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Sobotta, Atlas of Human Anatomy 13rd Ed, Vol 1 PDF
Sobotta, Atlas of Human Anatomy 13rd Ed, Vol 1 PDF
Editedby R.PutzandR.Pabst
Putz
withRenate
incollaboration
13th,revised
Edition
byDr.M.Lutz,K.Kopsieker
Translated
Budowick,
of Michael
Withtheassistance Dietz,
Sarah
Dr.DorotheaHennessen
768colouredplates
76tables
. Back l-47
SurfaceAnatomy I
VertebralColumn,Columnavertebralis 2 26 Stomach,Gaster. 132-136
Musclesof the Back,Mm. dorsi,Musclesof the Nape SmallIntestine, tenue.
Intestinum 137-139
o f t h e N e c k ,M m s u b o c c i p i t a l easn, d N e c kM u s c l e s , Colon.. 140-141
Mm. colli 27-40 Liver, Hepar,Gallbladder,Vesicabiliaris, and
Sectionsthroughthe VertebralColumn 41 Bitiary Ducts 142-149
Vesselsand Nervesof the Backand of the Occioital Pancreas l s 0 -1 5 2
Region 42-45 Spleen,Splen[Lien] 153
Vesselsand Nervesof the VertebralCanal. 46-47 PeritonealCavity,Cavitasperitonealis,Development. 1541 - 55
Positionof the Abdominal Viscera,Situs viscerum . . 156-167
Truncus coeliacusand Aa. & Vv. mesentericae
Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 48-75 superiorandinferior 168-177
Portalvein,V.portae 178-179
SurfaceAnatomy.... 4B Kidney,Ren[Nephros] 180-lB6
Ribs,Costae 49-50 S u p r a r e nGa l a n dG, l a n d u lsau p r a r e n a l i.s. . . . . . . . . 187
Sternum 5 t- 5 2 UrinaryBladder,Vesicaurinaria..... 187-188
ThoracicCage,Caveathoracis MaleUrogenital Organs lB9-193
MammarG y l a n dM , a m m a. . . . . 5 4 -5 5 FemaleUrogenitalOrgans 194-204
Vesselsand Nerves of the Thoracic and Abdominal Rectum ... 205-207
Walls . . 56 A. renalis 208
SegmentalSensoryInnervation 57 Vessels andNervesofthe Retroperitoneal Space. . . . 209-221
Musclesof the Thorax,Mm. thoracis,and Abdominal PelvisandPerineum, ExteriorMaleandFemale
M u s c l e sM, m . a b d o m i n i s. . . . . 58-66 G e n i t aOl r g a n s ... 222-239
lnguinal Canal,Canalisinguinalis 67 Sections throughthe AbdomenandPelvis 240-261
Diaphragm,Diaphragma 68-70
Lumbosacral
PIexus,
Plexuslumbosacralis 71
AnteriorAbdominalWall 72-73
Sectionsthrough the AbdominalWall 74-75
SurfaceAnatomy 262
Thorax 76-t3l Bones,JointsandLigaments 263-307
Musclesof the LowerLimb . 308-347
Heart,Cor 76-91 BloodVessels andNerves . . . 348-378
Trachea 92-93 Sectionsthroughthe LowerLimb . . 379-386
Lungs,Pulmones . . .. 94-102 Distributionof the Nervesof the Plexus
OutlineSilhouette of theHeart 103 lumbosacralis .... 387-388
Projection
of the TracheaandBordersof the Lungs
andPleura 104-105 Appendix 389-405
Oesophagus 106-110
Thymus ll1-113 I n d e x. . .... 389-40
Generalterms of directionand positionin the body
longitudinalis = runninglengthways(e.g.Musculuslongitudina-
The following terms indicate the relative location of organs
and parts of the body to each other, partly without taking lis superiorof the tongue)
into considerationthe position of the body in space as well sagittalis= lying on a sagittalplane
transversalis = lying on a transversalr/transverse
plane
as the location and direction to the extremities.This concept
transversus = runningtransversely (e.g.Processustransversus
of
is not only acceptable for human anatomy but also for
practical medicine and the comparativeanatomy. the thoracicvertebrae)
General terms
Terms of direction and position for the extremities
anterior - posterior = from the front - from the back (e.g.
proximalis - distalis = at the base of the extremity - at the end of
Arteriae tibiales anterior et posterior)
the extremity (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares proximalis et
ventralis - dorsalis = lying ventral - dorsal
distalis)
superior - inferior = above - below (e.g. Conchaenasales superior
et inferior) For the upper limbs:
cranialis - caudalis = lying cranial - caudal radialis - ulnaris = relating to the radial - relating to the ulnar
dexter - sinister= right - left (e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes side (e.g. Arteriae radialis et ulnaris)
dextra et sinistra)
For the hand:
internus - externus = internal - external
palmaris - dorsalis = relating to the palm - relating to the back of
superficialis - profundus = superficial - deep
the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus
medius, intermedius = lying in the middle between two other
dorsalis)
things (the Concha nasalis media lies in the middle between
the Conchanasalis superior and inferior) For the lower limbs:
medianus= lying on the middle line (Fissuramedianaanterior of tibialis - fibularis = relating to the tibial side - relating to the
the spinal cord).By making a median sagittal sectionthe body fibular side (Arteria tibialis anterior)
is dividedinto two mirror images.
medialis - Iateralis = lying towards the middle of the body, lying For the foot:
towards the side (e.g.Fossaeinguinales medialis et lateralis) plantaris - dorsalis= relating to the sole of the foot - relating to
frontalis = relating to the plane of the forehead (frontal plane), the back of the foot (instep)(e.g. Arteriae plantareslateralis et
(e.g.Processusfrontalis of the maxilla) medialis,Arteria dorsalis pedis)
to the colouredillustrationplates
References
The multi-colouredillustrations of this book are basedon didactic Thefollowingplatenumbersindicatenewlydeveloped platesas
observations:The contrasts should be emphasized.Where it is well as drawingsdueto fundamental corrections:
difficult to differentiatebetweenstructures,they should be made U.Brugger
easily recognizable.The colours used for the different kinds of 3 6 - 3 8 ,5 2 , 5 3 , 6 1 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 7 , 2 3 5 - 2 3 7 , 2 8 4 , 3 9 6 - 3 9 8 , 4 3 0
1,
tissue (such as tendons, cartilage, bone and muscles) and the 532-534,537,539-541,551,570-577,598
tracts (such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves) are M. Budowick
different from those found in a living, dead or preserved body. 449,452,474,486,498,548
Here, arteries are red, veins are blue, nerves yellow, lymphatic R. Himmelhan
vesselsand glands are generally representedas green. 437
In addition to the artists who createdthe basis for the complete S.Klebe
collection of illustrations with Prof. Sobotta and the following 138,460,507,508,511-514
editors Prof. Becher,Prof. Ferner and Prof. Staubesand(K. Hajek, H. Rintelen
Prof. E. Lepier,F. Batke,H. v. Eickstedt,K. Endtresser,I. Kosanke, 604-606
I. v. Marchtaler,I. Dimes,U. Brugger,N. Lechenbauer,L. Schnell- H. RuJS
biicher, and K. Schuhmacher),the following also drew for the 22 (insert),144,338-340,444,445,447,449,471,472, 545,687
current edition: Ulrike Brugger, Riidiger Himmelhan, Sonja
Klebe, and Horst RuB. A series of original photographs were
worked over electronically by Michael Budowick. A number of
computer diagrams were producedby Henriette Rintelen.
Generaltermsof directionandpositionin the body
tongitudinalis= running lengthways(e.g. Musculuslongitudina-
The following terms indicate the relative location of organs
Iis superiorof the tongue)
and parts of the body to each other, partly without taking
sagittalis= lying on a sagittalplane
into considerationthe position of the body in space as well = lying on a transversalplane
transversalis
as the location and direction to the extremities.This concept = runningtransversally transversus
(e.g.Processus
transversus
is not only acceptable for human anatomy but also for
of the thoracicvertebrae)
practical medicine and the comparativeanatomy.
General terms
Terms of direction and position for the extremities
anterior - postertor = from the front - from the back (e.g. proximalis - distalis = at the base of the extremity - at the end of
Arteriae tibiales anterior et posterior) the extremity (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares proximalis et
ventralis - dorsalis = lying ventral - dorsal distalis)
superior- inferior = above- below (e.g. Conchaenasalessuperior
et inferior) For the upper limbs:
cranialis - caudalis = lying cranid - caudal radialis - ulnaris = relatinS to the radial - relating to the ulnar
dexter - stnister= right - left (e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes side (e.g. Arteriae radialis et ulnaris)
dextra et sinistra)
For the hand:
internus - externus= internal - external palmaris - dorsalis= relating t0 the palm - relating to the back of
superficialis - profundus = superficial - deep the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus
medius, intermedius = lying in the middle between two other dorsalis)
things (the Concha nasalis media Iies in the middle between
the Conchanasalis superior and inferior) For the lower limbs:
medianus= lying on the middle line (Fissuramediana anterior of tibtalis - fibularis = relating to the tibial side / relating to the
the spinal cord).By making a median sagittal sectionthe body fibular side (Arteria tibialis anterior)
is divided into two mirror images.
medialis - lateralis = lying towards the middle of the body, lying For the foot:
towards the side (e.g.Fossaeinguinales medialis et lateralis) plantaris - dorsalis = relating to the sole of the foot - relating t0
=
frontalis relating to the plane of the forehead (frontal plane), the back of the foot (instep)(e.g. Arteriae plantareslateralis et
(e.g.Processusfrontalis of the maxilla) medialis, Arteria dorsalis Pedis)
to the colouredillustrationplates
References
platesas
Thefollowingplatenumbersindicatenewlydeveloped
The multi-colouredillustrations of this book are basedon didactic
observations:The contrasts should be emphasized'Where it is corrections:
well as drawingsdueto fundamental
difficult to differentiatebetweenstructures,they should be made U.Brugger
easily recognizable.The colours used for the different kinds of 707,923,924,927-932,934,936,937,1366,l37B
tissue (such as tendons, cartilage, bone and muscles) and the R. Himmelhan
tracts (such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves) are 1367,1368,1370,1372, 1374,1375
different from those found in a living, dead or preserved body. S.Klebe
Here, arteries are red, veins are blue, nerves yellow, lymphatic 1162,1174,1175, 1218,1222,1223,1250,1349
vesselsand glands are generally representedas green' H. Rul3
7 BB,7 98,1281- 1284,1302-1304
In addition to the artists who createdthe basis for the complete
collection of illustrations with Prof. Sobotta and the following
editors Prof. Becher,Prof. Ferner and Prof. Staubesand(K. Hajek,
Prof. E. Lepier,F. Batke,H. v. Eickstedt,K. Endtresser,I' Kosanke,
I. v. Marchtaler,K. Dimes,U. Brugger,N. Lechenbauer,L. Schnell-
biicher, and K. Schuhmacher),the following also drew for the
current edition: Ulrike Brugger, Rtidiger Himmelhan, Sonja
Klebe, und Horst RuB. A series of original photographs were
worked over electronically by Michael Budowick. A number of
computer diagrams were producedby Henriette Rintelen.
