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Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients

of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure, High-Speed
Turbopump
a a a a b
Y. B. LEE , S. K. SHIN , K. RYU , C. H. KIM & GUNHEE JANG
a
Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Tribology Research Center , Seoul , 136-791 ,
Republic of Korea
b
Hanyang University, Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering , Seoul , 133-791 ,
Republic of Korea
Published online: 01 Mar 2012.

To cite this article: Y. B. LEE , S. K. SHIN , K. RYU , C. H. KIM & GUNHEE JANG (2005) Test Results for Leakage and
Rotordynamic Coefficients of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure, High-Speed Turbopump, Tribology Transactions, 48:3,
273-282, DOI: 10.1080/05698190590948250

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 Tribology Transactions, 48: 273-282, 2005
Copyright
C Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers

ISSN: 0569-8197 print / 1547-397X online

DOI: 10.1080/05698190590948250

Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients

of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure,
High-Speed Turbopump
Y. B. LEE, S. K. SHIN, K. RYU and C. H. KIM
Korea Institute of Science and Technology
Tribology Research Center
Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
and
Downloaded by [University of Pennsylvania] at 01:13 17 January 2015

GUNHEE JANG
Hanyang University
Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering
Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea

Test results are presented for short floating ring seals (D =
53.0 mm, L/D = 0.15) using a smooth surface and a round-hole
pattern defined as a damper floating ring seal (h/Cr = 3, γ = 0.34:
the ratio of hole area to surface area) for supplied pressures of
3.0, 5.0, and 7.0 MPa, respectively, with the shaft operating speed
up to 24,800 rpm. The measured data includes leakage, attitude
angle, eccentricity ratio, and rotordynamic coefficients such as
stiffness, damping, and inertia. When the floating ring seals are
locked up, the eccentricity ratio of the smooth surface floating
ring seal is lower than that of the damper floating ring seal. The
attitude angle increases linearly with the operating speeds. The
damping coefficients of the damper floating ring seal are higher
than those of the floating ring seal. Whirl frequency ratios of
the floating ring seal are lower than the damper floating ring
seal with high eccentricity ratio at low operating speed range.
The design parameters determined from these test results will
be used for high-pressure and high-speed turbopump seals in a
liquid rocket engine system.
KEY WORDS
Turbopump; Floating Ring Seal; Damper Floating Ring Seal;
Eccentric Ratio; Leakage; Rotordynamic Coefficients
INTRODUCTION
In the turbopump of a liquid rocket engine (LRE) system, one
of the major considerations during the design process is the iso-
lation of cryogenic fuel. To isolate cryogenic fuel, conventional
noncontact-type shaft seals such as plain, labyrinth, and damper
seals can be used in the inlet and outlet parts of the impellers.
Presented at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference
in Long Beach, California
October 24-27, 2004
Final manuscript approved December 13, 2004
Review led by Jim Netzel
However, noncontact-type shaft seals lead to a leakage flow of
fuel because of its radial clearance. Therefore, for a better leakage
performance, it is desirable to minimize the radial clearance of the
seal. Unfortunately, reducing the radial clearance of noncontact-
type shaft seals is not only limited because of the whirling, man-
ufacturing tolerance, and static deflection of the rotor, but also
causes the rubbing phenomenon between the stator and the rotor
of the seal. The floating ring seal could be used to minimize the
radial clearance without or with minimal rubbing phenomenon.
Figure 1 presents the structural arrangement of the floating ring
seal. The “floating ring” is inserted in between the rotor and the
pump housing, and the axial motion of the floating ring is re-
strained by a clamping nut. It is in contact with the rotor sur-
face at the maximum eccentricity position when the pump is not
operating. When the pump begins to operate, the pressure in-
duced by the back-flow liquid attaches the floating ring to the
supporting ring surface. Simultaneously, the hydrodynamic force
in the radial direction is generated as in a fluid film bearing and
moves the floating ring to the geometric center of the rotor. After
the hydrodynamic force and the friction force achieve an equilib-
rium condition, the floating ring is locked up at that eccentricity.
Then, the floating ring seal begins to act like an annular plain seal.
Thus, it is possible to maintain a minimum radial clearance without
rubbing.
A floating ring seal is free to move in x, y, and θ directions
as illustrated in Fig. 2. However, the seal could be defined as an
eccentric annular seal when it is locked up. The reaction forces of
a floating ring seal are described by a linear model of the form
with steady-state rotor eccentricity (ε0 ).

