r s 8.

whe re T` is the ambie nt or coolant te mpe rature , h is the he at transfer coe fficie nt
re prese nting the he at lost by convection to coolant and ambient, subscript b
re prese nts the boundary, and q r is the e quivale nt radiative he at flux whe n hot
rolling is conside red and is de te rmine d by the Ste fan-Boltzmann law.

Interface Contact Conditions

As recomm e nde d in Part w 1 x , the associate d inte rface conditions for roll r strip
contact are

y k r s ­ Tr r ­ n . b s h c s Tr < b y Ts < b . y q f r 2 s 9.

and

y k s s ­ Ts r ­ n . b s h c s Ts < b y Tr < b . y q f r 2 s 10 .

whe re ­ r ­ n re pre sents diffe re ntation along the normal of the boundary, q f is the
friction he at ge ne rated along the contact re gion and h c is the the rmal contact
 142 A. A. TSENG

conductance . If an oxide laye r e xists, h c should re place h c in the above e quations.

Again, the input of frictional he at in the pre se nt study will be obtaine d from a
finite e le m e nt mode l de scribed in the ne xt section.

PREDICTION OF DEFORMATION AND FRICTION ENERGIES

Information on the he at ge ne rate d by plastic de formation, e in E q. s 7 ., and
by friction, q f in E qs. s 9 . and s 10 ., was obtaine d using a previously de ve lope d
rigid-viscoplastic finite e le me nt mode l w 26, 38 x . In this mode l, information on the
ve locity, stress, strain, and strain rate distributions of the strip during rolling can be
pre dicted. W ith this information, the rolling pre ssure and friction along the contact
inte rface , as we ll as the e ne rgy de nsity dissipated in the de forme d region, can be
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

obtained.
Unde r a variational approach, the basis of finite e le me nt me tal flow m ode ling
is formulating prope r functionals, which de pe nds upon spe cific constitutive rela-
tions. Using the Lagrange multiplie r me thod, the functional for a rigid-viscoplastic
analysis can be found as w 38, 39 x

p s
H Es e Ç
V
ij. dV q
H l eÇ
V
V dV y
H
sF
F ? u dS s 11 .

whe re V is the domain or volume conside red and l is the Lagrange m ultiplie r. In
E q. s 11 ., E s e Ç i j . is the work function, such that s i j s ­ E r ­ e Ç i j ; s i j is the compo-
ne nt of de viator stress; e Ç i j is the com pone nt of strain rate ; e Ç V is the volume tric
strain rate; F is the traction pre scribe d over the surface s F ; and u is the ve locity
ve ctor. Discretization of this proble m is accom plishe d following the standard finite
e le me nt proce dure. The discretize d nonline ar stiffne ss e quations are the n solve d
using the Ne wton-Raphson ite rative me thod w 39 x .
For the non-steady-state procedure , de formation of the strip is simulated in a
step-by-step manne r, updating the coordinates of e ach me sh point and e ach
material prope rty after e ach step. Combine d with the the rmal m ode ls, the physical
parame te rs during hot rolling, such as strain, strain rate , and te mpe rature , can be
obtained nume rically.

COLD ROLLING OF STEELS

A cold rolling case pre viously studied by Poplawski and Se ccombe w 40 x and
Tseng w 17 x is se le cted to illustrate the e ffect of the rmal re sistance on he at transfe r
be twe e n the roll and strip. The ope rating conditions are summarize d in Table 1,
and the material prope rties are shown in Table 2. After the he at ge ne rated by
de formation and friction is quantifie d using the finite e le me nt m ode l, te mpe rature
distributions of the roll and strip can be calculate d using the rmal mode ls. The
corre sponding me she s for the finite diffe rence the rmal mode ls and finite e le me nt
de formation mode l are shown in Figure s 1 and 2, respe ctively.
During rolling, water is sprayed on the rolls as a coolant and lubricant; the
corre sponding he at transfer coe fficie nt h , shown in Figure 3, is se le cte d according
to e xpe rim e nts reporte d by Tse ng e t al. w 41 x and Che n and Tse ng w 42 x . The
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 143