Acknowledgements
The editors would like to thank the following colleaguesfor Prof. Reiser & Dr. Glaser, Institute of Clinical Radiology,
providing the pictures of ultrasound,computedtomography, Universityof Munich
magneticresonancetomographyas well as endoscopicand (figs.307,578-582,705a, b, 771,1369,1371,1373,13771
colourphotographsof operationalpractice: Prof. Rudzki-Ianson,Polyclinicfor Orthodontics,University of
Munich
(figs.80,8l)
Prof.Altaras,RadiologyCentre,GieBenUniversity Dr. Scheibe,DepartmentofSurgery,RosmanHospital,Breisach
(figs.964,979,9801 ( f i g s1. 233a-c)
Dr. Baumeister, Departmentof Radiology, FreiburgUniversity Prof.Schillinger,Gynaecological Clinic,Universityof Freiburg
(fig. 109s) (figs.1072-10741
Prof.Daniel,Departmentof Cardiology,Universityof Medicine, Dr. Dr. Schliephake,Facio-MaxillarySurgery, University of
Hannover Medicine,Hannover
(figs.862-864,935) (figs.167,212,2131
Prof. Galanski & Dr. Kirchoff, Department I of Diagnostic Prof. SchlijBer,GynaecologyCentre, University of Medicine,
Radiology,Universityof Medicine,Hannover Hannover
(figs.924,1144a,b,1154, 1155) (figs.1071a, b, 1080,1082,1083,1130)
Prof. Galanski & Dr. Schiifer, Department I of Diagnostic Prof. Schuhmacher, Neuroradiology,Departmentof Radiology,
Radiology, Universityof Medicine,Hannover Universityof Freiburg
(figs.B3Ba, b, 888,933,958,1139,1147,1150,11521 (figs.448a,b)
Prof. Gebel Departmentof Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Sommer& AssistentProf.Bauer,Radiologists, Munich
UniversityofMedicine,Hannover (figs.650,1234-12361
(figs.253a,b,966,975,976,981,990,991, 1026,1043) Prof.Stotz,Orthopaedic Polyclinic,Universityof Munich
Dr.Goei,Radiology, Heerlen,TheNetherlands (fig. 1193)
(figs.1010,1011) Prof.Vogl,Polyclinicfor Radiology, Universityof Munich
(with permissionfromRadiology173:137-141,19891 (figs.440, 442,631,632)
Dr.Greeven, St.ElizabethHospital,Neuwied Prof.Vollrath,ENTClinic,Miinchengladbach
(figs.166,1182) (tigs.246-2481
Prof. von der Hardt, PaediatricClinic, Universityof Medicine, Prof. Wagner (dec.),DiagnosticalRadiologyII, University of
Hannover Medicine,Hannover
(figs.893) ( f i g s . 9 1 41,0 1 4 , 1 0 1120 2 01, 0 2 31, 0 9 0 )
Dr. Hennig,Departmentof Radiology,Universityof Freiburg Prof.Wenz,Departmentof Radiology, Universityof Freiburg
(fig.529) (tig.7a7)
Prof.Ionas,Urology,UniversityofMedicine,Hannover Dr. Willfiihr, Departmentfor Abdominaland Transplantation
(figs.1050a,b, 1051) Surgery,UniversityofMedicine,Hannover
Prof.Kremers,Polyclinicfor DehtalPreservation and Periodon- (fig. 1001)
tics, Universityof Munich AssistentProf.Wimmer,Departmentof Radiology,Universityof
(fig.182) Freiburg
Prof.Kunze,Paediatric Clinic,Universityof Munich (tig.778\
(figs.15-18)
Dr. Meyer, Departmentof Gastroenterologyand Hepatology,
Universityof Medicine,Hannover Additionalillustrationsweretakenfromthe followingbooks:
(figs.906.949a,b,959,1086)
Prof. Pfeifer,RadiologyDepartmentof the SurgicalClinic, Uni- Birkner, R: The typical X-ray of the skeleton, Urban &
versityof Munich Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1990
(figs.306,319,321,748-751,789-792,1199,1230,1231,1260, (fig.1200)
12611 Welsch,U. (Editor):Sobotta- Histology,5th Edition,Urban&
AssistentProf. Rau, Departmentof Radiology,Universityof Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1985
Freiburg (figs.635,646)
(figs.875,886,887) Wicke, L.: Atlas of X-ray Anatomy,3rd Edition, Urban &
Prof.Ravelli,Instituteof Anatomy,Universityof Innsbruck, Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1985
Itig.746l (figs.905a,b, 1076)
Prof. Reich, Clinic for FacioMaxillary Surgery,University of Wilhelm,K.,R.Putz,R.Hierner,R.E.Giunta:Plasticsurgeryof the
Bonn hand,Urban& Schwarzenberg, Munich-Vienna-Baltimore 1997
(figs.133,134) (fig.s8)
Anatomy
General
1
- Unea paravertebnlis
Linsaaxillarisanterior- -
palmaris-
- dorsalis
\ lateralis
r"oi"ti. / /
caudalis(= inferior)/
libularis-
directionaland
Figs.2 a, b Linesof orientation,
positionalterms usedfor the humanbody.
a ventral (= anterior)view
b dorsal(= posterior)view
Parts
of theBody
2
----- Caput
----* Collum
----Thorax
llembrum
superius
F e m u r- - - - - -
llembrum
Inferius
C r u s- - - - - - - -
--- Caput
Truntus,
Dorsum
Membrum
superlug
M a n u s- - - -
F e m u-r- - - - - -
Membrum
lnterlus
C r u s- - - - - - - -
P e s- - - - - - - -
/ Regiocervlcalisanterior
Rogiost€rnocleidomasloid€a
\
- R€gioc€Mcalls lateralis
Reglodeltoidea 1 : Trigonumclavipec{oralo
- R€gioprestemalls
Regioaxillads - - Regiop€ctoralis
R6giomammada -
- - Regioinframammada
R€giobrachii anledor -
- - Regloepigastdca
- Raglohypochonddaca
Reglocubltalisanterior,-
Fossacubltalis - Regloumbllicalig
R€gloantabrachliposterior - - - Regloabdomlnalislateralis
- Regioinguinalis
Rsgio ant€brachilanterior -
- Reglopubica [Hypogastriuml
- R€gio urogenitalis
femoris--
Trigonum
R€giofemorisantsrior/
R€giogenus anterior - -
- Regilopadeialis
- R€gloocclpiElls
- Regloc€rvicall6Posbtlo.
Regiodelloidoa \
- Regloverl€bra[s
Rogioscapulans--
B€gio axillaris - -
- Rogloinftascapuletls
Regio brachil postsrior --
Rogiocubltalb postorior
Regloant€brachliantotio. -
R€gioantsbrachilposledor -
Palmalvolal -
Regioglutealls /
Regiog€nus postgrior,-
Fossapoplitea
R€giosura€ -
Rgglocrudspostador--\
R€giocruris anterior - -
OoEUmpedis
Calx
lReglo calcan€al
Sternum\
(Pars ceruicalis)
(Parslumbahs)
R a d i u-s* - -
---- O sc o x a e- - -
--Ossa catpi---
-:- o s s a- -
melacarp'
--
o s s a- - -
digitorum
lPhalangesl
Patella -
Ossatarsi -
- - Ossametatarsi
Ossatarsi-
I Distnbutionof haemato-
poiesis in the bone marrow
Melaphysis
(proximalis)
Corpus
Periosteum
- - Cavitas medullaris;
Medulla ossium llava
Metaphysis
(distalis) / Fossa olecrani
Fig. 12 Structure0f a longbone,0s longum,
the humerusis shownas an examPle;
(Extremitas -- Substantiaspongiosa longitudinalsection.
distalis) Medulla ossium rubra
Theossifiedepiphysealdiscs(epiphyseallines)are
\ Cartilagoarticularis just visible.
Passive
Locomotor
System,
8
7. EW -_
18.-19.U \
15.-18.U :-\
1 5 . - 1 6 . u- _ ^ -- 18.-20.U
1.U --__
--13,-15.U
18.-21.U
------10.-12. U
2.-5. LM -- -7.-8.U
5.U -- ------18. U
2.-s.u-- -- 6.-7.EM
------18.-19. LJ
2,-1,|J -'. - 16.-18.U
m-25..u/
a
--8. EW
--- 13.-15.U
7\ \ 4.-6.U
---15.-18. U
1 \ ts.-zo.
u
7.-8.EW -- \ re.-zo.
u
EW-
EM.
LM.
U.
13.-16.
u -_
8.-r3.U - __--12.U
1.U -- -- 8.-12.U
5.-7. U
1.1.-18.U
-- 19.-17.U !--..-.."
10.-12. U 1 0 .E M - - -
5.-6.U -- L-- 1 7 F 1 8 .U
17.-19.U--
12.-11.1J-'
7. EW
7.-8. EW --
--N.11.U
--7.+.U
--s.-2. u
6. Ll,l -\ -- 17.-18.U
17.-18.U --
2.-4.1) .'
,--3.-1.U
9. EW
\ .|5.-21.
U
3.-4.U
1.-z.u -
--
3.-5.U - v
5. EM
\8.EM
\9.Ew
Fig. 15 Radiographof the hand of a 4t/z-year-okl Fig. 16 Radiographof the hand of a 7-year-old
child; c hi l d ;
dorsopalmarorientation(PA); dorsopalmarorientation(PA);
( m a l e ,r . ) . ( m a l e ,r . ) .
