HYDRAULIC DESIGN SERIES NO.

DESIGn CHARTS
FOR

tic ted
OPEn·CHAnneL FLOW

ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
lic fle hi
po re Arc
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

U.S. Department
of Transportation
Federal Highway
Administration
 Other Publications of the Hydraulic Design Series
HgdrauUcs of BrUlge Waterways

tic ted
H11draulic8 of Bridge Waterwa118, Hydraulic Design Serles No. 1, Second
Edltlon, presents simplified methods for computing backwater caused by bridges.
These methods were developed from extensive model tests and actual measure-

ac p
ments of flow on streams with wide flood plains. The empirical curves and

e.
pr ce
methods of calculation contained In the new publication have a much wider
range of llppllcatlon tha~ those of the first edition, published In 1960, which
were based principally on hydraulic model studies. Additional field data

or r ac
collected during floods were available for the second edition. A considerable
amount of new material has been added Including chapters on partially Inun-
dated superstructures, the proportioning 'of spur dikes at bridge abutments, and
supercritical flow under a bridge together with examples.

ce t o
The nature of this publication ls Indicated by the chapter titles: computa-
tion of backwater; dltrerence In water level across approach embankments ;
configuration of backwater; dual bridges; abnormal stage-discharge conditions;

an n
effects of scour on backwater; superstructures partially Inundated; spur dikes;
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
flow passes through critical depth ; preliminary field and design procedures ;
Illustrative examples; and discussion of procedures and limitations of method.
Hydraulica of Bridge Waterways Is available from the Superintendent of
lic fle hi

Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Stock·

po re Arc

No. 050-001--0064--4.

Peale Rates of Runoff from Small Watersheds

Peak Rates of Runo!J from BmaU Watersheds, Hydraulic Design Serles, has
been discontinued.

Design of Roahlde Drainage Channela

Derigft of Roadside Drainage Channels, the fourth In a series on the hy-
draulic design of hlghw't; drainage structures by the Federal Highway
n, er

Administration, discusses methods of open-channel design Including determining

size of channel and protection required to prevent erosion. Principles and
tio g

procedures are explained, but no set of rules can he furnished that will apply
la lon

to all of the many diverse combinations of topography, soil and climate that
exist where highways are built. Design of roadside drainage channels will
continue to require an engineer well versed In hydraulic theory and In highway
drainage practice. ·
gu o

Design of Roadside Drainage Channels Is available from the Federal Highway

Administration, Hydraulics Branch, HNG-81, Washington, D.C. 20590.
re n
ay
M
 - -

DESIGN CHARTS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

Hydraulic Design Series No. 3

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
lic fle hi
po re Arc
n, er
tio g
la lon

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration
gu o
re n
ay
M

August 1961
 M
ay
re n
gu o
la lon
tio g
n, er
po re Arc
lic fle hi
y, ct va
gu cu l
id rre
an n
ce t o
or r ac
pr ce
ac p
tic ted
e.
 tic ted
PREFACE

ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
This publication, the third in a series on the hydraulic design of
highway drainage structures published by the Federal Highway
Administration, makes generally available a group of hydraulic

ce t o
charts which facilitate the computation of uniform flow in open chan-
nels. Some of the charts are also useful in the design of storm drains.

an n
The text is not intended to be a treatise on the design of open
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
channels, although a brief discussion of the principles of flow ip open
channels is included. It is intended rather, as a working tool that
lic fle hi

should be of considerable service to the designer already, familiar

with the subject.
po re Arc

This publication contains charts which provide direct solution of

the Manning equation for uniform flow in open prismatic channels
of various cross sections; instructions for using the charts; a table
of recommended values of n for use in the Manning equation; tables
of permissible velocities in earth and vegetated channels; instructions
for constructing charts similar to those presented; and a nomograph
for use in the solution of the Manning equation. Charts are included
for rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular channels, grass-lined
n, er

channels, circular pipe channels (part-full flow), pipe-arch channels,

and oval concrete pipe channels.
tio g

Much of the material in this publication was developed by the

la lon

Region 3 Office of the Federal Highway Administration (then Region

2, Bureau of Public Roads), in cooperation with the Division of
Hydraulic Research (now Environmental Control Group), Office of
gu o

Research. The publication was assembled by the Hydraulics Branch,

re n

Bridge Division, Office of Engineering, and the Division of Hydraulic

Research, Office of Research. The only changes in this reprint of
ay

the 1961 publication consist of a redesigned cover and revised

preface.
M

iii
 M
ay
re n
gu o
la lon
tio g
n, er
po re Arc
lic fle hi
y, ct va
gu cu l
id rre
an n
ce t o
or r ac
pr ce
ac p
tic ted
e.
 CONTENTS

Page Chapter 5.-Continued

Preface---------------~-----------------c---- iii
5.3-3 Use of charts to find velocity of Page
flow__ _ __ _ ___ _ ___ _ ___ __ ___ __ 47

tic ted
Chapter 1.-lntroduction
5.3-4 Use of charts to find slope required
I.I Content of publication ____________________ _ I to maintain flow ___ ---------- 47
1.2 Arrangement of public1,ttion ___ - _- _________ _ I 5.3-5 Use of charts to find critical flow_ 47
1.3 Definition of symbols ______ - -- - --- - ___ -- __ - 2

ac p
Examples 14-17_____________ 47

e.
pr ce
Chapter 2.-Principles of Flow in Open Chapter 6.-Pipe-Arch Channels
Channels 6.1 Description of charts _____________________ _ 74

or r ac
2.1 Design of highway drainage channels _______ _ 3 6.2 Instructions for use of charts 61-73 _________ _ 74
2.2 Types of flow ____________________________ _ 3 6. 2-1 Use of charts to find discharge __ _ 74
2.3 Uniform flow ________________ - _-- ________ _ 3 6.2-2 Use of charts to find depth of uni-
3 form flow ___________________ _ 74
2.4 Energy of floW----------------------------
2.5 Critical flow _____________________________ _ 4 6.2-3 Use of charts to find velocity of

ce t o
2.6 Nonuniform flow ______________________ • __ _ flow ________________________ _
5 74
6.2-4 Use of charts to find slope required
Chapter 3.-Rectangular, Trapezoidal, and to maintain flow ____________ _

an n
gu cu l 75
Triangular Channels 6.2-5 Use of charts to find critical flow __ 75

id rre
y, ct va
3.1 Description of charts _____________________ _ Examples 18-21_ ___________ _ 75
7
3.2 General instructions for use of charts _______ _ 7 Chapter 7 .-Oval Concrete-Pipe Channels
lic fle hi

3.2-1 Use of charts 1-28 with basic

chart-design value of n ______ _ 7.1 Description of charts _____________________ _ 89
7
7.2 Instructions for use of charts 74-82 _________ _ 89
po re Arc

Example }_ _______ -------- _ 7

Example 2 ________________ _
Example 3 ________________ _
3.2-2 Use of charts 1-28 with other than
basic ch3rt-design value of n __ _
Example 4 ________________ _
3.2-3 Closed rectangular conduits flow-
ing full _____________________ _
Example 5 ________________ _
n, er
8 7.2-1 Use of charts to find discharge __ _ 89
8 7.2-2 Use of charts to find depth of uni-
form flow ___________________ _ 89
8 7.2-3 use of charts to find velocity of
flow ________________________ _
8 89
7.2-4 Use of charts to find slope required
to maintain flow _____________ _ 89
8
8 7. 2-5 Use of charts to find critical flow __ 90
Examples 22-25 ____________ _ 90

Chapter 4.-Grassed Channels

Appendix A.-Tables:
4.1 Description of charts _____________________ _ 38 Table !.-Manning roughness coefficients_____ 100
tio g

4.2 General instructions for use of charts 30-34 __ 39 Table 2.-Permissible velocities for channels
la lon

Examples 6-9 __________________ _ 39 with erodible linings_____________________ 101

Table 3.-Permissible velocities for channels
Chapter 5.-Circular-Pipe Channels lined with uniform stands of various grass
5.1 Description of charts _____________________ _ 45 covers---------------------------------- 101
gu o

5.2 Instruct.ions for use of charts 35-51, for pipes Table 4.-Factors for adjustment of discharge
1-8 feet in diameter ____________________ _ to allow for increased resistance caused by
re n

45
5.2-1 Use of charts with basic chart- friction against the top of a closed rectangular
design value of n ______ . ____ _ conduit________________________________ 101
ay

45
Example lQ _______________ _ 45 Table 5.-Guide to selection of retardance
Example IL~--- ____ ·______ _ 46 curve---------------------------------- 101
M

5.2-2 Use of charts with other than basic

chart-design values of n ______ _
46
Example 12 _______________ _
46
5.2-3 Pipes flo.wing fulL _____________ _ 46
Example 13 _______________ _
46
5.3 Instructions for use of charts 52-60, for pipes
1-15 feet in diameter ___________________ _ 46
5.3-1 Use of charts to find discharge __ _ 46
5.3-2 Use of charts to find depth of uni-
form flow_------ ____________ _ 47
Appendix B.-Construction of design charts for
open-channel flow:
B.l Charts with Manning's n constant______ 102
B.2 Charts for grassed channels with n
variable___________________________ 103
Appendix C.-Graphic solution of the Manning
equation____________________________________ 104
Lists of figures and charts______________________ vi

v
 FIGURES AND CHARTS

Figures Page
1. Definition sketch of specific head_____________ 4
2. Water-surface profile in flow from a channel to a
pool_____________________________________ 5
3. Water-surface profile in changing from sub-
critical to supercritical channel slope________ 6
4. Water-surface profile ill us tr a ting hydraulic jump_ 6

tic ted
5. Degrees of vegetal retardance for which the
Manning n has been determined___ _ ___ _ __ __ 38

ac p
Charts

e.
pr ce
(A quick index of the charts, grouped by purpose of use,
appears on the outside back cover.)
Number Paoe

or r ac
Rectangular channel flow:
1-9 For widths 2-10 feet, by 1-foot increments__ 9-17
10-14 For widths 12-20 feet, by 2-foot increments_ lS-22

ce t o
Trapezoidal channel flow; 2:1 side slopes:
15-23 For bottom widths 2-10 feet, by 1-foot
increments ___________________________ 23-31

an n
24-28 For bottom widths 12-20 feet, by 2-foot
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
increments ___________________________ 32-36

Triangular channel flow:

lic fle hi

29 N omograph for triangular channels_______ 37

po re Arc

Grassed channel flow:

30-33 Trapezoidal channels, bottom width 4 feet __ 40-43
34 Triangular channels_____________________ 44
Circular-pipe flow (one-step charts):
35-43 For 12-36 inch diameter, by 3-inch incre-
ments _______________________________ 4S-56
44-49 For 42-72 inch diameter, by 6-inch incre-
ments------------------------------- 57-62
n, er

50-51 For 84- and 96-inch diameter____________ 63-64

Circular-pipe flow (up to 15-foot diameter):
tio g

52-54 For full flow ___________________________ -65-67

la lon

55 For part-full, flow _____________·__________ 68

56-60 For critical flow ________________________ 69-73

Pipe-arch flow (spans 25 inches to 16 feet,

gu o

7 inches):
61-65 For unpaved inverts ____________________ 76-80
re n

66-68 For 40-percent paved inverts (Charts 63

and 64 are used with this group) _______ 81-83
ay

69-73 For field-bolted corrugated metal pipe-

arches _______________________________ 84-88
M

Oval concrete-pipe flow (long axis diameter

23-151 inches) :
74 For full flow___________________________ 91
75-76 For part-full flow _______________________ 92-93
77-82 For critical flow ________________________ 94-99

Graphic solution of the Manning equation:

83 Nomograph for graphic solution of the
Manning equation____________________ 105

vi
 Chapter 1.-INTRODUCTION
tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
1.1 Content of publication. This publication contains
or r ac
charts which provide direct solution of the Manning equa-
tion for uniform flow in open prismatic channels of various
cross sections; instructions for using the charts; a table of
recommended values of n in the Manning equation, and
tables of permissible velocities in earth and vegetated
ce t o
channels; instructions for constructing charts similar to
those presented; and a nomograph for use in the solution
an n
of the Manning equation. A quick index to the chart
gu cu l
numbers is given on the outside back cover.
id rre
y, ct va
The publication is not intended to be a textbook, and
it is assumed that users will be familiar with hydraulic
theory and design. However, a brief discussion of the
lic fle hi
principles of open-channel flow is presented in chapter 2.
po re Arc
No attempt has been made to cover the subject of flow
in natural channels except as these may approxima~e the
uniform prismatic channels covered in the charts.
The charts fall into two major groups: The first group,
Nos .. 1-51, consists of separate charts for various· size
channels of a given shape, with all functions on each chart;
the second group, Nos. 52-82, has charts covering a wide
range of sizes but with only one or two functions on each
chart.
The open-channel flow charts in the first group give a
n, er
direct and rapid determination of normal depth and
normal velocity of flow in a channel of given cross section,
tio g
roughness, and slope, carrying a known discharge. Values
can be read to two significant figures, which is sufficiently
la lon
accurate for ordinary design purposes. While the open-
channel flow charts were drawn for a specific value of n,
they can also be used for any other value of n by follow-
ing the instructions given. For circular sections, two
gu o
other n values are provided by additional scales.
re n
The second group of charts, Nos. 52.:_82, requires only
five charts to cover the hydraulic functions of a wide range
ay
of sizes of channels of a given shape and roughness. They
have some small disadvantage in that normal depth must
be determined by three steps, involving two charts and a
M
simple calculation. Determination of friction slope in
part-full flow also requires three similar steps. On the
other hand, critical depth, critical slope, and specific head
at critical depth may be read directly from these charts,
and probably more accurately, than from the open-channel
flow charts. The latter actually give only critical depth,
critical slope, and critical velocity but require computation
of velocity head to obtain specific head at critical depth.
The designer is cautioned not to use the open-channe
flow charts presented in this publication as a means of es
timating the size of culvert required for a given discharge
because the hydraulics of culverts is not simply uniform
flow at normal depth. The head required to get flow into
a culvert may be several times the head required to main-
tain uniform flow. Other publications proposed for the
Bureau of Public Roads hydraulic design series will deal
with the hydraulic design of culverts.
1.2 Arrangement of publication. A list of symbols,
with their definitions, as used in this publication, follows
this section. As already mentioned, a brief discussion of
the basic principles of flow in open channels is presented
in chapter 2.
Chapter 3 contains charts 1-29, and instructions for
their use, covering rectangular, trapezoidal, and triangular
cross-section channels.
Chapter 4 includes charts 30--34, for flow in grass-lined
channels where channel resistance (called retardance)
varies as the product of the velocity and the hydraulic
radius.
Chapter 5 contains charts 35-60, for circular pipe chan-
nels; chapter 6 contains charts 61-73, for pipe-arch chan-
nels; and chapter 7 contains charts 74-82, for oval concrete
pipe channels.
For convenience of the designer who may have frequent
recourse to this publication in his work, all of the tables
are grouped together in Appendix A. These include table
1, recommended values of n in the Manning equation;
tables 2 and 3, permissible velocities in earth and vege-
tated channels; table 4, factors for adjustment of Q for
increased resistance caused by friction against the top of
a closed rectangular conduit; and table 5, a guide to the
selection of retardance curves for use in connection with
grassed channels.
Designers may wish to prepare open-channel flow charts
for cross sections other than those represented on the
charts contained in this publication. This may well be
worthwhile for sections used sufficiently to justify the
effort. The computation and construction of the charts
is relatively simple and reasonably rapid. Instructions
for preparing open-channel flow charts, including those for
grass-lined channels, will be found in appendix B.
Chart 83, in appendix C, provides a ready means for
the graphic solution of the Manning equation.
1
1.3 Definition of symbols. The symbols used in the
ensuing text, figu,res, and charts are defined below. Units
of measurement', used with the symbols are given in
parentheses follo)ving the definition.
A=Area of cross section of flow (sq. ft.).
a=Kinetic energy (velocity head) coefficient;
assumed as 1.0 on the charts.
B= Width of rectangular channel or conduit (ft.).
b= Bottom width of trapezoidal channel (ft.).
S1 =Friction slope in a conduit. This represents
the rate of loss of head in a conduit due to
friction. In a uniform channel with steady
flow, it is equal to the slope of the total
head line (ft./ft.).
So= Slope of the flow line of a conduit (bed slope).
With a steady uniform flow, the water sur-
face, the total head line, and the flow line
are all parallel and 8 0 =81 (ft./ft.).

tic ted
C.M.=Abbreviation for corrugated metal.
D=Height of a conduit (ft.).
d=Depth of flow at any section (ft.).
d 0 = Critical depth of flow in a channel (ft.).
T=Top width of the water surface in a channel
(ft.).
V=Mean velocity of flow (f.p.s.).
V.= Mean velocity of flow in a channel when flow

ac p
e.
d,,.=Mean depth=A/T (ft.). is at critical depth (f.p.s.).

pr ce
d,. =Normal depth of flow in a uniform channel for V,. = Mean velocity of flow in· a channel when flow
steady flow (ft.). is at normal depth. Normal depth and nor-
g=Acceleration of gravity=32.2 (ft./sec. 2 ). mal velocity apply only to uniform tlow

or r ac
H 0 =Specific head at minimum energy=d 0 + V 0 2/2g with a free water surface. These conditions
(ft.). will be approached with a steady discharge
n= Manning's roughness coefficient. in a uniform channel of length sufficient to
Q= Rate of discharge (c.f.s.). establish uniform flow (f.p.s.).

ce t o
R=Hydraulic radius=A/WP (ft.).
WP=Wetted perimeter; the length of line of con-
S=Slope of total hea~ line (energy gradient)
tact between the flowing water and the
(ft./ft'.).

an n
S 0 =That particular slope of a given uniform con-
gu cu l conduit, measured on a cross section (ft.).

id rre
y, ct va
duit operating as an open channel at which Z =Elevation of bed of channel above an arbitrary
normal depth equals critical depth for a datum; 'also, the reciprocal of cross slope of
given Q (ft./ft.). a shallow triangular channel (ft.).
lic fle hi
po re Arc
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

2
 Chapter 2.-PRINCIPLES OF FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS
tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
2.1 Design of highway drainage channels. The design
of a highway drain9,gp, channel to carry a given discharge
is accomplished in two parts. The first part of the design
or r ac
involves the computation of a channel section which will
carry the design discharge on the available slope. This
chapter briefly discusses the principles of flow in open
channels and the use of the Manning equation for comput-
ce t o
ing the channel capacity.
The second part of the design is the determination of the
degree of protection required to prevent erosion in the
an n
drainage channel. This can be done by computing the
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
velocity in the channel at the design discharge, using the
Manning equation, and comparing the calculated velocity
with that permissible for the type of channel lining used.
lic fle hi
(Permissible velocities are shown in tables 2 and 3, on
page 101.) A change in the type of channel lining will
po re Arc
require a change in channel size unless both linings have
the same roughness coefficient.
2.2 Types of flow. Flow in open channels is classified
as steady or unsteady. The flow is said to be steady when
the rate of discharge is not varying with time. In this
chapter, the flow will be assumed to be steady at the dis-
charge rate for which the channel is to be designed. Steady
flow i~ further classified as uniform when the channel cross
n, er
section, roughness, and slope are constant; and as non-
uniform or varied when the channel properties vary from
tio g
section to section.
Depth of flow and the mean velocity will be constant for
la lon
steady flow in a uniform channel.
2.3 Uniform flow. With a given depth of flow din a
uniform channel, the mean velocity V may be computed
gu o
by the ·Manning equation:
re n
1.49
V =n R2!33112 ______ - - -- -- - - -- ---- - - -- -~ -
ay
in which:
R=Hydraulic radius=A/WP=area of cross section of
flow divided by wetted perimeter.
M
S =Slope of total head line.
n= Manning roughness coefficient.
The discharge Q is then:
Q=A V _________________________________ (2)
The Manning equation will give a reliable estimate of
velocity only if the discharge, channel cross section,
roughness, and slope are constant over a sufficient distance
to establish uniform flow conditions. Str~ctly speaking,
uniform flow conditions seldom, if ever, occur in nature
because channel sections change from point to point. For
practical purposes in highway engineering, however, the
Manning equation can be applied to most streamflow
problems by making judicious assumptions.
When the requirements for uniform flow are met, the
depth d and the velocity V n are said to be normal and the
slopes of the water surface and the channel are parallel.
For practical purposes, in highway drainage design, minor
undulations in streambed or minor deviations from the
mean (average) cross section can be ignored as long as the
mean (average) slope of the channel can be represented as
a straight line.
The Manning equation can readily be solved either
graphically (using chart 83, appendix C) or mathematically
for the average velocity Vin a given channel if the normal
depth dn is known, because the various factors in the equa-
tion are known or can be determined (the hydraulic radius
can be computed from the normal depth in the given
channel). Discharge Q is then the product of the velocity
V and the area of flow A. More commonly, however, the
depth is the unknown quantity, and without channel charts
the solution requires repeated trials, using special tables
such as those in the Corps of Engineers Hydraulic Tables
and the Bureau of Reclamation Hydraulic and Excavation
Tables.1
The charts in this bulletin provide a direct solution of
the Manning equation for many channels of rectangular,
trapezoidal, and circular (pipe) cross section. A pipe
flowing less than full operates as an open channel.
2.4 Energy of flow. Flowing water contains energy in
two forms, potential and kinetic. The potential energy
at a particular point is represented by the depth of the
water plus the elevation of the channel bottom above a
(1) convenient datum plane. The kinetic energy, in feet, is
represented by the velocity head, V2/2g. In channel-flow
problems it is often desirable to consider the energy con-
tent with respect to the channel bottom. This is called
the specific energy or specific head and is equal to the depth
of water plus the velocity head, d+ V2/2g. At other times
it is desirable to use the total energy content (total head),
which is the specific head plus the elevation of the channel
1 Hydraulic Tables, prepared under the direction of the Corps of Engineers,
War Department, by the Mathematical Tables Project, Federal Works
Agency, Work Projects Administration for the City of New York, 1944.
Published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.
Hydraulic and Ezcavation Tables, Bureau of ReclamatiOI\, Department of
the Interior, 11th edition, 1957. Published by the U.S. Government Printing
Office.
3
 Specific Head
Total (Depth + veiocity Head) Total

--- ~Head
Line

r-- 10
/
Head
Line

- I

tic ted
4
Total
2 Head

ac p
e.
pr ce
Total 2 4 6 8 10
Head Depth- ft.
z z

or r ac
Datum Plane
A. Supercritical 8. Specific Head C. Subcritical

ce t o
Flow Curve Flow

Figure 1.-Definition aketch of apecific head.

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
bottom above a selected datum. For example, total head as abscissa, will result in a specific-head curve such as tha
may be used in applying the energy equation, which states shown in figure IB. The straight, diagonal line is drawn
lic fle hi

that the total head (energy) at one point in a channel through points where depth and specific head are equal.
carrying a flow of water is equal to the total head (energy) The line thus represents the potential energy, and the
po re Arc

at any point downstream plus the energy (head) losses
occurring between the two points. The energy (Bernoulli)
equation is usually written:
V12 V~
·d1+ 2g +Z1=d2+ 2g +z2+h1oss------------(3)
In the equation, cross section 2 (subscript 2) is downstream
from cross section I (subscript I), Z is the elevation of
channel bottom, and h1 0 . . represents loss of head between
cross sections I and 2. A convenient way of showing
n, er
ordinate interval between this line and the specific head
curve is the velocity head for the particular depth. A
change in the discharge Q or in the channel size or shape will
change the position of the curve, but its general shape and
location above and to the left of the diagonal line will
remain the same. Note that the ordinate at any point on
the specific head curve represents the total specific energy,
d+ V2/2g, at that point. The lowest point on the curve
represents flow with the minimum energy content. The
depth at this point is known as critical· depth d 0 , and the

specific head is to plot the water surface and the specific corresponding velocity is the critical velocity V •· With
head lines above a profile of the channel bottom (see fig. I, uniform flow, the channel slope at which critical depth
tio g

sketches A and C) . occurs is known as the critical slope s•.

Points on the left of the low point of the specific head
la lon

Note in figure I that the line obtained J:>y plotting

velocity head above the water surface is the same line as
that obtained by plotting specific head above the channel
bottom. This line represents the total energy, potential
and kinetic, of the flow in the channel and is called the
gu o
curve (fig. IB) are for channel slopes steeper than critical
(supercritical or steep slopes), and indicate relatively
shallow depths and high velocities (fig. IA). Such flow is
called supercritical flow. It is difficult to handle because

"total head line" or "total energy line". violent wave action occurs when either the direetion of
re n

The slope (gradient) of the energy line is a measure of flow or the cross section is changed. Flow of this type is
the friction slope or rate of energy head loss due to friction. common ill steep flumes and mountain streams. In super-
ay

Thetotalneaa loss in length L is equal to SX L. Under critical flow, the depth of flow at any point is influenced by
uniform flow, the energy line is parallel to the water surface a control upstream, usually critical depth. ·
and to the streambed. For flow to occur in a channel, the Points on the right of the low point of the specific head
M

the total head or energy line must slope negatively (down-
ward) in the direction of flow.
2.5 Critical flow. The relative values of the potential
energy (depth) and kinetic energy (velocity head) are
important in the analysis of open-channel flow. Consider,
for example, the relation of the specific head, d+ V2/2g,
and the depth d of a given discharge in a given channel that
can be placed on various slopes. Plotting values of
specific head as ordinates and of the corresponding depth
curve (fig. IB) are for slopes flatter than critical (sub-
critical or mild slopes) and indicate relatively large depths
with low velocities (fig. IC). S.uch flow is called subcritical
flow. It is relatively easy to handle through transitions
because the wave actions are tranquil. Flow of this type is
most common in streams in the plains and broad valley
regions. In subcritical flow, the depth at any point is
influenced by a downstream control, which may be either
critical depth or the water surface elevation in a pond or
larger downstream channel. Figures IA and IC indicate
 the relationship of supercritical and subcritical flows,
respectively, to the specific head curve.
Critical depth d. is the depth of flow at minimum specific
energy content (fig. lB), and it can readily be determined
for the commonly used channel sections. The magnitude
of critical depth depends only on the discharge and the
shape of the channel, and -is independent of the slope or
channel roughness. Thus, in any given size and shape of
channel, there is only one critical depth for a particular
tic ted
discharge. Critical depth is an important value in
hydraulic analyses because it is a control in reaches of
nonuniform flow whenever the flow changes from sub-
critical to supercritical. Typical occurrences of critical
ac p
e.
depth are: (1) Entrance to a restrictive channel, such as a
pr ce
culvert or flume, on a steep slope; (2) at the crest of an
overflow dam or weir; and (3) at the outlet of a culvert or
flume discharging with a free fall or into a relatively wide
or r ac
channel or a pond in which the depth is not enough to sub-
merge critical depth in the culvert or flume.
Critical slope is that channel slope, for a particular
channel and discharge, at which the normal depth for
ce t o
uniform flow will be the same as the critical depth.
Critical slope varies with both the roughness and geometric
shape of the channel and with the discharge.
an n
The open-channel flow charts for rectangular, trape-
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
zoidal, and circular channels presented in this bulletin have
a heavy broken line from which critical depth and critical
velocity may be read directly for different values of Q,
lic fle hi
regardless of channel roughness. Critical slope, however,
varies with roughness and must be determined as provided
po re Arc
in the instructions.
For large circular cross-section pipes, and for pipe-arch
and oval pipe sections, a direct reading can be made on
the part-full flow charts for critical depth, specific head,
and critical slope (for certain values of n). Determination
of critical velocity, however, requires the more involved
procedure described in the instructions for the part-full
flow charts.
2.6 Nonuniform flow. Truly uniform flow rarely exists
n, er
in either natural or man-made channels, because changes
in channel section, slope, or roughness cause the depths and
tio g
average velocities of flow to vary from point to point along
la lon
the channel, and the water surface will not be parallel to
the streambed. Flow that varies in depth and velocity
along the channel is called nonuniform. Although mod-
erate nonuniform flow actually exists in a generally uniform
gu o
channel, it is usually treated as uniform flow in such cases.
Uniform flow characteristics can readily be computed
re n
· and the computed values are usually close enough to the
actual for all practical purposes. The types of nonuniform
ay
flow are innumerable, but certain characteristic types are
described in the following paragraphs. Briefly discussed
are the characteristics of nonuniform flow, both subcritical
M
and supercritical, together with common types of non-
uniform flow encountered in highway drainage design.
With subcritical flow, a change in channel shape, slope,
or roughness affects the flow for a considerable distance
upstream, and thus the flow is said to be under downstream
control. If an obstruction, such as a culvert, causes pond-
ing, the water surface above the obstruction will be a
smooth curve asymptotic to the normal water surface
upstream and to the pool level downstream (see fig. 2).
Another example of downstream control occurs where an
abrupt channel enlargement, as at the end of a culvert
not flowing full, or a break in grade from a mild to a steep
slope, causes a drawdown in the flow profile to critical
depth. The water surface profile upstream from a change
in section or a break in channel slope will be asymptotic to
the normal water surface upstream, but will drop away
from the normal water surface on approaching the channel
change or break in slope. In these two examples, the flow
is nonuniform because of the c_hanging water depth caused
by changes in the channel slope or channel section. Direct
solution of open-channel flow by the. Manning equation or
by the charts in this bulletin is not possible in the vicinity
of the changes in the channel section or channel slope.
With supercritical flow, a change in channel shape, slope,
or roughness cannot be reflected upstream except for very
short distances. However, the change may affect the
depth of flow at downstream points; thus, the flow is said
to be under upstream control. An example is the flow in
a steep chute where the water surface profile draws down
froJ..G. critical depth at the chute entrance and approaches
the lesser normal depth in the chute (see fig. 3).
Most problems in highway drainage do not require the
accurate computation ~f water surface profiles; however,
the designer should know that the depth in a given channel
may be influenced by conditions either upstream or down-
stream, depending on whether the slope is steep (super-
critical) or mild (subcritical). 'fhree typical examples of
nonuniform flow are shown in fig\.ires 2-4 and are discussed
in the following paragraphs. 'The discussion also explains
the use of the total head line in analyzing nonuniform flow.
Figure 2 shows a channel on. a mild slope, discharging
into a pool. The vertical scale is exaggerated to illustrate
the case more clearly. Cros.s section 1 is located at the
end of uniform channel flow in the channel and cross
section 2 is located at the beginning of the pool. The
depth of flow d between section~ 1 and 2 is changing and
the flow is nonuniform. The water surface profile between
the sections is known as a backwater curve and is charac-
teristically very long. The computation of backwater
curves is explained in textbooks and handbooks- on
hydraulics.
Figure 3 shows a channel in which the slope changes
from subcritical to supercritical. The flow profile passes
through critical depth near the break in slope (section 1).
This is true whether the upstream slope is mild, as in the
sketch, or whether the water above section 1 is ponded, as
would be the case if section 1 were the crest of a spillway
of a dam. If, at section 2, the total head were computed,
assuming normal depth on the steep slope, it would plot
(point a on sketch) above the elevation of total head at
Water Sur ;ace
_ / T o t a l Head Lin•
--- Pool Level
2
Figure 2.- Water-surface profile in flow from a
channel to a pool.
5
 Total h•ad comput•d of the drawdown curve is much longer than the curve
/ f o r normal d•plh on from critical depth to normal depth in the steep channel.
~ stnp slope Figure 4 shows a special case for a steep channel dis-
charging into a pool. A hydraulic jump makes a 'dynamic
---~ .transition from the supercritical flow in the steep channel
So <Sc \~ to the subcritical flow in the pool. This situation differs
\_ ' from that shown in figure 2 because the flow approaching
Ac!uol total the pool in figure 4 is supercritical and the total head in
h•ad line
the approach channel is large relative to the pool depth.

tic ted
In general, supercritical flow can be changed to subcritical
flow only by passing through a hydraulic jump. The
violent turpulence in the jump dissipates energy rapidly,
causing a sharp drop in the total head line between the

ac p
Figure 3.- Water-surface profi.le in changing from

e.
subcritical to supercritical channel slope. supercritical and ·subcritical states of flow. A jump will

pr ce
orcur whenever the ratio of the depth d1 in the approach
channel to the depth d2 in the downstream channel reaches
section 1. This is physically impossible, because the total
a specific value. Note in figure 4 that normal depth in

or r ac
head line must slope downward in the direction of flow.
the approach channel persists well beyond the point where
The actual total head line will take the position shown,
the projected pool level would intersect the water surface
and have a slope approximately equal to s. at section 1
of the channel at normal depth. Normal depth can be
and approaching slope So farther downstream. The drop
assumed to exist on the steep slope upstream from section
in the total head line h1 between sections 1 and 2 represents

ce t o
1, which is located about at the toe of the jump. More
the loss in energy due to friction. At section 2 the actual
detailed information on the hydraulic jump may be found
depth d2 is greater than dn because suffipient acceleration
in textbooks on hydraulics.

an n
has not occurred and the assumption of normal depth at
gu cu l
this point would clearly be in error. As section 2 is

id rre
y, ct va
moved downstream, so that total head for normal depth -/Total
head for normal depth
drops below the pool elevation above section 1, the artual
depth quickly approaches the normal depth for the steep
lic fle hi

channel. This type of water surface curve (section 1 to dc ---

Pool
section 2) is characteristically much shorter than the
po re Arc

backwater curve discussed in :the previous paragraph.