Tab le 1. Mode ling conditions for cold rolling

Param ete r V alue

Initial strip tempe rature , 8 C 65.0

Am bie nt te mpe rature T` , 8 C 25.0
Anne aling gauge H i , mm 2.337
Entry gauge H o , mm 0.846
Exit gauge H e , m m 0.574
Roll radius R, mm 254.0
Roll spe ed V, m r s 12.20
Front te nsion, MPa 68.95
Back tension, MP a 103.43
Friction coe fficient m s f s m P . 0.055
Stre ss s and strain e re lationship s s s K e n
., MPa
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

K s 715.7 MPa, and n s 0.22

Coulom b friction mode l is adopted; the 0.055 coe fficient of friction s m . used in the
mode l is obtaine d by matching pre dictions of rolling force and de formation powe r
with m e asure d value s obtaine d by Poplawski and Se ccombe w 40 x . The rolling
pre ssure and friction e ne rgy de nsity rate predicte d by the finite e le m e nt m ode l are
pre se nte d in Figure 4.
As discussed in the subse ction above, Combine d Surface Roughne ss, me an
roughne ss s R a . of the roll surface normally range from 0.254 to 2.54 m m; this is
also the range conside re d in the pre sent study. Using the pre ssure shown in Figure
4 and te mpe rature pre dicted by the the rmal m ode l, the solid the rmal conductance s

Tab le 2. Mate rial prope rtie s for cold and hot rolling

Parame te r V alue

Ratio of noncontac t are a s ru n c . 0.125

The rm al conductivity of lubricant at 100 8 C s wate r ., W r s m K. 0.68
The rm al conductivity of lubricant at 500 8 C s ste am ., W r s m K. 0.06
Roll mate rial s 1078 ste el .
Roll diame te r R, mm 508.
De nsity r r , kg r m 3 7824.
The rmal conductivity, W r s m K.
k r s 42.284 q 1.6312 = 10 y 2 T y 1.0191 = 10 y 4 T 2
q 8.1981 = 10 y 8 T 3
Spe cific he at, J r s kg K.
C r s 429.47 q 25.75 = 10 y 2 T y 5.0 = 10 y 5 T 2
Strip mate rial s 1010 ste e l .
De nsity r s , kg r m 3 7872.
H ardne ss at 100 8 C s M ., MPa 1000.
H ardne ss at 500 8 C s M ., MPa 900.
The rmal conductivity, W r s m K.
k s s 60.32 y 3.00 = 10 y 2 T y 1.35 = 10 y 5 T 2 y 4.43 = 10 y 8 T 3
y 11 4
q 6.94 = 10 T y 1.46 = 10 y 14 T 5
Spe cific he at, J r s kg K.
C s s 478.41 q 5.84 = 10 y 2 T q 7.05 = 10 y 4 T 2 , T - 675 8 C
 144 A. A. TSENG
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

Figur e 1. Finite diffe re nce m esh for the rmal analysis.

can be pre dicted based on the corre lations of E qs. s 1 . and s 2 ., and are shown in
Figure 5 for surface roughne sse s s R a . of 0, 0.254, 1.4, and 2.54 m m . As roughne ss
de creases from 2.54 to 0.254 m m , the solid compone nt s h c s . increase s from 2 to 4.5
MW r s m 2 K., according to E q. s 1 ., and from 3.5 to 11 MW r s m 2 K., according to
E q. s 2 .. Knowing the noncontact are a ratio and the fluid prope rtie s, the fluid
me dium compone nt s h c m . can be e stimated from E q. s 1 . or s 2 .; the me an inte rface
gap d m used in the e stimation is assume d to be twice as thick as the surface
roughne ss. The corre sponding value s of fluid me dium conductance , h c m , whe re
R a s 0.254, 1.4, and 2.54 m m, are also shown in Figure 5.
Since an oxide laye r is not forme d in cold rolling, the total conductance h c
for cold rolling is the sum of h c s and h c m . As indicate d in Figure 5, h c consists
chiefly of the solid compone nt of h c s . As is also shown, the h c pre dicted by E q. s 1 .
is m uch lowe r than that predicte d by E q. s 2 ., and the variation of h c according to
E q. s 1 . is more mode rate than that according to E q. s 2 .. Compare d to the
me asure me nts summ arize d by Part 1 w 1 x , the range of h c predicte d he re re sts on
the high side . Since the the rmal conductance predicte d by E q. s 1 . is lowe r than that
pre dicted by E q. s 2 ., it is the forme r that is adopted to fashion the subse que nt
study. Note that since the rolling pre ssure is much highe r in cold rolling and no
oxide scale occurs along the inte rface , the the rmal conductance in cold rolling
should be much highe r than that in hot rolling.
The roll and strip surface te mpe rature s corresponding to the inte rface
conductance s de rived from E q. s 1 . for thre e diffe rent surface roughne sse s as we ll
as the pe rfe ct contact case are shown in Figure s 6 and 7, respe ctively. The figure s
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 145