 
 
Mxx (ε0 ) Mxy (ε0 ) ẍ Cxx (ε0 ) Cxy (ε0 ) ẋ
+
Myx (ε0 ) Myy (ε0 ) ÿ Cyx (ε0 ) Cyy (ε0 ) ẏ

    [1]
Kxx (ε0 ) Kxy (ε0 ) x Fx
+ =−
Kyx (ε0 ) Kyy (ε0 ) y Fy

273
 274 Y. B. LEE, S. K. SHIN, K. RYU, C. H. KIM AND G. JANG

NOMENCLATURE Mmn = inertia coefficients; m, n = x or y

m• = leakage flow rate
b = height of floating ring seal Ps = sump pressure of floating ring seal
Cmn = damping coefficients; m, n = x or y Rey = Reynolds number
Cr = radial clearance of floating ring seal Rj = rotor outer radius
D = shaft diameter Rs = supporting ring radius
Fdyn = hydrodynamic force of eccentric floating ring seal t = time variable
FN = normal force W = weight of rotor shaft
F pr = reservoir pressure force x, y = rectangular coordinate directions
F ps = sump pressure force γ = ratio of hole area to surface area
Fx , Fy = components of the seal reaction force φ = attitude angle
Fµ = friction force µ = fluid viscosity
f = friction factor ω = journal angular velocity
Ki j = stiffness coefficients Subscripts
Kmn = stiffness coefficients; m, n = x or y 0 = steady-state
L = length of floating ring seal j, s = journal and stator
θ = circumferential coordinate directions
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In previous works on the eccentric effects, Allaire, et al. (1, 2)
analyzed the rotordynamic coefficients of a short eccentric plain
seal. Their works extended the previous theory for short plain cen-
tered seals to large eccentricities (ε = 0.0–0.9) using a perturbation
analysis. Also, they included roughness effects and friction factor
with increasing eccentric ratio.
To get more reliable data at high pressure and speed, Nelson
and Ngyun (3, 4) presented analysis results of a smooth seal
based on the finite element method using the fast Fourier trans-
form and showed that the cross-coupled stiffness and damping
could be dramatically increased at high eccentricity ratio (E/Cr >
0.7). The governing equations are formulated with a turbulent

Fig. 1—Structural arrangement of a floating ring seal.

 Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure, High-Speed Turbopump 275

TABLE 1—GEOMETRY AND OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR THE FLOATING

RING SEAL OF THE TURBO PUMP UNIT
Parameter Value

Geometry of floating ring seal

Radius of rotor (R) 26.4 mm
Radius of supporting ring (Rs ) 27.5 mm
Length of floating ring seal (L) 8.0 mm
Height of floating ring seal (b) 4.5 mm
Nominal clearance of floating ring 0.1 mm
seal (Cl )
Relative roughness of rotor and 0.00001
floating ring surface
Fig. 2—Coordinate of a floating ring seal. Friction coefficient between 0.1
supporting and floating ring (µ)
Density of floating ring material 8600 kg/m3
Operating conditions
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bulk flow model and a friction factor derived from Moody’s