Another common type of nonuniform flow is the draw-
down curve to critical depth which occurs upstream from
section 1 (fig. 3) where the water surface passes through 2
critical depth. The depth gradually increases upstream
from critical depth to normal depth provided the channel Figure 4.- Water-surface profi.le illustrating hydrau-
remains uniform t,hrough a sufficient length. The length lic jump.
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

6
 Chapter 3.-RECTANGULAR, TRAPEZOIDAL, AND TRIANGULAR CHANNELS
tic ted
3.1 Description of Charts. Charts 1-29 are designed
for use in the direct solution of the Manning equation for
various-sized open channels of rectangular, trapezoidal,
ac p
e.
and triangular cross section. Each chart (except the
pr ce
triangular cross-section channel chart, No: 29) is prepared
for a channel of given bottom width, and having a par-
ticular value of Manning's n, but auxiliary scales make
or r ac
the charts applicable to other values of n.
The rectangular cross-section channel charts, Nos. 1-14,
are prepared for an n of 0.015 (average value for concrete).
A separate chart is provided for each foot of width from 2
ce t o
feet to 10 feet and for each even foot of width from 10 feet
to 20 feet.
The trapezoidal cross-section channel charts, Nos.
an n
15-28, are prepared for an n of 0.03 and side slopes of 2:1
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
(horizontal to vertical). A separate chart is provided for
each foot of bottom width from 2 feet to 10 feet and for
each even foot of width from 10 feet to 20 feet. Charts for
lic fle hi
other side slopes may be constructed according to the
method explaine=. in appendix B. Charts for grass-lined
po re Arc
channels, where n varies with both depth and type of
grass, are given in chapter 4.
The charts for rectangular and trapezoidal cross-section
channels are similar in design and method of use. The
abscissa scale is discharge, in cubic feet per second (c.f.s.)
and the ordinate scale is velocity, in feet per second (f.p.s.).
Both scales are logarithmic. Superimposed on the loga-
rithmic grid are steeply inclined lines representing depth
(in feet), and slightly inclined liues representing channel
n, er
slope (in feet per foot). A heavy dashed line on each chart
shows the position of critical flow. Auxiliary abscissa and
ordinate scales are provided for use with values of n other
tio g
than those values used in preparing the chart.
la lon
In these charts, and subsequent ones similarly designed,
interpolations may be made with confidence, not only on
the ordinate and abscissa scales, but between the inclined
lines representing depth and slope.
gu o
The triangular cross-section channel chart, No. 29, is
prepared in nomograph form. It may be used for street
re n
sections with a vertical (or nearly vertical) curb face.
(The curbed street section is a triangular section with
ay
one leg vertical.) The equation given on the chart ignores
the resistance of the curb face, but this resistance is
M
negligible from a practical viewpoint, provided the width
of flow is at least 10 times the depth of the curb face;
that is, if Z>lO. The equation gives a discharge about
19 percent greater than will be obtained by the common
procedure of computing discharge from the hydraulic
radius of the entire section. The latter procedure is not
recommended for shallow flow with continuously varying
depth. The nomograph may also be used for shallow
V-shaped sections by following the instructions on the
chart.
3.2 General instructions for use of charts 1-28.
Charts 1-28 provide a solution of the Manning equation
for flow in open channels of uniform slope, cross section,
and roughness, provided the flow is not affected by back-
water and the channel has a length sufficient to establish
uniform flow. The charts provide accuracy sufficient for
the design of highway drainage channels of fairly uniform
cross section and slope. Rounding of the intersection of
the side slopes with the bottom of the channel does not
appreciably affect the channel capacity.
The charts may also be used to obtain rough approxima-
tions for depths and velocities in natural channels of
nearly the nominal cross section. For such channels, a
straight line drawn through irregularities in the bed profile
may be used to define the slope. The rectangular cross-
section charts can be used for closed rectangular conduits
flowing full, by following the procedure described in
section 3.2-3. ·
The use of charts 1-28 is described, with examples, in
the following subsections. Instructions and example for
chart 29 are given on the chart itself.
3.2-1 Use of charts 1-28 with basic chart-design value
of n. For a given slope and cross section of channel,
when n is 0.015 for rectangular channels or 0.03 for trape-
zoidal channels, the depth and velocity of uniform flow
may be read directly from the chart for that size channel.
The initial step is to locate the intersection of a vertical
line through the discharge (abscissa) and the appropriate
slope line. At this intersection, the depth of flow is read
from the depth lines; and the mean velocity is read on the
ordinate scale opposite the point of intersection (see
examples 1 and 2). The procedure is reversed to determine
the discharge at a given depth of flow (see example 3).
Critical depth, slope, and velocity for a given discharge
can be read on the appropriate line or scale (velocity) at
the intersection of the critical curve and a vertical line
through the discharge.
Example 1
Given: A rectangular concrete channel 5 ft. wide, with
n=0.015, on a 1-percent slope (S=0.01), discharging 200
c.f.s. Find: Depth, velocity, and type of flow.
1. Select the rectangular chart for a 5-ft. width, chart 4.
2. From 200 c.f.s. on the Q scale, move vertically to
intersect the slope line S=O.Ol, and from the depth lines
read dn=3.2 ft.
3. Move horizontally from the same intersection and
read the normal velocity, V = 12.5 f.p.s., on the ordinate
scale.
4. The intersection_ lies above the critical curve, and the
flow is therefore in the supercritical range.
'Z
 Example Z
Given: A trapezoidal cljannel with 2:1 side slopes and a
4-ft. bottom width, with n=0.030, on a 2-percent slope
(8=0.02), discharging 150 c.f.s. Find: Depth, velocity,
and type of flow.
1. Select the trapezoidal chart for b=4 ft., chart 17.
2. From 150 c.f.s. on tQe Q scale, move vertically to
intersect the slope line 8=0.02, and from the depth lines
tic ted
read d,.=2.1 ft.
3. Move horizontally from the same intersection and
read the normal velocity, ·V=8.4 f.p.s., on the ordinate
scale.
ac p
4. The intersection lies );l.bove the critical curve, and
e.
pr ce
the flow is therefore in the supercritical range.
Example a
or r ac
Given: A trapezoidal channel with 2:1 side slopes, a 6-ft.
bottom width, and a deptP. of 4.0 ft., with n=0.030, on a
0.5-percent slope (8=0.005). Find: Discharge, velocity,
and type of flow.
ce t o
1. Select the trapezoidal chart for b= 6 ft., chart 19.
2. Locate the intersection of ·the 4-ft. depth line and
the slope line 8=0.005 and, moving vertically to the
an n
gu cu l
abscissa scale, read the corresponding discharge, Q=350.
id rre
y, ct va
c.f.s.
3. Move horizontally from the intersection and read
the normal velocity, V=6.1 f.p.s., on the ordinate scale.
lic fle hi
4. The intersection lies below the critical curve, and
the flow is therefore in thef subcritical range.
po re Arc
3:2-2 Use of charts 1-i!S with other than basic chart-
design value of n. Auxi!i(l.ry scales, labeled Qn (abscissa)
and Vn (ordinate), are provided on charts 1-28 so that
the charts may be used for values of n ot.hn than those for
which the charts were basically prepared. To use the
auxiliary scales, multiply the discharge by the value of
n and use the Qn and Vn_ scales instead of the Q and V
scales, except for computation of critical depth or critical
n, er
velocity (see step 5 of example 4). To obtain normal
velocity V from a value on the Vn scale, divide the value
tio g
by n (see example 4).
la lon
Example 4
Given: A rectangular ceinent rubble masonry channel
5 ft. wide, with n·=0.025, on a 1.5-percent slope (8=0.015),
gu o
discharging 200 c.f.s. Find: Depth, velocity, and type of
ftow. ' width, chart 5.
re n
1. Select the rectangular chart for a 5-ft. width, chart 4.
2. Multiply Q by n to obtain Qn: 200X0.025=5.00.
ay
3. From .5.00 on the Qn scale, move vertically to inter-
sect the slope line, 8=0.015; .and at the intersection read
d,.=4.1 ft.
M
4. Move horizontally from the intersection and read
Vn=0.24 on the Vn scale. The normal velocity
V= Vn/n=0.24+0.025=9.6 f.p.s.
5. Critical depth and critical velocity are independent of
the value of n and their values can be read at· the inter-
section of the critical curve with a vertical line through
the discharge. For 200 c.f.s., on chart 4; de=3.7 ft. and
Ye= 10.8 f.p.s. The normal velocity, 9.6 f.p.s. (from step
4), is less than the critical velocity, and the flow is therefore
subcritical. It will also be noted that the normal depth,
8
4.1 ft., is greater than the critical depth, 3. 7 ft., which is
also an indication of subcritical flow.
6. To determine the critical slope for Q=200 c.f.s. and
n=0.025, start at the intersection of the critical curve and
a vertical line through the discharge, Q=200 c.f.s.,
finding de (3. 7 ft.) at this point. Follow along this de line
to its intersection with a vertical line through Qn=5.00
(step 2), and at this intersection read the slope value 8e=
0.019.
3.2-3 Closed rectangular conduits flowing full. Charts
1-14 may be used to compute the friction slope 8 1 of
rectangular conduits flowing full, provided the discharge is
adjusted to allow for the increased resistance caused by
friction against the top of the box (conduit). This adjust-
ment is made by multiplying Q (or Qn) by a factor equal
to the two-thirds power of- the ratio of (1) the hydraulic
radius of an open channel of depth equal to D, the height
of the box, to (2) the hydraulic radius of the box, flow:ing
full. This may be reduced to the expression:
2B+2n)21a
factor for Q= ( B+ D
2
where B=span or width of box and D=height of box.
To facilitate making the adjustment of Q, the factors
shown in table 4 (see p. 101) have been computed for use
(intermediate values may be interpolated).
Having determined the factor for Q, enter the channel
chart having the proper bottom width with the adjusted
Q, equal to the design Q (or Qn) multiplied by the proper
factor, and read the friction slope 8 1 at the point where the
vertical lirie through the adjusted Q (or Qn) intersects the
depth line which equals the height of the box (see example
5).
The slope of the pressure line (which equals 8 1 ) for a
conduit flowing full is independent of the slope of the con-
duit. The mean velocity in the conduit may be computed
from the formula V=Q/A or it may be r_ead directly from
the chart opposite the point where a vertical line through
the design Q intersects the depth line which equals the
height of the conduit.
Example 5
Given: A rectangular concrete box conduit 6 ft. wide by
i ft. high, with n=0.015, on a slope 8=0.0010, discharging
1_50 c.f.s. Find: Whether the box flows full or part full
and, if full, the slope of the energy line (friction slope 81).
1. Select the rectangular cross-section chart for 6-ft.
2. At the intersection of Q= 150 c.f.s. and 8=0.0010,
read d,.=5.2 ft. This depth, required for normal flow,
exceeds the available depth of 4.0 ft.; thus the conduit
must flow.full at a discharge·of 150 c.f.s.
3. The D/B ratio=4/6,,,;,0.667. From table 4, the
corresponding factor is 1.27.
4. The adjusted Q=l.27X150=190 c.f.s.
5. On chart 5 (B=6 ft.), at the intersection of a vertical
line through Q.d;,= 190 c.f.s. and the depth'line for D=:'4.0
ft., read the friction slope 8 1 =0.0031. The slope of the
energy line is steeper than the bed slope, 0.0010.
6. The mean velocity, 6.2 c.f.s., can be read on chart 5,
moving across from the intersection of Q= 150 c.f.s. and
D=4.0ft.; or it may be calculated as V=150+(6X4)=6.2
c.f.s.
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
.80
50
.7()
.r;o 40

or r ac
.50
!JO
.40

ce t o
.:JO 20

IS

an n
.20

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.15 10
9 - r - - -- -

lic fle hi
8
./0 7

po re Arc
.O'I G
.08
.07
s CRITICAL
--t---t--+-+---'---+
------- CURVE
.o, 4
.05
3
.04

~ .03 2
n, er

::tj
~~ 1.5
tio g

~:b':
.02
la lon

..... ~ .015

t>-~
gu o

.()/

~~ c eo 100
re n

II.I ).. 3 4 5 7 8 10 '(J 30 40 50 ~o 00

.... ....'Cit DISCHARGE - Q- CFS
~~ (;J g,
ay

Cl) ,., ....004- .~ .OU .01 .02. .tJ(; .08 ,/() .2 .5 t4- .5 .Ii. .7.4 /.0 z
:"i ....... ~ ~ On SCALE
M
 tic ted
.90 GOl---l--l---+-~-----1-~---+-~1--~~f---+--___,~~+-+-~1--~-+-~-+---+--+-+-+~+---1----1----1-+--+-~~------J.~-'---­

.80

ac p
.70 50

e.
pr ce
.GO 40l---l--4---l---~-+~-l-~l---4--+-------"~-+---+--+-+-l--l-~~-+-~i---+-~

.50

or r ac
.40

ce t o
.J!O

an n
gu cu l
.15 !0~-++-~-+~-+--1!----:~f<:::l~"f--:::f'--t...t:=;~o::;..t:;..~~r-=::7f-~~~o..-+~f-rl~

id rre
y, ct va
91----+-l--l--~---t-~----t------d~t-~~~~~~~,,K:.~~:.____,~o::i:--,.~~4---7'f~~
8~___..jh+.-l-~-----.l~---l--,.;~+....j;i<:."'""";4,.-.q..""i6~
;
71--+--+-+----+-- -l~~rl""~~.,g..~

lic fle hi
.10
.o'I ~---i---+-t--~---l-___;,:~~~i=::;..i~~+:,.L~~J..4:::+-./=---::;:;b,..-.-.:;~::.t'~~~"'7"'1'~'.
.()8

po re Arc
51------+-+-+-~~~'9--~~¥--:±-t~.+<:::·-,l<'.-:~'b.~ CR! ICAL
.07
- - - - - - CURVE
.oc. 41---1---+-+.,,~--,,.!o~~""71i,...<:+--1b-1~""'

.05
n, er

n=.01s
tio g

1.oh--.f::::.b~~:..-fO::::....~::::_,.jr--,~j:Z.j-6--..+<::'~4-:.t':;;;I~
la lon

~~..+s~=-:,..-F,,£--~'""'f-:6t-7'f74·-'--zb-:>'f""¥--,f£-+-t-~--1~-+~t--t--t-t--t---+-+-t-+-t~~-t--~+---'--+--t--+----f

10 20 30 40 so c;o 'Q /(){} 2()() !JOO 4()0

DISCHARGE - Q - CFS
.c
gu o

.02 .04 .OC .Otf .10 .2 .3 ;ti. .5 .7 .8 1.0 2 4 5C78 10

Qn SCALE
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
/.() 701-----+--+---+--+--+---+----+--+-+--+--1---+---+--+----+--+--+-+--+-+-!-+-+----i---+-+--+---+--+---+-
.vc ~Ol----+~+--+--+-+----+--~--+-+--+---Jc-----+---+---+---+--+--+-+--+-+-l-+-+------1---+-+--l--<-~

or r ac
.so 501~--+-1--t----i--+-t--~~i----+-+-t----+--+--+--+---+-+--+--+--+-+--"- FEE 1
.70
,(#()
o# "i
401----+-+-+-+-11---+--+--+-+-+--+-------11---+-t--+-+----+----:01tf
o~
oF
A. o~ -----;,S,,.r.,-=--+---b+"""O+-=:J.G.-1~4-----'.,...._,.--!:::.
.50
i-----+-+--+--+---<1---+-·-+--+-+--1---l-------11----+-1--~oEP ~
1'40~ r.4 "~ ",) ()· ..,,,...."'-¥-+="""1"--c£-"""1--+-~"9-7~"'¥--b'-~

ce t o
30
:40
o·.:oJ...--JC-~-=f~~+,~oe:::::..,;i...."9:....i::.~~~~== ~-+--+--f-+----1

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.20

lic fle hi
.15 10 t---+-+-+-+-h-4::~::+"""':;..+~~~;....::::i-::,,,..-f'~:61-4~i..::;;.i:i-~~~

po re Arc
q1----+-+---t-..-¥'::J;..-""'t--::>t-~'4-::;-r"'!:ir'""'7-"9i::;;;""'""''t-7":;;...t"7i:~=t---,i:.-19'±-~ ·T=~"F--
8t-----+-+-.,,..."f-t,....--g...-.<t~;.+<''3:.o'!~~=+:,,...-;"f-::::...-f'<--t7Sl-...-<F~~ ·~-t'"'3~"'7'=:~

.10 71-----i-+..";;7-"'3---~~""'"E,.-f":P"f'if--Z;,....=~~--t::;;o-f~.-+:-:

.O'I Gf-----+--"S>~::lo--";..-<'f.7-~,....t"~~~~----=-A""'::::oo-'F--::::
.08 CR/ /CAL
51--~"'"'"'"l:>-'"'l--:;~~~'-c:*"""+~~,,.......,~ ----i--+-~ ------- CURVE
.07
I
n, er
tio g

0
:I:
la lon

)>
n=.OIS ::u
-I
gu o
re n

'1()0 g;o 800 1000

ay

.03 .04 .Ori .08 .10 .2 .3 .4 .5 ~ .7 .8 /.0 z 3 4 :5 G 7 8 10 20

Qn SCALE
M

....
....
 tic ted
80
7()
/.0

~ FEE1 ,~
.'10 (;()

ac p
.8()

e.
50 F'-o'll o'!i - -h...w+--~~::i--r~~;z;.,£-+---+---+----1

pr ce
.70
.ClJ 40 -.l-...j.._l--Q~---t~~---="'""'¥-:~it=.-,1£.~_,,.~=t£:i~

or r ac
.50
!JO
.40

.3o zo

ce t o
15
.20

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.IS 10
9
8

lic fle hi
,JO 7
.()'I c

po re Arc
.oa
5
.07 001
.()(; 4- ~...:t:~gL--d.-::JZ-,J..,..,~:..-JL~,,,..,i.~~l!...-.0008_-+--+__,~-+-+---+--+--+--t--+---+----:--__,...--i

~ .OS
3
'-l-:.oi-t~~-t..~=!-:.-t;~-:J,~.,.-:.±.'~gz.,,/(.,.bl-OOOG+--+---+--1---+---+-+---+-+-+-+-+---+--+----+---l
~~.rc~~y,..~~~-b.o~~""'f'.'.71..,,,,.._~1'...-k<'~·ooo5
~ .<>+
.0004 -+..--+--+----i----i--+-+--1
......_5
~~
i-=,,,....,-i~~-J..-4'....._...,,,--J~~""b......==;~_..~bo""+:.f.1....,..=:;z,...4.LL ooo'IJ. 1

~~
0
.OS 2 1£,,.~6.--4---b....ot=:::.lo'-~,_,~.qz::,.......~-_,;~iz:.-,j.LJIL.,.l~-t:ooot-+-t-----+--1--t--+-+--1--+-~ :c
J>
j
t"~ .0;015
n, er

21
l5
n= .015 ....
~l?l
.oOOI
.02 .00008
tio g
la lon

··~ "'...,
.015 /.()
),. 9 4 5 ,. 7 8 /() ~o 40 50 (i(} ao /(J() 20() ~oo 4()()
~;t:·
~ !::: Cl) DISCHARGE - Q - CFS
~ ~Q.
""1~ <ii ._,14.. .0 .~ .OB ./() .2 .3 II- .5 .c .7 .8 1.0 2 3 4 5<078 10 20 !JO 40
gu o

=--t't ~ ~ On SCALE
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
/.5 100
90
80

or r ac
/.0 70
.90 GO
.80
5()
.70

ce t o
.GO 40
.60
!JO

an n
·'"

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.!J() 2()

lic fle hi
15
.frJ

po re Arc
./~ /()
9 +-t-+-~~~-CRlnCAL
8 ------- CURVE
.10
.09
.08
.()

~
.0<; 4
n, er

.()5
::0
;:!~
tio g

.04

Rli
la lon

n = .015
r--~
.03

~~ .ot
gu o

·~ "'....
re n

)...
O)~ .....
~ ~~
ay

"t-t~ Cl) C) ... .o, .OIJ .10 -~ .!l A .5 .r; .7 .8 1.0 ~ -' 4 S<;78 10 !JO 40 50
~
="""'t ~ :ii;; On SCALE
M
.....
·II>-

tic ted
/.5 /(JO
~
80

ac p
/.0 70

e.
.90 c:;o

pr ce
.80
50
.70
.co

or r ac
.so ""
3()
.40

ce t o
.30 eo

an n
15

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.20

.15 /(}

lic fle hi
9
a

po re Arc
.10 7
.O'I c:;
,04
5
.07 ooo,.
~ .Ot; 4 ,,,..."'-b.-...,,,..-A~~~!-,.'+.,,,.i=:+~~L_..,.....~~.ooo5'-+---1--·-+--4--1--+-l-4-~
~::::::,..~-,,f......e;~~+A~~..;<!'.::i,..,;;.i..,..ll(i<;r;,........~'-'<-t'·""~"-4+--T---1~-+--+--+--+-+-+----i.--7•
~ .05
~~
.oo""
.3
.04
~~ n =.015
~~
n, er

.()!J 2

C)J5
tio g

.. ~ .02
la lon

(; 'O /00
"'J~ "'~
.... ),,,.
....uCI) DISCHARGE - fJ - CFS
....,~ (i) ell
,.., "- .10 .2 ·' .4 .5 .G .7 .8 /./) 2 3 4 5C'?810
gu o

~'t ~ ~ Qn SCALE
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
/.5 1001----+....,--+---+--lf--l--+-+--+-+-+-+-+---+----+-+--+-+-+---+-+--+-+-+--1f----+--+-.....+:
~ . ·4.---9'+7"'---j.".--A--,,,

or r ac
.901----+--------lc---+---+---+---+-+-+-1-+--1-j1---+--+-+-+--11--1-__,~F~EEf

/.0
~ ,~--
.90 (i(] ftt Of ·.-,~~+-+--i:S-1""1:+--::~~~~;..,+-,.t,~,.,....=:-<=-+-++-H
.80
I.. DE P o'P t---..t7-"''f-,,f;;...f""S~..if=T--rl.,,-.~""""""'T"tr-t:-

ce t o
5o
.7()
.t;O 4() I----+--+--+-~· +---+-+--+--+--+--+- f1I O~ r.t ~ ofl-::·.,...,."---hbl-'""F--::..,....==--+~'4-::lao<'lf..g:~.+9's....lf-9q,.t.~

an n
.5()

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.4()

lic fle hi
po re Arc
l!i - - - - + -
.zo
.15 101-----,..i.,t;..."'f,,....,S;....g~~..::::,.+::,.-e~F-1--b_,.~'1'7:.=--J""".
91------="l"'T::7"".!:7t"Z71'~r-""i,-:;;F~±-,Jl'f'--Je,-t-"9::=*::1~~ ::.-"'¥---6-.-P::+.-~.....,.,b. -1--+----+--+--+--+-CRITICA
8f----:;;;7';7'1"'7-"!>'!:;;o,,,,,.~-=t~..::;_i?-~.l--"~1"1S:~~'r--:.......:oci,i--~~--=.'¥--~ - - - - - - - - - CURVE
7~~~~~~..-i~T17-t'=;.~'.7-'~~~~iq-,~.£.,..,.'""'f--T+=4-~~
./0
.09 Cl-""'------,..-'1"-=f'f---::J.""i!l.....-:i_,,..-s,.~::r""'16--1"'97!--~'"'9~~=-,"l--;>"l::i.:!l-7~
.08
5
n, er

--a·
tio g

-+-+-___..,~-t-t-t-+-+----+---1
0
la lon

:c
l>
n = .015 ::D
-I
gu o

..,
.02
re n

~~ )... 10 80 /0() 200 41)()

..J
'q
.... DISCHARGE - Q - CFS

~~
~~
ay

~ ~e: .e .3 ti- .5 /; 7.8 /.() 2 3 4 6 G 7 8 10 20 fJ() 40 50 ~ 8D /()()

~
:""-i't ~ :s: On SCALE
M
 2.0

tic ted
I.!; /()()
90

ac p
80

e.
70

pr ce
/.0
.90 co
.80
50

or r ac
.70
.(;() 40
M
iJO +-lb6>~~~~""f7~-'t~=-:P.~~~-1?'1~_,!-~~~~02-+------+----4 +-+--t--+-~---1
~~---+-+-+-+-+--+--+:>"£.,..-Fjf'-.s.~~f-:~~~,j..-o;;;s;,...~~,4...~~~~"'7-~...,~·01.iJ~....__-_,_-1-_,__........ ,___~

ce t o
.40
.01 l,,_oO
.30 2d +--+--¥-·~~b-1'~~~~......;;;...o~+:=;..~Y....~~~:q.,bi.'"'F'~~~o"k"=:.;oo~ ~+--t---+--+---+-+-+-+-~----1

an n
.oo~ ~tf.

gu cu l
.oo5t~ '"---1----1--1---1------+--1---1--J.

id rre
y, ct va
15 +------l
.20 .oo4 t
r ~......,.-,.- .oo!J J , t~ CBITl'CAL

lic fle hi
.15 ~..-=:~~o!::F.'<:..¥-¥-l--_002 -~~ ----1--+- - - - - - - - CURV.E
+-!~¥-,A---c~~+:-,.4=o0~.o~i5

po re Arc
t;'lvo-1---f---t-+-+-+---+--+--+-+-+-+----1
.It) .ool
.ov ~~~~~s,.,..+=;i:=+.-Lb"""'~S!--~.00081-+-+-~----+---+----l~+--+-t---l--+---+---+-l-+---I

~ ~~~~7:f,.."'f".~.-:;z..-r-S:.'-~~~=-v~~·ooo~.--1--+-1-~--+--+-~
.08
.()7 .0005
=ti .OfO ·~~~'.:--,J,-'""'~~:i---,~~;.i-,<~;...fo"Si'"k~~~~~·o~o~o4.:.+-+-!-l-+--+---l---l--g•__,...-t--t-t-i-t-iF==--""'4
~~ .05
~l:i n = .015
"~
.04 .
n, er

~~ .o
tio g

...
~~ ..,~
la lon

),.,
~ Ii
....
\)Cl)
DISCHARGE - Q - CFS
...,~ Cl) () Q.
....... .!J II .5 .c .7 .8 /.0 2 3 45t;78/0 20 !JO 40 50 fOO 4o /00
=--i't ~ ~
gu o

Qn IJCALE
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
1.5 /()()

or r ac
90
80 f EEf......__
/.O
.90
70
(;()
of f' 1..0'\'" -----=-~>"--+.~~~q;,£..__.oF....,.+,,.............
oEpftf I \l>

ce t o
.80
!JO i-----4--.f.--+-f-+-+-+-f-+--+-+-----+-R~AI.. ~
.70
.r;o 40 1----1--------+----+---+-+----+-----+----+-+----+---<---NO~--- ~~~~Ck~:;lZe~~~O:::Z:.A;;4='.:~

an n
.50.

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
30
. . 40
.Of Q'\

lic fle hi
.!JO 20 l--l-+---1--+-;f!,.-4:.._,jK~+b-:64~5¥-'Sl-""'7.~9~.l""='t*'°"fi--¥-:;;;t.'-?'~~'--. oos ~0 ---j'---1-----j<----+-+-+---1
, ... - .ot:J(; I~~ .

po re Arc
15 1----+-~.!='b-f~;l--":P-"1-:71'"51'-'&-~~=------:7""'"'-b~---b::P7"'9':;-,,1"'""tz9--«;;; ~:.;:...--=;ic=-.0:5---+'\ ~ -1---+--+--+--+C.--+->JT.+-'/-+--AL--1
.20
.OO!J I~~~ --------CURVE
.15 10
9
~b""'*'=71£-4+:1:::;11:..- .ooe
/-:l--1ii<-+-r-.1-b..,..,,v-+-++.0015ro~ _,_._..__.____.. . . _.___. . . . _.__._. . _. . . .___,
~ '--1---~_.__..__......_-1--......_-1--1--+---.i

~F->~6-'F-7"1=-.l""''l7"---7f-+l::~-r.OOI ~V
8
7
./0
.O? (; .oo""
s· .08
(JOOG
-¥......-.:f'----+A-'4--:.1'--"=7----£--~~"----,l~~~.,i;.....-.0005-1-1----l--..l-I
~
5
n, er

.07 .0004
.or; 4 -1--1-+--1--~+--+--+---I0'____..,1-t-+--+--+--i---11-~-1
~~
tio g

.05 0
~li: ,,.;a
::c
la lon

"~
.04 n=.01s
....
~1:5 .05 co
gu o

II
~~ ..,.....
re n

KJO()
)...
~- .... Ct) DISCHARGE - Q- CFS
...,~ ·~ ~
ay

C)~
Ct)
~ .... .3 t4 .5 r; .7·.a /.0 2 .3 45<:;7810 20 30 " ' .50 Cf) 80 /(}()
="'1 """t ~ ~ Qn SCALE
M
....
ao

tic ted
/5C
2.0

/.5 kl()

ac p
90

e.
80

pr ce
/.0
70
.90 GO

or r ac
.eo 50
.70
.GO 40
.50

ce t o
30
.40
l--+-+-l---+--+-++.~~=--~~i----::~;..i.-""'b.-1":~~F-:i.,....-t=:gt::~~~;,..,~~F--:l':=~~o1--+""T"l"--1"--t--t------+----+-----1
.oo"I o""-

an n
.30 20 1--+--+--1---:,...i:..+~--F±.o'l'o:.__~"h--~~#7+""1:!H"''--A-::7'"Fc!P-+4"4-~..-,.f~~~~:k--. ooli> - io --+-+--+---1----1---+---1

gu cu l
f.

id rre
y, ct va
............ .0051

15 :-~~r--+-:--:.ot ~~-1---+--i-+-+-+-----4-·-+----1
.20 .0031 i'(
~v CRITICAL

lic fle hi
.ooZ i" -------- CURVE
.15 /Of,..-<'f::..~~~....+"::...Y~f6--""'7"'-:::~~f=-::..+=:~ ~l--""r---t"--~"""'=-r--7'!:=0()/5....t~',--t---1-+--+--+-+-1-+---+---1-------l

po re Arc
~ :P!-4'-;,L--~...,.,'!7'91:6'.....,.=;,£--j--+-o~ -+--+---+----+--+--+-+--+-1----+----+----1
8 c,v
1--+-+-l---+--+---l--+-+-+--+-
7 fL--:7"'~rc::...-,.is.r""'f::;;r"F'::l7'15+-.0::

G p..j''f--::~17"'~ro~·

~ f.;-'F::.~~
--12'
(")
:c
J>
::u
n, er

-I
tio g

0
la lon

),. 2()() !100 400 r;;tJO 800 l()()O eooo !1000 4tkJO l!tJ()()(J

"".....~ .... (/) DISCHARGE - Q - CFS

i3 Cl.
c:)
(/) ,.,,~ # .5 .G .7 .8 1.0 ?. 3 4 5 c;; 7 8 10 20 30 40 .5() ~() 80 ltM eoo 3()()
gu o

~ ~ Qn SCALE
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
1.5 NJOt---+---+--+--+-+-+---+--+--+---+--+-+--f--+-+--1--+-+-~
90t---+---+---+--+-+-+---+--+---+---+--+--+--f--+-+--l---l-
80 --t--+--+--+----l--+---+--r--+---+---+----+---+--+--<
-+-~--+-~-+---+-__,_--+-_ _ 0R~~~...-+-+-~----A--.~9f------k~---,;..~----A-~-'f--.'l.-.f""i'F'---->"-~~

ce t o
m>-------+--+--+-...........
1.0
.91:1 N ·1P1-+-~P"---+::.o'"""'-1=--,._-+-,._.."'F7'::>rl'=--i~_...,""='~"""""~;:;_:;_-1---+-1---i1--1
.80

an n
.70

gu cu l
.co

id rre
y, ct va
401---l---+--+--+-+-+---+---'----+--+--Tt::....-F7--'""""''"'"""ol"""!,,-£f-~~-=+~~--F--b-.-'F-,4"".i--9'"-f--~--A-="""~

.50

lic fle hi
.40

.20

.1!5
po re Arc
/()tv"''::l>-;~,.f'~~-P.~"t>-..e=::.+?"''-:l::>...'5-=E;,.,::::o·::,..,""F--r-~""'Fr--,~.....,,,.~-!--+--
CRITICAL
--------- CURVE

9~:al""=:+:~~+-7'~......::~~::r--:;~~ :..-.t=---:¥-::-""'"F-Tt::.;..-F'------T'-----:l~==-
81-7'"""""--b...-F----t-:..!'4:71""'----:;;""5""""'~ :..-T-.+-::...,.~-~'91--1-*-!:~""'7''--tt~
7!-=-'"'f-7P-""&J>"F-i~7-"'7.
---+--il-+---+--t-1~ 14'
n, er

Cb-"":-.11'""'----t..~"'='

5
tio g

(')
___,._,_ n = . 015 ---+----+---+__, ::c
la lon

J>
;u
-4
gu o

(;()() 80tJ
re n

If)()() 2()()() 3«)0 4000

DISCHARGE - Q - CFS
ay

1.0 4 5 c 78 10 2J'J !JO 40 50 fOO 80 JOO 200 !JOO 4tJO 5()()

Qn SCALE
M
 tic ted
/:
2.0

ac p
e.
/.5 /I},

pr ce
'10
8tJ
7()

or r ac
/.0
.90 ao
.IJO
50
.70

·"" 4a

ce t o
.50

.40 "'

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
.30

lic fle hi
.~() CRITICAL
- - - - - - - - CURVE

po re Arc
I
.15

~ ./()
...----r-----+-+---+---+--l-+--H-l 6
1

~ ·""
.06
~~ .07
~~ .Ot; ~+--+--+--+--+---+----+--1--1-+-1n=.Ol5~+---+--+--+-~

"~
n, er

.05
!J
~,.....
.04
tio g

•
la lon

.os z
~~
O)lli: ~
)..
~
00 /{)OD 21)()()
DISCHARGE - Q- CFS
!JO 000

...,~
~ (')C-,
()Q.
Cl)
/.0 2 B 4 5G78JO 20 !JO 40 50 <;o 40 200 !JOO 4()() 800
~It.
/()d f;(}()
gu o

=""I ""i ~ ~ Qn SCALE

re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
g.o 200

or r ac
150
2.0

/.5 100

ce t o
90
Bo
/.0 7tJ

an n
.90 (;/)

gu cu l
.8/)

id rre
y, ct va
.~
.70
.r.oo 4o

lic fle hi
.50
30

po re Arc
.40

.:10 20
CRITICAL
---------- CURVE
I~

.20

.15 /()

~ 9
n, er

8
~ 7 ---18'--
~~
.10
tio g

.0'1
~:ti .08 "5 (')
:z:
la lon

)>

~~ n = .015
.07
:u
.oc; 4 -4

~~ .05

.. 3 (Jll
gu o

.04

"'~
re n

).. 8IJ 800 /()()() 2()()() !JOO(} G(}()() /j()()() A:llt.t1 20()(}() 4tJ()(JO i:;oooo
lu
....,
Q):b: ~Cl) DISCHARGE - Q - CFS
~ UQ.
ay

...,~ Cl) t)i...