1 Membrana synovialis
1a Intima
lb Subinlima
2 Membrana tibrosa
3 A-cells
4 B-cells
5 Fat cells
6 Capillaryvessels with fenestration
7 Venules Capsula
I Lymphatic vessels articularis
9 Nerves
10 Collagenfibres
-- Labrumarticulare
-- (Cartilago
articularis)
-- Recessus
articularis
- - Membrana svnovialis
Vagina synovialis
lslratum synbvialel Capsula
-- articularis
Membrana fibrosa
lStratumlibrosuml
(Cavitassynovialis)\\
Mesotendineum
\
Tendo
\
Epitendineum \
Figs.25a-g Typesofmuscle.
a singlehead,
parallelmusclefibres
b doublehead,
parallelmusclefibres
c doublebelly,
parallelmusclefibres
d multi head.
flat muscle
e parallelmulti-bellymuscle
fibreswith tendinous
intersections
f unipennate muscle
e Musculusintersectus f Musculussemipennatus g Musculuspennatus g bipennatemuscle
12
ActiveLocomotor
System,
MuscleGroups
Oesophagus
---- Gaster
/ Sinusparanasales
---.-7t'
Lobussuperior
I
I Pulmo
srnrster
I
Lobusinferior/
Organa
uflnafla
-- Duciusdeferens
Vesicaurinaria
- Glandulavesiculosa
- Ductusdeferens
Urethramasculina - Proslata
Organa genitalia
-- Glandula masculinainterna
bulbourethralis
Penis
---- Epididymis
Organa genitalia
masculinaexterna Urethra masculina Ductusdelerens
----- Testis
Scrotum----l-
Organa
uflnana
Vesicaurinaria\
Organa genitalia
U r e t h rfae m i n i n a- - : : \ _ feminina interna
C l i t o r i s- - - - -
Organa genitalia Labiumminus
leminina externa
pudendi
Labiummajus
pudendi
-' HYPothalamus
- -
Glandula pineafts
ICorpus Pineale]
--- G l a n d u l a e. - -
parathyroideae
superioret inferior
--- Glandulathyroidea
Glandula
suprarenalrs
- - -'l
I n s u l a ep a n c r e a l i c a e- - ' -
O v a r i u m- - - - - - -
------* lesLls
Fig. 32 Survel'of the endocrinesystemof the male; Fig. 33 Surveyof the endocrinesystemof the female;
ventralview ventralview.
Endocrine organs
All organs whose primary funcdon is the producdon of poietin and the right atrium of the heart, where the atrial
hormonesare calledendocrineorgans.Theseare: hypophysis, natriuredc peptide is produced.Betweenthe epithelold cells of
pineal gland, Glandula pinealis [Corpus pineale], thpotd and the gasfrointestinalpassagetlere are cells of the diffirse neuro
parathyroid glands,pancreadcislands,testis and ovary. endocrtnesystem(A?IJDsystem).Theymainly affect adJacent
cells, and coordlnatethe different functions of an organ.
Other organs are also endocrinologicallyactive. The brain for
exampleproducesthe hormonesthat contol the hypophysis,but Stric0y speaking, nearly dl organs produce hormones, as in
the production of hormones is not a primary function of the the immune system where they coordinate tlte production
brain. Other examplesare the kidneysthat producethe erythre and funcdon of cells of the immune system.
I6
A carotisinterna-_ A carotiscommunissinistra
A carotisexterna- - / Truncusbrachiocephalicus
/
dextra- - - -
A carotiscommunis - - A. subclavia
sinistra
dextra--
A subclavia - - - - - - - Arcusaortae
-- Parsascendensaortae
lAorlaascendens]
- - Parsdescendensaortae[Aorladescendensl,
Parsthoracicaaortae[Aorlathoracical
- - Truncuscoeliacus
-- A mesentericasuperior
A. orofundabrachii- - -- - A. renalis
-- Parsdescendensaortae[Aortadescendens]
ParsabdominalisaortaelAortaabdominalis]
-- A. testicularis'
-- Bifurcatio
aortae
-- inferior
A. mesenlerica
-- A iliaca communis
-- A iliacaexterna
-- A. iliaca inlerna
A. femoralis/
A profundafemoris /
A tibialisoosterior--
A. tibialisanterior- -
A dorsalispedis - -:
V iugularisexterna\
V jugularis
anteraor V brachiocephalacadexlra
\
\
interna.
V iugutaris / V brachiocephalica sinistra
V subclavia \ V thoracicainterna
-
V azvoos
\
.-- V cavasuPerior
V axillaris- - - Col
V cephalica- -
V b a s i l i c a- - -
Vv brachiales--- - V renalis
-- sinistra.
V testicularis
V portaehepatis
* V splenica
dextra'- -
V testicularis
*..- V mesentericainlerior
V iliaca communis - -
-- V mesentericasuPerlor
V iliaca interna - -
- V cava inlerior
V. iliaca externa -:
/
V lemoralis
\ \ V temoralis
\ V prolundalemoris
- - V poplitea
V saphenamagna--(
-- V saphenaParua
-- V tibialisantenor
-- V tibialisPostenor
\. t12
9
I
1 A subclavia 1 Truncuscoeliacus 1 A iliacacommunis
2 A lhoracicainterna 2 A gaslricasinislra 2 A. iliacainterna
3 Truncusthyrocervicalis 3 A hepaticacommunis 3 A iliacaexterna
4 Truncuscostocervicalis 4 A solenica 4 A. epigaslricainferior
5 A. vertebralis 5 A. circumflexa iliumprofunda
6 R. pubicus
19-
a
'I Pars
ascendensaortae
2 Bulbusaortae
3 Aa coronariae
4 Arcusaortae
5 lsthmusaortae
6 TruncusbrachioceDhalicus
7 A. carotiscommunis sinistra
8 A subclavia sinistra 1 A carotiscommunis 1 A mesenterica superior 1 A iliacacommunis
9 A carotiscommunis dextra 2 A carotisexlerna 2 A pancrealicoduodenalisinlerior 2 A iliacaexterna
10 A subclaviadextra 3 A carotisinterna 3 Aa jejunales 3 A, iliacainterna
11 A carotisinterna 4 A. thyroideasuperior 4 Aa ileales 4 A obturatoria
12 A carotisexterna 5 A. pharyngeaascendens 5 A ileocolica 5 A. pudendainterna
13 Parsthoracicaaortae 6 A lingualis 6 A. colica dexlra 6 A gluteainferior
14 Parsabdominalisaortae 7 A facialis 7 A colica media 7 A iliolumbalis
15 A sacralismediana I A occioitalis I A mesentericainlerior I Aa sacraleslaterales
16 Biturcatioaortae 9 A. auricularis
oosterior I A. colica sinistra 9 A gluteasuperior
17 A. iliacacommunis 10 A. temporalissuoerficialis 10 Aa sigmoideae Parspatens
10 A. umbilicalis,
18 A iliacainlerna 1l A. maxillaris l1 A. rectalissuperior 11 A. vesicalisinferior
19 A iliacaexterna 12 A. rectalismedia
16
rl
14
\4 4
1 V cavainlerior 8 V renalis
1 V. cavasuoerior 6 V azygos 2 Vsacralismediana 9 Vlesticularis/ovarica
2 V. brachioceohalicadextra 7 W. intercostales
oosleriores 3 V iliacacommunis 10 V suDrarenals
3 V. brachioceohalicasinistra I V. hemiazygosaccessoria 4 V iliacainterna 1'l Vv intercostalesoosteriores
4 V jugularisinterna 9 V. hemiazygos 5 V iliacaexterna 12 V lumbalisascendens
5 V. subclavia 6 V. phrenicainferior 13 Vv.lumbales
7 Vv.heoaticae 14 V. iliolumbalis
f,
Corpus
numerl
Fig. 40 AP-radiograph(phlebography)of the brachial,
axillary and cephalicveins and some of their tributary
vessels.
The venousvalves can be clearly identified, especiallyin
the axillary vein.
Fetutcircutatiott
20
Aa pulmonales
Arcus aortae I
\
Truncus brachioceohalicus - -
-- D u c t ua
srleriosus"
- - Truncus pulmonalis
V cava superior - -
-- Atnum cordissinislrum
Foramen ovale' -
--
V cava inlerior - - Septum interventriculare
-
- Ventriculuscordis dexter
Vv hepalicae -_L---____<'.
- - Pars lhoracica aortae lAorta lhoracica]
l/l -- A mesentericasuperior
lll
Vesicabiliaris---.1------F r'-.
\--'---s_-/- -- Aa renales
V u m b t l i c a l-i -s-
V cava interior --
A, mesentencainlerior
iliaca communis
--- A iliacaexterna
-- A iliacainlerna
umbilicales I
I
Placenla I Vesica
urinaria
Duclus lymphatrcusdexter \ )
( A n g u l u sv e n o s u s ) \
\\
V subclavia - - - Nodr lymphoideicervicales
- Arcus ductus thoracrcl
Truncus subclavrus -
Duclus lhoracrcus
Nodi lymphoideraxrllares/
Pars abdominalis
Cisterna chyli
-1
- Trunci intestinales
Nodi lymphorderabdominrs - -
parielaleset viscerales
- Truncilumbales
Nodi lymphoideipelvis - -
panetaleset viscerales
Nodi lymphoideringuinales
a ventrolateralview
b dorsolateralview
Nodi lymphoidei
There is considerablevariation be- rn9urnares
Nodr lymphordel
r n gu r n a l e s
tween individuals.The draining
areascan overlap,both horizontally
and vertically.
22 SurfaceProjectionof theInternal Organs
-
Oesophagus
SplenILien]
Fancreas
Ouodenum
rcluil u r l
Fig. 44 Projectionof the viscera onto the Fig.45 Projection of the visceraontothe
surfaceof the body; surfaceof the body;
ventral view. dorsalview.
oftheInternat
organs
23
-------- Pulmo
-------- Cor
Diaphragma
-- -- ADpendix
vermilormis
-------- Rectum
Fig. 46 Projectionof the viscera onto the Fig.47 Projection of the visceraontothe
surfaceof the body; surfaceof the body;
viewed from the right. viewedfrom the left.
