DESIGN OF END & INTERMEDIATE CROSS GIRDER

Design End Cross Girder:

The End Cross Girder is designed as beam for service condition spanning between longitudinal girders, The reinforcement
required for the same is calculated and also check for jacking condition for both bending & shear.
Design End Cross Girder for Service Condition:

Summary of Shear Force & Bending Moment in End Cross Girder

Condition Loadings Sagging Moment Hogging Moment Shear Force

DL 14 21 41
SIDL (W.C) 0 0 0
SIDL (C.B) 4 14 6
Pedestrian LL 0 0 0
70R (W & T)
Maximum 70R + 1LCA
66 86 157
Carriageway LL 2L Class A
Service
3L Class A
Summation (1.35 DL+1.75 SIDL+
123 176 299
1.15 FPLL + 1.5 LL) ULS
Summation (1.0 DL+1.0 SIDL+ 0.75
84 121 204
FPLL + 1.0 LL) SLS-Rare
Summation (1.0 DL+1.0 SIDL+ 0.0
2 35 47
FPLL + 0.0 LL) SLS-QPC
DL 434 860 593
SIDL (W.C) 51 122 84
Jack Up SIDL (C.B) 42 156 98
Conditio Summation (1.35 DL+1.75
732 1585 1080
n SIDL(W.C)+1.35SIDL(C.B)) ULS
Summation (1.0 DL+1.0 SIDL) SLS-
527 1138 775
Rare & QPC
.
Design:
Ultimate Limit State :
Maximum Hogging Moment = 1585.10 KNm
Maximum Sagging Moment = 731.85 KNm
Maximum Shear Force = 298.96 KN
Serviceability Limit State -Rare Combination:
Maximum Hogging Moment = 1138.00 KNm
Maximum Sagging Moment = 527.00 KNm
Maximum Shear Force = 204.01 KN
Serviceability Limit State -Quasi Permanent Combination:
Maximum Hogging Moment = 1138.00 KNm
Maximum Sagging Moment = 527.00 KNm
Maximum Shear Force = 47.01 KN

Width of Cross Girder = 0.40 m

Depth of Cross Girder = 1.775 m
C/c distance between longitudinal girder = 2.90 m
Bottom bulb width of longitudinal girder = 0.61 m
Grade of Concrete = 45 MPa
Grade of Steel = 500 Mpa
Stress in Concrete (Rare combination) = 21.60 Mpa
Stress in Concrete (QPC combination) = 16.20 Mpa
Modular ratio = 5.88
Stress in Steel (Rare & QPC combination) = 400.00 Mpa
Crack width (As per Table-12.1) = 0.30 mm
Clear cover to outer most reinforcement = 40 mm

Effective Span : As per clause 29.1 of IS:456-2000, the effective span will be smaller of the following

(i) c/c distance between support = 2.900 m

(ii) 1.15 times the clear span = 2.634 m

l = 2.634 m
D = 1.775 m 1.065
l/D = 1.484 < 2.50 (for continuous beam)

Hence as per Clause 29.1 of IS:456-2000, the End cross girder shall be designed as deep beam.

Lever Arm:

Lever Arm Z = 0.2 * (l + 1.5*D) = 1.06 m

CHECK FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Max sagging moment M = 731.85 KN.m

Provide 4 nos 25 φ + 0 nos 16 φ

Area of steel provided = 1963 mm2

Min. Reinforcement required Ast min = 728 mm2

OK
Max. Reinforcement required Ast max = 10600 mm2
OK
Depth of Neutral Axis Xu = 131.81 mm

Limiting Neutral Axis Xu lim = 483.46 mm

OK
Moment of Resistance (MOR) Mu lim = 860.34 KN.m
OK

For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Max hogging moment M = 1585.10 KN.m