2 3 4 5 a 7 a IO f!O !JO 40 !f() (;/) 80 100 200 ,g()() 4()() (600 4()() /(}()()
~
:""i'tl ~ ::i;: Qn SCALE
M

~
......
 tic ted
30 2001-----+---+--+---+---+--+----+-·--+--+--+---+-+-----+---+- -+----+---+--+--I--+-+--<--+-+----+

BOl---~--+~---+--+-+--+---+--+--+--+-+---1---+---+--+----+---+--+--+--+-~

ac p
z.o

e.
pr ce
1.5

or r ac
1.0
.9l'
.80

ce t o
.70
.co Ml--~-+--+-l--+-+--i---Y'b,...q.---1:.,,,..,,_-P.-F--..::..-""'!:7""'~~!1<--"'":b<'"'F---1--?l--+-A.1-4::.+.4=~=--.,L--+--i---+--+-+--+---<---<-+-+-1

.50

an n
gu cu l
.40

id rre
y, ct va
CRITICAL

lic fle hi
----------- CURVE

po re Arc
.20
001
.15 10 -,i<--+:::""""~~.-=--+----zP....."f">Z-+=,..__ .oboe
9 r-t~""""'::..e,..,..::_-?"f=""'""9":Z,,......,.;'f------¥::±..ooo~--+--+--+-+-
8 -----.~9cz~9-+n:.--"'i"==""'"'=-,7'T:;;;.-\l-==-b6o...... 0005-+--+--+--'>-+----+-
~,'9-...o:;,~~Fr't=.i-..o:t6"-"'Frt-=l-'""tt$1-F7~-?"f:::.;.-Fr::i:=.''l-'1·0004 !
7 ..... ·-+---+--+-+-+--
c oooa
0
5F-----,,...-P~"'il"'--==,_..,::p..."f'--:ilS<--",,,_.-=.!'"'-"'""¥--t:;..~7--+o"-=:;,j<.--I ::c
J:>
:II
n, er

-I
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M
 1.:1 Z • q /:Z
l~ttHO 13NNttH~
b. i:. ~ C::. ~ :... ~ ·~~ i\\
u.
\,,
c.
~ \)I
a ~ ~ ~ vn SCALE
" ~ Ci> -cl
I I I I
"' I I
C>

I
ui VELOCITY
... ~ c-. -QcS \l; ~
"'"' () F. P. s.

tic ted
\II
" §>

ac p
e.
pr ce
~
o.or;
·O.OG

or r ac
().08 O.Ot!J

Ill
0.10
0.10
0./2 .. 0.12

ce t o
0.15
0.15
""
"

an n
o.zo gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
o.Z5
0.30
lic fle hi

0.35
0.40
po re Arc

0.45
0.50
(}SO
o.10
o.ao
o.9o
1.00
t.ZO

/.50 ~~
n, er

1.80 B"
t..oo
~~
tio g

•t
la lon

~~
~00

4.00
•
gu o

5.00
re n

~.00
~
ay

'T.00
a.oo
'/.00
~
M

10.0
IZ.O
~
/5.0 '§
18.0
~ SI UIVHO
Z/.O
~
.I I
c
~ "" ....
C>
~
"'
 tz

:J..:I £ q /:Z 16

.LHttH:J 13NNtfH:J
VnSCALE.
I I I I ii 1 I
!'l! ..., ..., J'ELOCITY
~ c:. "' "" F.P.S.

tic ted
-

ac p
e.
pr ce
o.or; (),Qt,;

().()~

or r ac
().()6

()./() Q,/()

().IZ 0.12

ce t o
()./5 ().15

o.zo

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
O.Z5
.Q,()

0.35
lic fle hi

o.40
().45
po re Arc

o.5o
().(;0

0.70
0.80
0.90
/.00

1.20

/.50
n, er

J.80 ~ t·1--1--1,...+-1
Z.00
C') ~t---1--i>-+-+­
tio g

~ ~'1--t--t--+-+--
1::1 ~·1-1--t--+-+--­
la lon

.3.()() I ll--if--+--1--+-----.
~

4.00
gu o

5,0/)
re n

~OD ~t-t--T--1-t-~~-t-~-+~-t--.
7.00
ay

8.()()
f.OQ
/(),()
M

1z.o

JS.O - 15.0
18.0 18.0
lHVHO
Zl.o 21.0

I J
 1.:1 q
"' .
/:Z
ltlr/HO 13NNrtHO
~°c)·i:,.~ ..... i3i ~~ ~ ;... t; ~ .C\
~ ~ VnSCALE
~
"'
(:, ~ (:, ~
"i:,.
C) ~
I\)
\ii
I
I\)

I
:}l
I
u. \1\
I
6'\
I
'I Co -0
I I I I "'I I
,.. VELOCffY

tic ted
~ ~ ~ i3i ~ 'ii F. P. s.
()
~
"' -II>.
"' " ~ "'()

:::i ~

ac p
e.
pr ce
O.OG
tJ.OG

or r ac
().08
0.08
::::i
0.10
0.10 ~
~ O.IZ
0.12

l \»

ce t o
().15
().15

an n
0.20
0.20 gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
0.25
().25
().30
0.30
lic fle hi

0.35
0.35
o.4o
().40
po re Arc

o.45
tJ.45 o.5tJ
0.5()
().(;()
o.t;o
o.70
o.7c
().80
o.so
o.'I()
o. 'I()
1.00
/.00
1.20
/.20
1.50
n, er

/.50
1.80
/.8() 2,()0
tio g

2.IJO
la lon

3.00
.3.oo
()
4.tJO
gu o

4.oo
5.00
re n

5.00
c.oo
(;.00 ~
ay

7.00
7.00
8.00
~ao
M

10.0
12.0

15.0
llJ.O
t/.O
.LI .U:l'IHO

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
u.
~~
lfi ~ ""':1' e (:,.
.....
(:,
th
i:,.

" ~~ ~~
"'
\), i:;;.~
""
\,)\
;,..
C) t ~
~
C) ~ ~
 1.d g = q /:Z
l~ttHO 13NNttHO
c,. <::, b. c. ..,.~ ~ VnSCALE
"'"' "' ~ ~
~ ~ ·~~~ i\i :..... i\)
~ ~ :i.. i,,
"
"'
<:I> () <:>
~ l\l S'I () C> C>

VELOCITY.
~ .... ~ ~a.~(; "' ~ F. P. s.
\Ji C'I
I
"'
<:>

tic ted
()

()
~ :::i

ac p
o.o, o.o~

e.
pr ce
0.08 0.08

r"'
0.10

or r ac
0.10
(J.12 O./Z
~
0.15 0.15
~

ce t o
\>.)

O.'lO _1 o.zo
o.Z5 0.25

an n
O.JO
gu cu l O.JO

id rre
y, ct va
0.35
o.4o
lic fle hi

0'45
aso
po re Arc

0.,0
O.'fo
0.80 o.ao
o.9o 0.'10
1.00 /.00
/.20

/.50 /.50
1.80 1.80
2.00 2.00
n, er
tio g

3.00 3.00
la lon

4~00 4.00

5.00
gu o

C.00
i ,,00
re n

7.00 7.00
a.oo
8.00
.
~
ay

9.00 9.00
/().() /(),()

IZO IZ.O
M

15.0 15.0
/8.0 /8.0
21.0 21.0
81 Uf'tl-IO

~ 2 ~ a a ~ ~ ~ ~ i~ ~ :....~
G; a. ... ... ~ t "'a ~ ~ ~
"'
 '.L.:I 9 .q /:~
l~ftHO 13NNftHO
<::. i:,, ~ C::. <.:.... ..... ·, ;..., u,
~ VnSCALE
(:. :.... N.
()o...,.,, ~
ill
i::>
"
(:,. i:,, i:,, (,,,
~ I\) ()o C> c c
"'"' "" ~
\)\
~
\;; I\)
"'
~
"' C>

~ .,,:-.. ,...
. VELOCITY

tic ted
.... u.
!'I> ll.> 1.11 6' "I a. -() C; ij; C\)
C>
I.I>
0 F. P.S.
\ ""'
~
~ :'.)

ac p
0.0(;
,..'\i 0.06

e.
pr ce
ao8 0.08

or r ac
0./0 0./0
O.fZ ;:) O.IZ

0.15 " C> 0.15

ce t o
VJ

0.20 _l o.zo

an n
0.25 gu cu l o.2s

id rre
y, ct va
o.30 o.Jo
0.35 0.35
o.4o o.4o
lic fle hi

a45 o.45
().50 0-50
po re Arc

0.,0 o.c.o
0.70 o.7o
o.eo 0.80
0.90 0.90
/.00 1.00
1.20 1.20

t.50 /.50
1.80 t.80
n, er

e.oo z.oo
tio g

3.00 3.00
la lon

4.00 4.00
5.()0 5.00
gu o

c;.oo ~ c..oo
re n

C>
7.00 7.00
e.oo -<"
·.,,
C> 8.00
ay

<> •
9. ()()
10.0
.,,
\:: «'«'
> "'% 9.00
10.0

~
-<> i
12.0 <"'~ ~ .%
M

C" tZ.O
a ·o
0 ....,,
15.0 15.0
o> ~
18.0 18.0
21.0 21.0
zs.o 61 .LY~HO 25.0
30.()

a <::.
"'
.
:i: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~~ ,.,. U; ii;~ ;.,,
"'
~ .
:a.. v.
"' ..
.., ill ~
30.0
 1.d L = q /:Z
1.J::J tlH:J 13NNtlH:J
~ () ~ e:i:.... :.... :.... i-.i ·..,. \,,
~ ~ V'ISCALE
~
~ lh "'"'
() () :i.._
~
()
... ~~'(I~ l'l lh ~~ ~

,, ""
\lo> ('\ 11' C) C)
\!i

,..
11' ..
!'I
"" ... II\
" '-l Q, -() ~ Oi ~
"" VELOCtrr
"" F.P.S.

tic ted
~
~
:::s

o.or; o.or;

ac p
e.
pr ce
0.08

r
().()8

()./() 0.10

or r ac
().12 ~ O.IZ
II
~
~
0.15 u. 0.15
_l

ce t o
0.20_ o.zo

o.t5 0.25

an n
0.30 gu cu l o.so

id rre
y, ct va
o.35 o.35
().40 o.4o
0.45 0.45
lic fle hi

0.50 0.50
o.co o.,o
po re Arc

o.7o o.70
0.80 o.ao
0.90 o.ro
/.00 1.00
/.20 1.20
1.50 1.50
1.80 1.80
2.00 z.oo
n, er
tio g

3.00 I
()
la lon

4.00
5.00
G.O
gu o

7.00 7.00
re n

8.00 8.00
'/.OO 9.00
ay

/().0 A'
10.0
~~
12.0 >- 12.0
M

15.o 1.5.0
18.0 /8.0
Zl.O 21.0
zs.o Ul'<tH:J 25.0
!J().O 30.0

~
U'i ~ ~
Ui
a ~ ~ ~ ~~~~
:...
~ ~ ~~ ..,,~ ~ t ~ t: ~ ~
6Z

1.:1 8. q /:Z
.1.~tlHO 13NNtlHO
C:. ~ C:. C:> e:. c,. ~ ~ ~i:.~ i\i iii -~
~Cl
i\)
I.II
i..,
c::.
:...
c::.
i.11
I::>
t'\
I::> ill ~ VnSCALE
-.\ ~ ~
iii
I
I\)
"'"'
I
I.II
""'
\),
" I I I I I I
VELOCITY
::-... !\> ~ Ill "~ ~ ~C!; O; ~ ~ F. P.s.

tic ted
\11 C> I.II o.o,.
o.or;
0.08
0.08

ac p
e.
0.10
0./0

pr ce
0.12
0.12
().15
().15

or r ac
~
0.20
tJ.ZO
~
().Z5
().25 "'

ce t o
0.30
0.30
tJ.35 0.15
o.40

an n
o.4o gu cu l o.45
o.45

id rre
y, ct va
0.50 0.50

o.r;o o.<;O
lic fle hi

().70 0.10
().80
0.80
0.'10
po re Arc

o.'lo /.00
/.()0
1.20
1.20
/.50
/.50
/.80 /.80
2.00 2.00

3.00
n, er

3.00 I
()
4.0()
4.00
tio g

5.()0
la lon

~.00

fAOO
i;;.oo
7.00 7.00
IJ.()0 8.00
gu o

9.00
'l.00
/{).()
/O.()
re n

12.0
ay

i~.o

18.0
M

21.0
25.0
3().() 3().()

() () 13 l.~VH::> ()
:::i
:::i

c,.
a a ~ ~ &~~ :...I\) :... ~~ ~
~ =t.. u.II:!> ~ ~ ~
ili ~ ~ i· "' llloC)

"'
C)
 Ot

1.d 6 = q /:Z
J.YttH~ 13NNttH~
i:. c. e:. :...
i:.
ij; I.Ii~
"c:.
.... i:::.
l)l
"' "
i:::. i:) <:,, i:::.:...
'I Clo 'Cl<:> ;::;; \Ji ~~ ~
"'
"11o
<:)
~
C)
ii.
<:> ""
C) ~ ~ VnSCALE

:-... ,....,, ....

VELOCITY
F. P. s.
0.0(;
c:. !"I>
"" ""
l.h
" ~ ~'Cl~ U; ~ ~
~.Ofi.

tic ted
0.08 a.OB

0.10 0.10

ac p
e.
0.12 a. IZ

pr ce
0.15

r 0.15

or r ac
0.20 ~ 0.20
-0

L
(:.
0.25 tA> o.zs
0.30 0.30

ce t o
O.!JS o.35
0.40 o.4o

an n
o.45 0.45
0.50 gu cu l 0.50

id rre
y, ct va
o.r;o o.,o
0.70 o.7o
lic fle hi

0.80 0.80
0!10 0.1/0
1.ao
po re Arc

/.OtJ

/.20 f.20

/.!;(} /.50
/.IJO /.80
z.oo 2.00

.3.00 .3.00
n, er

4.00 4.00
tio g

.s.oo I 5.00
()
c..oo
la lon

G.00
7.00 7.00
8.00
'/.00
gu o

10.0
re n

12.0 12.0

15.0
ay

16.0 t<J.O
2/.0
M

i!.5.0
31).0

Hf11H~
() ()
~ I ::>

~ ~ (:. ~·<::, <::, ~ :... ;.,,

i:::.
~
"c::.
~ ~
~ ~
\li
\-::>
~
Ill
~
" ""ICIO~ '"
!\) u. .....
a.. c:.
~
~ c:. <:>
"
<:>
1£

:.L.:1 01 • q /:Z
.11JtlH:J 13NNtlHO
~ ~ <:::- i::. ~c..c.:.... :.... :....
~~
i-'.) ...... :i:... u. ~
~ ~
~ ~
i:::> c:. c::. VnSCALE
' l <:.. -() <:> ~ \.]I \)'o ~ ~

'"" "" "

\Ji I'\) \II

VELOCITY
w ~ ti> -.i Cb"() c:; i:Ji ~ ~ F. P.S.
0.12 "' O.l'Z

tic ted
0.15 0.15

().20 0.20

ac p
e.
o.zs

pr ce
0.25
().30 0.30
().3~ o.!35

or r ac
:;:i
0.-10 o.4o
"
o.45 ~ o.45
\Jo 0.50
o.5o
o.~o o.r;o

ce t o
o.7o o.7()
o.ao o.so
o.9o
...

an n
o.flo I:)
/.00 gu cu l 1.00
~
id rre
y, ct va
/.20 1.zo
~c:.
/.50 ~ 1-50
lic fle hi

/.80
~ /.80
2.00
po re Arc

z.oo

,3,()0 !J,00

4.()0 4.00

.5.00 5.00

~.oo c..oo
7.oo
n, er

'/.00
4.IJO 8.00
'{.00 9.00
tio g

/().() . 10.0
la lon

12.0 I 12.0
()
15.0 /S.O

/8.0 18.0
gu o

2/.0 21.0
re n

Z5.0 25.0

~().O
30.0
ay

4().0 40.0
M

50.0 50.0

r;o.o. (;0.0

() £i Hl\IHO ..,, a Q. ae:.,·-

()
::s
c- .....
~ "' "' i>-
:....
ii.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~
u;
b.
~ ~
u;
(:,
\II ~ ~ ~ i::. (:,~'
'\O."CIC:. i\) \)'o
"
()
 Z&

1.d JI • q /:J
J.~ttH:J 13NNttH:J
~ .... -to.. ~ u.
i::> C:. i:. i:. ~ (::. ~i:.'- :.... ~ :t>.
I'\)
"' " ""'c:i,,-ci Cl '
I'll th Clo Cl ~ •Cl ~ 6'Cl &! ~ VnSCALE

0.12
:-..
~
:-.
\h
!\>
a I.Ai .....
°' ~ ~ ~ .. () \j; I'll
<:>
....
()
VELOCITY
F. P.s.
o.1z

tic ted
()./5 0.15

ac p
0.20 0.20·

e.
pr ce
0.25 o.i?S
().30 o.30

or r ac
0.35 ().35
().40 ...... 0.40
().45 I'll o.45
().50
o.r;o L ().50

ce t o
o.roo
o.7o o.7o
().80 0.8()

an n
o.9o gu cu l 0.'10
/.00 /.00

id rre
y, ct va
/.20 /.20
/.50
lic fle hi

/. 50
1.80 /.80
po re Arc

Z.00 2.00

.5.00

4.tJO 4.00
5.00 ~
::0 !).00
G.00 (I) G.00
~
n, er

7.()0 7.00
B.oo (;)
8.00
'l.00 ~ 9.00
tio g

/().O 10.0
la lon

/2,() 12.0

15.0 15.o
18,0 It!]. 0
gu o

Z/.O 21.0
re n

25.() 25.0
30.0
ay

30.0

40.0 40.0
M

so.o .50.0
(;O.O ~ r;,o.o

() () i1'a J.~\fHO ()
:::i ;::,

i::.
l\l ~
CJ'> a ~ i::.
\JI
i::. c. c.:....
~ ~Clo -ciCI
:....
I\)
:....
l.>t ;;;~ ~ ~ ~
()
u.Cl
"
() ~ ~
 1.d '/?/ = q /:Z
.LU~HO 13NN~H:J . :-.. ::-..
c. «d. ~ ~~
~ ~
"'
~
Ui
~
~
~
"'
6'I
~~
"'\a.~
:.....
I'll
:....
lh Co ~
()
~
""
i.i.
~
~
~
\)I
·(:)
"
(:) ~VnSCAJ.E

t{ELOCIT
°:'-
\)I Ui ""- u. 6'\ 'I a. 'Cl~ i); ~ ~ P.f·
F.0.1
0.15

tic ted
0.20 0.20

0.25
().25

ac p
e.
0 ..30
o.3o

pr ce
().J5
0.3'
o.40 -r ::i
o.4o
o.4~

or r ac
o.45 0.5()
o.5o
~- to o.r;o
o.,o· \Ii

(). 70 1 o.70
o.ao

ce t o
o.80
tJ.'lo
0.'10
/.0() 1.00

an n
~ /.20
/.20 Ci) gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
()
/.50
1.50
~
/.80
UJO ~~ 2.00
lic fle hi

2.00
""'C:J
C)
po re Arc

.3.00
~
.... ,,.. !J,00
()

4.00 ;::: 4.00

.....
5.00 ....
(;.(){)
(;.OO
~ 7.00
7.00 =-»
8.00 8.00
~ '/.()()
n, er

'I.DO ()
/t).(}
10.0
I;::>
~ 12.0
tio g

12.0
I
la lon

15.0 IS.O
C)
18.0
18.0
21.0 Zl.O
25.0
gu o

25.0
3ao
re n

30.0
ay

4(J.O

5().0
M

,(),0
70.(J
80.()
ro.o JJ:l'ltHO
C)
C)
~
:::i

~
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ():...
~Qo~C)
:....
I'll ~~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ .:0
..c. :--
~
~
"'
C) C) ()
"'
 t8

1.:1 91. q /:Z

lYttHO 13NNttHO
:.... . :-..
Q.
~ <:::. ~ ~ <:. i:,, t:. <:. ~
-a ~ ~~ ~
~ ~
\,.
c:. ~ ~ ~~ "~liflSCALE
"" "' I.» -!>.
"" "' '-I Clio
"" \)\

.... I.I> ~VELOCITY

I.I> ~ 'I ~-(I() ~
°' " \JI c:. "" F.P.S.

tic ted
0.20 0.20

0.25 o.2s
0.30 o.3o

ac p
e.
035 ().35

pr ce
o.40 o.4o
0.45 0.45
tJ.50 0°50
~

or r ac
O.GO "
(:. o.c;o
o.7o ~
o.7o
0.80 0-80
0.90 o.9o

ce t o
1.00 /.00
1.20 1.20

an n
/.So gu cu l 1.50

id rre
y, ct va
/.80 1.80
2.00 2.00
lic fle hi

3.00 3.00
po re Arc

4.oo 4.00
5.oo s.oo
(;.OO G.00
7.()0 7.00
B.oo 8.00
9.00 'l.00
10.0 10.0
n, er

12.0 IZ.O
tio g

15.0 15.0
la lon

18.0 18.0
21.0 21.0
ts.a 25.0
.30.0 .!JO.O
gu o
re n

4o.o 40.0
ay

50.0 50.0
~-0 r.;o.o
70.0
M

70.0
80.0 Bao
'fO.O '!o.o
/()().0 /()Q.0
lJ:l~H~
~ ~
~ ::::i
,...
~
~ u.
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (:):.... :.... :....
._,. ~ ·~ t u. • °;"..

"" U'i
.... (lo "'() <:> l\l 'l\l
Ce~ ..,., c:.
"
~ ~ ;g~ ~
 1.:1 81 • q /:Z
J.Yt7HO 13NNt7HO .~ :-.
:.... :....
~
I\) ~
~
UI ~ ~

"'
~ ~~ ~~ I'll
"' ~~ ~
lh
Ui
C>
:to..
C) ~
"
C> ~ ~~ ~VnSCALE
[ELOC/TY
.... ~c:o-cit; i:i; ~ ~ F. P.S.

tic ted
tJ.25
!..a \h
" 0.25

0.30
0.30
o.!J5

ac p
(J.!J5
0.40

e.
tJ.4()

pr ce
().45 o.45
0.50
o.5C
O.t;O
o.r;o

or r ac
0.10
o.7o ::i
().80 II 0.80
().90
1.00
~ ().90
1.00

ce t o
/. 2()
1.zo

/.f}O
/.50

an n
/.80
gu cu l /.80

id rre
y, ct va
2. ()()
2.00
lic fle hi

3.00
3.00
po re Arc

4.00 4.()0

,5,00 s.oo
(;,()(} (;.OO

7.00 7.oo
8.00 a.oo
9.00 '/.00
/().()
10.0
12.0
n, er

12.0
15.0
15.0
tio g

18.0 18.0
la lon

Z!.0 Zl.O·

Z5.0 Z5.0

30.0 30.0
gu o

40.0 40.0
re n

5().0
so.o
ay

r;tJ.O
70.0
~ co.o
70.0
M

80.0 80.0
'fO.O
'/().()
/0().() 100.0

.Lil J.1:1'11HO
~ 0
0 0
....
..... :- ::s
~ ~
~ ~. ~ ~~~~ I'\) \Ii ~ ~ -~ ~ ~
-0.
~ & la
°"~ ~ c::. C> ~
""
~
 9£

1.:J oz.q /:Z

.lYtlH::J 13NNttH::J
<:. 1::. 1::. <::. i::. i::. ~i:::.'.... ·..,,..... :.....
u. ~~ ~ \Ji '.l\ 0.
'" ~ ~~
:-. :-..
1\1 VnSCALE
Ol ~ ~ ()o~C:. <:> () 0
°'
I.Al \)> C'I I:>

..
I:>

:--. ,.,,
u. ~ I.Ai tJI ~ 'II~
.....
u. ~
....<::. ... VELOCITY
o.~
(:. <::.
"' Q, <:> F.P.S.

tic ted
fl.30
0.35 o.!15
0.40 0.4()
0.45 ().45

ac p
0.50 ().50

e.
pr ce
O&O o.&o
0. 70 o.70
o.80 0.80

or r ac
0.90 t.VIO
/.00 /.OD
~
/.20 "
~
/.2()
u.

ce t o
1.50 /.50
/.80 /.80
Z.00 z.oo

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
3.oo .3JJO
lic fle hi

4.00 4.00
po re Arc

S.00 :;.oo
(;.()() c;.oo
7.00 7.00
8.00 8.00
9.00 9.00
/().() 10.0
12.() 120
15.0 1.s.o
n, er

18.0
21.0
tio g

25.0
la lon

.30.0

40.()
gu o

50.0
re n

c;o.
70.0 7tl.0
ay

80.0
90.0
/()().()
M

IM.0 12().()
150.0 150.0
14tUJ ~
2()Q.()
()
~
()
ea .L~ '1HO
18aO
20().0
()
~ :::s
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
&~~ :.... t;. ..... I\\ ~
~ ~ v.<:> ~
~ °:""
.: . a :-.
\Ji ~ I\\ Q, ~ v. <:>
"'
~
~
 CHART 29
2.0

EQUATION: Q • 0,56 {~) 911 d'--J

n IS ROUGHNESS COEFFICll!.NT IN MANNING .10
10000 FORMULA APPROPRIATE TO MATl!.RIAL. IN
9000
8000 BOTTOM Of' CHANNl!.L
.08 1.0
! 19 RECIPROCAL OF CROSS SLOP!
7000

tic ted
6000 Rl!.F£RENCE 1 H. R. B. PROCEEDINGS 1948, .07
PAGE l!ID. [QUATION (14l .80
5000 .06
.,_.: .70
4000
.... .. ]

ac p
EXAMPLE (SEE DASHED LINES)
lL. .05

e.
100 .60

pr ce
~
GIVEN: 0.03
3000 CJ)
70
1/n •
~o .04 .50
n• .02
1200
lL.
30 lL.
i-=
0 lL.

or r ac
d • 0.22
2000 20
FIND i Q • 2.0 Cf'S
ro--- .03 " .40
z
---- --- --- z 1
~
z
--
.30
--

ce t o
3
1000
900 2_
-- -- -- --- .02

--
"C
800 z"'

::E :::; I
700 0

an n
-
.7
rw 600 "'zz
gu cu l .& Ci) .20

id rre
y, ct va
500 .3
0::
:::>
.... 1-
0 400
INSTRUCTIONS
LLJ
.2
z
- (!)
lic fle hi

.I _J .01 0
~ 300
f, CONNECT i!/n RATIO WITH SLOPE (S)
a::
ex
LLJ
z
£l.
a::
po re Arc

AND CONNECT DISCHARGE (Q} WITH :::c .03 z .008

I--
200 DEPTH {d). TH!SE TWO LINES MUST 0 .02 ex .007 CJ) .10
CJ)
INTERSECT AT TURNING LINE FOR
:::c LLJ
COMPLETE SOLUTION.
c .01
0 .006
£l.
.08
2. ,OR SHALLOW
I T I~ .005 LLJ
LLJ
100 Y-9HAPED CHANNEL ~ lL.
0 c
.07
90 AS SHOWN USE HOMOGRAPH
.004 .06
80
70
WITH i! • t LLJ a::
60 £l. 0 .05
0
n, er

.003

u1~~
50 3. TO DETERMINE _J
DISCHARGE Qx IN r~···
d r ,,,
~ CJ) .04
40 (f)
tio g

PORTION OF CHAN NIL

HAYING WIDTH l(:

1-x-
la lon

30 DETERMINE O!PTH FOR TOTAL DISCHARGE IN .002 .03

ENTIRE SECTION a. THEN USE NOMOGRAPH TO l-
DETERMINE Q" IN SECTION b FOR DEPTH ex
20 d'. d-(f)
:::c
gu o

4, TO DETERMINE' DISCHAAGIE
1- .02
(l.
re n

IN COMPOSITE SECTIOM 1-
LLJ
10
FDLLOW INSTRUCTIOM :5.

TO OBTAIN DISCHARGE IN
.001 c
ay

SECTION a AT ASSUMED
DEPTH d ; OBTAIN Qb FOR
1
SLOPE RATIO lb AND DIEPTH d • THEN QT• Qa ... Qb
M

.01

NOMOGRAPH FOR FLOW

IN TRIANGULAR CHANNELS

37
 Chapter 4.-GRASSED CHANNELS

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
4.1 Description of charts. Charts 30-34 are designed shown in figure 5, in which four retardance curves are
for use in the direct solution of the Manning equation for shown. The retardance varies ·with the height of the

or r ac
various channel sections lined with grass. Charts 30-33 grass and the condition of the stand, as indicated in table
are for trapezoidal cross-section channels, in each case 5 (seep. 101). Both of these factors depend upon the type
with a 4-foot bottom width, but with side slopes, respec- of grass, planting conditions, and maintenance practices.
tively, of 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, and 8:1. Chart 34 is for a triangular Each of charts 30-34 has two graphs, the upper graph
cross-section channel with a side slope of 10:1. being for retardance D and the lower graph for retardance

ce t o
The charts are similar in appearance and use to those C. (Retardances A and B, also shown in figure 5, apply
or trapezoidal cross sections (charts 15-28, described in to grasses not used in connection with highways.) For

an n
~hapter 3). However, their. construction (see appendix grasses commonly used in roadway drainage channels,
gu cu l
B) is much more difficult because the roughness coefficient such as Bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass,

id rre
y, ct va
n varies with the type and height of grass and with the redtop, Italian ryegrass, and buffalograss, the retardance
velocity and depth of flow. The effect of velocity and may be selected from table 5.
depth of flow on n may be evaluated by the product of The charts are plotted with discharge, in cubic feet per
lic fle hi

velocity and hydraulic radius, VR. The variation of second, as the abscissa, and slope, in feet per foot, as the
Manning's n with the retardance and the product V R is ordinate. Both scales are logarithmic. Superimposed on
po re Arc

0.5

.4 ...____
~
'J? • I I
-...f1"4 FROM HANDBOOK OF CHANNEL DESIGN
.3
~

.......
......, ~D FOR SOIL ANO WATER CONSERVATION, -
I'..... ~~
Ce
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE, NO. SCS-,

"" ' "' " TP-61 MARCH 1947, REV. JUNE 1954.
....
.2
'
n, er

~~
~ ..... ~
tio g

'-....
"' ~
c
la lon

~ """ ............... '

(/)
-<!>
z 0.1
........... ~
zz ~

............
......
.....
......
-.........._ ....."""'-
gu o

08
ct ....... c .......... ...... I'-..
2
"""' ... .........