indicate that the rm al re sistance of the inte rface be twe e n the roll and the strip has
a sizable e ffe ct on he at transfe r during ste e l cold rolling. It can be see n that
increasing the rmal conductance from about 2 MW r s m 2 K. to infinity s pe rfect
contact . increases the pe ak roll tempe rature more than 15 8 C. The corre sponding
strip te mpe rature de cre ase s about 20 8 C, which e quate s to 30% of the initial strip
tem pe rature of 65 8 C.
The case whe re R a s 0 s or h c re ache s ` ., re pre se nting pe rfect contact, was
pre viously studie d by Tse ng w 35 x and is now re conside re d for comparison’s sake . As
shown in Figures 6 and 7, the pre sent re sults for the case of h c reaching ` agre e
ve ry we ll with the re sults re ported by Tse ng w 35 x . This furthe r de monstrates the
re liability and ve rsatility of the pre sent mode l, which can accurately pre dict not
only the simplifie d case pre viously conside re d using a diffe rent sche me , but also a
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

more com plicated case , i.e ., one including the e ffect of inte rface resistance.

Figu re 2. Finite e lem ent m esh for de form ation analysis.

 146 A. A. TSENG
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

Figu re 3. Distributions of he at transfe r coe fficient along roll surface in

cold rolling.

Figu re 4. Distributio ns of rolling pre ssure and friction powe r de nsity along bite
re gion.
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 147
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

Figure 5. Contact conducta nce variations at diffe re nt surface

roughne ss in cold rolling.

Figu re 6. Roll tem pe rature variations at diffe re nt contact conductan ce in cold

rolling.
 148 A. A. TSENG
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

Figu re 7. Strip tem pe rature variations at diffe re nt contact conducta nce in cold
rolling.

HOT ROLLING OF STEELS

As an illustration, a hot rolling case pre viously mode le d by Tse ng w 17 x is
conside red he re . A s in the mode ling of cold rolling, the rigid-viscoplastic finite
e le me nt mode l is use d to pre dict the e ne rgy from de formation and friction
ge ne rated during hot rolling, while the finite differe nce the rmal mode ls are
e mploye d to inve stigate the he at transfer phe nome na of strip and roll. The me she s
use d in hot rolling mode ling are similar to those shown in Figure s 1 and 2. The
corre sponding he at transfer coe fficie nt h used in hot rolling mode ling is also
similar to that used in the cold rolling case. According to the discussion in the
subse ction above , Interface O xide or Scale Layer, a 10 m m oxide laye r is se le cte d.
Normally, high-pre ssure je ts are used to de siccate be twe e n stands so that the scale
layer is ke pt re latively thin. A 10 m m oxide laye r is consistent with most m e asure -
me nts. The ope rating condition as we ll as the associated material prope rties for hot
rolling m ode ling are sum marized in Table 3.
In hot rolling the e ffect of interface friction is usually quantified by a friction
factor m , de fine d as m s f r k, whe re f is the interface frictional she ar stre ss and k
is the she ar yie ld stre ss of the workpie ce w 39 x . A 0.56 friction factor is chose n in the
pre se nt study. This is the me an value of the friction factors used in a se ven-stand
hot rolling sim ulation conducte d by W ang and Tse ng w 26 x ; the y obtained the ir
friction factor by matching force and powe r predictions with me asurem e nts and
found that the factor varie d from 0.46 to 0.67 am ong the se ve n stands. A
constitutive e quation for carbon stee ls de ve lope d by Misaka and Yoshim oto w 43 x ,
including the influe nce of tempe rature and strain rate, is use d for de formation
mode ling. The se m ode ling parame te rs are also reporte d in Table 3.
According to E q. s 3 ., inte rface conductance h c in hot rolling should include
the compone nts of oxide scale s h c o .. E quations s 1 . and s 2 . are both use d to
e stimate h c . Using the data in Table s 2 and 3, the total conductance , h c , shown in
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 149

Tab le 3. Mode ling condition for hot rolling

Parame te r V alue

Initial strip tem pe rature , 8 C 900.