Provide 4 nos 25 φ + 4 nos 25 φ

Area of steel provided = 3927 mm2

Min. Reinforcement required Ast min = 728 mm2

OK
Max. Reinforcement required Ast max = 10600 mm2
OK
Depth of Neutral Axis Xu = 263.62 mm
Limiting Neutral Axis Xu lim = 483.46 mm
OK
Moment of Resistance (MOR) Mu lim = 1630.62 KN.m
OK
Distribution of Reinforcement
The distribution reinforcement over the support of a deep beam is placed in two zones
Zone I
It is the zone of depth "0.2 * D" , adjacent to the tension face,and contains a proportion of the tensile steel given by

0.5 * ( l / D - 0.5 ) = 0.49 m

2
Ast required in Zone I = 0.4919 * 3927 = 1932 mm

Provide 4 nos 25 φ + 2 nos 20 φ

2
Area of steel provided = 2592 mm > 1932 OK

Reinforcement shall be placed at the top within a depth of (0.2 D) = 0.5267 m

Zone II

It is the zone measuring "0.3 D" on either side of the mid depth of the beam, which shall contain the
remainder of the tension steel evenly distributed.

2
Ast required in Zone II = = 1995 mm

Provide 3 nos 25 φ + 0 nos 0φ on each face

2
Area of steel provided = 2945 mm > 1995 OK

Reinforcement shall be placed in the middle of (0.3 D * 2) = 1.5801 m

Lever Arm for calc crack width

Z = 1.775-0.025/2-0-0.04*2 = 1.7225

CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE-RARE COMBINATION

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Max sagging moment M = 527.00 KN.m

Depth of Neutral Axis x = 131.81 mm

MOI of Cracked section Icr = 2.93E+10 mm4

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 2.37 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 168.29 Mpa
OK
For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Max hogging moment M = 1138.00 KN.m

Depth of Neutral Axis x = 263.62 mm

MOI of Cracked section Icr = 4.977E+10 mm4

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 6.03 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 196.20 Mpa
OK
CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE-QUASI PERMANENT COMBINATION

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Max sagging moment M = 527.00 KN.m

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 2.37 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 168.29 Mpa
OK
For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Max hogging moment M = 1138.00 KN.m

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 6.03 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 196.20 Mpa
OK
CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Equi.diameter фeq (n1ф12+n2ф22)/(n1ф1+n2ф2) = 25.00 mm

Spacing of Bonded Reinf. <=5*(C+ф/2) = 262.50 mm

in tension zone
 ρρ.eff As/Ac.eff = 0.0374

Ac eff = 52500 mm2

Max. crack spacing Srmax 3.4c+0.17ф/ρp.eff = 249.64 mm

(εsm-εcm) (σsc - kt fct.eff/ρρ.eff (1+αeρρ.eff))/Es >=0.6 σsc / Es = 0.00057

σsc = 168.29 Mpa

Crack width Wk Sr,max (εsm-εcm) = 0.143 mm

OK

For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Equi.diameter фeq (n1ф12+n2ф22)/(n1ф1+n2ф2) = 25.00 mm

Spacing of Bonded Reinf. <=5*(C+ф/2) = 262.50 mm

in tension zone

ρρ.eff As/Ac.eff = 0.0748

Ac eff = 52500 mm2

Max. crack spacing Srmax 3.4c+0.17ф/ρp.eff = 192.82 mm

(εsm-εcm) (σsc - kt fct.eff/ρρ.eff (1+αeρρ.eff))/Es = 0.00082

σsc = 196.20 Mpa

Crack width Wk Sr,max (εsm-εcm) = 0.159 mm

OK

Side face Reinforcement: Cl.16.5.4 of IRC:112-2011

Min. Side face reinf. req 0.01 * 320 * 1695 = 2712 mm2

Provide 7 nos 16 φ + 0 nos 12 φ on each face

2
Area of steel provided = 2815 mm
OK
Shear Reinforcement for Service Condition:

Shear Force = VEd = 298.96 KN

Effective depth of girder = d = 1060 mm
Width of girder = b = 400 mm
Max Shear Force = Vmax = 98358.58 KN
OK
strength reduction factor = ν = 23.08
Longitudinal force = NEd = 0.00 KN

Comp. stress as CG due to Axial = σcp = 0.00 Mpa

load
ρ1 = 0.00926
Shear resistance of section = VRd.c = 232.17 KN
without shear reinf.