-
re n

r"""- I'-..
.06
'Z_ .. r---...... ' ... !'-. ----~
ay

-- ----- -- -
.05
............ ....... ---............._
r--__
-
........._~
.04
M

r---
......
I'-

.03

0.02
0.1 .2 .3 !4 .5 .6 0.8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20
VR, PRODUCT OF VELOCITY AND HYDRAULIC RADIUS
Figure 5.-Degrees of vegetal retardance for which the Manning n has been determined.

38
 the logarithmic grid are lines for velocity, in feet per sec-
ond, and lines for depth, in feet. A dashed line shows the
position of critical flow.
4.2 General instructions for use of charts 30-34.
Charts 30-34 provide a solution of the Manning equation
for flow in open grassed channels of uniform slope and
cross section, provided the flow is not affected by backwater
and the channel has a length sufficient to establish uniform
flow. The charts provide accuracy sufficient for design of
tic ted
highway drainage channels of fairly uniform cross section
and slope. Rounding of the intersection of the side slopes
with the bottom of the channel does not appreciably affect
the channel capacity.
ac p
e.
The design of grassed channels requires two operations:
pr ce
First, finding a section which has the capacity to carry the
design discharge on the available slope; and second, check-
ing the velocity developed in the channel to ensure that
or r ac
the grass lining will not be eroded. The need to consider
retardance has already been noted (section 4.1). Because
the retardance of the channel is largely beyond the control
of the designer, he should compute the channel capacity
ce t o
using retardance C; but should compute the velocity for
checking with the permissible velocity (see table 3, p. 101)
using retardance D. The use of the charts is explained in
an n
the following steps:
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
Select the channel cross section to be used and find the
appropriate chart.
Enter the lower graph (for retardance C) on the chart
lic fle hi
with the design discharge value, on the abscissa, and move
vertically to the value of the slope, on the ordinate scale.
po re Arc
At this intersection, read the normal velocity and normal
depth, and note the position of the critical curve. If the
intersection point is below the critical curve, the flow is
subcritical; if it is above, the flow is supercritical.
To check the velocity developed against that permissible
(table 3), enter the upper graph on the same chart, and
repeat the steps described in the preceding paragraph.
Then compare the computed velocity with that permissible
for the type of grass, the channel slope, and the soil
resistance of the channel.
n, er
Example 6
tio g
Given: A trapezoidal channel, in easily eroded soil, lined
la lon
with good Bermudagrass sod, with 4: 1 side slopes, and a
4-ft. bottom width, on a 2-percent slope (8=0.02), dis-
charging 20 c.f.s. Find: Depth, velocity, type of flow,
and adequacy of grass to prevent erosion.
gu o
1. Select chart for 4: 1 side slopes, chart 31.
re n
2. Enter the lower graph, for retardance C, with Q=20
c.f.s., and move vertically to the line for 8=0.02 (ordinate
ay
scale). At this intersection read dn=l ft., and normal
velocity TT= 2.6 f. p.s.
3. The velocity for checking the adequacy of the grass
M
cover should be obtained from the upper graph, for re-
tardance D. Using the same procedure as in step 2, the
developed velocity is found to be 3.1 f.p.s. This is about
half of that 1isted as permissible, 6 f.p.s., in table 3. It
is interesting to note that the 1-ft. depth channel indi-
cated in step 2 will carry 30 c.f.s. if the grass is well mowed
when the design flood occurs (as read on the upper graph
of chart 31).
Example 7
Given: The ch'annel and discharge of example 6. Find:
The maximum grade on which the 20 c.f.s. could be safely
carried.
1. With an increase in slope, the allowable velocity (see
table 3) will probably be 5 f.p.s. On the upper graph of
chart 31, for short grass the intersection of the 20 c.f.s.
line and the 5 f.p.s. line indicates a slope of 6.4 percent
and a depth of 0.62 ft.
2. If the grass were allowed to grow to a height of 12
inches, retardance would increase to class C and the depth
of flow can be found in the lower graph. Again using 20
c.f.s. and .a slope of 6.4 percent, a depth of 0.70 ft. is
indicated.
Example 8
Given: A 20-ft. wide median swale with 10: 1 side slopes,
rounded at the bottom, on a 3-percent slope (8=0.03),
with a good stand of Bermudagrass, mowed to a 4-in.
length, and discharging 3 c.f.s. Find: Depth, adequacy
of grass protection, and adequacy of the median width.
1. Select the chart for 10: 1 slope, chart 34. Table 5
shows a retardance D for 4-in. grass; hence the upper
graph of chart 34 is used.
2. At the intersection of 8=0.03 and Q=3 c.f.s., the
depth is indicated as 0.54 ft. and the velocity as 1.0 f.p.s.
Depth must be measured from the projected intersection
of the side slopes, not the rounded bottom.
3. If the grass were allowed to grow taller than 6 inches,
the retardance would become C and the lower graph of
chart 34 is used. This gives a depth of 0. 76 ft., which is
less than the available depth of 1 ft. for the 20-ft. median
with 10: 1 side slopes. The grass will stand much higher
velocities than 1 f.p.s., according to table 3. Thus the
swale dimensions and the grass cover are adequate for the
fl~w.
Example 9
The problem presented and solved in example 8 can also
be solved by using the triangular cross-section channel
nomograph, chart 29, of chapter 3. This method would
be needed if the side slopes were less than 10:1, but ought
not to be used for steeper side slopes.
1. Find n in table 1. If the depth is assumed to be less
than 0. 7 ft. and the velocity less than 2 f.p.s., n for Ber-
mudagrass is 0.09.
2. The median being considered is, in effect, a shallow
V-shaped channel. For use in chart 29, Z = T/d= 20/1=20;
and Z/n=20/0.09=222.
3. For Z/n=222, on chart 29, the depth is found to be
0.48 ft. This checks the value obtained by using chart 34
(in example 8), to the nearest tenth of a foot.
The rounded bottom of the swale would have only a
slight effect on the capacity, and can be ignored. Depth,
however, must always be measured to the projected inter-
section of the side slopes, and not just to the deepest point
of the rounded bottom.
39
 CHART 30

.10 t+---+----::iPr--+---+-~~-+-''c--'71'1i.-.........cF-~+-'H-.Pd-A....+,.,.._-""1'-"'....++--+-!------I

.08J--4<---tt''--t--~"+-:~Pr--+-_,.~_,..,...._~.....+~R-O..-i-~E--~~o--i"-<-~---I-----;
.071---..lii........-l--~r¥'~~rhf--~~4r-~~-+~,t.4J.f~-4C~~~'I-~l-:------I
.06t-:r--t;--t--~-tr-~~--li~-t-~-t~-;f-~'-"l~Roc:--li~_,,,d-:i"od....;__-----t

tic ted
~ .05~--+-''c-t-7'--+---+-...-+r--t-"~ri"~~~'lt-t--T-"ot'"T-t~-r'~...,.,..........,P'<:.:t-r~-----;
0
0 ,04t-----t--7't--+--+--r.ot--t-~'\-'1'7---t'lrT--f'""'"~-"'t-71-;:-¥~+-""d~,...,------t
LL

ffi .03J-----::i~-t-'rl-JR--t-."'l---:>"-+~A--_,..:>r+_,__,.,........__,...+-+-~--J""'c-~

ac p
e.
Q.

pr ce
~
ILi
ILi
LL

or r ac
I
ILi
Q.
_.
0
cn .OIO ~-'lt-+-t---t-:il'+--c,_-'t--l,.--,. ,.__.....,..1<----+-..,,__...,.,_""'"""-+.<___,,.._-1

ce t o
.o 08 t----__.<-t--7"+--+-i---+--iM----+- ·i.-~Nf---¥----+'ll-+--r-+..,
;007t-7---+-~~-+--Jf--1r--t-:i,....._..r+~'-t--,.....,.--,M-_.,~~_,~>-+--___,l----+-----1

.006h'--+--~~~-+-~+-4----'~-+ RETAROANCE- 0

an n
.0051------+-*-+--!.l"-~-+--
gu cu l .....................u:~ ~--..--1>''-+----+-t... ~ t0 4"
id rre
y, ct va
J.-b~
.004t-.~-+----+- __-+-_,__+--+-4--+---4-....P,,.~-!-
lic fle hi

3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
DISCHARGE- Q- CFS
po re Arc

.10 t----+-~t--t--t-'t--t-""11"'-""'rt---7'5"<1---llt-t......."'"'t-'"o't'~,....._..'rl--'lt't~-P..:t--i..-t---~

.08~7"""-:+--~-!--t--\.t<--+o::lt----7"1-~-+i~--lllt---P~~f-->'..,..~_,..~"JE-~~----t
.07~-..f----l-\-+-~-+.,--+~lf-+-~:,_,;~:+--'"'7'1~11f-~~~"'*'--"~~
.061r---+--t---'bo'o.+--+->r-t7''---Yt.,...,,_~_,.-'d~~,<--+~...,O..+--l!i-"'rl--.p.,,1'-l-----I

~ .05
n, er

g .04~""""".-f--+-+--P."-+--+-'-......-1-~c+-~11.-+~~_..,~-.......-j~_,_;.....,i:.._i-----1
LL ~~
tio g

~
ffi .03r---'tt---b""-t--t--'r"~-+--¥+-.......,._..,..-t.._.-1"''--f"--!~""""''--t¥-......,10-!jr-------t
la lon

Q. Cb I~
~ ~
~ .02 ~1-------1
CAITICAL
1
'°1~~/-.. -------
gu o

ILi CURVE
Q.
re n

g ~~
(/) .010 <:)- r----+--r--------i
ay

0
~08f----t--'7"''F-+-~-+--+--,.~-'T-h/C.----l-7°'<.-t--+t--Y~-v-t--+--+---'--t
.007~---::,.,...-+-,,.,...--t->i.--+--h,c-.--+--:i'll--- ~--..'--+.....- ~iv~-1---+--1----.....-i
.006 ---+--'f---+--t--"r-_'+-_ ___..,_-+'1,...-,,"--+ -+-i,.._..,_+---+ RETAROANCE- C
M

.oo5 1---...+--+--+--+::~it---+--7<:....+--b'~--t~ .........-........-........------1- ~ 1° ef ~

~041---+--+.-,+--+--t---:~---+-r--+-"""~--7''""'":-t--t~--+-f--Tf--_~b-----1----'---~

3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS GRASSED CHANNELS
2=1 b= 4 ft.

40
 CHART 31

tic ted
0
LL.
a:
w

ac p
Q.

e.
I-

pr ce
w .02
w
LL.
I
w

or r ac
Q.
0
...J
I/)
.010
.600

ce t o
.007
.006
.005

an n
gu cu l
id rre
.004
y, ct va
.0032
3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
lic fle hi

DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
po re Arc

.15

I- .05
0
0
n, er

LL. .04
a: 0) ~
w .03 l----+-~~-+--+-~.;£:_p...-...,4-~~--.1~--l---:illk-l-~--l_:)(~-IP........i~Jl
tio g

Q.
I- ~
la lon

w
w ~l----.l''--......,____-++_...!-~-"11,..+-+------H~~~~--___,
LL.
~
I C'o ~·
w ~~-1---.,,q..~-1--A-~.....+4---1>.....-~~~+-~-___,
Q.
<.c,~--CRITICAL
g
gu o

I/)
"'.i: CURVE
,OIO ......,.,,C....4--+-,,,"""""-+---',,,,..::...+--~ ·'11C>__...--1-"'--1---3~-l.--l-Jl-3....Je....-- ~ +-~-----!
re n

II'- 0()
.008 -A--l----l~+.-:l>.lo£---l~+~v--11---+----~
ay

.007 l-.:~:+--+,,...q....-+--+-~~:........i.-~;£-~~;£+.--l~~-7f-~~ ~-+--+------l

.006 1---b,...:::..+-+-+--+-:~~-+--,~.---:: :ii..c........+-J.1--l---.ol! -i,-I- RETA ROAN CE -C
M

.005
,.
lb 4:7"'"'"=
ID
t---b--i
:::::=t:\
.004

.0032
3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
DISCHARGE - Q- CFS GRASSED CHANNELS
4=1 b = 4 ft.

41
 CHART 32

.101---""""'"',.....-;.---+--i-.o.;1«-h"-+--T-+r--'"-+----,Pd---ft--+-"JB----'"'""""~~.,..+r"~-----j

.08t----to<-~t--+--+--Tft"-':-T----,,Pot---t-:~--t~:-+-----;,..--1_,.,rt..,P>t-+-~+-"~-"'------1
.071--_.,,.+---l.....__-+--'r--+-~.....,..__+-T--l''--~¥----'lorl-+-'..,_-A~~~.....,...,.......,.'l------I
.061-->''----t--t------'..r--,---t-........----'"-t-~H-~..,....,--+-__.+-t........'-+-....,..-+~+-1........i~-----t

tic ted
0::
~ .03~r---l--+--+--l--fr---b'---++"t+--+--t-h--+:Olf-t-"JB-:M-~-+----.rr--;

ac p
e.
1-
LLJ

pr ce
~ .02F---for--~-+--+-~+--+-¥---+

I
LLJ

or r ac
ll..
0
...J
Ill
.010 ---+-~'1----+7'--+--.f--++-·--._
.0081---...---1--i..<-...--..-+-+-----+.,_--1-.1,__,,,.....A--

ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
lic fle hi
po re Arc

.IOt--.....,4--l---+--Ai,..-7't---+-~---i;~-+---'~--'i,,+--Ar-f~-+..,-..+~.,-1ip.,.-~

.08 i--~-----t­
.07 t---""'t"l"-t-7'"+--+--trt-~-~---,J"l--T---t-7'i:-+---'7'1'r-1...P..t+--'ll~--"'<:+-7~-----;
.06t---+-'!lr"'"t--+-+--~:+----+:Jlf--+----'~"---it''--t~:--~~~=--~,--i
5 .051---7""'+---".t-t-- >..."'--+----h:-"7"-11--4'+-----,,C.-f<onE-+.......l'--+-"'<"""+-+'lo.---i"'d---i..,,__----i
n, er

~ .041----+--~""'"""-+-~...__....,.'*--+--#-'~~---"...i..<~~--Al'..-+~~+--'~---~
a::
tio g

~ .03t---.,,....,-+--~-+-7"-+--+--..-o!---h"-->ri"--+-~~<-=:0"'d--.f~~'+---"~~--~
la lon

1-
LLJ
~ .021---...r,.-1---+--+-...,..f--+-
I
LLJ
ll..
gu o

0
...J
Ill
re n
ay

RETARD ANCE-C
1
M

6., t co ="&'\
f--b---+j

3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS GRASSED CHANNELS
6=1 b= 4 ft.

42
 .10+----'---L--L---4---l--.<+---"..+----,,_1---"".-----l-........_,__,~-+-.,....-+-P..t--;.._-+---rt--------r
~sr----r--t--+--t-- ~~~----..t~...+----,~ol----A~+.oq....~q..:..,.-¥-!:o,.--HC.;,-+------1
.07 CRITI CAt.:---'--1--.i.--.<---1-+>------"''-+-~-----1..-'--+----lE----+-,.,._,,__....<+c---><1---+
.06 CUR YE - - - +...,.+--+--+--A,....-tl--'-o:,-¥~--b'-~l-++-'""""--l*--+_.....,.+-l-".:-t------1
I- .05

tic ted
0
0
IL.
a::
w

ac p
n.

e.
I-

pr ce
~ .021----+--->~-+-+--7---t--,Ar+-~t---7"!-'~.+---+-f'+--+----l~=-O!f---"<"f----,
IL.
I

or r ac
w
n.
0
~ .O I0 F----+----."4---+-+-V:--+---t~---h"'--1-7''-""'-1-- .i.<-f.-___---l,__,'+-_r-+-+--+---1,,.'v
t<:>
I~
.oos ~CJ

ce t o
.001 0oo-0~~
~6 ~~
.005 -7'
<I. - - - - 1

an n
gu cu l RETAROANCE - D

id rre
y, ct va
.004 itf" :-..0 "&i
f-:--b-=.j
.0032 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
lic fle hi

DISCHARGE-Q- CFS
po re Arc

.10 1----t--+--+-t---t----t--T--:t"t-"r--Mrl'--+-''d'"-+~"+Ti.......:---+->'--t------1

.08 +----+--+---+--+--+---t
.071----+--+--1--+-4---+--...£-+-.lt--t--.o=.M-_..,,.~--l-+P---#-~--'"-"-...µ,,._..,1-------1

.061---4---+--+--+-4---..l'~-+.-~~-~"--+-~--+~r-l---J~<-....::lj,--.cr+. _ _ __,
b .05t----+---+--+--t--..~--t~--..,_-t-".....,."-t---'l,....,-+_.,,~-;-T-1,,_.........-H'....,...+-----t
n, er

~ .041----t---+-7l"'t-+--+--t"7"'--'lct--~--><r-1-..,,C....4-'~~...j,....j..~~--,~or-~"'---~
a::
lt
tio g

.031--~..,._-+--+--+"t7"~--t-~+-"t-t--:l0'--t-~+--+~~:-+-~....Y.--'~f--+-'----1
la lon

1-
w
~ .021----i:>O¥"'-+--+--+~.-P..--t--7'9--l--'!~-t--+-~--t---tcr--l-~+--+-t--""-------l
I
w
n.
gu o

0
_J
I/)
¢
re n

""'-l---h<---.. . . . -1--1,,.'v ~
°" ~'<JCJo~
.008 l-"7"4-+----l::~:----1----t--~!'....-j--+.,,L-+-~-74- ,.._..,~._..._,.......,,._...~
ay

.0071£---+--_..,~-+~-l---4--:,.,C.+-~l---:A--+-~~-.;.i:..--1~~--bL--:OCJ~
.006 ~ <qV~~ - - - - - - 1
~ <I. ------1
M

.005
.004 1----1--......,,,-...-1---1-~-...,.._-+--t--...,...r+---h"'-+-+...,,,,_-+-....,..__ RETARqANCE·C
'V B•I ft[)
1--b--=-+i
8• I
.0032 3 456 810 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS GRASSED CHANNELS
8:1 b =4 ft.

43
 CHART 34

.~o 1-----1--f-.----+-

.00
.011----+-~~--'+-~~_....,,..-,,._,o"-1....,.._~+-~---.,.......-----l'*'"""-l->"--+t----~------1
.061----+--lo"---+--'k---+r-+--~........'<:l----7'<.--t-7't"oc:-+-+t~~~,---~..-r-7------1

~ .05r---+-:ir-t-+-+-'ll"-+-r

tic ted
0
~ .041--3-74-----il--+--A--........-H<---+~~-+l---"~--+""7'+-..:-,,<+-___.,.......,,__~.......- - - - - - 4

~ .03j,'--~-l-T+-+--~-+-'r--A--+-i~r++--+-~:--io=-df".........<--~H-~-----I
a..

ac p
e.
~

....~ .021----#--........+--A--l---¥---+lt--r-'1'--+-r-->~,c.+--t"'~of--+--+""""-"'>'ld-''-----I

pr ce
I
w

or r ac
a..
0
~
(/) .010 1-1'r--,.e+---l--..Y..+--->it:++--..,~-:>1----,rt'lc-'>l"+-¥+~L--:l"k-+++--+-~++----:~ ~
I cr~
cJ'~
.000 ·r-....,,...~~-+--tr-.,..""-0 q;..

ce t o
.0011---~rc-l--+--¥--l---:~,..-+J--7"---:>"-+..-+-t-"ll'+-Tt_,· -F-~~~o.....-Jl;j·~l(;
.006 ~ J.., ----1

.005 I~____,
--->-+--"-....,.

an n
.004
gu cu l RETARDANCE-D

id rre
y, ct va
IO•I *D \O•I
.003L--....1-....£'--....1-.%...-J.........:'-l..._--"::_..1.-'....L.l"'--L-L.1,._.L.J..-'L-L.--"'-...LL--.L-.......L-...:;..._ __,
2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 ·30 40 50 60 80 100 200
lic fle hi

OISCHARGE-Q-CFS
po re Arc

.10 t---+--~;..f'--+----''k--'---17""--for--'tr.~--t---..ir.t--+~~~i<--:f~~r-"'4-----1

.001----;...'->c-+--+---+----,¥-->rrd----+.,,-...r-:.....lli,..--+-~~~<-+-~-~+.7<,..,...-----1
.07~----+--'k'--+--t~"--t-tT---,"'t--~~-t-"~tl"'-t-"ci7''-''t-7"-t-"v'-~~:>"t----~
.06t----t--r-'1:-T7"'"1--"t---t-~--t--1s"'----t--.:--t-+i"r-- ___...,,.._~+-,,--.-----1
~ .0511P----+---,!--*-+---t~t--_...,~,.......,t---'IM7''--~ft"o.:-t-:i~i->1'-PI.+-_,...,-~---~
0
0
n, er

....
a::
~ .031--__;>ri---~-+---+--->ric+-7"+---+-7'~,.--,..<1--l.J~~~""do"--IF-'llr++..1~-----1
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

'1'
RETAROANCE-C
19
3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
OISCHARGE-Q-CFS GRASSED CHANNELS
10: I

44
 Chapter 5.-CIRCULAR· PIPE CHANNELS
tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
5.1 Description of charts. Charts 35-60 are designed
for use in the solution of the Manning equation for circular-
pipe channels which have sufficient length, on constant
or r ac
slope, to establish uniform flow at normal depth without
backwater or pressure head. It is important to recognize
that they are not suitable for use in connection with most
types of culvert flow, since culvert flow is seldom uniform.
ce t o
The charts are of two types. Charts 35-51, whose use
is described in section 5.2, are similar to the open-channel
charts of chapter 3. Separate charts are provided for pipe
an n
diameters of 12-36 inches, by 3-inch increments; for diam-
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
eters of 42-72 inches, by 6-inch increments; and for diam-
eters of 84 and 96 inches. The charts are prepared for an
n of 0.015, with auxiliary scales for n=0.012 and 0.024.
lic fle hi
Instructions are given for using the charts with any other
value of n, in section 5.2-2. The charts have an abscissa
po re Arc
scale of discharge, in cubic feet per second, and an ordinate
scale of velocity, in feet per second. Both scales are
logarithmic. Superimposed on the logarithmic grid are
steeply inclined lines representing depth (in feet), and
slightly inclined lines representing channel slope (in feet
per foot). A heavy dashed line on each chart shows the
position of critical flow.
The second set of charts for circular-pipe channels, Nos.
52-60, whose use is described in section 5.3, differ from
n, er
charts 35-51 in that they require the use of several charts
for solving the Manning equation. The charts· contain
tio g
curves for standard sizes of pipe up to 15 feet in diameter,
for values of n=0.011, 0.012, and 0.025. The relations of
la lon
friction slope, discharge, velocity, and pipe diameter for
pipes with n=0.025 are given on chart 52; similar relations
for pipes with n=0.011 and 0.012 are given on charts 53
and 54. Ratios for computation of part-full pipe flow are
gu o
given on chart 55. Chart 56 shows critical depth and
re n
chart 57 shows specific head at critical depth; both are in-
dependent of the n value of the pipe. Chart 58 shows the
critical slope for pipes with n=0.025, and charts 59 and 60
ay
show critical slope for pipes with n values of 0.011 and
0.012.
M
5.2 Instructions for use of charts 35-51, for pipes 1-8
feet in diameter. Charts 35-51 cover pipe sizes from 12 to
96 inches in diameter. It will be noted that each slope line
has a hook at its right terminus. If dn is greater than 0.82
diameter, two values of dn will be shown by the slope line
hook for a particular value of Q. In these cases, flow will
occur at the lesser of the alternate depths. Interpolated
slope lines follow the same pattern as those drawn on the
charts.
The maximum rate of uniform discharge in a circular
pipe on a given slope, when not flowing under pressure,
will occur with a depth of 0.94 diameter. This discharge
can be determined by reading the highest Q, on the appro-
priate n scale, which can be read on the given slope line.
5.2-1 Use of charts with basic chart-design value of n.
For a given discharge, slope, and pipe size, the depth and
velocity of uniform flow may be read directly from the
chart for that size pipe. The initial step is to locate the
intersection of a vertical line through the discharge (on
the appropriate n scale) and the appropriate slope line.
At this intersection, the depth of flow is read or interpolated
from the depth lines; and the mean velocity is read oppo-
site the intersection on the velocity scale for the n value of
the pipe (see examples 10 and 11). The procedure is re-
versed to determine the discharge at a given depth of flow.
If the discharge line passes to the right of the appropriate
slope line, the pipe will flow full (in which case, see sec.
5.2-3).
Critical depth and critical velocity are independent of
the value of n. They are read at the point where a vertical
line through Q, on the scale n=0.015, intersects the critical
curve. Critical slope for n=0.015 is also read or interpo-
lated from the slope line at the same intersection. For
n values of 0.012 and 0.024, critical slope is determined by
first finding critical depth, using Q on the scale n=0.015.
Critical slope is then read or interpolated from the slope
lines at the intersection of critical depth and the vertical
line through Q on the appropriate n scale (see example 11).
Critical depths falling between the last two normal depth
lines have little significance, since wave action may inter-
mittently fill the pipe.
Example 10
Given:-A long 30-incli c'ooorete pipe, with n=0.015, on a
0.5-percent slope (S=0.005), discharging 25 c.f.s. Find:
Depth, velocity, and type of flow.
1. Select the chart for a 30-inch pipe, chart 41.
2. From 25 on the Q scale for n=0.015, move vertically
to intersect the slope line S = 0.005; at the. intersection,
from the depth lines read dn=2.05 ft.
3. Move horizontally from the intersection and read the
normal velocity, V n=5.8 f.p.s., on the ordinate scale.
4. The intersection lies below the critical curve, and the
flow is therefore subcritical. At the intersection of the
Q=25 c.f.s. (on the scale n=0.015) line with the critical
curve, the chart shows critical depth de= 1. 7 ft. and critical
velocity V 0 =6.9 f.p.s.
45
 Example II 5. To find the critical slope, follow the critical depth
line, 1.9 ft., to its intersection with a vertical line through
Given: A long 60-inch corrugated metal pipe with n=
Q.d;. = 100 c.f.s. on the n=0.015 scale, and read S.=0.015.
0.024, on a 2-percent slope (S=0.02), discharging 100 c.f.s.
The pipe slope, 0.003, is less than the critical slope. This
Find: Depth, velocity, and type of flow.
is another indication that flow is in the subcritical range.
1. Select the chart for a 60-inch pipe, chart 47.
2. From 100 on the Q scale for n=0.024, move vertically
5.2-3 Pipes flowing full. When, on charts 35-51, a
to intersect the slope line S=0.02, and read dn=2.5 ft.
vertical line through the discharge passes to the right of
3. Move horizontally from the intersection and, on the
the terminus of the pipe slope line, the pipe will flow full
V scale for n=0.024, read the normal velocity V n= 10.5
and under pressure. The slope of the pressure and energy

tic ted
f.p.s.
lines for full flow can be determined from the charts. These
4. Critical depth and critical velocity are independent
lines are both parallel to the friction slope S 1 when the
of the value of n and are read using the n scale (0.015)
pipe flows full. The friction slope is the rate at which
for which the charts were basically constructed. At the

ac p
energy is lost by resistance to flow and it will be greater

e.
intersection of Q=lOO c.f.s. (on the n=0.015 scale) and
than the pipe slope.

pr ce
the critical curve, the chart shows d.=2.8 ft. and V.=8.5
To find Sr. enter the appropriate chart with Q, or Q.d;.
f.p.s. The normal depth, 2.5 ft., is less than the critical
for values of n other than 0.012, 0.015, and 0.024, and move
depth, 2.8 ft., and the normal velocity, 10.5 f.p.s., is high-

or r ac
vertically to intersect the depth line which is equal to the
er than the critical velocity, 8.5 f.p.s.; thus the flow is
pipe diameter. At the intersection, read or interpolate the
supercritical.
friction slope on or between the short right-angle marks
5. To find the critical slope, follow the critical depth
indicating slope (see example 13).
line, 2.8 ft. (found in step 4), back to its intersection with

ce t o
a vertical line through Q=lOO c.f.s. on the scale n=0.024, Example 13
and read S.=0.015. The pipe slope, 0.02, is greater than
the critical slope, 0.015, which is another indication that Given: A long 30-in. corrugated metal pipe, with n=

an n
the flow is in the supercritical range.
gu cu l 0.024, on a 0.8-percent slope (S = 0.008), discharging 25

id rre
y, ct va
c.f.s. Find: Friction slope S 1 .
5.2-2 Use of charts with other than basic chart-design 1. Select the chart for a 30-in. pipe, chart 41.
values of n. For pipes with n values other than 0.015, 2. From 25 on the Q scale for n=0.024, move verti-
lic fle hi

0.012, and 0.024, use the s.cale n=0.015 and an adjusted cally: the objective is to intersect slope line S = 0.008, but
Q obtained by multiplying the design Q by the ratio of the Q line passes to the right of the end of the 0.008 slope
po re Arc

the pipe n to the chart value n=0.015; that is, Q.d;.=
Q X (n/0.015). Read the depth directly at the intersec-
tion of the pipe slope line and a vertical line through the
adjusted Q. The velocity is read opposite the intersec-
tion on the scale n=0.015, but this value must be divided
by the ratio n/0.015 to obtain the pipe velocity (see
example 12). In reversing the procedure, to determine
the discharge for a given depth and slope, read Q on the
scale n=0.015 and divide by the ratio n/0.015 (see
example 12).
n, er
line; therefore, the pipe will flow full.
3. Having verified full flow, proceed vertically on Q=25
to intersect the 2.5-ft. depth line, which equals the 30-in.
pipe diameter; and read the friction slope S 1 =0.0l2.
5.3 Instructions for use of charts 52-60, for pipes 1-15
feet in diameter. Charts 52-60 are used to solve the
Manning equation for uniform flow in part-full circular
pipes up to 15 feet in diameter and with n values of 0.011,
0.012, and 0.025. Charts 52-55 are for normal flow and

Critical depth, velocity, and slope are determined as require, first, finding the friction slope for the given dis-
explained in step 4 of example 12. charge in a pipe flowing full. For this purpose, use chart
tio g

52 for n=0.025, and chart 53 or 54, depending on. pipe

Example 12
la lon

size, for n=0.011 or 0.012. Then the ratio graphs of

Given: A long 72-in. field-bolted corrugated metal pipe, chart 55 are used to find discharge Q, depth d, velocity V,
with n=0.'°30, on a 0.3-percent slope (S=0.003), flowing and friction slope S 1 .
at a depth of 3.0 ft. Find: Discharge, velocity, and Chart 56 is used to determine critical depth d., and
gu o

type of flow. chart 57 to determine specific head H. at critical depth.

1. Select the chart for a 72-in. pipe, chart 49. To find critical slope Sr. chart 58 is used for n=0.025,
re n

2. Locate the intersection of the lines for dn=3.0 ft. and chart 59 or 60, depending on pipe size, for n=0.011
and S=0.003, and read Q.d;.=100 c.f.s. and V.d;.=7.0 or 0.012.
ay

f.p.s. on the scales for n=0.015. It will be noted that charts 52 and 58 for corrugated
3. Compute the ratio n/0.015=0.030/0.015=2.0; and metal pipe are based on n=0.025. For 6- by 2-ineh cor-
rugations, current laboratory tests indicate that the value
M

divide the values of Q and V found in step 2 by this ratio:

Q=l00/2.0=50 c.f.s., and V=7.0/2.0=3.5 f.p.s.
4. Critical depth and critical velocity may be read
directly on chart 49 by finding the intersection of the
critical curve with a vertical line through Q= 50 c.f.s.
(determined in step 3) on the n=0.015 scale. These
values are d.=1.9 ft. and V.=6.5 f.p.s. The normal
depth, 3.0 ft., is greater than d., 1.9 ft., and the normal
velocity, 3.5 f.p.s., is less than V., 6.5 f.p.s.; the flow is
therefore in the subcritical range.
of n should be higher. When the final results of these
tests are published, the user may wish to add a slope scale
for the new value of n to charts 52 and 58. Such scales
could be placed as are the n=0.012 scales on charts 53
and 59.
5.3-1 Use of charts to find discharge. The following
steps are used to find discharge, when depth of flow and
slope of pipe are known (see example 14).