24 Centraland PeripheralNervousSystem,Cranialand SpinalNerves
xl
- Medullaoblongata
-
N. cervicalistCll.
Radir anterio:r M€dullasoinalis
Radixposterior\
Radixanterior \ / Radixantedor
R. posterior - -
--'_:
N.intercostalis
_ / Radixpostorior
R cutaneuslaleralis \
Ganglionsensorium
/ - nervispinalis
- Truncusnervi
spinalis
-- R posterior
- N. intercoslalis
- R. communicans
- Gangliontrunci
sympalhici
- N faciahs
[vll]
Ganglion ceruicale \ -
supeflus N glossopharyngeus
ilxl
l'/
N vagus[X]
N cardaacus
\ -:
ceruicaltssupeflor
A carolts communls -
Ganolion
- cervicale \
medium \
N cardiacus --
ceruicalismedius
-
G a n g l i o n-
cervicothoracicum
lstellatum] .' ----f -
tt N l a r y n g e u sr e c u r r e n sd e x l e r
Ansa subclavia ,''
/
N cardiacus
cervicalisinferior
- - -
Arcusaorlae:Plexuscardracus +
P a r s a s c e n d e n sa o n a e - - - - - - - -
-
T r u n c u ss v m p a l h r c u s-:- €
Gangiraihoracrca \
N splanchnicusmajor - -
pars thoracicaaortae- - - - - - -:l at Truncusvagalisanterror
R r c o m m u n i c a n l e s- .4{-' Truncusvagalispostelior
s inor --
N s p l a n c h n i c um
Truncus sympathicus: - -
Plexus mesentertcussuperlor -- i,tj
Gangha lumbalia
--
Pars abdomrnafisaortae. /
Nn splanchnrcilumbales - Plexusaorticus abdomrnalis ||
A . m e s e n l e r l c, nat e n o r-'- - ' - - i l f
P l e x u sm e s e n l e r l cIunsl e r l o r -'i
- -- --
Pfexushypogastricus
superior
;f;
' I e"r..,"ni"ti.
,'l/i
----- A r l f a c a c o m m u n t-s- - - - - ; 1
F;il;
Truncussympathicus:
G a n g l i saa c r a k a
N n s p l a n c h n r c-r-
sacrales
Ganghon rmpar - -
N h y p o g l o s s u s[ X l l ] - -
i sa g n u s- -
N a u r i c u l a rm -A
\
N t r a n s v e r s u s c o l l -i -
Ansa ceruicalis.Radix supenor - -
Ansa cervicalis,Radix inlerior - -
N d o r s a l r ss c a p u l a e- : - - r : - -
N phrenicus
Truncus
meorus
c8
Truncus
inferior
Plexus lumbalis
I R . l e m o r a k s- -
N genitolemoralrs
1 R. oenrtalis
\-
- -
N cutaneus temoris lateralis
Plexus
N t e m o r a l i -s- lumbosacralrs
L5
N obturatorius --
T r u n c ulsu m b o s a c r a l s- -
- -.--
N gluteussuperior- - S1
Plexus sacralis
N gluteus inlerior \\
/
I N .t i b u t a r i s
I communrs
N ischiadicus
I N. trbratis r
Plexus
- - S5 coccygeus
N cutaneus lemoris oosterior
t Co
N pudendus
,,
Nn anales [rectales]inferiores
inferiores .''
N coccygeus ,,
N anococcYgeus
N.iliohypogastricus N. gluteussuperior
N. ilioinguinalis N. gluteusinferior
N. cutaneusfemorislateralis N. ischiadicus
N. femoralis N. cutaneusfemorisposterior
N. genitofemoralis N. pudendus
N. obturatorius Rr.musculares (Mm.gemelli,M. quadratusfemoris,
Mm.obturatorii,M. piriformis,M. levatorani)
Plexus coccygeus
(Nn. sacrales S4-N. coccygeusr Rr. anterlores)
R.anterior
N. coccygeus,
N. anococcygeus
skin,
cteavage
Lines
28
/ (Plexusvasalisdermalis)
/ (Plexusvasalissubdermalis)
?
I
,a
--- (Plexusvasalis
I
subcutaneus)
s--- (Plexusvasalis
epifascialis)
,'
Vaslymphaticumprolundum/
Septumrntermusculare /
| |
(Arteria;
Venaintramuscularis)
(Arteria; '
Venasublascralis)
(Arteria; |
Venaintraseptalis)
F i g . 5 8 S e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e s k i n
( 1 0 - t i m ees n l a r g e d ) .
Margo liber \
Corpus 1
ungurs
i--
I
vattun--24
ungurs -.\
'><.
tunuta--f- ) F i g . 5 9 D i s t a lp h a l a n rw i t h f i n g e r n a i l ;
tkrrsalview.
* | h r .r ' l x r n r rh i u n t r s l l s o r a l l c r ll h f ( u l i ( l ( '
rponycnrum
/
Hyponychium
,
t, Eponychium
Corpusunguis ,
,
Aponeurosis
dorsalis
Matrixunguis
\ i i / vallumunguis /
I l///
Hyponychium
\ \
Margo Iber
Phalanx dislalis
-
EPidermrs -
-
Cutis-
Subculis/
\ M. flexordigitorum
Vallum /
u n gu r s prolundus. Tendo
z Regio lronlalis
Flegioorbitalis
_z
- Regio infraorbitalis
-
Regio zygomatica
_ /
- Regio oralis
-
Regio nasalis z Regio buccalis
Trigonvm
submentale
.z l
z Trioonum
- submandibulare I Regio..
/ ) cerulcalls
Trigonum
caroticum I anterior
//
'
7 frigonummuscularelomotracheale]
J
.t _/ Regio sternocleidomastoidea
minor
Fossasupraclavicularis
//
/ Regio parietalis
Regio frontalis---
Begioorbitalis-_
_
Regio nasalis -
_
Regio zygomatica- -
Regio intraorbitalis- -
Regio oralis - -
Regiobuccalis---
Regio mentalis - -
- - Regiosternocleidomastoidea
-- Regiocervicalisposterior
) Regio
Trigonum l cervicalis
omoclaviculare , lateralis
minor- - -
FossasuDraclavicularis
- - Regio deltoidea
r'1T **q'
i +\\\
*"*-*^*P!
,,'-"'
,ir{
---- Frons
e
/
/
piritormis
Apertura
Fig.66 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
o r i e n t a t i o ni n t h e " e a r e l e l i n e " ( O h r ' \ u g e n E l t e n t ' ,
O A I i o r s o - r . a l l e t"l( i e r m a n h o t i z r t n t a l p l i t n e " ) ;
v r : n t r a lv i e w ( 7 0 % )
Bonesof the Skull, Ossacranii
Os lrontale,
', f ronlalis
*r--.-E- Squama
--
_/
/-\ _ /
Sutura lronlonasalls
sulura lrontolacflmalis
\
Sutura sPhenolrontalrs\
\
Margo supraorbrtalis
\
S u l u r ac o r o n a l i s \
Os Panelal€. \ /
A n g u l u ss p h e n o r d a l r s
Os sphenoidale, \
A l am a i o r
\
Os lrontale,-
Hars oroIaIs
.\.-
- --- r
,,".,9n'"t1"1,13l,"; -l- - Os lemporale
.T I
---- -- - Sulura lrontozygomatica
Fissura
o r b i l a l i ss u p e n o r
Ir.
O s s p h e n o i d a l e-,- - -
Ala minor -*- Os lacrimale
O s s p h e n o r d a l e-, - -
Ala major
O s z y g o m a l i c u m- -
,/ .6
7/
- Suluranasomaxillaris
Fissura orbitalisinfeflor /
/ I - Forameninfraorbitale
[,4argoInlraorbrlahs t/
t .>/
/
a
S u t u r az y g o m a t i c o m a x i l l a r i s
./': ! )
\ Concha nasalrsmedia
/
'\'
I Os elhmoidale l/
septum nasr l
a-\ '\
osseum I - i
\ vomer concha nasalis Inferior
Iz
.4
/
Maxilla Proc alveolaris
R"rua mandrbulae
7 ri "
,'")i,
/
Spina nasalrs anlenor
\
t S u l u r ai n t e r m a x i l l a r i s
/
F o r a m e nm e n t a l e
I
C o r p u sm a n d i b u l a e
Os frontale Os lemporale
I Vomer
Os nasale C o n c h an a s a l i sI n l e r r o r Os ethmoidale
-:
Maxrlla
os zvqomatrcum
Mandrbula
Os lacrimale
m Os parietale
Os sphenoidale
- : i ".3'
: -i
F i g . 6 7 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
\ e n t r a l\ i e t t ( 7 0 ' l )
Head,
caput
34
F r o n s\ \ \ \
\ occiput
\ Arcuszygomaticus
Fig. 68 Skull,Cranium;
orientationin the "ear€yeline" (Ohr-Augen-Ebene,
OAEor so-called 'Germanhorizontalplane");
lateralview(80%).
* Pointsfor measurements
in anthropology.
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii
/ Os parietale
Suturasquamosal
Suturacoronalis\
Suturasphenolrontalis ' / superior
Lineatemporalis
\ ,;.
/ Linea temporalisinlerior
/ Tuberparietale
- Sutura
squamosa
Os ethmoidale,.
Lamrnaorbitalis'\ z Sutura
panelo-
Sutura \ mastoidea
_
lronlolacflmalrs \
Os lacrimale \
- Sutura
lambdoidea
Sutura \
- (Sutura
squamo-
masloidea)
Spina/ \ SuturaocciDitomastoidea
nasalis
anteri6r
\ lSutura
' - - squamomasloidea)
\
Sutura/ \ Porusacusticus
externus
zygomatico-
maxillaris occipitalis
Condylus
eroc stytoideus
I
Sutura/ I Mandibula,
Proc condylaris
temporo-
zygomatica Proc coronoideus
Mandrbula.
\
t{ t\ \ Angulus mandibulae
I
\ Basismandibulae
/
Protuberantia t corpusmandibulae
mentafts \
\ Foramenmentale
Os lrontale
I Os lacrimale Os temporale
Os parietale
I Os zygomalicum Maxilla
Mandibula
Os occipitale Os sphenoidale
Os nasale Os ethmoidale
Os parielale
\
Fossa mandibularis \
\
Os temporale, Pars squamosa t, arliculare
/Tuberculum
,
Frssuratympanosquamosa \. Fotamenspinosum
, // /
\
/ temporale.Proc zygomalrcus
Ficcrrra norra- /Os
'\
Squamosa \ Foramen ovale
I/teatus
acusticus
\ /
externus\ /
Ala maior
,,
Vaginaprocessus
styloidei\
\\ I / Os zygomaticum,
7' Proc. tempora|s
/ Foramen lacerum
., /, Os zygomaticum
-,
p r o c -. - - - - - - - _ _ _ - Foramen infraorbrtale
stylordeus Fossa scaphoidea
(- --- Maxrtla
Canalis caroticus
- - Fissurapterygo
maxillaris
- ' - - - . . . / 2 --- Ptoc plerygoideus,
Fotanen--.-- i --"')' Lamina lateralis
JU9Urare Proc pterygoideus,
Lamrna medialis
-
Canalis - Spina nasalis
nerui hypoglossi anterior
- Hamulus
Canahs
preryg0roeus
.- vomer
-
-- Foramen
Incrstvum
- -
Os spheno-
idale, Corpus
- Maxilla,
Tuberculum pharyngevm t' - r' -r-
F,"#.iirarinrs
anlern'/
\ Foramen
Atlas,Arcus .-tfr
spheno-
-t-r"')L{
Lamrnaarcus t- Palatinum
ui"T::,.'ff \ Os palatinum,
Lamtna
horizontalis
/ t
Axis, Dens Foramen
patatnum
/ malus
Proc spinosus
4.. t.. \ Linea
mylohyoidea
\ ta. \
Foramen lacerum
Proc articularis ' \
interior
lzygapophysis] 1 Srl.r. mylohyordeus
/
Foramentransversarium \ \
Lig sphenomandrbulare
/ \t \
Proc lransversus,
Tuberculumoosterius \ For"."n mandrbulae
t
\ t,n stylomandibulare
\
Proc transversus.