Pressure drop (P) 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 MPa
equation.
Rotor speed (ω) 6200, 12,400, 18,600, 24,800 rpm
For analytical research, San Andres (5) provided dynamic co-
Fluid temperature 25◦ C
efficients versus a wide range of eccentricity ratios for a compari-
son of previous experimental results of Kanki and Kawakami (6).
The fluid motion is described by a bulk flow model, and Moody’s 24,800 rpm. A floating ring seal with a round-hole pattern (h/Cr =
friction factor is introduced to accommodate surface roughness ef- 3, γ = 0.34), defined as a damper floating ring seal, was investigated
fects for variable fluid properties, e.g., barotropic. Direct stiffness to reduce a leakage and increase a damping effect. The experimen-
and damping coefficients show somewhat constant values for the tal results of a damper floating ring seal are compared with those
entire eccentricity ratio, while cross-coupled stiffness shows sen- of a floating ring seal.
sitive dependence on eccentricity ratio for operation above ε ≥
0.6. These phenomena are partially consistent with the results of TEST FACILITY DESCRIPTION
Nelson and Ngyun (4). Table 1 states the dimensions and operating conditions of the
It is not easy to find experimental research results on rotor- floating ring seal. The seal length–to–shaft diameter ratio (L/D) of
dynamic coefficients of eccentric seals in the technical literature about 0.15 produces circumferential fluid velocities that are small
because of the difficulty of measurement. Marquette, et al. (7) compared with axial fluid velocities. Axial Reynolds number range
tested a smooth seal (L/D = 0.45) in the range of P = 7.0 MPa of the floating ring seals unit in a turbopump is very high, above
and ω = 24,800 rpm and provided the dynamic characteristics and 100,000, because of very low viscosity in the cryogenic state and
whirl frequency ratio versus eccentricity ratio with a comparison of high-pressurized condition.
theoretical predictions. The test result showed that rotordynamic The seal unit consists of an impeller, a supporting ring, and
coefficients are more sensitive to eccentricity ratio. a clamping nut. The floating ring seal is in contact with the ro-
For more physical steps on floating ring seals, Kirk (8) pre- tor surface at the maximum eccentricity position when the rotor
formed a quasi-transient analysis for the rotor shaft response and remains stationary. After the rotor begins to rotate, the hydrody-
ring spin torque of floating ring seals with laminar flow sealing namic force in the radial direction generated between the seal and
conditions. Although the computational tool is limited to the lam- the rotor makes the seal float in the radial clearance.
inar flow, it is a promising application of the theory for pump seal The axial pressure yields a friction force between a supporting
design and centrifugal compressor seal design. ring and a floating ring in a radial direction. In Fig. 3, the force
Suzuki, et al. (9) and Oike, et al. (10) carried out feasibility
studies on high pressure floating ring seals with a 50 mm diameter,
a maximum rotational speed of 25,000 rpm, and a maximum sealed
hydrogen gas pressure of about 15 MPa in a liquid oxygen (LOX)
turbopump rotating shaft seal system for the LE-7 rocket engine.
Also, Oike, et al. (11) investigated the effect of the two-phase flow
of the floating ring seals. On the reduction in leakage, the effect of
the two-phase state can be classified into the effect of the all-liquid
choked flow and the effect of the two-phase flow areas inside the
sealing clearance.
This article investigates leakage flow rate, the lock-up position
with attitude angle and eccentricity ratio, and dynamic character-
istic coefficients of a floating ring seal (L/D = 0.15) over a wide
range of pressure drops up to 7.0 MPa and rotating speeds up to Fig. 3—Force balance for a floating ring.
 276 Y. B. LEE, S. K. SHIN, K. RYU, C. H. KIM AND G. JANG
Fig. 4—Geometry of round-hole pattern.
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balance between the hydrodynamic and the friction force deter-
mines the eccentric ratio of the floating ring seal.
Before the turbopump operates, the floating ring is in contact
with the rotor surface statically at maximum eccentricity position.
When the turbopump begins to operate, several forces are acting
on the floating ring such as hydrodynamic force (Fdyn ), friction
force (Fµ ), weight of the floating ring (Wg ) in the radial direction,
and normal force (FN ) resulting from forces induced by the in-
let/outlet pressure of the seal (F ps , F pr ) in the axial direction. It
is assumed that the distribution of hydrostatic force acting on the
outer radius surface of the floating ring is homogenous in the cir-
cumferential direction because the clearance between the outer
radius of the floating ring and the clamping nut is much larger than
that between the inner radius and the rotor. Thus, its effect on the
floating ring is neglected.
Figure 4 shows the round-hole pattern arrangement and di-
mensions of a damper floating ring seal with h/Cr = 3 and γ =
0.34. It follows the optimized dimensions of the design from Childs
and Kim’s work (12).
In Fig. 5, a test rig was designed based on the basic concept
reported by Massmann and Nordmann (13). A shaft is supported
by ball bearings at each end and operates below first mode. Flex-
ible steel bars, located at each 90◦ position, connect a housing to
the stator of the test rig and allow movements only in x and y
Fig. 5—Schematics of seal test rig: (A) front view and (B) side view.