46
 First find full-flow discharge QFuLL corresponding to
the slope of the pipe, using chart 52, 53, or 54, according
to the n value and the size of pipe.
Next compute d/ D, the ratio of depth of flow to the
diameter of the pipe, and.on chart 55 read the correspond-
ing Q/QFuLL on the relative discharge curve in the upper
graph.
Finally, compute the discharge at the given depth by
multiplying the full-flow discharge (from the first step)
by the ratio Q/QFuLL (from the second step).
tic ted
5.3-2 Use of charts to find dept.II of uniform flow.
The following steps are used to find depth of uniform flow,
ac p
when discharge and slope are known (see example 15).
e.
First find QFuLL corresponding to the slope of the pipe,
pr ce
using chart 52, 53, or 54, according to the n value and the
size of pipe.
or r ac
Next compute the ratio Q/QFuLL, and on chart 55 read
the corresponding d/ D on the relative discharge curve in
the upper graph.
Finally, compute the depth of flow by multiplying the
pipe diameter by the ratio d/ D (from the second step).
ce t o
D and d must be in the same units.
an n
5.3-3 Use of charts to find velocity of flow. The
gu cu l
following steps are used to find velocity of flow, when dis-
id rre
y, ct va
charge and slope are known (see example 15).
First find VFuLL corresponding to the given discharge
rate, using chart 52, 53, or 54, according to the n value
lic fle hi
and the size of pipe.
If the depth of flow is unknown, it is determined as
po re Arc
indicated in section 5.3-2.
Next compute the ratio d/D, and on chart 55 read the
corresponding V/VFuLL on the relative velocity curve in
the upper graph.
Finally, compute the mean velocity V of part-full flow
by multiplying VFuLL (from the first step) by the ratio
VIV FULL (from the third step).
5.3-4 Use of charts to find slope required to maintain
n, er
flow. The following steps are used to find slope required
to maintain flow, when discharge and depth are known
tio g
(see example 16).
First find S1 FULL corresponding to the discharge, using
la lon
chart 52, 53, or 54, according to the n value and the size
of pipe.
Next compute the ratio d/D, and on chart 55 read the
relative friction slope SJIS1 FULL on the lower graph.
gu o
Finally, compute the friction slope S 1 by multiplying
re n
S1 FULL (from the first step) by the ratio S 1/S1 FULL (from
the second step).
ay
5.3-5 Use of charts to find critical flow. The following
steps are used to find critical flow (see example 17), for
M
a given discharge.
Critical depth de is read on chart 56 at the intersection
of Q and the pipe size.
Minimum specific head H, is read on chart 57 at the
intersection of Q and the pipe size.
Critical slope Sc is read on chart 58, 59, or 60, selected
according to the n value and pipe size, at the intersection
of Q and t~e pipe size.
Example 14
Given: A long 48-in. diameter concrete pipe, with
n=0.011, on a 0.5-percent slope (S=0.005), flowing at a
depth of 3.0 ft. Find: Discharge.
1. On chart 54, using the n=0.011 scales, find the inter-
section of the lines for a 48-in. pipe and S=0.005. From
this point move vertically down to read QFuLL= 120 c.f.s.
2. The ratio of d/D=3.0/4.0=0.75. In the upper
graph of chart 55, move across from this value to the
relative discharge curve, and thence up to the top scale
to find the relative discharge, 0.91.
3. Then Q=120 (from step l)X0.91=109 c.f.s.
Example 15
Given: A long 10-ft. diameter concrete pipe, with
n=0.012, on a 0.06-percent slope (S=0.0006), di'Scharging
315 c.f.s. Find: Depth and velocity.
1. On chart 54, using the n=0.012 scale, find the inter-
section of the lines for a 10-ft. pipe and S=0.0006, and
read QFuLL=440 c.f.s.
2. The ratio Q/QFuLL=315/440=0.72. In the upper
graph of chart 55, from the intersection of this value and
the relative discharge curve, read the d/D ratio=0.63.
3. Then dn=0.63X10=6.3 ft.
4. On chart 54, at the intersection for Q= 315 c.f.s. and
D= 10.0 ft., read VFULL=4.0 f.p.s.
5. From the intersection of the d/ D ratitl of 0.63 and
the relative velocity curve, on the upper graph of chart 55,
read V/VFULL=l.50.
6. Then Vn=l.50X4.0 (from step 4)=6.0 f.p.s.
Example 16
Given: A long 10-ft. corrugated metal pipe, with n=0.025,
discharging 600 c.f.s. at a depth of flow of 7.5 ft. Find:
Slope S1 required to maintain the flow, and the critical
slope S, for the given conditions.
1. On chart 52, at the intersection of Q= 600 c.f.s. and
the pipe diameter 10 ft., read S1 FULL=0.0048.
2. The d/D ratio=7.5/10.0=0.75, and on the lower
graph of chart 55, the corresponding ratio S 1 /S1 FULL=1.2.
3. Then Sr= 1.2X0.0048 (from step 1) =0.0058.
4. On the lower graph of chart 58, for Q=600 c.f.s.
and D = 10, S,=0.012.
Example 17
Given: A long 10-ft. concrete pipe, with n=0.012, dis-
charging 600 c.f.s. Find: Critical depth d" critical slope
Sc, and specific head He at de.
1. On the lower graph of chart 56, for Q= 600 c.f.s. and
D= 10 ft., read d,=5.9 ft. (Note that in this case, D is
interpolated between the next larger and next smaller
pipe sizes.)
2. On the upper graph of chart 60, for Q= 600 c.f.s.
and D= 10 ft., and using the right margin scale, Sc=0.0026.
3. On the lower graph of chart 57, for Q= 600 c.f.s. and
D = 10 ft., read H ,= 8.4 ft. (See note at end of step 1.)
47
 tic ted
20 40

30

ac p
e.
pr ce
10 20

or r ac
7
rq/()
6 .... 9
5 10 ~d
"7

ce t o
4 8 c:: <,;
7
5
3 6

an n
fl)

gu cu l
5 Q.4

id rre
y, ct va
2 4 "'
I
~3
!
.i
!
~

lic fle hi
I
\\! 3 ),,,
CRITIC-AL
()
,,· ..... 2
- - - - - - CURVE

po re Arc
t::: (:)
()
1.0 2
~
-...
,()I
\\! ~
.8 .008
~

i\)~ ,7
()
/.()
·~6
:o0'
~~
.6- t::: ,9 ,DO~ l--- a
.5 1.0 .8 o0i ::c
l>

~~
•7 :0 016 :II
.4 .8 oOI -I
.c '0008
n, er

~ .7 . ~
<>I
~~
~
.3 .6
.5 ·SSS•
. o~
.o ooO'
(JI
tio g

~~
.4 '.o!1 ~ .3 * .5 .G 7 . J.Q 2 5 5 G 'f 8 f() 20
la lon

rr;}; DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n :z .01$

.06 .08 0.1 0.2 0.3 o.4 o.s o.6 o.8 1.0 n,.012 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 10 20 30
~::o
=ti ...... .03 .04 .05.06 .08 0.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 4 5 6 7 8 10
gu o

n=.024
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
20 40
!JO

or r ac
30
zo .1

10 20

ce t o
8
IC)
7 ..... .0 --I--+--+---+--<
<::) 10

an n
6
••• 9 t-t-t-t-+---+---+---t-+--+-::~~---t~"'9-::l=-+"":r-.-::::lo--""'.:::;lo'--<~::;oof--=3>--'1~""""""&.LJ:::~"".7'b?''-:-=-·o~~--+---+-+--+-<

gu cu l
·o

id rre
y, ct va
5 10 t::8 +r-1-=.....,.,~~=""""""'+-r~'°""':~-t=-.P..r-=:;,.,...~..--t5"9--,:;i1.~rT-:A...-'1;"~J--~+--+----+----+-
7 1--+--t--+-+--+--+-----'.-=.....,'F---ci.--""l---A-=-<""'1c~4----=-""""......,~l--"'7l--=-"4't----i..__.!.-~:;;z+,.LJ-14-+·o~- 0~-+---+-+-+--1
4 8
c ·o ~0---+--+--+--+-<

lic fle hi
7 Cl)
' <f> t~
3 6
Q.. s ~ ~ -+--+--+--+--+-I
"'
po re Arc
5 I 4 ,--,,g_...,..........iL...0-+ ~tt ----1--+----+--+--+--I
:::.. ~~~,,.,.,;1"17''-tl''-=-._,o_ o.s> '

~
2 4 I ./l
).,
~~~'>"=...,....g<--,4,"--61"-t • o0 0~
·o ..s- ~\
t ~t CR/TICA
---------CURVE
t\a
(;) 3
....
..... -;;....-"'::l>--ff:b+""'i'-~f-=>"-+~17'-cl"<-'.0---.o,.,. to~ 1' !
,,· ~ 0

~
1.0 2
<::) 2
......
~
o;;..."'FS--l-"""t.:r"'F--::l-1'f"-+-J..<.±::.,,.,,..""""!--z:..ri'J~~~r~-t-.~t
r:,V
0 '

(;t~ .8 t\a
.....
n, er

(;)
,,
~~
.7 C>
:::c
.6- ~ >
tio g

21

~;!!
.5 1.0 -I
la lon

.8
~~
.4
F-,;..-of"-=-'...o;z;-bo_.,;."¥----t~+"""~+:O-,f"'TrT--!i"-t'Oo+-----'----<f----l--+---+~--+-+--+--+--+-+-l----1---t--1-1
/ o.,,_
~ .5 f; .7 .8 /.0 2 3 4 5 20
gu o

~~ D/SCHARqE - Q - CFS n • .Oltl

re n

"":b:
~~ _.o~f_._,o.i_1~~..__~o~i2~..__o.;_3_,~o~i-4_o~i5~o~i6_._,_o~i8~·-1.~p_n_-~-·~o~'=
2-~~~~-3~•.......-4~,~5~·_..~__.~_..r~.~~o~~_._~~~o.___.__3.....
f~
ay

=ti'I .o4 .o5.o6 .08 0.1 n .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 20

=.024
M
 tic ted
20

ac p
e.
30

pr ce
or r ac
10 20

8
?
6

ce t o
5

an n
4

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
3

lic fle hi
2

po re Arc
"'
~
I:)
,,·
s:::

Cb~
1.0

~~
.8 0
.? ~
l>

~;!!
.6- ;u
-i
n, er

.5

~~
C)
.4 .8
...,"'
tio g

h: .i; .7 .8 1.0 2 .3 s (; 10 20
~~
la lon

DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n•.015

"'lb: 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50.6 n=.0(2 2 3 4 5 6 ? 8 10 20 30 40 50 60
~=t. I I I I I I
I Oj8, 1p 80
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

=ti """t
gu o

.08 0.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6.? .8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 ? 8 10 20 30 40

n=.024
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
30 60

ac p
e.
41Jt---t--t--t--t---t-~t--t--';--1-t-~~-t---+--+--+----+--+-+--+--+-+--+-+-~-4---+---+~l--+-~-..j

pr ce
50

20 40

or r ac
30

10

ce t o
8
? ••

an n
c:'~

gu cu l
6

id rre
y, ct va
5 10 8 l---l--------1-1
7 ._____,______,
4

lic fle hi
8 Cl)(;
?
e: 5

po re Arc
3 6 I

5 ::.4
I ---+-----<f---1----+- CR IT/CAL
).., ------CURVE
2 4 ...... 3
~
"'
~ 3
C)
......
•••
t::::
I\)~
... ~
1.0
n, er

.8 0
~ .?
::t
)>
tio g

~;!J 6- :u
-I
la lon

~ .5 1.0

~~
~ .4 .8

~~
30 4a 50 r;;o 80
gu o

l'1'j :ti;
re n

0.3 0.4 0.50.6 0.8 1.0 n=.Ot2.

~
2 3 4 5 6 ? 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

~ ......
ay

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6.? .8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 ? 8 10 20 30 40 50 60
n=.024
M
 tic ted
50 40
20 40

ac p
!JO

e.
pr ce
30
2()

or r ac
10 2~
~
8
7
••

ce t o
6
5

an n
4

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
3
::S-t==:::P-..-t=;:Yi...-"F.-~:;;i.---+""Ji-=~===!--.b-1~'*'..,q:..-= ---------1--

lic fle hi
5 ).. 4 :
o• C:::.b..ok''+---!~~-6~~~,........:::i;µ=~~
......
(:> :06 ·-1--1------- CR. TIC AL
CURVE
2
~3 ~~'---::;A""'f=-t:~-r:--+-:;P-l":P..i"""':-

po re Arc
~ 4
~ .o'l
""'.;
~ 3 :s; .015 F-f--t:;;,,i.-':7-~ ..,...=~~~=-:liif.-.:::.:l'~-b~'4-zr;-~7f-A-hf-f

t:: 2

~~ 1.0

~·~
.8 C>
::c
.7 l>
::u
~;!! .6- .....
n, er

0 .5
~~
tio g

.4
l:i 2 3 5 G 7 8 10 20
la lon

~~
"i:b; n=.012
DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n • .016
0.3 0.4 0.50.6 0.8 1.0 2 3 4567810 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
;:;t =b --.-r--.-.-.-.... ........
~ .....
-.--~~,~~~r ~~~..-~.--_,...--.,..-..-..-_,...---.~........, ~~-.-~-.-~..--.--.-......-~..--.--.-~
gu o

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80
n=.oe4
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
30 60
50

or r ac
20 40
....
~
~ 30

ce t o
••
t:::
10 20 ~

an n
~
.

gu cu l
8

id rre
y, ct va
7
6 c::~l--l~-+--+-+-+-i~:;::.::4~'.:t~~~I:~~~~~:t~z::~~~==z=~~~-=t.

lic fle hi
s,____.~_,__,___.
5 10
Cl) 71--+~--+--l-­

po re Arc
4 8 Cl
.... 6
7
~+--4---+-+-l--CRJncAL
3 6
- - - - - - CURVE
5

2 4

I\')~ .
n, er

~~ 1.0 2t:::
~
tio g

.8
~;?l ·
la lon

.7

~ .6-

~~ .5 1.0
~
gu o

3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
~~ DISCHARGE - Q - CFS nz .015
re n

n;li 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 /Ofl•.012 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200

~~
ay

=t;""'t .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7·9 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100

n•.024
M
 70

tic ted
30 60 50
50 40

ac p
20 40

e.
JO

pr ce
30

or r ac
20
~
10 2C ~

8
.
c:

ce t o
7
... 6 10
(\I <t) 9
q5

an n
10 Q. 8
••

gu cu l
.... 7

id rre
c:::

y, ct va
4 8
7 ~·~
6 15 CR/TICAL+---+---1

lic fle hi
------ CURVE
5

po re Arc
2

~~
~·~
/.0 2
~
.8 ()

~~ .7 ••
n, er

C) .6- c:::
~~ .5 /.0
~
tio g

~~
la lon

Nl~
~~ n= .012
0.6 0.8 1.0 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300

~ ......
gu o

.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
n=.024
re n
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
40 80

e.
pr ce
70
30 60

or r ac
50

20 40

30

ce t o
10 20

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
8
7
6

lic fle hi
5 10

po re Arc
4 8
7
3 6

,.. 2 4

~
,,·
~~
n, er

t::

~·~ 1.0 2
tio g

~~
.8
la lon

.7
~ .6-
~~
~ .5 1.0
gu o

~~
4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300
DISCHARGE - Q - CFS fl =.015
re n

n;:b: 0.8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n=.012 20

~~
I I I I I I
10 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400
I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I
ay

I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
~"I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
.4 .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 3 ·10 I
4 5 6 7 8 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200
n=.024
M
 tic ted
40 80
~()
70
~()
30 60

ac p
e.
50 40

pr ce
20 40
!JO

or r ac
30

.....
lr)20
()
10 20

ce t o
••
8 t\i~
....
7 ()

an n
6

gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
5
4

lic fle hi
3 --+--+-t---+-- : CHI.Tl
AL

po re Arc
------ CURVE

2
'lit
t\I
~~ ,,·
()

~·~
t:::: C>
:::c
1.0 2 J>
:u
~;:!J .....
n, er

.8
<:) .7
~~
tio g

.6
li
la lon

G ~

it~ DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n•.015

hlli 6 7 8 , ~o n=.0(2 20
~=->
1.0
. I
2 3 4 5 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
gu o

~'t .5 .6 .7 .8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300

re n

fl=.024
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
70

pr ce
40~
80
~ I
70
' i :
so - ----- ·-r-:-t--r--

or r ac
30 60
I

50 40
20 40
50

ce t o
~
t\a -----
~
30 ~
,, ~eo

an n
~ It

gu cu l
t

id rre
y, ct va
10 20

lic fle hi
1'
">10
6
a: 9 ~./!>-

po re Arc
5 10 I 8
.10
::... 7
4 8 .08(;
I G .o!>
1' )... .o.+
...... 5 .o
3 6
~ .o:J
5 ~4 02
-.J :015
~
2 4
.3 .0~8 .....
~~
.0 "
.og5
3~
n, er

.0011-

~·~
~ .0 ~ 0
,, 2 .oo ::r.
)>
tio g

002
~ :u
~~·
: 0 01r, . ~
1.0 -2 I ;
la lon

· oo'
0 oB
<::) .8· ,o o"
~~ .7 :Z~~~o
. .. I i
~
/.()
7 8 10 2tJ 0 40 50 f#O 80 /00 200 400
gu o

;t:~ D/6CHARGE - Q - CFS n = .015

re n

trj :b;
a
tit~
2 3 4 5 6 1' 10 n=.012 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800
ay

~ ....... .7 .8 1.0 2 4 ·' 6 1' B 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400

n=.024
M
 tic ted
50 100 80
70
40 80
r;o

ac p
70

e.
.JO 60
50 --

pr ce
50 40

or r ac
20 40 !J()

~
JO C:>
" to

ce t o
~
10 20

an n
8

gu cu l
7

id rre
y, ct va
6
5

lic fle hi
4

po re Arc
.J

~~
·~
. ~
2

~ .·
~;!l c::1.0
n, er

2
0
~~ .8
tio g

li': .7
zo 40 so r;o
it:~
.90 80 /()() 300 400
la lon

DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n • .01~

""'~=t>
[it 2 4 s 6 7 8 10 n=.012 20 JO 40 50 60 80 100 200 .JOO 400 600 800 1000

~ ......
gu o

1.0 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 .JO 40 50 60 80 100 200 .JOO 400 600

re n

n=.024
ay
M
 tic ted
Rev. AUG. 1954

ac p
e.
MAY 1948

pr ce
60
'70
50 100 80

or r ac
70
40 80
r;o
70
5()
30 60

ce t o
50 40

.20 40
IC)30
....

an n
()
~

gu cu l
30

id rre
y, ct va
... t::•• 20
s:::
10

lic fle hi
20

po re Arc
7 ~
()
6 ..·
s:::
5 10

4 8

3
7
6
------ CURVE
,
CRITICAL +------t

5
n, er

2 4
tio g

3
la lon

1.0 2
gu o

.8
20 30 40 50 Q) 80 100 21)1) 300 400 r;tJO 800 /()()()
re n

DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n =.015

n=.012
ay

4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50·60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800

M

n=.024
°'c:>

tic ted
·60
'1tJ
50 100 8tJ
7tJ

ac p
40 80

e.
(;()
~o

pr ce
56
30 60
50 4()

or r ac
..
~
20 40

30
Ir) !JO
....
()

ce t o
.. 2()
c:" ~
10 20

an n
,90

gu cu l
8 .to

id rre
y, ct va
~ ~ .16
'4. llJ
6 </
I ·'$
.o

lic fle hi
5 10 ~8 .O#
,0 ..
I 'f .o

po re Arc
....... "" .oJot
)..
4 8 CRITICAL
~ CURVE
3 6
~5 :01~
~ ()/
5 ~" ·oo~ · -.-
·oof~-----
~~ :~ ...
.o
....

~·~
4~
2
()
.... !J
.oo' 0
-'5!i~ILd~;:4;J...,.t!:::::.7-jb,t4j~~;:z;::::,J:::~~blJ!C·o -t~ --t---t----+--t--1
. I o
3 .. ooe :¥.-.r~-:P~~~~~$~"5!~t7'!~9f'-:.:---c/:>od-<s>
c: :oo'~
~;?! ;• .,%. . .
~..-r-rV>/. 00 ~
zoo~ -~t--11-t-+--~r------ir---t--+~---.-i1----t-t-r-t-+---t
n, er

. 0 -"'"',..,,...,....., 00
(;)
~~
1.0 2 :~~~t
·ootJ ,
~ o.J>
tio g

~ .8
. .tJ oo
~~
la lon

4 .5 !JI) 40 5() (;() 80 140 200 !J()() 00 r;tJ() 8tJO /()(}()

n •
"'~
DISCHARGE - Q - CFS .015

!it~ 5 6 ~ 8 10 n•.O/R20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000
~ .....
gu o

3 4 5 6 ~ 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000

re n

n• :024
ay
M
 tic ted
90
50 100 80

ac p
e.
70

pr ce
40 80
60 -fE "t'
10 p\t'E I ,,,
30 60 50 ,!>

or r ac
50 ~40
0
20 40 II-~
c

ce t o
30 25

020

an n
gu cu l
20 Q.

id rre
y, ct va
10

8
ll..15
I
~:>
'° .t.O

·"'

lic fle hi
1 ;tO .
q '10
6 t:)... ·~

po re Arc
5 10 t. :oa4
.o
U7 ,01
4 8 0
..J. .ot.
.1 l&J .011
3 6 :> 5 .01,
.o~,
·~
5 4

m:!l ·~

-2r-
2 4 0
.oo'
...
·~
3 %
n, er

ooi J>
:u
~.,, "".
3 :0016 -t
~

·~· •
tio g

•• 2
t:::: • 006
la lon

.o fm CJ)
0 1.0 2 :Y> ~
t:J~ .8 6 7 8 910 20 so 40 50 60 80 100 200 500 400 100 800 1000
~ DISCHARGE - Q - CFS n =.015
gu o

~(') 6 1· 8 . 10 n=.012 20 40 50 60
30 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000
l"l :t:
re n

..... b 3 4 6 7 8 40 50 60 80 IQO 200 300 400 600 8001000

10 20 30
~~.
5
ay

n=.024
M
.en
NI

tic ted
70
/(}(7
60
'it1

ac p
50 100 80

e.
70

pr ce
40 80
GO
70
50
30 60

or r ac
50 40

20 40
....
IC)

~:JO
~

ce t o
II

""i::::,,·
Q 30
t:
20

an n
gu cu l
10 20

id rre
y, ct va
<I)
8
7
....
t\f :!:
Q

lic fle hi
6 ...
s:::

po re Arc
5 10

4 8
7
3 6

i\1~ 5

~·~
2 4 0
:c
l>
::u
~;!l 3 .....
n, er

~~
(;:) •
U>
tio g

1.0 2
~
la lon

4() !JO Q() 80 100 2fJ{J()

~~
Ni :b;
DISCHARGE -- Q - CFS
'l=.012
~~
. 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000
gu o

~'I 4
I I
5
I
6
I
7 8
I I I
10
I
30
I I I
40 50 60
I I I I
80 100
I I
200
I I
300 400
I I I I
600 800 1000
I I
re n

n=.024
ay
M
 tic ted
ac p
e.
70

pr ce
JOO
60
s>o
50 100 80

or r ac
71
40 80 N plP
GD o'tl I -
70 oF ft. 1~
,~
50
.JO 60 oEP1"'

ce t o
20
50

40 -•
">40
~
o'P

an n
... 30

gu cu l
c:

id rre
y, ct va
~ 30
,,· 2()
t:

lic fle hi
10 20

po re Arc
8
7
6
5 10

4 8
7
.J 6

-..
n, er

5{\&
a
2 4~ ::c
>
tio g

t: ::u
-4
la lon

.J
OI
0
1.0 2 SO t;O 8" /(JO Zl'JO 300 4()() COO 8()() /{}00 2000 $()00
gu o

DISCHARGE - Q- CFS n::: .015

re n

10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 n=.012 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 4000 6000
ay

5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000

n=.024
M
 tic ted
80
70
60

ac p
50 100

e.
pr ce
40 80 t;()
70
50

or r ac
,0 60
50 ~40 ·-
<:)
-~
20 40 ,, !JO
...

ce t o
~,,· JO
'

an n
c:::

gu cu l
id rre
~

y, ct va
10 20
14:
8
...
61

lic fle hi
7 a,,·
6 ---+--+--CRITICAL
c::: ------- CURVE

po re Arc
5 10

4 8
7

~~
3 6

~
Iril 2
5

~~
n, er

3
0
~~
tio g

l:i: t!ltJ100 200 !loo 400 l#OO 8IJ(J tOOd

it:~
la lon

. DISCHARGE - 0- CFS n =.015

til h"; n=.012
~=ti
20 · 30 40 50 60 80 100 "POCI 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 4000 6000

=ti ...... I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I i I I I
',o'oo
gu o

7 8 10 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 ,00 400 600 800 1000 2000

re n

n=.024
ay
M
 CHART 52

.10 I
,I I'
I/ I I I J
, I I I J

tic ted
.08
' ' ' I ,I I I/

',,I ,I'J..... 7 ...

I
I
I I J
,
I
I ,I J
I I' I
,
' I ,J
,,
.06
,....

ac p
I I I I 1, J I I I
,.._

e.
J I I
I' I'
I
.05
,I

pr ce
I ,"" ' /...I I
I
.... I
Jr...,
..... , I
I
I
' I
.04
I 'J I 11..... I ,, I J ..... I I 11-.. I I '
,I J I J
I

or r ac
J I ......... ) ....., ..... I ) I
.03 , I,
I ... I "I,
I
I
I ... I
I ""- I
.... , I
I
I

..... ...
, I
I
I
'i...
I I" I
- ..... ,I
...... I I' I
I"'
,.... ,.._
I
I
I
I

,
I
t-
, ... ' ' I II T ... I

ce t o
o
' ...., ....., ...
.02 ...... I 7, I I I'/. j ~
e I 'I.. "'
.... .....
I I I I I I I
7 J
]-. I
,~
a::
,,I f"JI lh.I I ' I.... I r-.. ' I I 'i...J rt..... ')ro , J I

an n
"" , ,.,, J .... ..... I ...
Jr-.. )
Q.
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
t;j
1£.1
.01
I
, ,,... ,,' ,...
" J
,, I '·-./ !!-~
')
I
/IQ 'J
I
J
I
J
"J I '
LL.
I ... ~ ,, ..... r... tfj>
I I I .., , I
lic fle hi

:....ooa
en
I

.-
' ..... J J ....., ..... , J I ..... I
I r--1, I J 7, I
J 'I
,. I
I)
'' I
,~~
">
po re Arc

'
"" .006
Q.
O'
ii;
.,
.,.
,, j

I J .... /.... I r-..f.. /-..../. I

, ...... I ...... '
j ~

~ .005 , ..... - .... ... ' ' ' .... o-k

q,

~ ,roit /'-/..../ / 7''r../ rv-.... ! ) , , /"" 4.i

.004
I'
)
'
v v t..rJ ~ ~it ;j :t ~I r-....., I IJ' r.. V,. . ' 7, /....! °' f.~
J , , -...; :~
1... 4.i

.003
' , I'/. I I ' ""'J.~ ~ ;f.
) I '"~L , I t i'J
q, .l.,,

I :/ I/ r"J ... I I I 1 ~ i ;? ' I

,,.,, 0
'r-.. ~
.002
1r..'y._/ I I 'J.~"' ~ ' fro'
n, er

~
r,
I / ,....
I
~1
' , Iv I . . /. . , I I /r..
)
~
tio g

I I
~, ...... I i-- DIAMETER IN FEET
la lon

001 J
IJ j J I J "'lrl 1 , I III I I I I I
· 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
gu o
re n
ay
M

CIRCULAR C. M. Pt,E
FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL
n=0.025
 CHART 53
.I ,_,...,...-.-__,....,....-.-.......,...,...,.......-,.-r__,....,..."'T""'"1.--..-...-..,.......,[.---,-/.....-__,....,....~,-..-__,--....-..--~~,........,.~,__,.~
t---+--+---+-+--+-+--f-+-1-+---+-+-+--+-+-1f---l--4--!-ll---""'-4----+_._,~,,--hl'H-++ o ' n =O. 012
.08 f-+--+-+-+-+-H-t-t-+-+--t-+-++-ll-+-+-+-llf-..ii:........;"':p.,.,+-H~"i.-l~l--C\/:::.;•·~':,,..+-+-h~~+-J.l' - .I
t---+--+-+-+--+-+--f-+-1--t--+-+--+-+-+--f---+-+-+ ~ , r-...._ .... ci, " "' :. " .... I/ I/ .__
.,...r-... ....-+~~~~....p~~...,..f.~
.06t--+--+-+-+-+-+-1-t-1-+--t--t-+-++il-+-+-~~~~~~
. . . . . . ~" ~"'" 11. . ""'"~"'" ' '--
.....~~~1./+--I.__
.08
~ tri.., """-• I""" 1.... "'Yi -.. ., ''
D5f-+--+-+-+-+-+-!-t-H---t--t-+-++-ll-+-+-'~1116-
.....--l~-d-..,~-....f1¥C-r-.,+-~i-..~~hf-~!"...-i:!o..d-~~.,._~~~°'"~'~: .06

tic ted
.0'4 ' '"- ' ""' "' !". " """ N . . . .05
o I ~_ •/.._ ""- i-.. ...._ 'L "'i-.. J f'.."" '/... ~

.03
) "'--... !'.... ..... ~ 7 i-.. 1"'1 . . ,~, . . r--~7 '-- .04

ac p
t--+--+--+-+--+-+-t-+-+-t---+--+--+--..+-j 0)

e.
.03

pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
lic fle hi
po re Arc
n, er

.001
r'~~/E--+-+-!--1~+-!H-l--'~l/~-+-H'"!-1~+4'.j.......j-j~/--l---.Jl--l--i'>..::;.i..,+-~l)+.4-l-l~·'A---l--+-.U~-..:a..........~l~~ .001
~I
tio g

.0008 ,, l ' .... . I I I j "'' ., "I..

'/ r ........ I II" 1 1 ",.... ··1... ~ ~ .0008
la lon

1 1 ,
.0006 "'" ,..., . I , J J ,}!f''~--1----< '-
I' I ....._ 1 I I• ....., , ,
.0005~=~~=;::11~;~~~~i-..~~~;=~=;~~=~~1~·~=~::~t~~,~~=~·~:t1t~j:t~~~~t::·~~~~~tj~~1j::tj~ .0006
.ooo4t--t-~l~/l'+-'+-+-+-~':+-+~~. . +j....+~hV"'"4---'1+J-+-+~~.......,~.~''"'--+-*-1-+-+-+l1+-1-i-+-7-o11--+-~~i::::i.-~-+---1~ .0005
gu o

I J ...... .... 7
I/ .......0004
re n

' II J 1"-k.i j j
.0003r_~~1++--+-+--+-i11t-t-+-1-+,r+--+-.....ij""'k:--~~1'-+-+~-+-1~--1+-,""'l.o-+--1.<-~-+-"....._-+-4l:..+---1-4-l--+--1~
V' 1
0 I ~

~~--;~·-~,-+-+-A--~l-l--IA---4--4"r'4~~1A-'"""~~·4-+Jl--.....,..,--+--l--4.''~-~4-,~Jl-+---4'-4'--+-1-~~-l------I~ .0003
ay

J •• IJ ~ I/ ~

.0002~'~_.............r..._,.,...._........_.......,......__.~...._•.._~'.....__.__...__~"""""-'-~"-'--'.......1._._LJ...1_._........,._._........~'u.........._.'-l-L-'-.......1.--'• D0025
~ I 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 a::
M

LL
DISCHARGE - CFS f2 t\I
-o.
(/) -5
(/) .
LU 0
0.. •
w 0
a.. "
0 c 0 c
..J
(/)
CIRCULAR CONDUITS ..J
(/)

FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL

n =0.011 (and 0.012)

66
 CHART 54

n=0.012
.06 v I I ;r () II ~ .07
7 I/
,.... ...
II •II
.... ,_I
I

I II ~o'"·' I/ J ' I - :06

.05 J f..1
' ,... '• ri... } I I lit' <.> J I >-
7' I/ r.... N '-;z II II I<; ~I I/ [/ rT
.05
'... .,,
I-

.04
... ,, !',( r--.. t'--i ) W ~I f/
II' 0 v } 7,_

tic ted
...,1 7~ ~) I',
I .... ....
I ...... !. ./ .... rT " ' ii.._ .... /r "-I 1 l7 I/ I- .04
-.
.03
.... -..C\i.;/,t
-... I ~ II I 7 ~

,..,. 4J I I
·1. I

.
'•
7 -../. ,. I .. I II' I
7' I...._ J
.,_ "7
.... 7' -... f<. t I J 7 I- .03
,
I/

ac p
I
... I,_
.... 'J ~ 7,
,. .... I I
I
'J.
., 'f

e.
......
.. '
J ....
,. ,j
,....cyf........ 7' I I/ J I
-

pr ce
.02. ../.. ,..... .... l'.1 'II_ ~ IJ
,...I I
I I" ....., I

... 7 !"..: I
f...J
/N '~, I
-
I- .02.
-,.;;;. ~"' ]-..../ ,...
7
"'
"7
) r7 I f'i. I .....
""'r.... I 1'. J lit,.. I '~1 I-

or r ac
I!'....
I ... "' v .....~ I/ r-..~ ,...~
·~ ~ ~,{ IL "' J
v-
f'J
~ rr' 7 r-...lj 7~.J. II' 17hL 7i"J ·,v.: 1'ji . . 7 -
.o "'>
1 - <o ,
!")
II r--11
1/1' . . J
r...1 ..
,..... ,I lo.. 17 ...., I -,..._I
, •L
......,
'!. 7';. 7 - ,

.. "
cl,_/ '""'. 7 ~-
' V' .... I/ I/J <o I I I ~/.... l r-... T• 1' ., J~ --
I/ .... J ..... II'
,,,. .01

ce t o
J I/ I-

.008
I
.... • '11-/ '
l ...
I .... I ,.._ 'f..... I
' °" .008
g .006 '/.... "! .... -... 7~ l ,
") .... r-. ,J '"/.... )
... ,, -
"
l- I
,;r,-, f "ll""'/.!!'~ I

an n
... r-L
gu cu l ,. I I ...._
...
I
" r.. 1'. l/ ....
11.

id rre "" .... 0 (0 7 I I

..... -
I- .006
y, ct va
0:: .005 .... <o, I I r-.. IJ I
UJ
1"'11
I
I' ... I ..... : f'7 ~~",,,, t07,,.,). . .....I ,
J '' <o" I 'fl I
I " ... ./_
''-
I r....11 I .. z 7 I- .005
a. .004
I/ ...... /· !..... I"' , / "C\J 1\7 r"-J. I r... J ' ~ -
1-
.... -
lic fle hi

UJ
I JI'. I) Ir-., /~Jo)/ '-L I -... ..... I ~7 .004
UJ
't- .003
.... )
' )
---, -..... I
., ..,
I-

,
I
I
..., ~ r7 ...,0
T . ._ ,.._ II'
!? """'
po re Arc

I 7 ..... I I/
,...
-
r"O.. I/
J)
I
UJ
I -..
'!..
I
7
7r-;._
,. I/ l'o. I/
0)
I/ J lo.. I
7 I '· .,.I
.....
.....
~
~
.I -.. IJ
...
I/
I-

-
.003

~ .002
...I /' "
I
I/
~

!"'- ..,...I '" r...IJ ill[I

~ I/
lo..
r...7
I i t-l
I
I
'J.
I r"-1 t!t ...,'II- 1/1" !;,j.__~- I--
Ir-.. I
~'---
~-
---
I I I 'II.... I/ ..... I/ ~ ((.~ .002
I .. ll ~ v
(/) i"J J I--

I 7 J .... _, .... I J I ...... ../ I 1.... -

"""'I
.. I/ ""' re [)'. ,1
-
-,..... I
II'
"~ I J ..... ~I "'i!.... I r",( J l1 I
-
Ir.. , I 7 I ~ I
I -.. .f 7
/' ...., r....V
II'
/' "- I/" -
.001 J"-T 7
1-... I
) <o..i I I ......r
i<. I I
J .... I l'J I
, .. ._I .I ...... I J -.....,
.. I 4J - .001
n, er

J
.0008
'/... I/ I J .... l/,,, I :1 ,,, I I .... ) '~L I
v • J
~
(.)
-
0008
... I f 17 r.... ~
I-
i-.... I/
I/
" -
tio g

I)" Ii I'-.. I
.0006 I ",i I
I
'
7.,
u
7 .... './' I , .... ~
la lon

I IV
......,
I"'-/ I I I I I- • 0006
~
.0005 I I I'..! 17 .../_ I I II''II_ -
.0004
I/
J
)
v
I
I 17 11>_.
I/
I/
)i-..1
I

I
IJ

J
......
I ....,, ~,
I/
I
I !"-..
) . J
v.... I
I
0-
~
"!' -
-
0005

I'
7 - 0004
17 1' I I ~
I
'<.. II'
...
gu o

I
.0003 I l'L I I I I I J -
7 7 ... I
7 I I
-
re n

~
I

,..
I
-... 0003
I "'> .,, 7 7
rr
I
.,.
I/ 7

I
I I/
I '7. J
J
I I .... ~
I
I
r7
I 00025 -
ay

.0002 2000 3000 4000 a:

a: 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
0 ON
u. DISCHARGE - CFS u.5
M

~~ cild
LaJ
a. c
<; ~c
I II

g g
If> en
CIRCULAR CONDUITS
FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL
n=O.Oll(and 0.012)

67
 CHART 55
.3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8
RELATIVE DISCHARGE-
.9 FULL 1.0 I.I
g
1.0 .---r--.,-.-~-.,.--.-r--r----r--r----r-,----ro-.,~:::o---r--.---.,
\ ~~
\ )

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
an n
vr
gu cu l ---.. . . . .
id rre
y, ct va
,4..._...___._..._........_....._.......___._......__..._....____..__.___..___._~r---~~--...___.
10 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
RELATIVE VELOCITY AT. CONSTANT DISCHARGE·~
lic fle hi

FULL
po re Arc

1.0 1.0
..--
/
SEE d \ .....
-alO
I
l&J •

"' .8
«
.9

-
INSERT 0 .9

.8
~
.......... r--....._
0 \ .8 .9
~
1.0 I.I
n, er

.....
:c
..... .7 \ Sf FULL
tio g

Q..
\
la lon

l&J - .
0
~
'\ .....
0 .6
........
0 .........
gu o

..... I'-...... ...........

4
re n

a: .5
--- r-- ...........
----
ay

......._
.4
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
M

RELATIVE FRICTION SLOPE AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE-it

f FULL

CIRCULAR PIPE
PART FULL FLOW

68
 CHART 56 I
°?).!I
4.0
~.o
I
'2,.f>__. :::::::-:::::: ;;;::::::: ......
2
---- ~
~
i::::::::
'z.~ ;:::::::::::
........
~
~

tic ted
\~,/. RANGE OF dc~0.40 TO 0.90
v a.: 1.00
'~
11
I

ac p
e.
pr ce
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
DISCHARGE-a- CFS

or r ac
6 8
~ ~i...-

0 ~ /""' 1--
v..-
5 7

ce t o
~~
t/"'
...... +-- ,__ / ~ ~
LLJ
v ......
LLJ
':>~ ~ ' / 1~· ~ - --+ w

an n
LL.
6~
!::/-: v
'u 4
gu cu l ~ ~;"
id rre
y, ct va
'g I
I ~ -a
u
x
~~
I
...... :J:
DIAMETER RAN GE OF de• 0.4 0 TO 0.9 0
lic fle hi

Q.. 3 5~
LLJ
0 ~~
f// IN FEET ex•1.00 w
I I 0
po re Arc

...J
cl:
u 2 f ...J
~
...... 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 ~
......
er DISCHARGE-a -CFS
er
u u
14

-- \ !> ,___..
_,.. L..--
12
n, er

\).. ~ ~
r:;- I/
tio g

10
I/".:
la lon

~!.-"
/
\~.f;./
!/-".'. v
8
~~
~
~~
gu o
re n

6
v:% ~~ RANGE-OF de 0.40 TO 0.90
ex
ay

!:/"'
# sl.00
I
)/
M

1000 2000 3000 4000

DISCHARGE-a-CFS

Cl RCULAR Pl PE
CRITICAL DEPTH

69
 CHART 57
4 6
A
3
.
~/ /t::: t::::=- . . . . . .
l;:?-v'!>·V
fe~
_,,,/
~ '1
-- °?).§.. v
v- 5

.... v-
~,~ ~-V
I ~ ~~ ~"'~

tic ted
.....--- i _ - l..---4~
2
~ [0
,.,.. "?>~
~
~~~
L Q\!>-~
/
v ./