Ambie nt tempe rature T` , 8 C 25.
Anne aling gauge H i , mm 1.5
Entry gauge H o , m m 1.5
Exit gauge H e , mm 1.14
Roll spe e d V, m r s 11.47
Roll roughne ss R a , m m 1.4
Friction factor m s f s m k . 0.56
Thickne ss of oxide scale d o , m m 10.
Hardne ss of oxide scale , H V 100 s M ., MPa 980.
The rm al conductivity of oxide scale at 500 8 C s k o ., W r s m K. 3.0
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

Stre ss s and strain e re lationship s s s A e ne Ç m . , MPa

A s e xp s 2.24 q 3136.6 r T . , MPa; n s 0.21; m s 0.13; and T , K

Figure 8, is e stimate d based on four differe nt correlations at a surface roughne ss

R a of 1.4. The four diffe re nt corre lations include two from E q. s 3 . and one e ach
from E qs. s 4 . and s 5 .. Re garding the two from E q. s 3 ., one is based on the h c
obtained from E q. s 1 ., and the othe r is from E q. s 2 .. It can be se e n that the
the rmal re sistance cre ate d by the oxide laye r s h c o . dominates the total inte rface
re sistance . As a re sult, the range s of h c predicte d from the four differe nt correla-
tions are much lowe r than those reporte d for the cold rolling case, at le ast 100%

Figure 8. Contact conductan ce variations base d on four diffe re nt

corre lations in hot rolling.
 150 A. A. TSENG

lowe r. The correlation from E q. s 4 ., varying from 300 to 1200 kW r s m 2 K.,

re prese nts the highe st conductance prediction. E quation s 5 . pre dicts the range
from 100 to 350 kW r s m 2 K.. Those corre late d by E q. s 3 . are some what uniform
whe re the compone nt h c based on E q. s 2 . is around 300 kW r s m 2 K. and ; 7.5%
highe r than that of E q. s 1 .. All those value s are within the range obtaine d by
me asure me nts re vie we d in Part 1 w 1 x .
As shown in Figure 8, the conductance s predicte d by the four corre lations are
within the same orde r of m agnitude . The pe aks vary from 260 to 1200 kW r s m 2 K..
The one major diffe rence e xte nds from the corre lation of E q. s 4 .. Those pre dicted
by E q. s 3 . associate with E qs. s 1 . and s 2 ., and those pre dicted by E q. s 5 . agree with
one anothe r ve ry we ll. In fact, the me an value of the curve corre late d from E q. s 5 .
is just 20% lowe r than that from E q. s 3 . associated with E q. s 1 .. As me ntione d
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

e arlie r, the pre dictions based on E q. s 2 . are about 7.5% highe r those base d on E q.
s 1 .. This furthe r confirms that ge ne ral correlations such as E qs. s 1 . and s 2 . are
fle xible and can be reliably used to mode l rolling.
For the sake of comparison and to be consiste nt with the cold rolling case ,
the conductance pre dicted by E q. s 3 . and based on E q. s 1 . is again adopte d to
conduct additional nume rical mode ling. The te mpe rature distributions of roll and
strip for the cases of R a s 0 and 1.4 m m are shown in Figures 9 and 10,
re spe ctive ly. As e xpe cte d, the figures indicate that the rm al re sistance of the
inte rface be twe e n the roll and the strip has a significant e ffect on he at transfe r
during ste e l hot rolling. It can be se e n that incre asing the rmal resistance incre ase s
the strip surface te mpe rature and de cre ase s the roll surface te mpe rature. As
shown, while the pe ak roll te mpe rature de cre ase s from 450 to 290 8 C as R a change s

Figu re 9. Roll te mpe rature variations at diffe re nt contact conductan ce in hot rolling.
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 151
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

Figu re 10. Strip te mpe rature variations at diffe re nt contact conductan ce in hot rolling.