Fig. 6—Assembly drawing of a floating ring seal.
directions without tilting and rotating motions. Figure 6 presents
the assembly drawing of the test seal. The design of Fig. 5 allows
interchangeable test seal elements.
The motions (x, y) of the housing and two seals related with
the shaft are measured with high-resolution eddy-current probes.
In Fig. 7, probe 1, which is fixed at the housing ends, provides
the relative motion between the housing and the shaft, and probe
2 provides the relative motion between the housing and the seal
at the same direction of probe 1. The eccentricity ratio and the
attitude angle of floating ring seals are calculated from the motions
of seals related with a shaft in x and y directions.
The fluid temperature is measured in the inlet chamber of the
test housing and in the two exit cavities. The average fluid tem-
perature through the seal is maintained at 25◦ C. The pressure
drop across an individual seal is approximated as an average of
the two pressure drops measured across the left and right test
seals.
The test is carried out at pressure drops and shaft rotating
speeds ranging from 3.0 to 7.0 MPa and 6,200 to 24,800 rpm, respec-
tively. An impulse load is applied to the test housing at steady-state
condition. A curve-fitting is performed using the instrumental
 Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure, High-Speed Turbopump
Fig. 7—Configuration of a floating ring seal for measuring the lock-up
position.
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variable method for the frequency response functions determined
from probe 1 to identify the dynamic coefficients of floating ring
seals. The signals of probe 2 are recorded to verify the lock-up
position.
LOCK-UP VERIFICATION OF A FLOATING RING SEAL
The lock-up position of the floating ring depends on operating
conditions of the turbopump, geometric parameters of the floating
ring, and the surface friction coefficient between the supporting
and floating rings. Thus, for the analyses of the turbopump unit
performance and vibration characteristics with a floating ring seal,
it is crucial to predict the lock-up position, leakage flow rate, and
rotordynamic characteristics.
The most important consideration of a floating ring seal in a
high pressure turbopump for a liquid rocket engine is to identify
the lock-up position affecting the stabilization of the turbopump.
To verify the lock-up position, it is necessary to understand a char-
acteristic curve of the seal inlet pressure versus the rotating speed
and the steady-state condition of the floating ring seal in a tur-
bopump. Because the characteristic curve is not given, an experi-
ment is performed to investigate the lock-up position and dynamic
characteristics at the pressure and rotating speed of the steady
state.
As stated earlier, a floating ring seal could be free to move
in x, y, and θ directions. Two marks are perpendicularly grooved
on the outer diameter of the floating ring seal to detect whether
the seal is rotating or not. The region “A” in Fig. 8 shows that
the floating ring seal is rotating with rubbing phenomenon at
ω = 6,200 rpm and no inlet pressure. The grooved marks pro-
duce the peak points. However, after the inlet pressure begins
to increase in region “B,” the floating ring seal is not rotating
anymore.
The impulse response is measured to verify whether the float-
ing ring seal is locked up or not at steady-state condition. Figure 9
presents the impulse responses of (a) test housing and (b) seal in
the x direction at P = 7.0 MPa and ω = 18,600 rpm. It is shown
that the response of the housing is oscillating, but the seal response
is nearly constant. From these test results, it is identified that the
277
Fig. 8—Signals of a floating ring seal rotating with grooved marks.
floating ring seal is locked up at steady-state condition and seems
to be an eccentric annular seal.
TEST RESULTS
The tests are carried out for a comparison of the experimental
results in a floating ring seal and a damper floating ring seal. A test
matrix with pressurized water consists of three pressure drops, 3.0,
5.0, and 7.0 MPa, and four rotating speeds, 6200, 12,400, 18,600,
and 24,800 rpm.
Leakage Flow Rate
Leakage flow rate increases with increasing pressure drop and
decreases with increasing rotating speed as shown in Fig. 10. The
leakage of the damper floating ring seal is about 10% less than
that of the floating ring seal. The result is due to increasing the
seal roughness effects. The inclination of reduction of leakage
flow with increasing rotating shaft speed agrees with theoretical
results of San Andres (5), test results of Marquette, et al. (7), and
test results of Suzuki, et al. (9). Error bars denote uncertainty
ranges.
Attitude Angle and Eccentric Ratio
Figures 11 and 12 present the attitude angle and eccentricity
ratio versus rotating speed, respectively. Regardless of the type of
seal, attitude angle linearly increases as rotating speed increases
due to the increase of the shaft friction force. The eccentricity ratio
of all of the test seals slightly decreases as rotating speed increases
and highly decreases as pressure drop increases. It means that
the seal approaches the shaft center. The overall eccentricity ratio
of the damper floating ring seal is higher than that of the floating
ring seal, because the radial hydrodynamic force related to leakage
flow rate of the damper floating ring seal is less than that of the
floating ring seal.
 278 Y. B. LEE, S. K. SHIN, K. RYU, C. H. KIM AND G. JANG