I__,..
v-
. . .-__..--L---
-- 4

ac p
~
~,
~ t:::..-

e.
pr ce
/1 RANGE OF c\;=0.40 TO 0.90

I Icx=r I I \ 00

or r ac
0 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
OISCHARGE-Q-CFS

ce t o
10 14

1-
v 1-

an n
-
LLJ I~ LLJ
IQ•
~
l&J
gu cu l / ~~ 12 "'-
LLJ

id rre
y, ct va
8 "'
1L.
I
u
J:
+-- v
1---
0.1 ,V
l,,-·::J::::: v ~
v
/
v 'u
:c
l-/~V f~~~ v v
I I
0
l7'/ ~~ ~ 0
lic fle hi

-,,,,,,
~ /
,~
~
::c:
6
v'7 ~~ ·~ ~""~~~~~
~~~ v v v v ,'
10
:c
po re Arc

/ ~

vQ V v
ft)~ ~ ~o
V' (.)
"'- ~· "'-
./
(.) 4 .... 8 (.)
l&J
0..
f) RANGE OF dc=0.40 TO 0.90 LLJ
0..
T/)

2
0
)
100 200 300 400 500 600
I Iex· :·00 I I
700 ' 800
I 6
CJ)

900 1000
OISCHARG E - Q-CFS
n, er

20 I I I I I I 28
RANGE OF dc=0.40 TO 0.90~
tio g

O::= 1.00
la lon

.
16 24

.
»-- / ~ ,,,- "'
~/ v / ~~
/
,~
f~~~7 \~ v
gu o

12
/0 ~ ~ /
I/ ~~~~~ ~
v
_,......,.,.. v 20
re n

Q\I>- ~
v-
/~ ~
/ /
v --~
:--
ay

8 16
/0v v__,.,..,.,.. v
M

I/
4 12
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
DISCHARGE -Q-CFS

CIRCULAR PIPE
SPECIFIC HEAD AT CRITICAL DEPTH

70
 CHART 58
036
I l I I ! I I
RANGE OF dc•0.4 D TO 0.9 D
I I I 0'.• 1.00
..___DIAMETER I
b I
0
LL. .030
IN FEET~
'\t. I I
"'I I I

tic ted
II::
LLI j I I
a..
I-
LLI
I Ir)
J I I
I I
I ) '/ /
I I i I I :/

ac p
LLI
) /

e.
LL.
J,CJ

pr ce
I
I I / o/ I I/ /' /
LLI
a.. ) I I / y / v
v v

or r ac
0 ,/ ./
.020
v
I I I ..Iv v
...I r
en
/ ,._y / .,,,,. /
v
...I
cf
(.) ) J /
/
/ / / y v r
/
/

// v . . v ,,, / /

ce t o
I- " v /
v ~~
. / ..-~ I./
/'

------- --
II:: ./

~ v ~ ,.,........ v
.......... ,....-
~~ /
(.)
~

-- --- ---
an n
gu cu l _/

t::::- ~
id rre
y, ct va
.010
0 200 400 600 800 1000
lic fle hi

DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
po re Arc

.030
I I I I I I I
RANGE OF ct=0.4 D TO 0.9 D

60 DIAMETER
IN FEET - ~ I . 0'.=1.00

LL.
~~ I I
II:: I
,
LLI
a.. I !2} I /'./
J /
I-
LLI
LLI
j I ~I ,,I ..I
/ f
/ v
.020
v v
n, er

LL.

Ji" I J J J / / .,,,,.
I
1; v --)'
/v v
v "'
tio g

I
LLI
/ /
a.. J ..I
v ,...,
v
la lon

0
...I
en I './
/ /
/
/
/I'
/ ,,.>~
°' ~
V"
/
/
...I
/ / v .,,,,. /
/ ,,,.... ,,,,,..,..... ..- _,.. _,,... ..-\ '!> I /
_.

-- -
cf
(.)

I~ ~
/
v _.,,.. I--'
gu o

I- .010 - /-~ '-::::. ......-: ~

re n

~-~ ~ ~
II::
(.)
ay

.0060
1000 2000 3000 4000
M

DISCHARGE-Q-CFS

CIRCULAR C. M. PIPE
CRITICAL SLOPE
n= 0.025

71
 CHART 59

.017
n• 0.012
.-

--

tic ted
RANGE OF dc=0.350 TO 0.950
.016 a:= 1.00 - ,019

--

ac p
.018
,015

e.
pr ce
I- .017
,014
--

or r ac
I
.016
.013
I

• -
- .015

ce t o
l-
o .012
I I -
fr
CV
- II) I I I , - .014

an n
I
I -
a:: I
--
gu cu l ~
~ .Oii
id rre
y, ct va
.013
1- (\j
I I J I
UJ
UJ .,,.J I I I -
lic fle hi

~ .010 .012
I I I I
u
' ;-
po re Arc

~ I ~I I I - .Oil
~ .009
_J
I/) I I I I J
-
_J
Cl I I
~/ I
I - .010
2 .008 -
I- j I I
'I -
ii: .009
0
.007
I J I ,:-;! I / -
I I j I / - .008
n, er

I J ) I ~~ll' / -
.006
I I I v - .007
,I /
tio g

j
-
I I I
/ v
la lon

J / /
- .006
.005
I I I I ~v ~
/ v t>c'Y
-,..r
-
f/ ' j J ),
, ,, / ,, v v / v v _,,.. .,,,.,,. I- .005
--
,/ ,/ J'
.004
gu o

r ....
')I
-- 4~ ..........
/'
/ / .-
~ ~

._... --
re n

-:~ ::,....-:.,. ~ v _....._. ...- i - .004

.00'3
-- - i.-
~
ay

'--"' DIAMETER - INCHE'sf

.003
- cX
.002 w
M

vt' 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0.. (\J

....
0.. - DISCHARGE - CFS g 0
(/) c:i
g~ ...J
(/) 0 ~ c"
...J
~
II
c
0 a:
0
-oa: CIRCULAR CONDUITS a:j::: ...0
~ "- CRITICAL SLOPE 0
c..>
n=O.Oll(and 0.012)

72
 CHART 60
.009
I '
I I
RANGE OF de= 0.350 TO 0.950
I I I I I -
n• 0.012

.010
I
I-

J I ([: 1.00
b .008 I r
0
LL.
J I I J
If
I I- .009
a: j I j I I J J
II'
/
II I-
LI.I .007
a.. I I I
v I / ·-
fl

tic ted
ll) .008
I- ll)
CD
Li.i
~ .006
,;_:;
~' VJ) I I / / -
'o
I
J v l,J v I/
/
r- .007

ac p
j /

I/°' °'r t3' v v

(/)

e.
~

I
I ) I/ J

pr ce
~ .005
J
.006
v
~

/
0
_J I I II J I / / ./ I-
(/) I
v / I/ v v v"'

or r ac
/v \).. ...... .005
-;i, J
'
0
.004
I I I/ / / /
v v ./
v vv \'l- /
v
v..-
I-

E
a: v/ "/ / / /
v
,, v L_,..v _..... v v v ,~ 1.-
I- .004
0 .003
vvv

ce t o
v v I-

~~
---
~
I/v _i...-- ~~
I...-' __. ~ i....- 14_ ~ i--

~ i:::;.;=::::
~ i:::;;::::: E::::: 1 - ~
....-- ...._. i--- - ,__...-- I- .003
~
- "
i--~
~ i--
"--- I-

an n
.002
gu cu l I
OIAMETER-FEET1 ~
.002

id rre
y, ct va
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600 2000 2400
DISCHARGE - CFS
lic fle hi

.010 J _I
po re Arc

I' I/ '
I I ' I 1 I I I
RANGE OF de= 0.350 TO 0.950 ·-· -
C\J
<;!'. -j / a:= 1.00 I- .Oii
.009
l-
o :/ j I v I-

0
u.. I .,./ J
I I
'- .010
a: .008
v
' I-
">1
LI.I
a.. I I ' J >- .009
.....
:!:: I j )
'"
ol/
v J
v
v >-
.007
' I I
,I v v
n, er

LL. } '- .008

'o '
(/) I j J ro~ ~ / -
tio g

,006
I
LI.I
g I I I v ./' v v - .007
la lon

/ /
v ~,,
r-

(/) .005 I I I I /
'\q;/
;I ./
/
'- .006
_J
ct j
I
/ ,,
,)/ I/.,. v /
v
0 ' "\' ./
y I-

I I I .. v v _.....
gu o

i= / / v '-- .005
er0 .004 ../
I
I / I/ ..v /" v ...... ~--
1 '5......... ~ -
re n

J ~ ~

/ ..... v / _..V _..... v:-~ ...... ~

~
i..- - .004

- ---
v~
__,. i.--
ay

.... .,,..,, , v
- - --
./
.003
...... i..- -
....._
"" ...... ' - - ....... --i.-
l,..- i..- ....._. ~ f--
i--i..-~

o1rrEj • tclEj
I I
FEET r- .003
M

I ~
uf
.002 -- LI.I
111"' 50 100 200 300 400 500 600
LI.I
DISCHARGE - CFS
g
Q. "'
0
Q. - Ill 0
gq CIRCULAR CONDUITS ..J
"(
•
c
Ill 0
..J • u a:
~
u a:
c CRITICAL SLOPE j::: 0
ii: ....
E~ n= 0.011 (and 0.012) (.)
a:
(.)

73
 Chapter 6.-PIPE-ARCH CHANNELS
tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
6.1 Description of charts. Charts 61-73 are designed
or r ac
for use in the solution of the Manning equation for pipe-
arch channels which have sufficient length, on constant
slope, to establish uniform flow at normal depth without
backwater or pressure head. It is important to recognize
ce t o
that they are not suitable for use in connection with most
types of culvert flow, since culvert flow is seldom uniform.
The charts are in three groups:
an n
Group !.-Charts 61-65 are for standard sizes of
gu cu l
id rre
riveted, corrugated-metal pipe-arches (n= 0.024), varying
y, ct va
from 25 by 16 inches to 72 by 44 inches in cross section.
Group 2.-Charts 66-68 are for the same sizes of pipe-
lic fle hi
arches as those in group 1, but group 2 pipe-arches have
40-percent paved inverts (n=0.019). Charts 63 and 64
po re Arc
of group 1 are also used with group 2 charts to compute
critical depth and specific head at critical depth.
Group 3.-Charts 69-73 are for standard sizes of field-
bolted corrugated-metal pipe-arches (n=0.025) ranging in
cross section from 6 feet, 1 inch, by 4 feet, 7 inches, to 16
feet, 7 inches, by. 10 feet, 1 inch.
These charts are similar to charts 52-60, described in
chapter 5. They require the use of several charts for
solving the Manning equation.· Each group of charts
consists of a chart showing friction slope, discharge, and
n, er
velocity for full flow; a chart of ratios for computing part-
full flow; and charts for computing critical flow.
tio g
la lon
6.2 Instructions for use of charts 61-73. One set of
instructions applies to all of the three groups comprising
charts 61-73. Separation into groups is made because of
differences in n values of groups 1 and 2 and differences
gu o
in both sizes and n value of group 3. Charts 63 and 64
are common to groups 1 and 2 because they are used to
re n
find critical depth and specific head at critical depth, and
both of these are independent of the value of n.
ay
It will be noted that charts 69-73 for field-bolted pipe-
arches are based on n=0.025. For 6-inch by 2-inch
corrugations, current laboratory tests indicate that the
M
value of n should be higher. When the final results of
these tests are published, the user may wish to add a slope
scale for the new value of n to charts 69 and 73. Such
scales could be placed as are the n=0.012 scales on charts
53 and 59 of chapter 5.
The use of charts 61-73 requires, first, finding the fric-
tion slope for the given discharge in a pipe flowing full,
74
by using chart 61, 66, or 69 (for group 1, 2, or 3, respec-
tively), depending on the value of n. Then the ratio
graphs of chart 62, 67, or 70 (for group 1, 2, or 3, respectively)
are used to find solutions for discharge Q, depth d, velocity
V, and friction slope S1.
Critical depth d 0 , specific head H c at critical depth,
and critical slope S0 are determined from charts 63-65
(for group 1), 63, 64, and 68 (for group 2), or 71-73
(for group 3).
In the more specific instructions that follow, whenever
the choice among three different charts is specified, it is
understood that the selection is made according to the
appropriate group 1, 2, or 3, in that order. For example,
in the first step described in the next subsection, chart
61 is used for group 1, chart 66 for group 2, and chart
69 for group 3.
6.2-1 Use of charts to find discharge. The following
steps are used to find discharge, when depth of flow and
slope of pipe are known (see example 18).
First find full-flow discharge QFuLL corresponding to
the slope of the pipe, using chart 61, 66, or 69.
Next compute the· ratio of depth of flow to rise of pipe,
d/ D, and on chart 62, 67, or 70 read the .corresponding
Q/QFULL from the relative· discharge cu:-ve in the upper
graph.
Finally, compute the discharge at the given depth by
multiplying the full-flow discharge (from the first step)
by the ratio Q/QFULL (from the second step).
6.2-2 Use of charts to find depth of uniform flow.
The following steps are used to find depth of uniform
flow, when discharge and slope are known (see example 19).
Find QFuLL corresponding to the slope of the pipe,
using chart 61, 66, or 69.
Next compute the ratio Q/QFuL1,, and on chart 62, 67,
or 70 read the corresponding d/ D on the relative discharge
curve in the upper graph.
Finally, compute depth .of flow by multiplying the rise
of the arch D by d/D '(from the second step). D and d
must be in the same units.
6.2-3 Use of charts to find velocity of flow. The
following steps are used to find velocity of flow, when
discharge and slope are known (see example 19).
 First find VFtJLL corresponding to the given discharge
rate, using chart 61, 66, or 69.
If the depth of flow is unknown, determine it according.
to the instructions in section 6.2-2.
Next compute the ratio d/D and on chart 62, 67, or
70 read the corresponding V/VFuLL on the relative velocity
curve in the upper graph.
Finally, compute the mean velocity V of part-full flow
by multiplying VFuLL by the ratio V/VFUJ,.L·
tic ted
6.2--4 Use of charts to find slope required to maintain
flow. The following steps are used to find slope required
to maintain flow, when discharge and depth are known
ac p
(see example 20).
e.
pr ce
First find 81 FULL corresponding to the given discharge,
using chart 61, 66, or 69.
Next compute the ratio d/ D and on chart 62, 67, or
or r ac
70 read the corresponding relative friction slope 81/81 FULL
on the lower graph.
Finally, compute friction slope 81 by multiplying
81 FULL by the ratio 81/81 FULL·
ce t o
6.2--5 Use of charts to find critical flow. The following
steps are used to find critical flow (see example 21).
an n
Critical depth d0 is read on chart 63 or 71 at the inter-
gu cu l
id rre
section of Q and the size of pipe-arch.
y, ct va
Minimum specific head H. is read on chart 64 or 72 at
the intersection of Q and the size of pipe-arch. · 4. In the upper graph of chart 73; for Q=200 c.f.s. and
lic fle hi
Critical slope 8 0 is read on chart 65, 68, or 73 at the
intersection of Q and the size of pipe-arch.
po re Arc
Example 18
Given: A long pipe-arch, 58 by 36 in. in cross section,
with n=0.024, on a LO-percent slope (8=0.01), flowing at
a depth of 2.4 ft. Find: Discharge.
1. Group 1 charts are used. · On chart 61, at the inter-
section of 8=0.01 and the line for the 58 by 36-in. pipe-
arch, read QFuLL=65 c.f.s.
2. The ratio d/ D=2.4/3.0=0.8. On the upper graph
n, er
of chart 62, from the intersection of this value and the
relative discharge curve, read the relative discharge= 1.02.
tio g
3. Then Q=65X 1.02=66 c.f.s.
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M
Example 19
Given: A long pipe-arch, 72 by 44 in. in cross section,
with 40-percent paved invert, n=0.019, on a 1.8-percent
slope (8=0.018), discharging 110 c.f.s. Find: Depth and
velocity.
1. Group 2 charts are used. On chart 66 read QFULL=
200 c.f.s.
2. The ratio Q/QFULL= 110/200= 0.55. In the upper
graph of chart 67, from the intersection of this ratio value
and the relative discharge curve, read d/ D=0.39.
3. Then d,.=0.39X44'/12=1.43 ft,
4. on· chart 66, from the intersection for Q= 110 c.f.s.
and the size of the pipe-arch, read VFuLL=6.3 f.p.s.
5. On the upper graph of chart 67, from d/D=0.39 and
the relative velocity curve, read V/VFuLL=2.21.
6. Then V,.=2.21X6.3 (from step 4)=13.9 f.p.s.
Example ZO
Given: A lohg pipe-arch, 8 ft., 2 in., by 5 ft., 9 in., in
cross section, with n=0.025, discharging 200 c.f.s. at a
depth of flow of 4.0 ft. Find: 8 1 required to maintain the
flow and the critical slope 8 0 for the given conditions.
1. Group 3 charts are used. On chart 69, for Q=200
c.f.s. and the pipe-arch size (No. 6), read 81 FULL=0.004.
2. The ratio d/D=4.0/5.75=0.70. For this ratio, on
the lower graph of chart 70, read 81/81FULL=1.25.
3. Then 81=0.004 (from step 1) X 1.25=0.005.
the pipe-arch size, read 8.=0.012.
E;i:ample 21
Given: A long pipe-arch, 12 ft., 10 in., by 8 ft., 4 in., in
cross section, with n=0.025, discharging 800 c.f.s. Find:
Critical depth d., critical slope 8., and specific head
H. at d•.
1. Group 3 charts are used. On the lower graph of
chart, 71, from Q=800 c.f.s. and the pipe-arch size, read
d.=5.2 ft.
2. On the lower graph of chart 73, from Q=800 and the
pipe-arch size, read 8.=0.0123.
3. On the lower graph of chart 72, from Q=800 and
the pipe-arch size, read H.=7.9 ft.
75
 CHART 61

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
lic fle hi
po re Arc

.003
n, er
tio g
la lon

4 s 6 8 10 20 30 40 so 60 80 100 200 300

DISCHARGE·Q-CFS
gu o
re n
ay
M

RIVETED C. M. PIPE-ARCH
FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL
n = 0.024

76
 RELATIVE DISCHARGE - g_Q
CHART 62
FULL
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 I.I 1.2
1.0 .........
\ !'..
\ )
.9
-,,10
I
\ I/
~ .8 '\ /

tic ted
a:: \ /'7
0
I- .7 i\. I/

ac p
%: \ ...

e.
\,.
l-

pr ce
o.. I

~ .6
i\""" ~ c.
/Q'?
LL.
' ' r-...._ 1..-

or r ac
0
~ .5
t'-...
I/"'
v""
l- / !'... ~e1..

-"""' ---
et
a::
~v 11e1.. 4 1'111e-

ce t o
.4 oc,1'
/
v ',... ....._
v ..__L

an n
~
gu cu l .3

id rre
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
y, ct va
1.0
RELATIVE VELOCITY AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE-~YFULL
lic fle hi

1.0 1.00 ,___

--
po re Arc

SEE v
.9
INSERT 7
-,,Jc
I
---.--.
LLI
en .8 .90
a:: \
0
\ o
d ',
I- .7
\ ' .....
n, er

%:
"'r-...
t: I\ 'lo.._
~ .6
tio g

.80
\ .... .78
f".,..
la lon

LL.
0 0.8 0.9 :·1.0
~ .5
l-
" 1'..
; "
f'........_
~
sfFULL
et
a:: r- I"--~
gu o

.4 -i---. ....._
re n

~
ay

.3
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
RELATIVE FRICTION SLOPE AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE - §.
M

Sf FULL

RIVETED C. M. Pl PE-ARCH
PART FU LL FLOW

77
 I CHART 63 I
2.0
I. i....--

1.8
I
o,'?;
.,,.,,,.
·-d''
~

I/
.,,.,,,. ,,,,,.-

tic ted
t- 1.6 1.
l&.I
l&.I
·~ ..... v
'!!Ej....
~
I I/
v ,,,,. , /

ac p
'Go 1.4
•"f.5§~ / v ,,,../

e.
I

pr ce
::c ~/ , / "'
t-
• / ,,
o.. 1.2
l&.I
~"b'~ /
/' ,,

or r ac
0
_. 1~VV /
v d
RANGE OF Jr~ 0.3 TO 0.9
c\,) 1.0
vj /~ I/ v Cl•l.00

I~ v/ / v
v

ce t o
0::
Q. 0.8
/. '// /

,
an n
'
gu cu l ///
0.6

id rre
y, ct va
I
lic fle hi

0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
DISCHARGE· Q· CFS
po re Arc

3.4
3.2
.. 1i'~~ '---
......
~
..........
l&i.~
3.0
"?"""
I- 2.8 _.,..
l&.I
l&.I ~.,,°?)rt ~ r.:::;
~
2.6 .,,.,,,.
.;_,.. 2.4
..... 'lt/'
v
n, er

I
.-+,~ ~ %
,,..
::c 2.2
fr..v..
~/ ~
tio g

I-
0.. 2.0
~
.. +~ ~ ,~ /
la lon

l&.I
0
_, 1.8
1p;~ i j RANGE OF
d
1f •0.3 TO 0.9
<[
1.6
-
\,)
t- 1.4
·~ ~ ~ CX•l.00
gu o

0::
~v j
re n

\,) 1!2

1.0
~w
ay

0.8 ,I
0.6
M

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

DISCHARGE·Q-CFS

RIVETED C.M. PIPE-ARCH

CRITICAL DEPTH

78
 CHART 64
3
~/
/ I
~,,;,~
1
1·

~~ ~
,,;,/ /
v v ....-

....
w . / 'k"J9- .....
,,,/
"
~/'
{o/
'/ v

tic ted
w
.+/ ,,..'/
~ 2
J:
0 ')"' v /
v _,,,, /
I
~v~ / . .v v

ac p
0 ./
v

e.
~v
ct ,/

pr ce
ILi
/ /

v-:
J:
0 ~ ...
/
/ RANGE OF "td • 0.3 TO 0.9

w v'
.,/

or r ac
"" a-1.00
01
II.I
Ii.
I/)
# v
)

ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
0
0 10 20 30 40 48
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
lic fle hi
po re Arc

6
,,
•i-°'-:..
11i.o,,.. ./
1Y
.... .,,,.,.,
~ 5
~i,_,,.
.,,....
ro'J/'' ~

..... f)~ .,,.... v '/

v
I
0 ~
J: ."t,'o/ / i...,..;"' ! /.....
4 .,o ...v ./
n, er

I
v v
0
ct ~ / / ~

~/ vv:::-- v
w
tio g

J:
0 3
v v::: .....~ t:::-- v
la lon

IL.
0
~· 2
~0
,,....
~
I/) ~~ RANGE OF ~
D • 0.3 TO 0.9
'
gu o

~" a-1.00
re n

I
ay

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
M

RIVETED C.M. PIPE-ARCH

SPECIFIC HEAD
AT CRITICAL DEPTH

79
 CHART 65
.05

....
0 ~J J
0
.04
.>cf I j ...

tic ted
LI..
a:: :ff I I
w ~
q, )
n.
.... I ~7 I

ac p
~
w
I /

e.
w :C'
.v

pr ce
LI..
j J
~u.03
.;V.·"
I
w J I ~'
v v

or r ac
n. I I ...
g
(/) I I/
,,+,
q,"'-
..... v
..J
<[
I v , _,,ro~ J/
I / .I/

ce t o
0 /
i'.= .02 ,..,,...
./ / / ~

a:
0
.
,,,..
,/' v .-'.,,,,...
- --
4~'6.}!--

an n
gu cu l ,,.~
~I..---'
.......-
~-
RANGE OF ~• 0.3 TO 0.9 ..

id rre
y, ct va
~ a•1.oo
.01
lic fle hi

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
DISCHARGE-Q- CFS
po re Arc

.04
.... I
0
0 LI I
LI..
~ I I
a:
w ,.,.~J J I / /
n. "j t,/
v ~'
) ~
.....03
w I .~"'! I v
n, er

w
~
LI..
U,u
I
I/ ,v/ /
/
/
tio g

/
w
I
I j ,v "j
,/ I' ,./
la lon

n.
,, r>.0/,,. ,..,,,.,,.
g
(/) .02
I /
)
,,./. / ~)1" v
..J v..,,,,,,. / Q
1•• ..,.~
- ....
<[ / ,./
.,.,...,,...- 1-i......
~
gu o

- - -
0
~
./ ~,,,....-
-~ RANGE OF • 0.3 TO 0.9
,....,,,..
re n

~ ~ i.-- ~ a-1.00
5 ~

-
ay

.01
0 50 100 150 200 240
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
M

RIVETED C. M. PIPE-ARCH
CRITICAL SLOPE
n =0.024

. _80
 CHART 66

.10
J If (

, I
, I ......_ j ,,

,.......... I
I J I

tic ted
J
.08 ...... ....
I I I
.06
I I~
1-...
'.....,, r....... ... , ....
I
,
J I
,, ...... . ,.
I I I I
... ,,I

ac p
.... I -....
.05
,,

e.
.... I ....... I I
J ...

pr ce
I
J ........ I ........ I

,
'l
.04

v ............
, ....._
~ ....
I'~ .. '"' I
""i../ ...... ·,
I f' ... )~-
I
I

- ... -

or r ac
, .... """-
j
.03 ,_
- ....
, ,

...
I ... ,
I

.......
......
. - .....
I

"", ....
,_
I
I
I .......
I
....,, I
I

I j .... I .....
0 .02 ,,,..._ ....._
!'.._ I
,...... ,,.....I "
I ( ~

ce t o
0 j 'L

,,
IL 'J, -.......1 J ~
r.... I
a: J , ..... •... I ,., I ..... ...... ~ j

.....[ 7.... J ........ ... y, ' /:::.' Cl)"iJi

..."' :r· r....... I

an n
a.
J J ........... .... ,J ........., ... ..... ..... i..... J 'J I...... J <b ct'.
gu cu l I I

id rre
y, ct va
~
IL
!_.008
.01

~~
,.... J
I I
,
, .... -....
I , ~ I ...... ./ J
I
.... ... I J .... I...

,...... ......
lic fle hi

7 .. ) ...... ... (
I
(/)
~-;l -~, ......... I j
J
I\. ~
I
~ .006 ~
I ..... J ~
po re Arc

g .005
>-;"}
~ ·? ~ I r;, I l r.... I ~

....i
j

I~ :i ......
,7 !'..... J...
/ 'U

~ ..~
(/)
• !...... I
.004
J J .... ·... 'I. :ft ~
_..,
...... I j ....
J
d'
41
:.'·f-
I I ~ ...., , I '/ O;J
~
.003 ......
.~1 tl=:'J
I
'j

I
I
J
I
.....
.y--"'>
'I'.... ~ " .' y I
/"~ 0 ......
I

J . . ')~ o/ ~/ "
J
.002
f
I
n, er

J I !"-.. (0 •

""'
''-h
I
I
I
tio g

I I/
I/ / I/ I"'>
la lon

.001 J I
4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
gu o
re n
ay
M

RIVETED C.M. PIPE-ARCH

40% PAVED INVERT
FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL
n=O.O 19

81
 RELATIVE DISCHARGE - QQ CHART 67
FULL
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 I.I 1.2
1.0

\
-- r---....
"\
.9
-010 \ )
I

tic ted
~ .8 "\ I
a:
~~
~ .7
'

ac p
~

e.
'\. ,/

pr ce
:J:
I-
"r-.. ........
~
~ .6
0
t

or r ac
IL
~
0
0 .5
I'...._ I /Q'':J
,,,,,..
......
I-
. !'.....L/
<(
v ..... ........., llct.

ce t o
a:
~
J
.4
_,,V I 1 c,.,.'r r---.
r-- I'--
-
an n
.3
gu cu l ,..V i--

id rre
y, ct va
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0.
RELATIVE VELOCITY AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE - Y..V
FULL
lic fle hi

1.0 I. 0
-
po re Arc

J ........

r
.90 I
.9
-olO SEE d (
o
~ .8
INSERT .80
'
"
)la
a:
.......
0
I- .7 .70
..........
.........
..........
n, er

:J: .65
l-
a..
~ .6
\ .7 .8
St
.9 1.0 I.
tio g

\ StFULL

,
la lon

IL
0
0 .5 \....
~
a:
"'
gu o

.4 ......
.......... ......
-- -- -
re n

~
ay

3
' o 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RELATIVE FRICTION SLOPE AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE - ~t
M

fFULL

RIVETED C. M. PIPE-ARCH
40% PAVED INVERT
PART FULL FLOW
n =0.012 TO 0.019

82
 CHART 68 I
.03

....0 ~

I'
0
LL.
0::
I ,)
I I

tic ted
LI.I )
Q,. .02
....LI.I I I //
I /, ,,,/

¥- 7 .'/
LI.I

ac p
LL. J

e.
U,u q,q,/ ,../

pr ce
~
:i,'O•y
I
LI.I
Q,.

9 w- v
.~
~ .,,,,,.,
,,
,. ~JJ~
1· I /
v

or r ac
::0.-
en .0 I
v v ...
-
i.--,...
..J / / __,. ~
~
.
,/ ,/ v ........
....
-- -- ~'
.I ~ ~

........ ....... ......-

ce t o
a:
(,) ~ :,.,; .,,.... i,....- UNGE OF ~ • 0.3 TO 0.9
a-1.od

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
10 20 30 40 50 60
DISCHARGE· Q ·CFS
lic fle hi

.03
po re Arc

....0
0
LL.

0::
LI.I
Q,. .02
I ,I
....LI.I I / / /
LI.I
I / / v
n, er

LL. j
I

"
r
.v
(l)u
I

¥-- -·)
.,,.. ,,
+ / /
tio g

~-r El.;-+,°'~
LI.I

r- ~
• .I\-: y.~
Q,.
.+/
.,'b, • ..,.. 6t
la lon

9 / / ~
en .0 I
..J
~
/
r
v
,,.....,... ....
.......... v
v ~
v
..-- :,...--
~ v --
/ ,.. /
...
---
gu o

t: ~ ~

0::
l/"'.'. v L..--" ..:::::: -::: ~ --~ ~ • 0.3
re n

(,)
RANGE OF TO 0.9
- a-1.00