Tuberculum
anterius Canalis caroticus
F i g . 7 0 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
hemisectionof the mandibleand the upper part of
the vertebralcolumn;
inferolateralview (80%).
-F
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii +.q
i
Suturasagittalis
\
Foramen parietale
/
Foramen parietale -- -
-
Suturalambdoidea / Os Parietale
-----*i
(\l
-
(Osinterparietale;
Os Incae)
- Ossasuturalia
-- (SuturaocciPitalis
iransversa,Var.)
- - Os iemporale
- - Os occioitale
\
LineanuchalissuPerior
(Cristaoccipitalis
exlerna) \
Linea nuchalisinferior
\
Proiuberantia
occipitalisexterna
F i g . 7 l S k u l lC
, ranium;
dorsalview(70%).
" Points for measurementsin
anthropoloSy
Head,Caput
/ Ossanasalia
Tuberfronlale
Suturacoronalis\
Tuber -
parietale
-
Foramina Darietalia
/
Squamaoccipiralis
Fig.72 Skull,Cranium;
superiorview(80%).
in
" Pointsfor measurements
anthropology
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii
39
Sulcussinussagittalissuperioris\\
/ Os frontale
- Foveolaegranulares
--<
sururacoronalis
-- Sulciarteriosi
el v€nosi
Sulcussinussagittalissuperioris
I
Suturalambdoidea
Fig.73 Cranialvault,Calvaria;
inferiorview(80%).
Head, Caput
\
Inion'
,/Foramen parietale
/ Sulciarteriosi
Dorsum sellae \
\
,/ Sutura
Sella lurcica \ / squamosa
/ Apex
Lamina el \ panls
Foramina cribrosa \ petrosae
Eminentaa
Sinus frontalis \ ., / / arcuala
Foramen-- .ft
caecum ).t-! (
--i+ / Sutura
cnstaealli lambdo-
idea
ethmoidale,
Lamina
perpen-
dicularis
Sinus
sphenoidalis
Vomer
exlerna
C€nalis \
Sulcus sinus transversi
Inctsrvus \
ta Sulcussinussigmoidei
. p r o c- ' \
palatinus, \ Foramenmastoideum
Crista \
Porusel Meatusacusticusinternus
ni.iti;l ll \
i Pro. intrajugularis
Alveolus lCanalis
dentalis / \ nervihypoglossi
/ \
Proc styloideus
Foramen Os palatinum
Inctsrvum '
Hamulusplerygoideus Laminamedialis
Proc pterygoideus,
'
Incisurapterygoidea Proc pterygoideus,Lamina lateralrs
Proc pterygoideus. Fossa pterygoidea
Os sphenoidale
Os lrontale
Os parietale Os temporale
Maxilla
Os occiPitale
Vomer
Os nasale
Os palatinum
Os elhmoidale
Fig.75 Skull,Cranium;
paramediansection;
medialview(80%).
-'6-"j
Head, Caput
Sella turcica,\
;2
Fossa hypophysialis \
--- Fossa
cranii media
Fissura orbitalissuperior \
:1. '' \. / SuturasPhenofrontalis
Os sohenoidale,Ala minor 1
z Fossahypophysialis
/ anterior
Proc clinoideus
Foramenrotundum\
/ Sulcuscarolicus
Lingula sphenoidalis \
/ Sutura
sphenosquamosa
Foramenlacerum' \
/ Sulcus
arteriosus
Foramen ovale \
/ Fissura
petrooccipitalis
Foramen - - Spinaossis
sprnosum
sphenoidalis
- Sulcussinus
Petrosi
interioris
- Fissura
petro-
squamosa
-
Sulcusnerui
petrosiminoris
t,OrUS
- acuslicus
Sulcusnervi rnlernus
petrosrmaioris
-
Margosuperior
/ parlis
Facies anterior pelrosae
panrs petrosae
-
Forat"n
/ lugulate
Os temporale, -
Parspetrosa Os parietale
Sulcussinus
Sulcussinus sigmoidel
petrosisupenoris \
\ Proc Jugularts
\ Canalis condylaris
Foramen mastoideum /
/ . Sulura
Fossasubarcuala t. occipitomastoidea
\ Canalis nervt hypoglossl
MargosuperiorpartisPetrosae
I jugulate
Tuberculum
jugulare
Foramen
\. '\
Canalisnervihypoglossi t't Sulcussinusttansversi
\ clivus
Os occipitale \\ Foramenmagnum
Protuberanliaoccipitalisinterna interna)
(CristaocciPitalis
superrorls
Sulcussinussagittalis
Os ethmoidale Os temporale
Os lrontale
Os sphenoidale Os occiPilale
I osparietate
/ (Toruspalatinus)
Foramenpalatinum majus;
Palatumosseum \ Canalisoalatinus
maior
/ Foramenlacerum
Fissura
sphenopetrosa
Fissura
petrooccipitalis
- Proc
masloideus
/, Fo'amenincisivum
Spinanasalisposterior\ ,- / / SuturaPalatinamediana
Vomer,Alaevomeris \ . :/
/ Maxilla,Proc palatinus
Proc pyramidalis\. '
Os palatinum, , Suturapalatinatransversa
Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus
\ \ / Os palatinum,Laminahorizontalis
\
Proc.pterygoideus,\
Lamlnameolalls \ / / Forumenpalatinummajus
Hamuluspterygoideus
\
/ Fissuraorbitalisinlerior
Proc.pterygoideus,\
Laminalateralis \ / Arcuszygomaticus
Os sphenoidale,
Ala maior - Crisla
intratemporalis
plerygoideus,
- Proc. medialis
Lamina
O s t e m p u a l e ,- _ / i
tsroc. \
zygomalcus - Foramen
ovale
Foramen-J - Tuberculum
lacerum l-\ pharyngeum
Foramen- -\ - Tuberculum
spinosum t- articulare
Fossa - -
mandibularis - - Canalis
carolcus
S p i n a o s s i s- - - - Canaliculus
sphenoidalis mastoideus
- Fossa
Proc. jugularis
slyloideus
- Foramen
slylo-
mastoideum
Meatus-
acusticus - Sutura
exlernus occipito-
mastoidea
Fossa -
jugularis - Proc
masloideus
- lncisura
/ mastoidea
Foramen \
Jugulare Canalisnervi
hypoglossi
Os parietale
"
/
/
Foramen
mastoideum
FOSSUta \ canalis
petrosa condylaris
/
Condylus
occipitalis \ Foramenmagnum
Canalis condylaris
1"\"
/ tt
Linea nuchalis superio, * -
\
Protuberantiaoccipitalisexterna' Linea nuchalis inlerior
Fig. 79 Baseof the skull (externalsurface),Basiscranii externa; Contentsof the foraminaseeFig' 454 and page267.
canal,Canalisnervi hypoglossi;
arrow in the left hypoglossal
inferior view (907n).
Head, Caput
z Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura sagiltalis - _
/ C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
M a r g o s u p r a o r b i t a l i s- - -
S e p t u mn a s i
- - Meatus acusticusexternus
Concha nasalis media
S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s - - Cellulae mastoideae
Palatum durum - -
Ramus mandibulae
A x i s ,D e n s
-
Meatus nasi inferior
-
Cavitas nasi
-
Corpus mandibulae
F i g .B 0 S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
PA-radiograph.
" T h e s o c a l l e d" i n n o m i n a t e "l i n e h a s n o
a n a t o m i cc o r r e l a t i o ni,t i s a n a r t e f a c tr e s u l t i n g
from the projecti0n
Bonesof the Skull,Ossacranii
- -
"tiiJioers
anterior
g/^r
--
"tiiJ'oeus
posterior
Fossa
- - hypophysialis
Os lrontale, - -
Parsorbitalis
- - Sutura
lambdoidea
_- Fossa.
mandtDUlans
Sinus - -
trontalis
C e l l u l a e- -
ethmordales
- - Cellulae
Os nasale - - mastordeae
Sinus - -
sphenoidalrs * - Meatus
acuslicus
externus
--
Caput
mandibulae
- -
Atlas,Arcus
anterior
\ Atlas,
Tuberculum
Posterius
\ Axis, Dens
\ Proc
C o r p u s- sprn0sus
mandrbulae verlebrae
ceruicalisll
Carlilago eprglottrca -
\ Ramus mandibulae
Os hyoideum
Corpus
F i g .B l S k u l l ,C r a n i u m ;
lateralradiograph;
bilateralstructuresare proiectedupon eachother.
' p o s k ' r i o rw a l l o f t h o m a r i l l a r y s l n u s
*' c h a r a ( : t e r i s t si c( r u ( ; t u r eo f f l a t b o n c so f ( h e s k u l l
^
t"*-. Head,Caput
Fonticulus
anterior\
Os parietale
(Suturatrontalis)-
Os frontale,Tubertronlale -
Maxilla,Proc.frontalis\
.. -- Foramensupraorbitale
- * Os temporale
Alamajor - -
Os sohenoidale,
Septumnasiosseum - -
Forameninfraorbitale- - - - Os zygon,aticum
\ Mandibula
/ \ (Symphysismandibulae)
Os frontale Maxilla,
Os incisivum Os sphenoidale
- Fonticulus
anterior
Suturacoronalis
-
os frontale,Tuberlrontale - / Os parietale,Tuberparietale
Fonticulussohenoidalis
-
Os sohenoidale,
Ala maior -
posterior
- Fonticulus
Os zygomaticum
Aperturapiriformis / Squamaoccipitalis
- Sutura
lambdoidea
Mandibula
- Fonticulus
Parssquamosa'
Os temporale, mastoideus
Anulustympanicus/ t
Os temporale,Parspetrosa
I
Parslateralis
Osoccipitale,
Suturatrontalis
7 Os lrontale,Squamafrontalis
,/ Suturacoronalis
/ -- posterior
Fonticulus
Sulurasagittalis-
- - -
os occipitale,Squamaoccipitalis
I Vomer Os palatinum
Os occipitale, Maxilla,Os incisivum
Os occipitale,Squama occipitalis - -
Var) - -
(Suturaoccipitalistransversa,
masloideus- -
Fonticulus
Os temporale,Parspetrosa -
- -
Os occioitale.Parslateralis
Os temporale,Parssquamosa- -
- -
Foramenmagnum
Parstympanica,
Anuluslympanicus
Os lemporale,Parspetrosa
-
Os sphenoidale,Proc pterygoideus
a ---Maxilla.