Minimum shear resistance = VRd.c = 151.47 KN

Shear resistance = VRd.c = 232.17 KN

232.17 < 298.96 Provide Shear Reinf.
Net Design Shear force = VNS = 298.96 KN

Comp. stress as CG due to Axial = σcp = 0.00 Mpa

load
αcw = 1.00
sin2θ = 0.078
Cotθ = 2.5

Provide 2 legged 12 φ dia bars @ 200 c/c

Min shear reinf. ratio = ρmin = 0.00111

Provided shear reinf. ratio = ρmin provided = 0.00283 OK

Shear Force by shear reinf. = VRd.s = 1571.86 KN

Balance Shear = VNS - VRd.c 66.79 KN
66.79 < 1571.86 OK

2
Max Shear reinforcement = Asw max = 1109.05 mm
OK
Max Long. Spacing = = 600
OK

Shear Reinforcement for Jack-up Condition:

Shear Force = V = 1079.85 KN

Effective depth of girder = d = 1060 mm
Width of girder = b = 400 mm
Max Shear Force = Vmax = 98358.58 KN
OK
strength reduction factor = ν = 23.08
Longitudinal force = NEd = 0.00 KN

Comp. stress as CG due to Axial = σcp = 0.00 Mpa

load
ρ1 = 0.00926
Shear resistance of section = VRd.c = 232.17 KN
without shear reinf.

Minimum shear resistance = VRd.c = 151.47 KN

Shear resistance = VRd.c = 232.17 KN

232.17 < 1079.85 Provide Shear Reinf.
Net Design Shear force = VNS = 1079.85 KN

Comp. stress as CG due to Axial = σcp = 0.00 Mpa

load
αcw = 1.00
 sin2θ = 0.280
Cotθ = 2.5

Provide 2 legged 12 φ dia bars @ 150 c/c

Min shear reinf. ratio = ρmin = 0.00111

Provided shear reinf. ratio = ρmin provided = 0.00377 OK

Shear Force by shear reinf. = VRd.s = 2095.81 KN

Balance Shear = VNS - VRd.c 847.68 KN
847.68 < 2095.81 OK

2
Max Shear reinforcement = Asw max = 831.79 mm
OK
Max Long. Spacing = = 600
OK
Provide 2L-12mm dia stirrups @ 150mm c/c .
Design Intermediate Cross Girder:

The Inner Cross Girder is designed as beam for service condition spanning between longitudinal girders and reinforcement
shall be provided accordingly for service condition.
Design Intermediate Cross Girder for Service Condition:

Summary of Shear Force & Intermediate Bending Moment in Intermediate Cross Girder

Condition Loadings Sagging Moment Hogging Moment Shear Force

DL (KNm)
55 (KNm)
0 35
SIDL (W.C) 37 0 10
SIDL (C.B) 0 362 110
Pedestrian LL 0 0 0
70R (W & T)
Maximum 70R + 1LCA
967 945 288
Carriageway LL 2L Class A
Service
3L Class A
Summation (1.35 DL+1.75 SIDL+
1590 1906 645
1.15 FPLL + 1.5 LL) ULS
Summation (1.0 DL+1.0 SIDL+ 0.75
1059 1307 443
FPLL + 1.0 LL) SLS-Rare
Summation (1.0 DL+1.0 SIDL+ 0.0
92 362 155
FPLL + 0.0 LL) SLS-QPC
.
Design:
Ultimate Limit State :
Maximum Hogging Moment = 1906.20 KNm
Maximum Sagging Moment = 1589.50 KNm
Maximum Shear Force = 645.25 KN
Serviceability Limit State -Rare Combination:
Maximum Hogging Moment = 1307.00 KNm
Maximum Sagging Moment = 1059.00 KNm
Maximum Shear Force = 443.00 KN
Serviceability Limit State -Quasi Permanent Combination:
Maximum Hogging Moment = 362.00 KNm
Maximum Sagging Moment = 92.00 KNm
Maximum Shear Force = 155.00 KN