ay

0
0 50 100 150 200 240
M

DISCHARGE ·Q ·CFS
RIVETED C.M. PIPE-ARCH
40% PAVED INVERT
CRITICAL SLOPE
n =0.012 TO 0.019

83
 CHART 69 r
.10
I I' / I J I I I I
I'
' I
I,
I I I I I 11 / I'/ I/
.08 I v
I// f.l.J I 'I II ' I I I I
/l'f_ v VV/ I/ J I /I
, ,I l r-.J.. -,. I/ I
'I 'I
.06 I
/J .......
I/
, ~
I
I
I
, I
I
J
I
I
I I I J J I
I J
.05 I F ..t. I
, .... .... I I,, .... I I I

tic ted
J

.04
' IJ
I
,
I 1,, '/ ' ,I ,,I ,
/
r.. I I ' .I
}'-,
J •I I II I l l
7
"-.!
' I JI
l ./ I 1•.f.. I/ /1
I

, , , ,7. , ,,
.03
-

ac p
,
,,_ ' ,, ,.. , ' , ..... ,, ,·'
I '
,;
,

e.
I I
"
,' .....

pr ce
cl;
... I I I I 'I
ll'o.
....
J
I
I ,._
I~ I I
I
,-,q,
0 .02
I/ 7 ..[ J
,.. I I I , I I/ If v I'

,"' ' ...

II. J
0

or r ac
~ I ; V I I !'.. I I I/ /', I I I/ 7~1ro
a:: 1 iN v r f...j I I J '1 I I/' ...
II.I
I .... /) 'i ... v 17',v I/ v r '{.I J I I [] II.t~Q
CL
... I/
7, I I ~
, I 17 l/ I I I 'f..I.. .,...,I I 8
...... I , ....
.r

ce t o
;
'
"' .01
I ~ I .... 'I I/ I I .~

-
II.I
~ , ..... j I l ..... I ...., I I 7•JI. ,1i"'~
.008
LI I '
I
I'..! I Jr-.... I I 11' r-.L I ~

an n
eIn
~L I '"-....' I ~-...i /I '/.11 r'/o
gu cu l I J) 1...

id rre
II.I
y, ct va
.006
CL
_,
0 Ill 1
hi I J r-..1/... II/ r'J ..J ILi r'J( ~ ip
1 1
en I 11: ) '/. ~r-.... I !)'rf..'1 JD
I rL·-·~
lic fle hi

.004 " ' ,r..., ...

'~:::..,
f) q, .>.!
JI ~~.t:}~ I
~b( I J/V'~"V/[7 tJI) ~
po re Arc

.003
JN //" ~ ,. 0(.)

J 11,trt...J •~ ~17~ill/1lt..J..1 I ~
/ ' I/ 11 ~
l/J I !J 1"11 §'J._t, Ji.../! I JJ Ito
if!'
( ) )' //1
.002 'I ~ "':-.
I I/I/((, ~~~/_11f
I ~
~ II .)';::. .,
'

~~ l~' I
'//'/ /'rf.'j ~~'-*-
I
~ II/ /Jj )
~--SIZE INDEX
I
(SEE TABLE BELOW)
II j ' I I I I I I I I
n, er

.001
50 100 200 300 400 600 8001000 2000 3000 4000
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
tio g
la lon

TABLE OF SIZES

( I ) 6'- I" X 4-7"

gu o

(7) 8 1 -·10" X 6 - I" (13) 12'- IO" X 8'- 4'

(2) r·-4"X4-rJ' (8) 9i_ 6 11 x 6'- 5" (14) 13'- 11" X fl- 7''
re n

(~/~ - 9" x 4-11" (9J 10'- f/'X6'-ll" (15) 14- 3"Xf/-ll"

~) 7'- O" X 5'- I" UO) 11' - 5" X 7'- 3" (16) 15'- 4"X 9'- 3"
ay

(5) 7'- 8" x 5'- 5• (II) II' -10'' X 7'- 7" (17) 15' -10" x rJ-10"
(6) 8'- 2" x 5'-9" (12) 12'- 6" x 7'-11" (18) 16'- 7" X 10- I"
M

FIELD BOLTED C.M. PIPE-ARCH

FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL
n• 0.025
 RELATIVE DISCH-ARGE - .Q.Q CHART 70
FULL
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 I.I 1.2
1.0
-........
'\
-a(O
.9
\
\ j /
'
I

tic ted
I .8
ILi
\ I/
(/)
~
\. '' v
0 .7
,,., ~

ac p
'I
1-

e.
r\ '

pr ce
::c ~
I-
Q. .6
.,,,
ILi v
' v....-
y

or r ac
0
Lr.. .......... r-.._J /
0 .5 "
0 ........ ........
v
~
~

ce t o
/ E
..._
0::: .4
J
/ .,.
~ I
- - -
an n
gu cu l /' i--
.3

id rre
y, ct va
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
RELATIVE VELOOITY AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE - y_V
FULL
lic fle hi

1.0 10
po re Arc

,V
.9 SEE .90
INSERT J!. \
-+ D
""
I
.........
~ .8 ' .80
0:::
.7~8 """""' l"'-o.....I.I
0
I- .7 \ .9
.§I
1.0
n, er

::c
I-
\ St FULL
Q.
\
tio g

~ .6
'I'. ,
la lon

~
~ .5
I- ..........
.........
C[
-- ..._r-_
gu o

0:::
re n

.4 ~~
ay

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
M

RELATIVE FRICTION SLOPE AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE - §IS

f FULL

FIELD BOLTED C. M. PIPE-ARCH

PART FULL FLOW

85
 CHART 71

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
RANGE 1.N de

or r ac
FROM SPRING LINE TO 0.850
'
<X•l.00

ce t o
,

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
100 200 300 400 500 600
lic fle hi

DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
po re Arc

9
I\"
1·;!;!}.:>-
l
\6-:....
8 ?J ,,..,....
,..,.~7
vs· ,,~ v
I- • _,,.,.. ~/
~ 7 •'1-~-"
u..
'u
\i~-:,...,r v
"Cl
I .;.
•
1'-"?i
-/ ./
/
~
v ~
/
·Yvv/ /
n, er

::E: 6 ......
l- q)'.; ,,
o..
~~ ~ ..-:..--:..
UJ
tio g

0 5
~~/"Y
la lon

..J
cl
0
E 4 // h 0 /
a::
0 9 'h ~ ... RANGE IN de
gu o

A~ / FROM SPRING LINE TO 0.850

I

// v
re n

3
<X•l.00
II' •
/J
ay

2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
DISCHARGE- Q-CFS
M

FIELD BOLTED C. M. PIPE -ARCH

CRITICAL DEPTH

86
 CHART 72
9

....w
w 7

tic ted
II..
I
u
:z:
I 6
0
4

ac p
w

e.
:z:

pr ce
(,) ~

II.
(,)

or r ac
II.I
0.. 4
Cl)
RANGE IN de
FROM SPRING LINE TO 0.850
j I I
3
V."

ce t o
I ~I/ Cl•l.00
I/~ ~

an n
0
gu cu l 100 200 300 400 500 600

id rre
y, ct va
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
lic fle hi
po re Arc
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o

,
re n

2.___,__.___._---L~'---'--'--'---'~.J.--'--'----L~'---- .........__.___.~,__.....___.__..___..............
ay

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS
M

FIELD BOLTED C. M. Pl PE-ARCH

SPECIFIC HEAD
AT CRITICAL DEPTH

87
 CHART 73
.03
..
,,
.
.{
l-
o
0
LL.
AY '
-:) v
~,
,,)
;~~.;>
v
i./
/ lo'
:..""'
a:: fa , / ""'" ~-
.
A , II ~,O/ v

tic ted
l&.I
0. ; •/ ,,;'' ,,,,, / /
I- .02
l&.I ~ +~ ~:''/
~ '/ ~ l,.-' .. ..,.., ••e,•/
~
,,,,,. ~-

--
l&.I
l/ ~-
.,&, .-t,.V
'~'!I~ ./
I
~-.; ~-'V v .... ~ .....

ac p
LL. ~ ~
•o

e.
1·-v·.... ~
1 ......

.... v..,_,,, ~ ...... I':."

i..-. • t:-'
....-
_.. "' ... -fj-6·"!..6,.::= i.-

pr ce
(/)

-
~ i - ,_,.
I
L::::;: :::- ~ _.
.... . ...._:,...-
·- ~ ....... ~;cf~~ ..... ..,_ ....

-- -..... .... -
l&.I
0. ~
0 ... - ._

or r ac
...-!'!. ~
.J ~·
(/) .01 -
.J
..:[
(,)
RANGE IN de

ce t o
l- FROM SPRING LINE TO 0.850
a:: I I
(,)
a'.1.90

an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
OISCHARGE-Q-CFS
lic fle hi
po re Arc
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

·
00
~oo 600 000 1000 1200 1400 1600 1000 2000 2200 2400 2600
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS

F IE L 0 B 0 LT E 0 C. M. PIPE - ARCH
CRITICAL SLOPE
n = 0.025

88
 Chapter 7.-0VAL CONCRETE-PIPE CHANNELS
tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
7.1 Description of charts. Charts 74--82 are designed
for use in the solution of the Manning equation for flow in
or r ac
oval concrete-pipe channels which have sufficient length,
on constant slope, to establish uniform flow at normal depth
without backwater or pressure head. It is important to
recognize that they are not suitable for use in connection
with most types of culvert flow, since culvert flow is seldom
ce t o
uniform.
These charts are similar to charts 52-60, described in
an n
chapter 5, and to the pipe-arch charts, described in chapter
gu cu l
6. · The group consists of chart 74, showing friction slope,
id rre
y, ct va
discharge, and velocity for full flow; charts 75 and 76,
showing ratios for computing part-full flow; and charts
77-82, used for computing critical flow.
lic fle hi
Oval pipe can be laid with the fong axis of its cross
section either horizc,ntal or vertical. Since the position
po re Arc
of the long axis has no effect on flow when the pipe flows
full, chart 74 can be used in either case. The position of
the long axis does make a difference with part-full flow,
however; thus separate charts are necessary for the part-
full ratios, and chart 75 is provided for horizontal long
axis and chart 76 for vertical long axis. Separate charts
are similarly necessary for critical flow, and charts 77-79
are pro.vided for horizontal long axis and charts 80-82 for
vertical long axis.
n, er
It should be noted that a considerable range of pipe
sizes are listed at the bottom of chart 74, and all of these
tio g
sizes are shown on the pertinent charts except Nos. 77
and 80. On these latter charts, interpolations can be
la lon
made, when necessary; reading, for a particular size,
between the curves for the next larger and next smaller
sizes. It should also be noted that dimensions are shown
appropriately on charts 77-82 according to whether the
gu o
long axis is horizontal or vertical; for example, the pipe
re n
shown as 23 by 14 in. on chart 77 is shown as 14 by 23 in.
on the corresponding chart 80.
ay
7 .2 Instructions for use of charts 7 4-82. The use of
charts 74--82 requires, first, finding the friction slope for
M
the given discharge in a pipe flowing full, using chart 74.
Then the ratio graphs of chart 75 or 76 are used to find
solutions for discharge Q, depth d, velocity V, and friction
slope S 1.
Critical depth d., specific head at critical depth H .,
and critical slope S 0 are determin@d from charts 77-79
or 80-82.
More detailed instructions for the use of the charts
follow.
7.2-1 Use of charts to find discharge. The following
steps are used to find discharge, when depth of flow and
slope of pipe are known (see example 22).
First find full-flow discharge QFULL corresponding to the
slope of the pipe, using chart 7 4.
Next compute the ratio of the depth of flow to the rise
of the pipe, d/ D, and on chart 75 or 76 read the correspond-
ing Q/QFULL, usin~ the relative discharge curve in the
upper graph.
Finally, compute the discharge at the given depth by
multiplying the full-flow discharge (from the first step)
by the ratio Q/QroLL (from the second step).
7.2-2 Use of charts to find depth of uniform flow.
The following steps are used to find depth of uniform flow,
when discharge and slope are known (see example 23).
First find QFuLL corresponding to the slope of the pipe,
using chart 74.
Next compute the ratio Q/QFuLL and on chart 75 or 76,
using the ratio and the relative discharge curve in the
upper graph, find the corresponding d/ D.
Finally, compute depth of flow by multiplying the pipe
rise D by d/D (from the second step). D and d must be
in the same units.
7.2-3 Use of charts to find velocity of flow. ·The
following steps are used to find velocity of flow, when
discharge and slope are known (see example 23).
First find VFULL corresponding to the given discharge
rate, using chart 74.
If depth of flow is unknown, determine it according
to the instructions in section 7.2-2.
Next compute the ratio d/D and, using the relative
velocity curve in the upper graph of chart 75 or 76, find
the corresponding VIV FULL·
Finally, compute the mean velocity V of part-fuff flow
by multiplying VFULL by the ratio V/VFULL·
7.2-4 Use of charts to find slope required to maintain
flow. The following steps are used to find slope required
to maintain flow, when discharge and depth are known
(see example 24).
First find s, FULL corresponding to the given discharge,
using chart 74.
Next compute the ratio d/D, and in the lower graph of
chart 75 or 76 read the corresponding relative friction
slope 81/81 FULL·
Finally, compute the friction slope s, by multiplying
St FULL by the ratio 81/81 FULL•
89
 7.2-.'> Use of charts to find critical flow. The fo.llow-
ing steps are used to find critical flow (see example 25).
Critical depth d. for a given discharge is read on chart
77 or 80, from the int~rsection of Q and size of pipe.
Minimum specific head H. for a given discharge is read
on chart .78 or 81, from the intersection of Q and the
size of pipe.
Example 22
Given: A long oval pipe, 76 in. by 48 in. in cross sec-
5. For long axis vertical:
5a. Using chart 76, from Q/QFuLL=0.75 and the -
reiative discharge curve, find ratio d/D=0.66.
5b. With the long axis vertical, D=49 in.=49/12 ft.
Then d,.=0.66X49/12=2.7 ft.
5c. Again using chart 76, from d/D=0.66 and the
relative velocity curve, find VIVFULL= 1.43.
5d. Then V ,.= 1.43 X 6.8 (from step 3) = 9. 7 f.p.s.
Example 24

tic ted
tion, long axis horizontal, with n=0.011, on a LO-percent Given: A long oval concrete pipe, 38 in. by 24 in. in cross
slope (S=0.01), flowing at a depth of 3.0 ft. Find:
section, long axis horizontal, with n=0.011, discharging
Discharge. 60 c.f.s. at a depth of flow of 1.5 ft. Find: Slope S 1

ac p
1. On chart 74, find the intersection for S=0.01 and

e.
required to maintain flow.
pipe size (No. 11); move vertically down and read

pr ce
1. On chart 74, from Q=60 c.f.s. and the pipe size (No.
QFULL=320 c.f.s. 4), reads, FULL=0.015.
2. The ratio d/D=3.0/4.0=0.75. In the upper graph 2. Since the long axis is horizontal, D=24 in.=2.0 ft.

or r ac
of chart 75, find the intersection for this ratio and the
The ratio d/D=l.5/2.0=0.75.
relative discharge curve; move vertically up and read
3. For d/D=0.75, on the lower graph of chart 75, read
Q/QFULL=Q.94. the relative friction slope 81/81 FULL=l.15.
3. Then ,Q=320 (from step l)X0.94 (from step 2)=
4. Then S 1 =0.015X 1.15=0.017.
300 c.f.s.

ce t o
Example 23 Example 25
Given: A long, oval concrete pipe, 49 in. by 32 in. in Given: A long oval concrete pipe, 49 in. by 32 in. in cross

an n
cross section, with n=0.011, on a 0.6-percent slope
gu cu l section, with n=0.011, on a 0.6-percent slope (S=0.006),

id rre
y, ct va
(S=0.006), discharging 60 c.f.s. Find: Depth and discharging 60 c.f.s. (the same conditions as in example
velocity, for long axis either horizontal or vertical. 23). Find: d., S., and H. at d., for long axis either
1. On chart 74, for S=0.006 and the pipe size (No. 7), horizontal or vertical.
lic fle hi

read QFULL=80 c.f.s. 1. For long axis horizontal:

2. Compute Q/QFuLL= 60/80= 0. 75. la. On chart 77, from Q=60 and the pipe size (inter-
po re Arc

3. Again on chart 74, using Q=60 and the pipe size, polated), read d.=2.05.
read VFuLL= 6.8 f.p.s. lb .. On chart 78, from Q=60 and the pipe size, read
4. For long axis horizontal: H.=3.05 ft.
4a. Using chart 75, from Q/QFULL=0.75 (on the top le. On chart 79, from Q=60 and the pipe size, read
scale) and the relative discharge curve, find ratio d/ D=0.64. S.=0.0035.
2. For long axis vertical:
4b. With the long ~xis horizontal, D=32 in.=32/12 ft.
2a. On chart 80, from Q=60 and the pipe size (inter-
!_hen d,.=0.64X32/12=1.7 ft.
polated), read d.=2.9.
4c. Again using chart 75, from d/D=0.64 and the rela- 2b. On chart 81, from Q=60 and the pipe size, read
tive velocity curve, find V/VFuLL=l.50 (on the bottom H.=4.2 ft.
n, er

scale). 2c. On chart 82, from Q=60 and the pipe size, read
4d. Then V ,.= 1.50X 6.8 (from step 3) = 10.2 f.p.s. S.=0.0052.
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

90
 CHART 74

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
an n
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
lic fle hi
po re Arc

0.00110 30
20 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 2000
OISCHARGE-Q-CFS
n, er

TABLE OF SIZES
tio g
la lon

( I) 23•x 14
11
(8) 53"x 34• (14) gs• x 63"
(2) 3o•x 19• (9) 60"x 38" (15) 106· x 68"
11
(4) 38" x 24 (10) 68"x 43• (16) 113"x 72"
gu o

(5) 42"x 27" (II) 76"x 48" (17) 12t"x 77"

re n

(6) 45"x 29" (12) 83"x 53• (19) 136"x 87"

(7) 49•x 32" (13) 91" x 58" (21) 151 "x 97•
ay
M

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

FRICTION SLOPE FLOWING FULL
n •O. 011

91
 CHART 75
RELATIVE DISCHARGE--i-
. '°'FULL
0 .I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 I.I 1.2
1.0
I"'\
.9 \ )

tic ted
.,,,0
~
I
.8
'I\
...
-~/'
J

ac p
ii: \.

e.
0
', /

pr ce
/

~~
I- .7
:c ....... ·~
I- ~

or r ac
Q.

' ~ Q
LL.I
0 .6
........
LL
0 " . ~ /"
-........ i-.... ......
g /
.5
--

ce t o
< ,,,,, v r---.., _

~
a:
v
-- -
an n
.4 gu cu l v i-- r--
/ 1

id rre
y, ct va
-r--
.3
/
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
lic fle hi

RELATIVE VELOCITY AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE- VV

FULL

--
po re Arc

1.0 1.0
/
..--
SEE (
.9 - INSERT
.90
...........
"OIO ..!L
0
I
LL.I
"'!"-..
en .8 .80
r- r--
a: .75
~

I.I
0
\ ... .8 .9 l.O S1 I2
n, er

I- .7
:c ro...
s;FULL
I-
tio g

0.. '\
LL.I
'" .....
la lon

0 .6
LL
0 .......
!"-.. ~

- - --
0
j:: .5
<
~
r--
gu o

a: r-
re n

1-:- - ~- ·- ..
.4
ay

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12
M

RELATIVE FRICTION SLOPE AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE - ~1

'FULL

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL
PART FULL FLOW

92
 CHART 76
Q
RELATIVE DISCHARGE -QFULL
.I .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 I.I 1.2
0
1.0
\ ""' \
'
\ '
.9
\ 7

tic ted
-oto
I
~ /
"'""
ii
.8
r\..
,,v

ac p
v

e.
0 '\!'\. ~/

pr ce
I- .7 ~,~~~~
::c
Ii: "' ' ~~vci'·t:-

"'' /o'~

or r ac
""0
IL.
.6 ........... ........_
~
/
0
.......... ......_ / v
0
v ........
-
.5
~

ce t o
... r-. ....._
a::
vw.- r--..
~
-
an n
.4
1 oc!r'r
~
gu cu l ,,,/ .........._

id rre r--
y, ct va
~

//
.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4
1.0 1.2
lic fle hi

RELATIVE VELOCITY AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE-YvFULL

po re Arc

1.0
1.0
v
.9 -
SEE
INSERT
d
.9
.......
... , ......
"OIO
.,. 8
~
I
.8
.8 '~
ii \ .8 .9 1.0 St I.I I. 2

0 \ SjFULL
n, er

I- .7
::c
I-
\
tio g

Q,
' r'\..
"" .6
la lon

0
""r---.....
~

- -- ---
............. ........_
0 .5
~ r---
-
gu o

a::
-
re n

.4
ay

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
~ I FULL
1
M

RELATIVE FRICTION SLOPE AT CONSTANT DISCHARGE -

·OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS VERTICAL
PART FULL FLOW

93
 CHART 77
3.4
l I [ I I l..o
ENO POINT (dc•0.90) FOR '£"1-~
~
-INTERMEDIATE SIZE~
3.0
\ I r:,.. ,,,.,-
\ .,.,,,,..-
/
A
\.~i~ y

tic ted
.... /
~~~ /
/ "
~:;..
2.0
v

ac p
/ ~

e.
,,

pr ce
0.
+-1-~ ~ ,/
-,.,'?>
~~ v
RANGE OF dc•0.30 TO 0.90

or r ac
~v
a::•l.00

1.0 • p/A v
-~
~ .... rt

ce t o
I-
I.LI
!311
ILi
I

an n
II..
I
u
gu cu l
0

id rre
y, ct va
~
I
::c
t: 00
lic fle hi

20 40 60 80 IOO 120 140 160 180 200

ILi
0 DISCHARGE- Q-CFS
po re Arc

..J

"'
0
t==
7
a:0 I I
ENO POINT (dc•0.90) FOR
I I I ~ y
,t;,\"1'~
6 \NTERMEO,IATE SIZE~
\'/.'(~~ ....- ,,,...

'\ I • ,.._,.,.,., ,......... /

• .,_f,&
,.,,.,....
5 l
~7
'l / /
~
n, er

/
•
~$9)~ v.,.,,,. /
tio g

~v
4
..
.. °'~ ~ ,......
la lon

~~ y
RANGE OF de• 0.30 TO 0.90
O::=l.00
3
.~~ /"'"
gu o

...---
-~~
a
re n

2
//I'
ay

'
M

I
0" 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 BOO 900 1000
DISCHARGE-0-CFS

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL
CRITICAL DEPTH

94
 CHART 78
6

.,,.
5 ..,. o.?f- y
• ~~
"Jo: • "h ~ loo' ~

·, "Ji f:>..;;... ,_roo,,. /

~/ __,,...,.

tic ted
4
c; 4i- ;
;...q; ~ .... ~ V'"
/y°'~ /..
~ ~·?/.
"'"' ~~/'....-

ac p
e.
3
+'Ii~~ ~---

pr ce
~-,,,4'~~ ~
..___ • ,.,,a '_.& ~~~
·Y. ~

or r ac
2

·"~~v
~~ .
RANGE OF de• 0.30 TO 0.90
a: • 1.00
(Minimum de for alternate sizes" 0.60)

ce t o
1-
UJ
UJ
/'
IL

an n
I gu cu l
u 0

id rre
y, ct va
f 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
ex DISCHARGE- Q - CFS
UJ
lic fle hi

:I:
<..:>
po re Arc

!:!:: 12
<..:>
UJ
a..
(/) I•
10 •- - e , 1• - ~
• ..,. 11
i ...-'' ?f ..,_~..,,.. ,'2.' ,?Jro·\. JJ,.1;..-
. -.;...Ei-
,oro~
.;... ..,,,,. _,,
;...f:>'b;, t?J'b ~
ro'? I
..,,.,.....
..,, / ---
v,..,.,,,..~
~ ,~

__,,, t:::--....--
8 •
i .;...f:>:t?,~%~V v
n, er

.; ;..Di~~~v::~
ib +'11<1\.b / ' ._, , ,. ~ ~ ~ ::::---
i,...-
tio g

6
.+"'ro~~~E;:..-.,,..,,.....
la lon

roo/J ~

4
h~~v"'""
.....
~~ RANGE OF dc•0.30 TO 0.90
gu o

,,
a:. 1.00
~
re n

J. (Minimum de for alternate sizes• 0.6 0)

2
ay

0
M

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
DISCHARGE-Q-CFS

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL
SPECIFIC HEAD AT CRITICAL DEPTH

95
 CHART 79

I I I I I I
RANGE OF dc=0.40 TO 0.90
.007
cr=I. 00

tic ted
.006 I
I I

ac p
~ ~ I I

e.
I

pr ce
.005 ~-"' -::Ji(
;.,
I
~~
1.\1
0
"' I / /v /
~ :~~ "'JV ;./

or r ac
J ~ .~
,,/ /
/
.004 $J ~-~
~ ...7 v
I I
/ v
I' I I
) j / "''Y • ./
.....
/,,V / v v E>O...... ~' _.,,,,..... ,,.,.,,....

ce t o
0
~ .003 ,, .,,,,..... ,.- e;· "j.. Dt-?t ~~
~ ~:::::, r:::.-/ __...
a:
II.I
- -- ~

an n
~ ~

a.. gu cu l -~

tiII.I .002 0
id rre
y, ct va
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
u. DISCHARGE- Q- CFS
I
lic fle hi

(/)u
I
II.I
po re Arc

~
--'
!/)

--'
ct
2
.....
. a:
0

.005
RANGE OF dc=0.40 TO 0.90
I
n, er

I cr=l.OO

I I I J I
tio g

.004
;_, ~f!_)t Ob;~
/
,,I I/ /
la lon

~/ qd'll~ . /
/
/ v . v
/ q
/"' E>'?) ./

- ----
.003 ,,,..,..-
,, (/ v / ~ ~i- E>~ / ..
~l...-'"""
> _;;..-- ~ ...........1?>¢:--
_,,,, Cll o6:Z::i;·""1iz; f"l-11:,......---
gu o

.... .,,,,..,.- V"

1· \~
-~ ~ .... ·\51"~
re n

--::::: .....-:::::-- i.--- ...-::::::--

.002
ay

.0010
M

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
DISCHARGE- Q-CFS

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS HORIZONTAL
CRITICAL SLOPE
n=0.011

96
 CHART 80

5
POl~T(d~·0.9~) F~R !~"~ ~ -
-----
ENDI
I i--

4
r -INTERMEDIATE SIZE~
I
~·.,.':>~"
°"" "- ~c::..........-
I I.

tic ted
_....
tz.~Y _..... ...-
3
I ,_,,,.~__.....

~ ~ ~ i..-----

ac p
/_,,,;. ...~

e.
.....-

pr ce
~ ::.--::
2
/ f0Y
A:,/~ ~v

or r ac
RANGE OF dc•0.38 TO 0.98

~21"' a:•l.00

ce t o
..... 0
~ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

an n
u. gu cu l OISCHARGE-Q-CFS
'
id rre
y, ct va
u
"Cl
I
::c
.....
lic fle hi

Q.
w
0
_.
po re Arc

~
i==
~ 10
I I I I I ~ 1 .. Ji,· L
0

--
END POINT (dc•0.98) FOR

- -- --
--~
- INTERMEDIATE SIZE,
I
8 e;•.,_\0~
'
~
... 6~
..-0::- ..-- ~
~.,.~-:
~.;:::::. r::::---- __.,... .....-
n, er

6
~~ __...
I~~ ~ ~v --
tio g

_.,,.,..
~~ ~ ~
la lon

~-- ...
,,....
h~~~
4
RANGE OF de• 0. 38 TO 0. 98
CX:•l.00
~~
gu o

2
I
re n
ay

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
M

DISCHARGE- Q- CFS

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS VERTICAL
CRITICAL· DEPTH

97
 CHART 81
7
I~
.,..,. .-+,E>
10 1,
• .,_, E>Y
,,,,
6
I• 'ti' -IP
+°'' ":>.°' / ./
o.r
°'
.+....;, ~// ~
... / /
•
+°') IP: ~ v/ ....
v _. v

tic ted
5
v
• ,~·~..... ~ /
,,,
.+~ ~~ ~

ac p
e.
~

pr ce
4

o' )~ v~~
~v~ ~~

or r ac
lllM ~ .
3
RANGE OF de• 0.38 TO 0.98

--~fffi.V~
((. 1.00
(Minimum de for alternate sizes • 0.50)

ce t o
~ 2
ILi
LL. II"

an n
I
u
=f I /'
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ct
ILi DISCHARGE - Q - CFS
::c
lic fle hi

0 16
LL.
po re Arc

• >---

....~
0
ILi
3; 14 •
~ ~ /,--~
.;., 1-'~
~./" ~:~~
.
• ;.,'Ii:
/
~ ~/ /
12 .;.,~,. .,,.,... ....
• •+~' ~9v ~v _........--:,
,, ,,,..,,....
q,+J~/:~y _........ .//
• ~J /~
. ~j'\"'/ "V:::..... /,,,~~/'/
~/
n, er

10
.........
.