Yomet' Proc palaiinus
- -
Os palatinum,Lamina hoflzontalis 1osincisivuml
- -
Mandibula
Tuberfronlale \
Margoparietalis- -.,,
I
I
I
--- FaciestemDoralis
- '-
Arcussuoerciliaris - - - - Margosupraorbitalis
/ '\ \.
Incisurasupraorbitalis 4.. ' Incisura
frontalis
/ t
Parsorbilalis,Faciesorbitalis Gr"b"rr"
\
Parsnasalis spinanasalis
7 Glabella
(Spina trochlearis)\ ,/ Aperturasinusfrontalis
/ t Incisurasupraorbitalis
\\
Arcussuperciliaris
\\
\ t_ ,'
Margosupraorbitalis -- Fovealrochlearis
Foramenethmoidaleanterius Incisuraelhmoidalis
Os frontale.Squamalrontalis
Os nasale.
/ lncisurasupraorbitalis'
Lamina et Foramina cribrosa : -.,i
Margosupraorbilalis
//
-- Ptoc zygomaticus
/ \
Laminaet Foramina
cribrosa Laminaperpendicularis
Incisuralacrimalis - -
F a c i e s o r b i t a l i s- - -
/ (Crislazygomatico'
/ alveolaris)
- / Fossa canina
Faciesinfratemooralis
-- nasalis
Incisura
Proc zygomaticus
- -
Tuber maxillae
/
Proc alveolafls
\
Faci"" ant"rio,
F i g . 8 9 M a x i l l a r yb o n e ,M a x i l l a ;
l a t e r a vl i e w ( r . , l 2 O % 1 .
Head, Caput
+"/
^!f,
- -
Foramenincisivum/ Soina nasalis anterior
Maxilla Os sphenoidale
Suturaoalatinatransversa
Os palatinum,Proc pyramidalis
.r --- Foramenpalatinum
majus
Foramenpalatinummaius - - -:
\ Maxilla,Proc zygomaticus
'-
Sulci palatini
--
r 1 sp,n""patatinae
\ (os incisivum)
\
Suturapalalinamediana
/ Incisurasphenopalalina
-- _.../
',
Spinanasalisanterior $
t- \
Crislaconchalis
\
Maxilla,Proc.palatinus-l Spinanasalisposlerior
\
Suturapalalinatransversa
Maxilla
Os palalinum
/ Procorbitalis
Incisurasphenopalatina
\ Incisura\
sphenopalatina \\
Proc---
sphenoidalis
- -
Sulcuspalatinusmajot
- - Laminaperp€ndicularis, LaminahorizontalisI
- Faciesmaxillaris I
I
--\
- - Sulcuspalalinusmaior
Proc pyramidalis-
---- Proc.orbitalis
Incisurasphenopalatina
//
-
Proc.sphenoidalis
Laminapetpendicularis,
Facies nasalis
--- Cristaconchalis
Faciesnasalis - /- SprnanasalisPosleriot
Lamina - - - :- Proc.pyramidalis
horizonlalis
fig. 95 Palatinebone,0s palatinum;
- - \
medialview (r., 140%). Faciespalatina Foramenpalatinummaius
Head,
caput
5 4
Laminaet Foraminacribrosa
I
, Squamafrontalis,
/' Faciesinterna
Os frontale: \\ /, Cristasphenoidalis
/
S i n u s: , Sinussphenoidalis
lrontalis --
/ Fossahypophysialis
/ Dorsumsellae
S u t u r a- - - ,
fronlonasalis
os -'-,
nasale !
Osethmoidale,-
Laminaperpendicularis
Maxilla,/
Proc.lrontalis
/
Os lacrimale
\ Hamuluspterygoideus
t tlilY,T;*",*
y,t::'8r,",,",rt'-oi,f,i'f
Maxilla
Os palatinum
Os trontale I Os ethmoidale
Os nasale I Vomer
Os sphenoidale
I Os lacrimale
Alaevomeris
I
z Alavomeris I
Crislachoanalis
vomens
Cristagalli Conchanasalissuperior
,/
/ Sinussphenoidalis
Foramensphenopalatinum
Os nasale - /-
_
corpus
Os sPhenoidale'
---
Meatusnasisuoerior---
Meatusnasimedius----
Conchanasafisinlerior -'-
- Os palatinum,
Meatusnasiinferior - - Laminaperpendicularis
--
Proa.plerygoideus,
/ Laminamedialis
Spinanasalisanterior-
\ Mealusnasi inlerior
/
Canalisincisivus- \ HamulusPterygoideus
\ Os palalinum,Laminahorizonlalis
\ Maxilla,Proc.palatinus
I
conchanasatrsrnrenor
I Os lacrimale
- -- Foramen
sphenopalatinum
--{r--- OsPalatinum'
' t. , Crislaethmoidalis
----
conchanasalisinlerior,
Proc ethmoidalis
SPina-'
nasalis
anlenor
Lamina orbitalis
/
/ Cellulae
/ ethmoidales
, Labyrinthus
ethmoidalis
/,
lamina/
perpendicularis
Cellulae/ \ Concha
ethmoidales nasalis media
\
Proc uncinatus
I Foramina zygomaticoorbilalia
orbitalis ---
/Facies Proc
frontalis
/ Fotamen
/ zygomattco-
orbrtale
Foramen
zygomatico-
temporale
FOramen
zygomaticolaciale
proc
temporalis
temporalrs
- -
Facies lateralis Fac
Foramina ethmoidalla
anlenus et posterrus
Incisuralronlalis \ / Canalisopttcus
/ Fissura
-t superror
orbitalis
Os ethmoidale,\
Lamina orbitalis \ \ ,- (Sulura
iygomalrcolrontahs)
S u t u r al r o n t o m a x i l l a r i-s- -- - : OszYgomatrcum
---
--- Oszygomatrcum
C r i s t al a c r i m a f t as n l e n o r- - - - Faciesorbitalis
- -
Crisla lacnmalisposlenor - zygomaticolaciale
- -
/ Fissura orbilalisinlerior
Os palalinum, /
Proc orbitalis
\ Sulcus inlraorbitalrs
\
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
F i g . 1 0 5 O r l t i t ,O r l r i t a ;
t h e l l r o l r el i e s i n t h e i n f r a o r b i t arl: a n a l ;
v ( l n t r o l i t t e r vaile u ( l , I l 0 ' l ' )
Maxrlla Os sphenoidale
Os palahnum
Os lacrimale
Os ethmoidale
Cellulaeethmoidales
I
Crista galli
Sinus trontalis /
\ Os ethmoidale t-aminaperpendicularrs
\ i
//
- Frssuraorbttalts
- -
I suPerior
I
-- Os lemporale.
II Pars squamosa
I
I
- / Fissura orbitalisinlerror
Os sphenoidale.Ala
maior, Facies orbitalis
----
t os zygomaticum
-
Canalisinlraorbitalis
Yr-
S i n u sm a x i l l a r i s
Vomer
-
-
-- ,l \
t
/ \
' Concha nasalis inlerior
Maxilla,Proc alveolafls .:
. Dens molaris -
\- \
Cavitas nasi. Meatus nasi inlerior
Maxilla. Proc Palatinus
-r-ig.
106 l:at;ialsktrleton,Vist;trrot;ranium;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h t rm i r l t l l tor f t h e o r b i t ;
v e n t r a lv i e w ( 9 0 % )
,,.f
Head, Cctltttt
O s s o h e n o i d a l eA. l a m i n o r
O s s p h e n o t d a l e-,- -
Ala major,
Facies orbitalis -- Os sohenoidale.Corous
Foramina -'
zygomaticoorbitalia --
-- Sanussphenoidalis
\ Foramenrotundum
CanaIs infraorbitalis-/
\ Canalispterygoideus
F i g . 1 { ) 7 l i a c i a sl k e l e t o n\, i s c e r o r ; r l n i u m ;
s a g i t t asl e ( i l i ( )tnh f o u g ht h e m i r l t l l eo l t h e o r l ) i t ;
m e r l i avl i e u ( r )
Fotamen ethmordaleanterius
/
/, Os ethmoidale.Lamina orbrlalis
,/ / Fotamen ethmotdateposrer,us
- - Foramen sphenopalatinum
- -
, r i s l al a c r i m a l i sa n t e r i o r- - - - -
M a x r l l aC
- - -
Os lacrimale,Crista lacflmalisposterior / Os sphenoidale Corpus
S u l c u si n fr a o r b i t a l i s/
Proc pterygordeus Lamina lateralis
-
Maxilla Proc zygomaticus - - -
Hamulus pterygordeus
\ Maxilla, Proc
alveolaris
F i g . l t ) t l I : a r ; i aslk e l e t o n\, i s r ; e l o c l a n i u m ;
s a g i t t asl e tt i o n t h r o u g ht h e m i t l r l l eo f t h e o r b i t ;
l a t e r a tl i e n ( 1 . )
Bonesof the Skull, Ossacranii
59r
palatrnum,Proc orbitalis
/ Os
Cellulae - -
ethmoidales
Os ethmoidale, .
Lamina orbitalis
-
Os lacrimale
_/
FOSSa Suturazygomaticomaxillaris
sacci lacflmalis \
\
Sulcus inlraorbitalis
I Os zygomaticum Maxilla
I Os temporale I Os lacrimale
Os sphenoidale
I Arcus zygomalrcus
Fossa
inlratemporalis
Foramen
ovale
Foramenspinosum
Alamaior,
Spina5ssrssphenoidalis
Proc pterygotdeus
(crista
zygomaticoalveoiaris)
Os Palatrnum.