Width of Cross Girder = 0.30 m

Depth of Cross Girder = 1.875 m
C/c distance between longitudinal girder = 2.90 m
Bottom bulb width of longitudinal girder = 0.85 m
Grade of Concrete = 45 MPa
Grade of Steel = 500 Mpa
Stress in Concrete (Rare combination) = 21.60 Mpa
Stress in Concrete (QPC combination) = 16.20 Mpa
Modular ratio = 5.88
Stress in Steel (Rare & QPC combination) = 400.00 Mpa
Crack width (As per Table-12.1) = 0.30 mm
Clear cover to outer most reinforcement = 40 mm

Effective Span : As per clause 29.1 of IS:456-2000, the effective span will be smaller of the following

(i) c/c distance between support = 2.900 m

(ii) 1.15 times the clear span = 2.990 m

l = 2.900 m
D = 1.875 m
l/D = 1.547 < 2.50 (for continuous beam)

Hence as per Clause 29.1 of IS:456-2000, the Intermediate cross girder shall be designed as deep beam.

Lever Arm:

Lever Arm Z = 0.2 * (l + 1.5*D) = 1.143 m

CHECK FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Max sagging moment M = 1589.50 KN.m

Provide 4 nos 25 φ + 4 nos 25 φ

Area of steel provided = 3927 mm2

Min. Reinforcement required Ast min = 588 mm2

OK
Max. Reinforcement required Ast max = 8572.5 mm2
OK
Depth of Neutral Axis Xu = 351.49 mm

Limiting Neutral Axis Xu lim = 521.31 mm

OK
Moment of Resistance (MOR) Mu lim = 1712.35 KN.m
OK

For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Max hogging moment M = 1906.20 KN.m

Provide 4 nos 32 φ + 2 nos 32 φ

Area of steel provided = 4825 mm2

Min. Reinforcement required Ast min = 588 mm2

OK
 Max. Reinforcement required Ast max = 8572.5 mm2
OK
Depth of Neutral Axis Xu = 431.91 mm

Limiting Neutral Axis Xu lim = 521.31 mm

OK
Moment of Resistance (MOR) Mu lim = 2036.61 KN.m
OK
Distribution of Reinforcement
The distribution reinforcement over the support of a deep beam is placed in two zones
Zone I
It is the zone of depth "0.2 * D" , adjacent to the tension face,and contains a proportion of the tensile steel given by

0.5 * ( l / D - 0.5 ) = 0.52 m

2
Ast required in Zone I = 0.5234 * 4825 = 2526 mm

Provide 4 nos 25 φ + 4 nos 20 φ

2
Area of steel provided = 3220 mm > 2526 OK

Reinforcement shall be placed at the top within a depth of (0.2 D) = 0.375 m

Zone II

It is the zone measuring "0.3 D" on either side of the mid depth of the beam, which shall contain the
remainder of the tension steel evenly distributed.