from 0 to 1.4 m m, the diffe re nce in strip surface tem pe rature can be as large as
300 8 C, which re prese nts a 30% te mpe rature drop as com pare d to the initial strip
tem pe rature of 900 8 C.
As shown, the m aximum tem pe rature differe nce be twe e n the roll and the
strip surface is gre ater than 350 8 C whe n R a s 1.4 m m. Note that whe n R a s 0,
the re is no te mpe rature diffe rence betwe e n the roll and strip surfaces. Finally, the
case whe re R a s 0 s or h c re ache s ` ., corresponding to pe rfect contact, was
pre viously studie d by Tse ng w 17 x , and the pre sent re sults prove consiste nt with
pre vious re sults de rive d using a diffe re nt approach.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
The the rmal contact conductance approach has be e n adopted to mode l the
inte rface he at transfe r phe nom e na during rolling. The characteristics of the
parame te rs used to e valuate the rmal contact conductance unde r typical rolling
conditions have be e n studied. Appropriate re lationships correlating the se parame -
ters have also be e n de ve lope d for the purpose of mode ling the roll-workpie ce
inte rface in a num e rical simulation illustrating the influe nce of the rmal contact
re sistance on the te mpe rature of the roll and strip unde r typical cold and hot
rolling conditions.
The nume rical sim ulation has shown that the rmal re sistance inde e d im pe de s
he at transfer be twe e n the strip and the roll and cre ates a te mpe rature differe nce
be twe e n the roll and strip surfaces. E spe cially in hot rolling, this te mpe rature
differe nce incre ase s significantly as the rmal conductance de cre ase s. Mode ling has
also shown that, in both cold and hot rolling, the influe nce of the rmal contact
 152 A. A. TSENG

conductance on the te mpe rature of the roll and strip is strongly de pe nde nt on the
surface roughne ss of the roll and strip. Furthe rmore , the prese nt study also
confirms that, in orde r to accurate ly e valuate roll and strip te mpe rature s, the
influe nce of roll and strip surface conditions on the rmal conductance cannot be
ignore d. This me ans that accurate te mpe rature pre dictions of the roll and strip
de pe nd upon taking into conside ration the the rm al re sistance be twe e n the roll and
strip, e spe cially unde r se ve re surfaces roughne ss conditions.
The nume rical results de monstrate that nume rical mode ling can quite accu-
rate ly sim ulate the rolling proce ss as we ll as interface he at transfer be havior.
Howe ver, it is be lie ved that the gre ate st difficulty or uncertainty will arise not from
nume rical mode ls, but from input information and, in particular, from the physical
and dim e nsional prope rtie s of the oxide scale and the interface friction coe fficie nt,
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

as we ll as from the mate rial constitutive re lationship unde r the hot rolling condi-
tion. Furthe r rese arch on the se subje cts should be e ncouraged.