•"!I ~ i/.~~~~.r
tio g

fo'b
la lon

8
. ~h
~~/~ ~~v"
6
·~~~~ ~/
gu o

V:4 ~ ~~ RANGE OF de• 0.38 TO 0.98

re n

(( s 1.00

-+K (Minimum de for alternate sizes • 0.5 D)

ay

I
M

2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
DISCHARGE-Q- CFS

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS VERTICAL
SPECIFIC HEAD AT CRITICAL DEPTH

. 98
 CHART 82

I I I I I
--+-..--1f---+---1---1---+-----+-+-_RANGE OF de• 0.40 TO O. 901---+---+-+--i
.012 a:•I. DO

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
ce t o
a::
l&J
a..

an n
l-
l&J,0021.___J_-L-...L--l-...l-_.L-..l..----1.._.J.._---L.._.L-_......L...-i-......L..---1-_.__..._..l..-----L..----I
gu cu l
id rre
y, ct va
l&J 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
~

~ rnSCHARGE-Q-CFS
(/)
lic fle hi

I
l&J
a..
_,
0
po re Arc

_,
(/)

<
0
~
a::
0
I I I I · I I I
.010 J.--+-----<l---+---1--4---4--1-----1--+-......RANGE OF de= 0.40 TO 0. 9 o,...........+--+-+--i
«•I. DD
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

OVAL CONCRETE PIPE

LONG AXIS VERTICAL
CRITICAL SLOPE
n=0.011

99
 Appendix A.-TABLES

Table 1.-Manning roughness coefficients, n 1

tic ted
IV. Highway channels and swales with maintained yegetatlon 01
Manning's (values shown are for velocities of 2 and 6 f.p.s.): M---•- ,
2
I. Closed condulla: n range A. Depth of flow up to 0. 7 foot: DW.UUg s

ac p
A. Concrete pipe •• ----------------------------------------- 0. 011--0. 013 1. Bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass, bufialograss: n range '

e.
B. Corrugated-metal pipe or pipe-arch: a. Mowed to 2 inches·------------------------------- 0.07--0.0ili

pr ce
1. 2% by )-2-in. corrugation (riveted pipe): 3
a. Plain or fully coated·------------------------------
b. Paved Invert (range values are for 25 and 50 percent
of clrcumferenlle paved):
(ll Flow full depth--------------------------------
b. Length 4-6 inches·-------------------------------- o. 09--0. 05
0. 024 2. Good stand, any grass:
a. Length about 12 inches____________________________ 0.18--0. 09
b. Length about 24 inches.--------------------------- 0. 30--0.15
3. Fair stand, any grass:

or r ac
o. 021--0. 018
(2 Flow 0.8 depth-------------------------------- O. 021--0. 016 a. Length abeut 12 Inches____________________________ 0.14--0. 08
(3 Flow 0.6 depth-------------------------------- O. 019--0. 013 b. Length about 24 Inches____________________________ 0. 25--0. 13
2. 6 by 2-in. corrugation (field bolted)___________________ 0. 03 B. Depth offiow 0.7-1.5 feet:
C. Vitrified clay pipe ______________________________________ 0.012--0. 014
D. Cast-Iron pipe, uncoated.------------------------------- 0. 013 1. ~eRF~a:f:S2 ~~g:_~-~-~:~~~~·-~~~~~~~~---- 0.o. os-o.
b. Length 4 to 6 inches_______________________________
036
06--0. 04
E. Steel pipe·---------------------------------------------- 0. 009--0. 011
F. Brick.-------------------------------------------------- 0. 014--0. 017 2. Good stand, any grass:

ce t o
G. Monolithic concrete: a. Length about 12 inches____________________________ 0.12--0. 07
1. Wood forms, rough ___________________________________ 0. 015--0. 017 b. Length about 24 inches____________________________ 0. 20--0.10
2. Wood forms, smooth--------------------------------- 0. 012--0. 014 3. Fair stand, any grass:
3. Steel forms.----------------------------------- _______ 0. 012--0. 013 a. Length about 12 inches____________________________ 0.10--0.06
b. Length about 24 inches ____________________________ 0.17--0.09

an n
H. Cemented rubble masonry walls:
1. Concrete floor and toP-------------------------------
gu cu l 0.017--0.022
Natural floor.---------------------------------------- V. Street and el<)lreseway gutters:
I. 2. 0. 015--0.
019--0. 017
025

id rre
y, ct va
Laminated treated wood ________________________________ 0. A. Concrete gutter, troweled finish ________________________ _ 0.012
J. Vitrified clay liner plates________________________________ o. OlS
B. t,s~~~~t~ate~lf:et: ___ ---------------------------------- 0.013
2. Rough texture __ ------------------------------------- 0.016
n.
lic fle hi

Open channels, lined • (straight alinement): • C. Concrete gutter with asphalt pavement:
A. Concrete, with surfaces as indicated: 1. Smooth _______________ --- __ -- _--- --- ------ --- ---- ---- 0.013
1. Formed, no finish ____________________________________ o. 013--0. 017 2. Rough ________________ -_____ -- _--- -_. _-- ------ ----- -- 0.015
r iro:~tCi'J:~~~~~~--- ---------------------------------
0
po re Arc

2. Trowel finish •• --------------------------------------- 0. 012--0. 014

3. Float finish._---------------------------------------- 0. 013--0. 015 D. 0.014
4. Float finish, some gravel on bottom __________________ 0. 015--0. 017 2. Broom finlsh----------------------------------------- 0.016
5. Gunite, good section.-------------------------------- 0. 016--0. 019 E. For gutters with small slope, where sediment may accu-
6. Gunlte, wavy section. __ ----------------------------- 0. 018--0. 022 mulate, increase above values of n by ________________ _ O.OOB
B. Concrete, bottom float finished, sides as indicated:
1. Dressed stone in mortar ______________________________ o. 015--0. 017 VI. Natural stream channels:•
2. Random· stone in mortar _____________________________ O. 017--0. 020 A. M·inor streams' (surface width at flood stage less than 100
3. Cement rubble masonry_---------------------------- O. 020--0. 025 ft.):
4. Cement rubble masonry, plastered ___________________ O. 016--0. 020 1. Fairly regular section:
5. Dry rubble (rlprap)---------------------------------- 0. 020--0. 030 a. Some grass and weeds, little or no brush ___________ 0.030--0.035
C. Gravel bottom, sides as indicated: b. Dense growth of weeds, depth of flow materially
1. Formed concrete _____________________________________ 0. 017--0. 020 greater than weed height __________________________ 0. 035--0. 05
2. Random stone in mortar----------------------------- 0. 020--0. 023 c. Some weeds, light brush on banks _________________ 0. 035--0. 05
3. Dry rubble (rlprap)---------------------------------- 0. 023--0. 033 d. Some weeds, heavy brush on banks _______________ 0.05--0.07
D. Brick--------------------------------------------------- 0. 014--0. 017 e. Some weeds, dense wlllows on banks_------------- 0. 06--0. 08
n, er

E. Asphalt: f. For trees within channel, with branches submerged

1. Smooth_--------------------------------------------- 0. 013 at high stage, increase all above values by_______ 0. 01--0. OB
2. Rough----------------------------------------------- 2. Irregular sections, with pools, slight channel meander;
~-. ~o~0~fi~~~ ~i:;aie'droclr": __________________________ o. oll--0.0. 016
013 increase values given in la-e about------------·---- 0.01--0.0B
tio g

3. Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks

Good section
1. Irregular •• --------------------------------------- usually steep, trees and brush along banks sub-
2. section ______________________________________ 0.
0. 017--0.
022--0. 020
027
la lon

merged at high stage:

a. Bottom of gravel, cobbles, and few boulders_______ 0. 04--0. 05
b. Bottom of cobbles, with large boulders __ ---------- 0. 05--0. 07
m. Open channels, e1cuated I (straight alinement,• natural B. Flood plains (adjacent to natural streams):
lining): 1. Pasture, no brush:
A. Earth, uniform section: a. Short grass---------------------------------------- O. 030--0. 035
1. Clean, recently completed ____________________________ o. 016--0. 018 b. High grass __ -------------------------------------- O. 035--0. 05
gu o

2. Clean, after weathering __ ---------------------------- 0. 018--0. 020 2. Cultivated areas:

3. With short grass, few weeds __________________________ 0. 022--0. 027 a. No crop ___ ---------------------------------------- 0. 03--0. 04
4. In gravelly soil, uniform section, clean ________________ 0. 022--0. 025 b. Mature row crops--------------------------------- 0. 035-0. 045
re n

B. Earth, fairly uniform section: c. Mature field crops_________________________________ o. 04--0. 05

t ~O::.g:~~~ ~eed8~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8: 8~: 8i8
0 3. Heavy weeds, scattered brush------------------------ 0.05--0. 07
4. Light brush and trees: 10
ay

3. Dense weeds or aquatic plants in deep channels ______ 0. 030--0. 035 a. Winter·------------------------------------------- 0. 05--0. 06
4. Sides clean, gravel bottom ____________________________ 0. 025--0. 030 b. Summer_----------------------------------------- 0. 06--0. 08
5. Sides clean, cobble bottom ___________________________ 0.030--0.040 5. Medium to dense brush: 10
C. 1.
Dragline excavated
No vegetation or dredged:
________________________________________ 0. 028--0. 033 '" Winter·------------------------------------------- 0.07-0.11
b. Summer _______________ ------------------------ 0.10--0. 16
M

2. Light brush on banks--------------------------------
D. Rock: . 7. Cleared land with tree stumps, 100-150 per acre:
1. Based on design section______________________________
2. Based on actual mean section:
a. Smooth and uniform ______________________________
b. Jagged and Irregular _______________________________
E. Channels not maintained, weeds and brush uncut:
1. Dense weeds, high as flow depth _____________________
2. Clean bottom, brush on sides.-----------------------
3. Clean bottom, brush on sides, highest stage of flow___
4. Dense brush, high stage______________________________
Footnotes to table 1 appear at the top of page 101.
0.035--0.050 6. Dense willows, summer, not bent over by current____ 0.15-0. 20
0.035 a. No sprouts---------------------------------------- 0. 04--0. 05
b. With heavy growth of sprouts.-------------------- 0.06-0.08
0.035--0.040 8. Heavy stand of tjmber, a few down trees, little under-
0. 040--0. 045 growth:
a. Flood depth below branches.--------------------- 0.10-0.12
0.08--0.12 b. Flood depth roaches branches_____________________ 0.12--0.16
0. 05--0. 08 C. Major streams (surface width at flood stage more than
0. 07--0.11 JOO ft.): Roughness coefficient is usually less than for
0.10-0.14 minor streams of similar description on account of less
effective resistance offered by Irregular banks or vege-
tation on banks. Values of n may be somewhat re-
duced. Follow recommendation in puhllcatlon cited '
if possible. The value or n for larger streams of most
regular section, with no boulders or brush, may be In the
range oC---------------------------------------------- O. 028--0. 033

100
 Footnotes to Table 1
1 Estimates are by Bureau of Puhlic Roads unless otherwise noted.
' Ranges indicated for closed conduits and for open channels, lined or exca-
vated, are for good to fair construction (unless otherwise stated). For poor
quality construction, use larger values of n.
'Friction Factors in Corrugated Metal Pipe, by M. J. Webster and L. R.
Metcalf, Corps of Engineers, Department of tbe Army; published in Journal
of tbe Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of tbe American Society of Civil
Engineers, vol. 85, No. HY9, Sept. 1959, Paper No. 2148, pp. 35-67.
•For important work and where accurate determination of water profiles
is necessary, the designer is urged to consult the following references and to
select n by comparison of the specific conditions witb the channels tested:
Flow of Water in Irrigation and Similar Channels, by F. C. Scobey, Division
of Irrigation, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
'Flow of Water in Channels Protected by Vegetative Linings, by W. 0. Ree
and V. J. Palmer, Division of Drainage end Weter Control, Research, Soll
Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tech. Bull. No. 967,
Feb. 1949.
• For calculation of stage or discharge in natural stream channels, !t Is
recommended that the designer consult the local District Office of the Surface
Water Branch of tbe U.S. Geological Survey, to obtain data regarding values
of n applicable to streams of any specific locality. Where this procedure Is
not followed, the table may be used as a guide. The values of n tabulated
have been derived from data reported by C. E. Ramser (see footnote 4) and
from other incomplete data.
' The tentative values of n cited are principally derived from measurements
made on fairly short but straight reaches of natural streams. Where slopes

tic ted
Tecb. Bull. No. 652, Feb. 1939; and
Flow of Water in Drainage Channels, by C. E. Ramser, Division of Agri-
cultural Engineering, Bureau of Public Roads, U.S. Department of Agri-
culture Tech. Bull. No. 129, Nov. 1929.
'With channel of an alinement other than straight, loss of head by resistance
forces will be increased. A small increase in value of n may be made, to allow
calculated from flood elevations along a considerable length of channel,
involving meanders and bends, are to be used in velocity calculations by the
Manning formula, the value of n must be increased to provide for the addi-
tional loss of energy caused by bends. The increase may be in the range
of perhaps 3 to 15 percent.
10 The presence of foliage on trees and brush under flood stage will mate-

ac p
for the additional loss of energy. rially increase the value of n. Therefore, roughness coefficients for vegetation

e.
' Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation, prepared by in leaf will be larger than for bare branches. For trees in channel or on banks,

pr ce
the Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory in cooperation with the Okla- and for brush on banks where submergence of branches Increases with depth
homa Agricultural Experiment Station; published by the Soil Conservation of flow, n will increase with rising stage.
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pub!. No. SCS-TP-61, Mar.
1947, rev. June 1954.

or r ac
Table 2.-Permissible velocities for channels with erodi- Table It-Permissible velocities for channels lined with
ble linings, based on uniform flow 'in continuously wet, uniform stands of various ·grass covers, well main-

ce t o
aged channels 1 tained 1 2

an n
gu cu l Maximum permissible Permissible
velocities for- velocity on-

id rre
y, ct va
Soil type or lining (earth; no vegetation)
Cover
Water Water Slope Erosion Eas,ily
Clear carrying carrying range resist- eroded
_________________,____________ __________________,____
water fine silts sand and ant soils
lic fle hi

gravel -soils
-- ---
po re Arc

F.p.s. F.p.s. F.p.s. J'ercent F.p.s. F.p.s.

2.5 I. 5
Ov~~
Fine sand
Sandy loam(noncolloidal)--------------------
(noncolloldal) ________: _________ 1.5 8 6
Silt loam (noncolloidal) _____________________ I. 7 2. 5 2.0 Bermudagrass---------------------------------- { 7 5
2.0 3.0 2.0 6 4
Ordinary firm loam ____ --------------------- 2. 5 3. 5 2. 2
Volcanic asb ___________ ----- ________________ 2. 5 3. 5 2.0 Butralograss .• ----------------------------------}
Kentucky bluegrass____________________________ 0-5
&-10 7 5
6 4
Fine graveL ••• _----------------- -------- ___ 2. 5 5.0 3. 7 Smooth brome_·-------------------------------- Over 10 5 3
Stiff clay (very colloidal) ___________________ 3. 7 5.0 3.0 Blue grama ___ ----------------------- ------ ____ _
Graded, loam to cobbles (noncolloidal). ____ 3. 7 5.0 5.0
Graded, silt to cobbles (colloidal) ___________ 4.0 5.5 5.0 Grass mixture __________________________________ { 0-5 5 4
Alluvial silts (noncolloidaJ) _________________ 2.0 3.5 2.0 &-10 4 3

Alluvial silts (colloidal).-------------------- 3. 7 5.0 3.0 Lespedeza sericea _______________________________ )

Coarse gravel (noncolloldal). _______________ 4.0 6.0 6.5 Weeping lovegrass _____________________________ _
Cobbles and shingles _______________________ 5.0 5. 5 6.5

~~#I~~~~~e=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
n, er

Shales and hard pans _______________________ 3. 5 2. 5

6.0 6.0 5.0
0-5
tio g

1 As recommended by Special Committee on Irrigation Research, American

Society of Civil Engineers, 1926.
~~=~~~~-e-~~~~-·~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: } • 0-5 3. 5 . 2. 5
la lon

1 From Handbook of Channel Design for Soil and Water Conservation (see
footnote 6, table 1, above).
· •Use velocities over 5 f.p.s. only where good covers and proper maintenance
can be obtained.
•Annuals, used on mild slopes or as temporary protection until permanent
gu o

covers are established.

•Use on slopes steeper than 5 percent Is not recommended.
re n
ay

Table 4.-Factors for adjustment of discharge to allow

for increased resistance caused by friction against the
M

top of a cl~sed rectangular conduit 1

Table 5.-Guide to selection of retardance curve
D/B: Factor
Retardance curve
for-
1.00 I. 21 Average length of vegetation
.80 1.24
. 75 I. 25 Good Fair
.667 1. 27 stand stand
.60 1. 28
• liO I. 31
,40 I. 34 6-10 inches-------------------------------------------- C _______ D.
2-6 inches--------------------------------------------- D _______ D.
1 Interpolations may be made. See derivation of factors on p. 8.

101
 Appendix B.-CONSTRUCTION OF DESIGN CHARTS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
B.1 Charts with Manning's n constant. Design charts 8. Draw a smooth curve through the points for each

or r ac
for open-channel flow, such as those presented in chapter 3,
are plotted on logarithmic paper. Each chart is con-
structed for a fixed cross section and a given value of
Manning's n by the following steps. Table B-1 serves
as an illustrative example. (See note at end of section.)
slope. A point not falling on this smooth curve pre-
sumably indicates that an error has been made either in
computing or in plotting.
9. Draw straight lines through points of equal depth.
This provides another check on the accuracy of computing

ce t o
1. Prepare a table with coiumn headings as shown in and plotting. These equal-depth lines must be straight,
table B-1. since the equation is V=Q/A, where A is a constant for
2. Tabulate desired increments of depth in the first a given depth.

an n
column.
gu cu l 10. The graph now has all the depth lines but only

id rre
y, ct va
3. Compute A, WP, R=A/WP, R21a, T, and d.,=A/T three slope lines. Other slope lines may be laid out by
for each depth. marking off a logarithmic scale along enough depth lines
4. Using Manning's equation: to define the slight curvature in the slope lines. The
lic fle hi

v=
1.49 R 2/BS 1/2 length of the log cycle is the distance between either two
n of the three slope curves already drawn, and will be the
po re Arc

and the given value of n, compute V for a slope of S=0.01,
for each depth.
5. From the values of V, derived in ste·p 4, compute
values for Q=AV.
6. Compute values of V and Q for S=0.10 for each
depth, by multiplying the tabulated values of V and Q
for S=0.01 by the factor (0.10/0.01)112=3.162. Similarly,
compute values of V and Q for S=0.001 for each depth,
by multiplying the tabulated values of V and Q for S=0.01
n, er
same along any depth line. A simple graphic device to
obtain the logarithmic spacing for any length of cycle can
be made by laying off a log scale along the leg of a right
triangle with a long base line, and then drawing straight
lines from the divisions on the scale to the opposite vertex.
The spacing of these lines along any line laid across them
will be logarithmic and it is merely necessary to position
the triangle so that the distance from the base to a point
on the hypotenuse corresponds to the length of cycle

by the factor (0.001/0.01)1/2=0.3162. desired. ·

7. On logarithmic paper with a sufficient number of 11. Critical curves are an essential part of the charts.
tio g

cycles, plot V against Q for S=0.01, 0.10, and 0.001. For plotting points, compute, for each depth, gd,,.=32.2 d.,.
Note the value of the corresponding depth, using a small and tabulate. (d,,. has already been tabulated in the
la lon

number written alongside each plotted point. table.) Next compute, for each depth, V 0 = (gd,,.)11 2 •

Table B-1.-Sample computations for channel-flow chart: Trapezoidal channel, 1:1 side slopes, 10-foot bottom width,
n=0.03
gu o
re n

For S=0.01 For S=0.10 For S=O.O~l Critical curve

d A WP R R'I• T d.,
v v v gd., lT,
ay

Q Q Q
- - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -
Ft. Sq.ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft.
0.2 2.04 10.57 0.193 0.334 10.4 0.1962 1. 65 3.37 5.23 10. 7 0.523 1. 07 6.318 2. 51
M

.4 4.16 11.13 .374 .519 10.8 .3852 2.57 10. 7 8.13 33.8 .813 3.38 12.40 3.52
.6 6.36 11. 70 .544 .666 11.2 .5679 3.30 21.0 10.4 66.4 1.04 6.64 18.29 4.28
1.0 11.00 12.83 .857 .902 12.0 .9167 4.47 49.1 14.1 155 1.41 15. 5 29. 52 5.43
1. 5 17. 25 14.24 1. 211 1.137 13.0 1.327 5.63 97.2 17.8 307 1. 78 30. 7 42. 73 6.54
2.0 24.00 15.66 1.533 1.330 14.0 1. 714 6.59 158 20.8 500 2.08 50.0 55.19 7.43
2. 5 31. 25 17.07 1.831 1.497 15.0 2.083 7.42 232 23.4 733 2.34 73.3 67.07 8.19
3.0 39.00 18.48 2.110 1.645 16.0 2.438 8.15 318 25.8 1,000 2.58 100 78.50 8.86
3. 5 47.25 19.90 2.375 1. 779 17.0 2. 779 8.81 416 27.9 1,320 2. 79 132 89.48 9.46
4.0 56.00 21.31 2.627 1.904 18.0 3.111 9.43 528 29.8 1,670 2.98 167 100.2 10.0
5.0 75.00 24.14 3.107 2.129 20.0 3. 750 10.5 791 33.3 2, llOO 3.34 250 120.8 11.0
6.0 96.00 26.97 3.560 2.331 22.0 4.364 11. 5 1,110 36.5 3,510 3.65 350 140.5 11.8
7.0 119.0 29.80 3.993 2.517 24.0 4.958 12. 5 1,480 39.4 4,690 3.94 469 159.6 12.6
8.0 144.0 32.63 4.414 2.691 26.0 5. 538 13. 3 1,920 42.2 6,070 4.22 607 178.3 13.4
10.0 200.0 38.28 5.224 3.011 30.0 6.667 14. 9 2,980 47.2 9,430 4. 72 943 214. 7 H.6

102
 Plotting points of intersection of V = V. with respective Table B-2.-Computations for grassed channel: 1
depth lines locates the critical curve. Trapezoidal channel, 8:1 side slopes, b=4, retardanee C
12. The usefulness of the chart many be expanded by CONSTANTS
adding scales along the ordinate and the abscissa, corre- d=0.8 R'/'=0.621
A=8.32 (l.49R '!') '=0.857
sponding tc;> the products Vn and Qn, respectively. It WP=16.94
must be borne in mind, however, that the critical curve
may be used only with the value of n for which the chart v VR n (Vn)' s Q
was drawn.
Note: Computations in steps 3 and 4 for many channel F.p.a. Ft. •/sec Ft./ft. C.f.s.
0. 5 0. 246 0.225 0. 0127 0. 0148 4.16

tic ted
sections can be found in the Corps of Engineers Hydraulic 1 .491 .135 .0182 .0212 8.32
2 . 982 .084 .0282 .0327 16.6
Tables and the Bureau of Reclamation Hydraulic and 3 1.473 .067 .0404 .0471 25.0
4 1.964 .057 .0520 .0607 33.3
Excavation Tables.1 5 2.455 .052 .0676 .0789 41.6

ac p
6 2.946 .047 .0795 .0928 49.9

e.
B.2 Charts for grassed channels with n variable. 7 3. 437 .044 .0949 .111 58.2

pr ce
Design charts for open-channel flow in grassed channels, 8 3. 938 .043 .1183 .138 66.6
9 4.419 .041 .1362 .159 74.9
such as those presented in chapter 4, are computed by the 10 4. 910 .040 .1600 .187 83.2
Manning equation with n varying as a function of V R

or r ac
V,=3.99 1. 96 0.057 0.0517 0.0603 33.20
(see fig. 5, p. 38). On these charts the ordinate is channel
slope S and the abscissa is discharge Q. For a given ' Similar computations must be made for each selected depth.
cross section, each depth and velocity curve must be
computed separately according to the following steps. 6b. Draw a curve for ea~h depth through the plotted

ce t o
Table B-2 serves as an illustrative example. points. This should be a smoothly curving line. A point
1. Prepare tables with column headings as shown in not falling on the curve presumably indicates that an
table B-2. Select desired increments of depth. A sepa- error has been made either in computing or in reading

an n
rate table is required for each depth.
gu cu l the n values.

id rre
y, ct va
2. For each depth d, compute A, WP, R=A/WP, 7. Connect lines of equal velocity, which again should
T, d,,.=A/T, R2'a, and (1.49R 'J/ap. Arrange these con- be smoothly curving lines. Points will not fit perfectly
stants at the top of the table. 2 because of minor discrepancies in reading the retardance
lic fle hi

3. Select desired increments of velocity, usually 0.5 f.p.s. curve, but wide variations indicate major errors in
and I to IO f.p.s. by units of one, and list in the first column computation.
po re Arc

of the table. 8. Critical slope is calculated for each depth as follows;

4. Replot the appropriate retardance curve from figure 5 the computed values being entered across the bottom of
on logarithmic paper. The purpose of this is to obtain the table as shown in table B-2:
consistent readings of n, so that the velocity curves to Sa. Compute V.= (gdm) 1/2.
be plotted later will be smooth curves. (This does not Sb. Compute V 0 R.
mean, however, that velocities determined in the com- Sc. Read from the retardance curve the value of n for
pleted graph are actually that accurate, since the true V.R.
value of retardance may vary considerably.) 8d. Solve for slope s. as in step 5d.
5. For each selected depth (that is, in each table being Be. Compute Q.=A v •.
9. Plot critical slope s. against Q. for each depth, and
n, er

computed for a selected increment of d) :

5a. Compute V R for each velocity V, and tabulate. draw a smooth curve through the points.
tio g

5b. From the retardance curve plotted as. step 4, read IO. Examine the plotted curves for consistency. If
and tabulate n for each value of V R. equal increments of depth and velocity have been used,
la lon

5c Compute (Vn)2. curves should show a systematic change in spacing;

5d. Compute and tabulate S=(Vn)2:+(1.49R21B)2. The becoming closer as depth increases or velocity increases,
denominator has already been computed as one of the as the case may be. At any point of intersection of depth
constants. and velocity curves, the product AV must equal the value
gu o

5e. Compute and tabulate Q=A V. of Q read for that point.

re n

6. Select logarithmic graph paper having sufficient 11. Changes in retardance must be taken into account.
cycles to cover the desired range of Q and S, and for each Unlike the open-channel charts for a fixed value of n,
where a single. chart may be used for other values of n,
ay

depth:
6a. Plot S against Q for each velocity; label each plotted the grassed channel chart must be replotted for a different
point with the corresponding value of V. retardance. However, only two additional columns are
M

required in the computation table: the n for the new

1 See footnote 1, p. 3.
2 The value (1.49R''')'=2.2082R•I•. A table of values for the reciprocal
of the latter wlll be found In Handbook of Hydraulics, for the Solution of
Hydraulic Proble1118, by H. W. King, revised by E. F. Brater, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1954. (See table 107 In 3d edition or table 91 In 4th edition.)
retardance and the solution for S as in step 5d. The
new S is then plotted against Q as previously calculated
(in step 5e), to obtain a new set of curves for this
retardance.

103
 Appendix C.-GRAPHIC SOLUTION OF THE MANNING EQUATION

tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
Chart 83 is a nomograph for the solution of the Manning cross section, 6 feet wide, flowing at a depth of 0.75 foot,

or r ac
equation: with a 0.3-percent slope (S=0.003), and n=0.02. Area
A=6X0.75=4.50 sq. ft.; wetted perimeter WP=6+2
v= 1.49 R2fs
n ,
s112. X0.75=7.50 ft.; then R=A/WP=4.50/7.50=0.6.
A straight line is laid on the chart, c<;>nnecting S=0.003

ce t o
This chart will be found usef\ll when an open-channel flow and n=0.02. Another straight line is then laid on the
chart is not available for the particular channel cross chart, connecting R=0.6 and the intersection of the first
section under consideration. Values of n will be found in line and the "turning line," and extending to the velocity

an n
table 1, and slope S and hydraulic radius R= A/WP,
gu cu l scale. Reading this scale, V =2.9.

id rre
y, ct va
where A is the area of cross section and WP is the wetted The chart may, of course, be used to find any one of the
perimeter, are dimensions of the channel. four values represented, given the other three; and may
Use of the chart is demonstrated by the example shown also be used for channels with cross sections other than
lic fle hi

on the chart itself. Given is a channel with rectangular rectangular.

po re Arc
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M

104
 .3 .2
EQUATION: V c 1.:g 21 11
R 3 S 2
50

40
I
CHART 831
.2

.3
...z 30
:::; .01
.4
.10

tic ted
.09
.08 .5 20
.07

ac p
.06

e.
pr ce
.05

.04 .02

. o'I-/

or r ac
.03
> y
a:: / c

-
9
(/)
/-g0

ce t o
- I I- .03

-
.02 8
cu z
cu / u

-...
Cl) UJ
0 en 7
c
/ 0

an n
0
gu cu l u.
u.
--
.04

id rre
y, ct va
Cl)
Cf)

-
c. :::> UJ
c 0
~
-
.01 cu 5
Cl) Cl) 0
.009 <t
lic fle hi

cu .05
.008 a:: (/)
c .007 0 ~ -~ 4 (/)
po re Arc

La.I .06

~~0
UJ .006 :J z
a. :::> J:
.005 <t .07
g a::
o"" C g 3
(!)
:::>
(/)
.004,,., >- 0 .08
UJ a::
~ J: 4 > .09
.10
5 2
n, er

.002
6
tio g

7
la lon

.001 9
.0009 1.0 .2
10
gu o

.0008
.9
.0007
re n

.0006 .8 .

.7
ay

.0005
.3
,0004 .6
M

.0003 20 .5
.4

N-u-MOGRAPH FOR SOLUTION

OF MANNING EQUATION

105

i:::ru.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTIN3 OFFICE 1987 0 - 176-698

 M
ay
re n
gu o
la lon
tio g
n, er
po re Arc
lic fle hi
y, ct va
gu cu l
id rre
an n
ce t o
or r ac
pr ce
ac p
tic ted
e.
 tic ted
ac p
e.
pr ce
or r ac
CHART REFERENCE GUIDE
...
,.

ce t o
CAMI No.
1-14 Rectaneular channels, bottom width 2- 20 feet_ ______________ _ 9-22
15-28 Trapezoidal channels, 2 : 1 side slopes, bottom width 2-20 feet_ __ 23-36

an n
29 Trlaneular channels, nomoeraph for flow ___________________ _
gu cu l 37

id rre
y, ct va
30--33 Trapezoidal erassed channels, bottom width 4 feet, side slopes
2 : 1, 4 :1, 6: 1, and 8 : 1- ---------------------------------- 40--43
Trlaneular erassed channels, side slopes 10 : L ______________ _
34
"
lic fle hi

35-51 Circular-pipe channels, diameter 12- 96 inches _______________ _ 48-64

52-60 Circular-pipe channels, charts for part-full flow, diameter 1-15
po re Arc

feet---------------------------------------------------- 65-73
61-73 Pipe-arch channels, charts for part-full flow, spans of 25 Inches
to 16 feet, 7 Inches______________ _________________________ 76-88
74-82 Onl concrete-pipe channels, charts for part-full flow, lone axis
diameter 23-151 Inches __________________________________ 91-99
83 Nomopaph for solution of Mannine equation________ __________ 105
Table 1.-Mannlna coefficients______________________________________ 100
Tables.2-5 _________________________________________ ______________ 101
Flaure 5.-Veaetal retardance curns _______________ ------ __ _____ __ __ 38
n, er
tio g
la lon
gu o
re n
ay
M
 M

HNG-31 /R9-85(500) EWR

ay
re n
gu o
la lon
tio g
n, er
po re Arc
lic fle hi
y, ct va
gu cu l
id rre
an n
ce t o
or r ac
pr ce
ac p
tic ted
e.