2
Ast required in Zone II = = 2299 mm

Provide 4 nos 20 φ + 0 nos 0φ on each face

2
Area of steel provided = 2513 mm > 2299 OK

Reinforcement shall be placed in the middle of (0.3 D * 2) = 1.125 m

Lever Arm for calc crack width Z = 1.875-0.025/2-0-0.04*2 = 1.8105

CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE-RARE COMBINATION

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Max sagging moment M = 1059.00 KN.m

Depth of Neutral Axis x = 351.49 mm

MOI of Cracked section Icr = 5.026E+10 mm4

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 7.41 Mpa

 OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 180.84 Mpa
OK
For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Max hogging moment M = 1307.00 KN.m

Depth of Neutral Axis x = 431.91 mm

MOI of Cracked section Icr = 5.596E+10 mm4

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 10.09 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 189.40 Mpa
OK
CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE-QUASI PERMANENT COMBINATION

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Max sagging moment M = 92.00 KN.m

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 0.64 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 15.71 Mpa
OK
For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

Max hogging moment M = 362.00 KN.m

Stress in concrete M*x/Icr = 2.79 Mpa

OK
Stress in Steel m*M*(d-x)/Icr = 52.46 Mpa
OK
CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH

For sagging moment (Positive Reinforcement):

Equi.diameter фeq (n1ф12+n2ф22)/(n1ф1+n2ф2) = 25.00 mm

Spacing of Bonded Reinf. <=5*(C+ф/2) = 262.50 mm

in tension zone

ρρ.eff As/Ac.eff = 0.0258

Ac eff = 152351 mm2

Max. crack spacing Srmax 3.4c+0.17ф/ρp.eff = 300.88 mm

(εsm-εcm) (σsc - kt fct.eff/ρρ.eff (1+αeρρ.eff))/Es >=0.6 σsc / Es = 0.00005

σsc = 15.71 Mpa

 Crack width Wk Sr,max (εsm-εcm) = 0.014 mm
OK

For hogging moment (Negative Reinforcement):

2 2
Equi.diameter фeq (n1ф1 +n2ф2 )/(n1ф1+n2ф2) = 32.00 mm

Spacing of Bonded Reinf. <=5*(C+ф/2) = 280.00 mm

in tension zone

ρρ.eff As/Ac.eff = 0.0998

Ac eff = 48375 mm2

Max. crack spacing Srmax 3.4c+0.17ф/ρp.eff = 190.54 mm

(εsm-εcm) (σsc - kt fct.eff/ρρ.eff (1+αeρρ.eff))/Es = 0.00016

σsc = 52.46 Mpa

Crack width Wk Sr,max (εsm-εcm) = 0.030 mm

OK

Side face Reinforcement: Cl.16.5.4 of IRC:112-2011

Min. Side face reinf. req 0.01 * 220 * 1795 = 1975 mm2

Provide 6 nos 16 φ + 0 nos 12 φ on each face

2
Area of steel provided = 2413 mm
OK
Shear Reinforcement for Service Condition:

Shear Force = VEd = 645.25 KN

Effective depth of girder = d = 1143 mm
Width of girder = b = 300 mm
Max Shear Force = Vmax = 79545.19 KN
OK
strength reduction factor = ν = 23.08
Longitudinal force = NEd = 0.00 KN

Comp. stress as CG due to Axial = σcp = 0.00 Mpa

load
ρ1 = 0.01407
Shear resistance of section = VRd.c = 213.14 KN
without shear reinf.

Minimum shear resistance = VRd.c = 120.45 KN

Shear resistance = VRd.c = 213.14 KN

213.14 < 645.25 Provide Shear Reinf.
Net Design Shear force = VNS = 645.25 KN

Comp. stress as CG due to Axial = σcp = 0.00 Mpa

load
αcw = 1.00
sin2θ = 0.211
Cotθ = 2.5

Provide 2 legged 12 φ dia bars @ 150 c/c

Min shear reinf. ratio = ρmin = 0.00111
Provided shear reinf. ratio = ρmin provided = 0.00503 OK

Shear Force by shear reinf. = VRd.s = 2213.88 KN

Balance Shear = VNS - VRd.c 432.11 KN
432.11 < 2213.88 OK

2
Max Shear reinforcement = Asw max = 623.84 mm
OK
Max Long. Spacing = = 600
Provide 2L-12mm dia stirrups @ 150mm c/c . OK