REFERENCES
1. A. A. Tseng, The rmal Mode ling of Roll and Strip Interface in Rolling Proce sses: Part 1
} Review, Num er. Heat Tran sfer, this issue.
2. B. B. Mikic, The rmal Contact Conductance : The oretical Conside rations, Int. J. Heat
Tran sfer, vol. 17, pp. 205 ] 214, 1974.
3. M. M. Yovanovich, J. De V aal, and A. Hegazy, A Statistical Mode l to Pre dict The rmal
Gap Conductance Betwee n Conform ing Rough Surfaces, AIAA Pape r No. 82-0888, in
AIAA r ASME 3rd Joint Therm ophysics Fluids, Plasm a and Heat Tran sfer Con f., St. Louis,
Missouri, June 7 ] 11, 1982.
4. M. N. Mian, F. R. Al-Astrabadi, P. W. O ’Callaghan, and S. D. Probe rt, The rmal
Re sistance of Pre ssed Contacts Betwee n Stee l Surfaces: Influe nce of O xide Films, J.
Mech . En g. Sci., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 159 ] 166, 1979.
5. C. O . Hlady, J. K. Brimacom be , I. V . Samarase ke ra, and E. B. Hawbolt, Heat Transfer
in the Hot Rolling of Me tals, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, vol. 26B, pp. 1019 ] 1027, 1995.
6. H. F. Atala and G. W. Rowe , Surface Roughne ss Change s During Rolling, Wea r, vol. 32,
pp. 249 ] 268, 1975.
7. W. R. D. Wilson and S. She u, Real Are a of Contact and Boundary Friction in Me tal
Form ing, In t. J. Mech . Sci., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 475 ] 489, 1988.
8. W. J. Davie s, Roll Etching of Cold-Mill Work Rolls, Ironm aking Steelm akin g, vol. 11, pp.
37 ] 41, 1984.
9. W. L. Robe rts, Flat Processing of Steel, Marce l De kke r, New York, 1988.
10. A. K. E. H. A. El-Kalay and L. G. M. Sparling, Factors Affe cting Friction and The ir
Effe ct upon Load, Torque , and Spre ad in Hot Flat Rolling, J. Iron Steel In st., vol. 206,
pp. 152 ] 163, 1968.
11. P. Ratte and J. L. Boute ille, Work-Roll We ar on a Five -Stand Rolling Continuous
Casting Products, Proc. Int. Con f. on Steel Rolling, pp. 885 ] 896, ISIJ, Tokyo, 1980.
12. V . A. Nikolaev, V . G. Dodoka, V . A. Makarov, F. A. Kse nzuk, Y. S. Z ykov, N. A.
Troshchenkov, C. N. Avrame nkoi, V . M. Tscloval’nikov, and A. I. Simonov, Wear on the
Surface s of the Work Rolls of a Reve rsing Cold Rolling Mill, Steel USSR Engl., no. 2, pp.
196 ] 198, Fe bruary 1969.
13. D. V . Barne y and G. C. Robb, An Analysis of the Characte ristics and Pre paration of Tin
Te mper Mill Blast Rolls, Iron Steel En g. Year Book, pp. 520 ] 525, 1969.
14. W. R. D. Wilson and S. R. Schm id, Surface s in Me tal Rolling, in En gineered Su rfaces,
PE D-vol. 62, pp. 91 ] 100, ASME , 1992.
 THERMAL MODELING OF ROLL AND STRIP INTERFACE: SIMULATION 153

15. P. D. Harvey s ed.. , En gineerin g Properties of Steel, Ame rican Socie ty for Me tals, Me tals
Park, O hio ., 1982.
16. H. E. Boyer and T. L. Gall s eds.., Metals Handbook, de sk ed., American Socie ty for
Me tals, Me tals Park, O hio, 1985.
17. A. A. Tse ng, A Numerical He at Transfer Analysis of Strip Rolling, ASME J. Heat
Tran sfer, vol. 106, pp. 512 ] 517, 1984.
18. J. J. M. Too, O n Numerical Mode lling of Hot Rolling of Me tals, In t. J. Nu m er.
Methods. En g., vol. 30, pp. 1699 ] 1718, 1990.
19. K. Yamada, S. O gawa, and S. Hamauzu, Two-Dime nsional The rmo-Me chanical Analysis
of Flat Rolling Using Rigid-Plastic Finite Ele ment Me thod, ISIJ Int., vol. 31, pp.
566 ] 570, 1991.
20. W. L. Robe rts, Hot Rolling of Steel, Marce l Dekke r, Ne w York, 1983.
21. K. Hauffe , Oxidation of Metals, Ple num , New York, 1965.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