Fig. 9—Impulse response of (A) test housing and (B) floating ring seal at ∆P = 7.0 MPa and ω = 18,600 rpm.
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Fig. 10—Leakage flow rate of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.

Fig. 11—Attitude angle of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.

Fig. 12—Eccentricity ratio of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.
 Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure, High-Speed Turbopump 279
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Fig. 13—Stiffness coefficients of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.

Direct Stiffness
The direct stiffness coefficients defined as Kxx and K yy are
insensitive to rotating speed, but they increase with increas-
ing pressure drop as presented in Fig. 13. The direct stiff-
nesses of the floating ring seal have the values over the range
of 0.7–1.0 × 107 N/m, and the values of the damper float-
ing ring seal are reduced; the leakage and the hydrodynamic
force of the damper floating ring seal are less than those
of the floating ring seal due to the roughness of damper
floating ring seal. In previous work of Allaire, et al. (1),
this inclination shows that direct stiffness relatively decreases
as friction factor increases. In a low friction region, direct
stiffness shows more sensitivity to varying eccentricity ratio.
In Fig. 13A, direct stiffness values of the floating ring seal
with low friction characteristics are higher in the low-speed
region.
Cross-Coupled Stiffness
Cross-coupled stiffness as defined as Kxy and K yx increase sub-
stantially as rotating speed increases, and they are insensitive to
pressure drop. This inclination is clearer in the damper floating
ring seals—K yx increases more than Kxy , as shown in Fig. 13.
The effect on the eccentricity ratio is clearly not provided be-
cause the eccentricity ratio is correlated with pressure drop. As
the overall eccentricity ratio of the damper floating ring seal is
higher than the floating ring seal, the coefficients of the damper
floating ring seal increase more than those of the floating ring
seal.
 280 Y. B. LEE, S. K. SHIN, K. RYU, C. H. KIM AND G. JANG
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Fig. 14—Damping coefficients of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.

Damping Whirl Frequency Ratio

Figure 14 shows the experimental direct damping coefficients. Figure 16 presents whirl frequency ratio calculated from the
In the case of the floating ring seal, direct damping coefficients, equations suggested by Lund (13):
Cxx and C yy , slightly decrease as rotating speed increases, but they
are insensitive to pressure drop. The coefficients of the damper Kxx Cyy + Kyy Cxx − Kxy Cyx − Kyx Cxy
Keq =
floating ring seal have about 30% higher values than the float- Cxx + Cyy
ing ring seal. The cross-coupled damping coefficients increase 
(Keq − Kxx )(Keq − Kyy ) − Kxy Kyx
as rotating speed increases, but they are insensitive to pressure WFR =
(Cxx Cyy − Cxy Cyx )ω2
drop.

Whirl frequency ratio generally decreases as pressure drop in-

Inertia Mass
Figure 15 presents added mass coefficient results as the rotat-
ing shaft speed is increased. These results are erratic and show
mixed comparisons for floating ring seals vs. damper floating ring
seals.
creases. The damper floating ring seal has higher values at lower
rotating speed, but both seals have approximately the same values
at higher rotating speed. As a result, the eccentricity ratio of the
damper floating ring seal at lower rotating speed, which is higher
than that of the floating ring seal, may cause the whirl frequency
ratio results. Then the destabilizing force of the damper floating
 Test Results for Leakage and Rotordynamic Coefficients of Floating Ring Seals in a High-Pressure, High-Speed Turbopump 281
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Fig. 15—Masses of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.

Fig. 16—Whirl frequency ratios of (A) a floating ring seal and (B) a damper floating ring seal.
 282 Y. B. LEE, S. K. SHIN, K. RYU, C. H. KIM AND G. JANG
ring seals in the low speed region is larger than that of the smooth
floating ring seals.
CONCLUSIONS
The experimental results of the floating ring seal and the
damper floating ring seal are presented. Measurements were taken
at seal pressure drops and shaft rotating speeds ranging from 3.0
to 7.0 MPa and 6,200 to 24,800 rpm, respectively.
Test results show the advantages of the damper floating ring
seal; the leakage flow rate decreases and the damping coefficient
increase. However, the damper floating ring seal is locked up at
high eccentricity ratio and increases the cross-coupled reaction
forces in the whole test region. More parametric studies on the
floating ring seal in a high-pressure turbopump are planned and
should be investigated to improve the lock-up condition.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by grants from the Dual Use Technol-
ogy Program and the Korea Space Launch Vehicle-I (KSLV-I)
Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of
Korea.
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