Laminaperpendicularis.
FossaPterYgoPalatrna
\
Proc Pyramidalis
Os palatinum.
Os sphenoidale,
Proc. plerygoideus.
Foramina alveolaria Hamulus plerygordeus
A
Ala major -
M a r g oz y g o m a t i c u s- -
\ Crista infratemporalis
-
\ canatis Concha sphenoidalis
Foramen rolundum /
pterygordeus \
Spina ossis sphenoidalis
F a c i e sm a x i l l a r i s/ \ Proc pterygoideus
Laminalateralis
Hamulus pterygoideus
F i g . 1 1 1 S p h e n o i rbl o n e ,O s s p h c n o i r l a l e ;
v e n t r avl i e r ' ( 1 0 0 % ) .
posterior
F o r a m e nr o t u n d u m , Proc clinoideus
I I
I ti
_l I i / Proc.clinoideus
anterior
F r s s u r a\ I
orbitalrssuperior \ |
Irt
i i I ,Araminor
- Ala major
Facies
cereorails
- - S u l c u sa n e r i o s u s
--- L r n g u l as p h e n o i d a l i s
--
S u l c u sl u b a e a u d i t i v a e
---
S o , n , o s s i ss p h e n o i d a l i s
/
C a n a l i sp t e r y g o r d e u s/ -
Fossa scaphordea
\
C o r p u s* / Canalis pterygoideus
\.
/ \
rroc vagrnails \ \ Proc pterygoideus Lamina lateralrs
/ '
/ tt, FossaPtervgordea
B o s l r u ms p n e n o i d a l e
I
I Incisuraotervoordea
Proc plerygoideus I
L a m r n am e d r a l r s H a m u l upst " r y g o , o " J s
(Proc.clinoideus
medius)
rotundum
Proc'clinoideuspostenol .I SulcusPrechiasmaticus / Foramen
Ala malor,Margofrontalis t
sphenoidale
I
t
/Jugum 1l l Ala^inor
Proc.clinoideus
\ anterior i ,l/
--1!;951;o'0"'"'
\
\
Fissura--!
suPenor
orbitalis i
+
?, --- Sellaturcica'
\ FossahypoPhysialis
\
\
\ --- ForamenovaE
//\\\\
A l am a j o r , ---
Margosquamosus Foramenspinosum
----
ru'"ut
t -", "..\ll ""'o''""
\ LingulasPhenoidalis
---
Proc intraiugularis
- - -;; Tuberculumiugulare
Incisuraiugularis
- - - Os occiPitale'Parslateralis
----
Proc iugularis
'.-
---- - M"roo aastoideus
Foramenmagnum
I
--'-, t
Sulcussinussigmoidei I
'-
Sufcussinustransvetsi
/
(Cristaoccipitalisinterna)
/
/
Eminenliacruciformis I
I
I
occipiialisinlerna
Protuberanlia
Margoparietalis
/
/ Parssquamosa,Faciestemporalis
Sulcusarteriaetemporalis
mediae
a
Foveolasupramealica.
\
\
'\
Cristasupramastoidea
-
\\ / Margosphenoidalis
Incisuraparietalis
(Spinasuprameatica)
-_
Foramenmastoideum-\
_ _-- Proc zygomaticus
Margooccipitalis
-__
---
Fissuratympanomastoidea ---
Trber"urumarricurare
K
lncisuramastoidea/ \. \ Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarticularis
\'
\ Fissurapetrotympanica
Proc.mastoideus/ I \\
I i \ v"gin" p,o.".rus stytordei
I rl I Proc.styloideus
pars tympanica/ I
I Meatusacusticus
externus
parietalis
z Incisura
,/ MargosuperiorPartrsPelrosae
- -
Sulcusarteriosus
- -
Margosphenordalis
-
Margo occrpitalis
Fossasubarcuata -
Sul"rs sinussigmoidel
'... -
vestibuli
Apenuracanaliculi
\
Apexpartrspetrosae Proc intrajugularis
internus
Pcrusacusticus Proc styloideus
Proc zygomaticus
- / Canalis carotlcus
arlrculare
Tuberculum -/ Fossulapelrosa
- - Apertura canaliculicochleae
Fossa mandibulans
- Proc intraiugularis
Fissura petrotympanrca --
F o s s al u g u l a r i s
Mealus acusltcusexternus '
Vaginaprocessus
styloidei
Proc styloideus
Parstympanica
Foramen stylomastoideum
Proc mastoideus
/ '
Margo occipitalis
lncisura mastordea
T
Sulcus arteriae occiPitalis
Foramen masloideum
'l'trmltoral
l'ig. ll7 lrontr,Os t()mlx)rale;
i n t e r i o rt i e t r ( r . , I l 0 " l ' ) .
Head,Caput
Margosagittalis\
\ parietale
/ Tuber
Foramenparietale\
Faciesexterna\
A n g u l u s- -
occipitalis
\ Lineatemporalisinterior
\ Angulus
sphenoidalis
// Foramenparietale
// Angulus.
ocopfails
-- Facies interna
Maroo \
frontaTis
Sulcusarteriae /
meningeaemediae
Margosquamosus
Squama occipitalis \ \
/ Lineanuchalissuprema
occipitalisexlerna\ \
Protuberantia
/ Lineanuchalissuperior
Margolambdoideus-
- z Lineanuchalisinferior
-
(Cristaoccipitalisexterna)\ \ {IC';
.i-i--_
l, l i
,'
,"'{,r' ,^;
---
Margo masloideus - Fossacondylaris
- - - - Proc.jugularis
Canaliscondylaris
- - - \ CondylusocciPitalis
Canalisnervihypoglossi
/ / \ Parslateralis
magnum
Foramen
/
Parsbasilaris
:-
superioris
Sulcussinussagittalis
/, Margolambdoideus
- Fossacerebralis
- Eminentia
crucilormis
- - _
Sulcussinustransversi
Fossacerebellaris
_--
- - Margomastoideus
Protuberantia _--
occipitalisinterna
(Cristaoccipitalisinlernal- -
P r o cj u g u l a r i s - - - Canaliscondylaras
- --
- -
Sulcussinussigmoidei
-- Parslateralis
jugulare-
/
Tuberculum
/ /
occipitalis
Condylus \ Canalisnervihypoglossi
'
Parsbasilaris
- - Caputmandibulae
- - Foveapterygoidea
-- Prcc condylaris
\ (Tuberosilas
masseterica)
Angulusmandibulae
Corpus
mandibulae
Foveasublingualis\ - - Bamusmandibulae
--
Foramenmandibulae
,
- -
Sulcusmylohyoideus
Corpus--f
mandibulae I
- -
(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)
--
Angulusmandibulae
- -
Fossadigastrica
Spinamentalis \ Fovea
Linea mylohyoidea submandibularis
/ Juga alveolaria
- Ramusmandibulae
Foramen
mentale
/
/
Basismandibulae II\ 'Corpusmandibulae
I |
Tuberculum
mentale I
mentalis
Protuberantia
-- Lingula mandibulae
- - Sulcusmylohyoideus
I Arcusalveolaris
,l Linea mylohyoidea
--- (Foramen
linguale)
Foveasublingualis ---- mandibulae)
(Symphysis
Fossadigastrica
Foramenmentale
Proc coronoideusi
Ramusmandibulae.
- Densdeciduus
Proc condylaris
- (Symphysismandibulae)
- - Foramenmenlale
Fig. 127 Mandible, Mandibula, of a neonate; Compareto the ramusand the bodyof the mandibleas
superolateralview (140%). well as the coronoidprocessin Figs. 122and 126'
Head,Caput
/Os temporale,Proc.zygomalicus
I
Caosulaarticularis
\
/Os zygomaticum
Porusacusticusexternus\
--Proc. pterygoideus,
temporomandibularis, Laminalateralis
Lig lalerale
Proc styloideus - -
Proc.coronoideus
Proc.condylaris
Lig stylomandibulare
Sinussphenoidalis lFossahypophysialis
\ I
Dorsumsellae
| .z
- /Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
-zClivus
--Lig pterygospanale
- Canalisnervihypoglossi
-
f Laminalateralis
Proc pterygoideus
1
\Laminamedialis- -:--Proc styloideus
\ Lig.sphenomandibulare
\Lig. stylomandibulare
\ Ramusmandibulae
\
Lingula mandibulae
\ Sulcusmylohyoideus
\Anoulusmandibulae:
(Tuberositas
pterygoidea)
\
Linea mylohyoidea
Discusardcularis
Caput mandibulae
Porusacuslicusoxtemus
Os zygomatiorm / Collummandibulae
t
Proc. coronoklgus/
Proc. mastoideus
Ramusmandibulae
Tuberculumarticular€
/
I
I
Discw articulads
Caput mandibulae
Porusacuslic6 extemus
Os rygpmalicum/ Collummandibulae
Proc. masbiteus
Proc. @ronokteus/
Proc. styloi&r.E
Ramusmandibulao
/ M pterygoideus / Discusarticularis
/ lateralis
Fig.132 Temporomandibularjoint,Articulatiotemporomandibularis;
sagittalsection;
lateralview(90%).
1 Meatusacusticusexlernus 5 Os temoorale,Tuberculumarticulare
2 Proc.condylaris 6 Incisura
mandibulae
3.Discus articularis 7 Proc coronoideus
4 Os lemporale,Fossamandibularis
Proc temporalis
/ Os zygomaticum,
/ Os temporale,
,, Proc.zygomaticus
,- Fossamandibularis,
Faciesarticularis
-*.-
Caputmandibulae
- Capsulaarticularis
--
Collummandibulae
\ M pterygoideus
medialis
- M. pterygoideus Insertio;
medialis,
pterygoidea)
(Tuberositas
-- aM. temporalis
- - O O V.;A. temporalis R frontalis
superficialis,
N opticusflll --- ,* R temporalis
(Vll)
---
Cellulaeelhmoidales
Meatusnasisuoerior--
Conchanasalismedia - - -- (Vll)
,* R. zygomaticus
Sinusmaxillaris---
Conchanasalisinlerior--- - aM masseter,
Parsprofunda
GlandulaeDalatinae - - -- |l M. masseler,Parssuperlicialis
Dorsumlinguae--- --- Ductusoarotideus
--- Glandulaoarotideaaccessoria
Maxilla,Proc alveolaris---
- CM buccinator
Densmolarisll ---
-- OA. facialis
- - Comusmandibulae
Lingua
"- - - Glandulasubmandibularis
-- Venteranterior
1M. digastricus,
M. mylohyoideus
-- lPlatysma
Noduslymphoide
submandibula
Cartilagonasilateralis Cartilagoalarismajor
I I
Cavitasnasi
\
Plexuscavernosusi -.ticularisoculi
, 1 -....