22. H. Ranta, J. Larkiola, A. S. Korhone n, and A. Nikula, A Study of Scale-Effe cts During
Acce lerate d Cooling, 1st In t. Conf. on Modelin g of Metal Rolling Processes, pp. 638 ] 647,
The Institute of Materials, London, 1993.
23. G. V agnard and J. Mane nc, Etude de la Plasticite du Protoxyde de Fe r et l’O xyde
Cuivre ux, Mem . Sci. Rev . Metall., vol. 61, pp.768 ] 776, 1964.
24. S. Garber and G. M. Sturgeon, Scale on Wire Rod and Its Removal by Me chanical
Me ans, Wire Industry, pp. 571 ] 596, March-June 1961.
25. A. Magne e , C. Gaspard, and M. Gabrie l, Wear Behaviour of Ste els for Hot-Working
Rolling-Mills, C. R. M., no. 57, December 1980.
26. S. R. Wang and A. A. Tseng, Macro- and Micro-Mode ling of Hot Rolling of Ste el
Couple d by a Micro-Constitutive Relationship, Iron Steel Maker (I & SM), vol. 23, no. 9,
pp. 49 ] 61, 1996.
27. M. Torre s and R. Colas, Mode lling He at Conduction Through an O xide Laye r During
Hot Rolling of Stee l, ASME Man uf. Sci. Eng., PE D-vol. 68-2, pp. 577 ] 582, 1994.
28. M. Jarl, An Estimation of the Me chanical Prope rtie s of the Scale at Hot Rolling of
Ste el, 1st In t. Con f. on Modelin g of Metal Rolling Processes, pp. 614 ] 628, The Institute of
Materials, London, 1993.
29. B. Gie rulski and M. Cie rniak, Te mperature Fie ld on Strip Cross-Section During Hot
Rolling, Steel Res., vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 208 ] 214, 1989.
30. W. C. Che n, I. V . Samarase ke ra, and E. B. Hawbolt, Fundame ntal Phe nom e na Gove rn-
ing Heat Transfer During Rolling, Metall. Trans. A, vol. 24A, pp. 1307 ] 1320, 1993.
31. K. M. Browne , J. Dryden, and M. Assefpour, Mode lling Scaling and De scaling in Hot
Strip Mils, in Recent Ad v ances in Heat Transfer and Micro-Stru cture Modelling for Metal
Processin g, MD-vol. 67, pp. 187 ] 187, ASME , 1995.
32. J. Slowik, G. Borchardt, C. Kohle r, R. Jeschar, and R. Scholz, Influe nce of O xide Scale s
on Heat Transfe r in Secondary Cooling Z one s in the Continuous Casting Proce ss, Part
2: Determination of Material Prope rtie s of O xide Scales on Stee l Unde r Spray-W ater
Cooling Conditions, Steel Res., vol. 61, pp. 302 ] 311, 1990.
33. R. Taylor, C. M. Fowle r, and R. Rolls, Isothermal The rmal Diffusivity of Iron O xide ,
Int. J. Therm ophys., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 225 ] 231, 1980.
34. B. Lindorfe r and G. Hofe r, Te mperature and The rmal Stre ss Field in a Rotating Wate r
Spray Coole d Roller Supporting a Hot Slab, in D. E. Me tzger and N. H. Afgan, s eds.. ,
Heat an d Mass Transfer in Rotating Mach inery, pp. 215 ] 229, He misphe re , Washington,
D.C., 1984.
35. A. A. Tseng, A Ge ne ralize d Finite-Difference Sche me for Conve ction-Dominated
Me tal-Forming Proble ms, In t. J. Num er. Methods Eng., vol. 20, pp. 1885 ] 1900, 1984.
36. A. A. Tseng, Finite Differe nce Solutions for He at Transfer in a Roll Rotating at High
Spe ed, Num er. Heat Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 113 ] 125, 1984.
 154 A. A. TSENG

37. A. A. Tseng and S. R. Wang, Effe cts of Inte rface Re sistance on He at Transfe r in Ste el
Cold Rolling, Steel Res., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 44 ] 51, 1996.
38. A. A. Tseng, Mate rial Characte rization and Finite Ele me nt Simulation for Form ing
Miniature Me tal Parts, Fin ite Elem ents Anal. Des., vol. 6, pp. 251 ] 265, 1990.
39. S. Kobayashi, S.-I. O h, and T. Altan, Metal Fo rm ing an d the Fin ite Elem en t Meth od,
O xford University Pre ss, New York, 1989.
40. J. V . Poplawski and D. A. Seccombe Jr., Be thle hem’s Contribution to the Mathe matical
Mode ling of Cold Rolling in Tande m Mills, Iron Steel Eng., vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 47 ] 58,
1980.
41. A. A. Tse ng, F. H. Lin, A. S. Gunde ria, and D. S. Ni, Roll Cooling and Its Relationship
to Roll Life , Metall. Tran s. A, vol. 20A, pp. 2305 ] 2320, 198.
42. S. J. Che n and A. A. Tseng, Spray and Jet Cooling in Stee l Rolling, Int. J. Heat Flu id
Flow , vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 358 ] 369, 1992.
Downloaded by [New York University] at 10:52 27 November 2013

43. Y. Misaka and T. Yoshimoto, Form ularization of Me an Re sistance to De formation of

Plain Carbon Stee ls at Ele vate d Te mpe rature , J. Jpn. Soc. Tech . Plasticity, vol. 8, pp.
414 ] 422, 1967.