Conchanasalismedia \ / Sinusmaxillaris
a ,
Meatusnasiinterior
\
\ \
oculig \
M orbicularis )
Sinusmaxillaris\ / aM zygomaticusmaior
\
Maxilla \ / Arcuszygomaticus
M. pterygoideus
lateralisf -_ -- gM masseter
N. lingualis
- - a M. pterygoideus
laleralis
N. alveolaris inferior
N masselericus
-- Ramusmandibulae
V. temporalissuperlicialisa - - --
tM pterygoideus
medialis
A. temporalissuperticiatis1 -J --
inferior
aA alveolaris
Cartilagoauriculae - - \\
superficialis
temporalis
tV
--
Glandulaoarotidea / OA.maxillaris
/
/ \N auriculotemporalis
A alveofaris intetiot a \ GlandulaDarotidea
eroc.stytoto"u"i
I i
|
A. carotisinternaO | I jA. vertebralis
A vertebralis3 I aV. jugularisinterna
'
OA. carolisinterna
a M levaiorveli palatini
a M longuscapilis
Musclesof Mastication,Musculimasticatorii
*.1?
/ N opticusilll
/ N lrochlearisllvl
/, N oculomotorius
[lll]
/, N. trigeminus
M
/ N abducens[vl]
A temporalis,--
R. frontalis
/ A carotisintema
M lemporalis--
F - Fossamandibularis
--- Caputmandibulae
laleralis,--
M plerygoideus
Caputsuperius
lateralis,-
M pterygoideus
Caputinferius -- Lig.sphenomandibulare
Palatummolle - ---
N lingualis
--
N. alveolarisinlerior
--
M pterygoideusmedialis
a
/
M masseler / --
Hamuluspterygoideus
/
Angulusmandibulae
--
M mylohyoideus
Cornumaius /
Os hyoideum,
- M genioglossus
--
M omohyoideus
-\
M. geniohyoideus
Platysma/
\ M. thyrohyoideus
\ M sternohyoideus
Nasal muscles
10.M. nasalis Parsalaris:Iugumalveolare Parsalarisl alar,borderof
N. facialis UIII abovethe lateralincisor the nares
Parstransversa:Jugum Pars transversa:cartilago
of the caninetooth
alveolare aponeurosis
nasilateralis, Movethe nose,in particular
overthe bridgeof the nose the nostrils
11. Jugumalveolare
of the medial Cartilagoalarismajor,
lnclsor Cartilagoseptinasi
Continuation + p 76
Facial Muscles,Musculi faciei
Galea aponeurotica
\
/ M procerus
Os nasale
/
lvl cotrugatorsupercilii
/
lvl.epicranius.\
M occipitolrontafts, \
palpebralemediale
Venter frontalis /, Lig
/, M. levatorlabii
supenons araeque
M depressor supercilii\ nasl
/ M nasalis
/ M. orbrcularis
ocuil, Hars
orbitalis
M temporoparietalis-
/ M, levator
raDilsupenons
l\.4orbicularis-
o c u l i .P a r s
palpebralrs
/.
M o r b i c u l a r l s-
, / M. zygomaticus
t M.zygomaticus
z -- malor
-- M. depressor
M z y g o m a t i c u- -s- sepunasl
mtnor
M l e v a t o r- - t ' -- M levalor
labii superioris angulioras
-- Glandulaparotidea
M zygomatrcus -- Corpusadiposum
malor buccae"*
M l e v a l o r a n g u l i o r i s- -
-.- M buccinator
M orbicularisols. -'
Pars marginalis .- M masseler.
Pars supedicialis
M r i s o r i u s/ -
- Platysma
Platysma/'
- Foramen mentale
M depressor
angulioris / - M depressoranguli oris
oris, /
M orbicularis
Parslabialis
Neck
2f. Plr0vnr Sasismandibulae,Fascia
l',:l:l::::: Skin inferior of the Clavicula, Tensionof the skin of the neck
N,wlls rl.:;,;,1
11p61e116ffi Fasciapectoralls
twl
FacialMuscles,Musculifaciei
7l
A.; V. temporalissuperficialis\
M. auricularisanlerior\ I / M. epicranius,M. temporoparietalis
M. epicranius,M occipitotrontalis,
\ // Galeaaponeurotica
Venlertronlalis
M. orbicularisoculi,Parsorbitalis
,/ M. auricularis
sup€nor
M orbicularisoculi,Parspalpebralis\
M. depressorsupercilii\
M. epicranius,
M. occipito-
M. procerus1 lronlalis,
Venter
occipitalis
M. orbicularisoculi,
Parsorbitalis
M. levatorlabii \
supenons
alaequenasi
M nasalis -
- M. auricularis
M. levator poslerior
labii
supenons
M. semispinalis
capitis
M. zygomaticus-
mtnor
M. st€rnocleido-
M orbicularis- mastoideus
ons
M. zygomaticus/ M. spleniuscapitis
maJor
Panniculus/
adiposus
\ M. trapezius
M. orbicularisoris /-
M. depressor/
labiiinlerioris
M. mentalis
M. depr€ssorangulioris / t \ Fasciacervicalis,Laminasuperficialis
. M. risorius /
Platysma/
Arcus\
zygomatcus \
/ Galea aponeurolica
M epicranius,Moccipitotrontalis,
Venterfrontalis\
z Pericranium
M corrugator
supercilii
q
M procerus\
\
M depressor1 / M epicranius,
supercilii \ / M. temporo-
parietalis
Lig. palpebrale \
mediale
Os nasale :
/ M epicranius,
M occipito-
frontalis,
Venter
occipitalis
M nasalis - - Articulatio
temporo-
mandibularis,
Capsula
articularis,
Lig.laterale
mtnor
M. levator-
angulioris
-
M orbicularis
ofls
M zygomaticus-
malor
M. depressor- -
labiiinferioris M sternocleidomasloideus
--
M masseter
--
/ Corpusadiposum
M mentalis ouccae
/I
/l
tl
M. orbicularis
oris' i
M risorius'
\ Glandulasubmandibularis
M depressorl
angulioris
'
Fasciacervicalis,
Laminasuoerticialis
'
M. digastricus,Venteranlerior
/ M lemporalis
,/ Galeaaponeurotica
M epicranrus,
M occrpilofrontalis,
Venlerlrontalis\
,/ Arcuszygomaticus
M corrugator
supercilii
\
\
./ Articulatio
M orbicularis
oculi\ / temooromandibularis,
Caosulaarticularis.
Lig. lalerale
M depressor
supercilii
\
- Meatus
oris -
M orbicularis acusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Ductusparotideus- Ramus
mandibulae
-
M buccinator- M semispinalis
capitis
M masseter,- - Proc slyloideus
Parsprofunda
- A
oris -
M orbicularis temporalissuperficialis;
M. styloglossus
- M. slernocleidomastoideus
- M. digastricus,Venterposlerior
M depressor-
labiiinfenons
-- - M spleniuscapitis
M depressor
angulioris
- - M lrapezius
M digastricus,
Venleranterior
t
M massefer, Parssuperficialis ,' - V jugularis
/ interna
M stylohyoideus ./
/
os hyoideum
/ M. levalor scaoulae
M sternohyoideus
/
/ \ N vagus
N hypoglossus
[Xlll [X]
/ tr - M
M omohyoideus scalenusmedius
7 \ M scalenusooslerior
/
M thyrohyoideus 7 \
t, Plexus brachialis
inlerior/
pharyngis
M constrictor \. \
M scalenusanterior
t
M slernothyroideus o caroliscommunis
\
\
M sternocleidomasloideus
B parietalis
media\
A. temporalis I A. temporalis
superficialis,
I
I
/ A maxillaris
A temporalis R. trontalis1
superlicialis,
A. zygomaticoorbitalis
\
/ A. siylomastoidea
Aa temporalesprolundae1
anterioret oosterior \
A lransversafaciei \
A. meningea
media:
A. sphenopalatina
\-
A. alveolaris- - - R. mastoideus
superiorposterior
\ R. sternocleidomastoideus
A labialissuperior--
A palatina-
descendens
-- A palatinaascendens
- - A. facialis
A. buccalis -
-- A pharyngea
ascendens
-
A. labialis interior - -- A. carotisexterna
- - A. carotisinterna
R. mentalis -
.tr'l -- Bilurcalio
carotidis
A. facialis
talis / |
inleriorI
A. alveolaris
A. lhyroideasuperior/ ' A. carotiscommunis
7 V. diploicaoccipitalis
,/ - v. emissariapariotalis
lz'
, V. t€mpotalis
/' superficialis
- - V.dioloica
temioralis
posterior
--- V. emissariamastoidea
V. labialissup€rior- - V. occipilalis
V. retromandibularis
--- v. pharyng€a
--
v. cervicalisprofuirda
V. labialisint€rior -
- V. iugularisextema
\r
,t ', / .tl
V submenialis/' v. comitansnervi ,/ i
hypoglossi / |
' \ V.jugularisintema
V.lacialis I
V. thyroideasuperiorI
N ophthalmicus[V/1] | tN canalispterygoidei
N maxillaris[V/2] Rr musculares'
N lrigeminus[V] \ /, !. supraorbitalis
t. / H. lateralrs
G a n g l i o ng e n i c u l i -
\\ ,' N. supraorbilalis,
-/
H. meorails
t' N suPraorbrlalrs
,, .--'
' N .s u p r a t r c c h l e a r i s
.L-r--
N petrosus
profundus
-- Rr nasales
-l'--- N zygomatrcus
Ganslion (lX;/
rnrelus --- N infraorbilalis
...1 _KS{Fff, ,f
N .g l o s srpnaryngeus
o p h a r y n g llxlu s] /'
[el X ;h Y,/ V
,,, z ' ,^&/',i i Rr alveolares
I supenores
lv/3)/
N.mandibularis
, ,'
' / II l'i ; i,, l' :-.> Posterrores
,/
c i a l i s l V/'l l l
.' t | : l,
N . f aciarislvlrl i i; i! \llt r
./ti;l
/
Proc.stytoideus I
./ i i,
\ R
alveolaris
-\: \ ,.1 Suoerlor
l\r meolus
$'
\ N palatinus
lnt"rio, //
N alveolaris I
maJor
,\
N. tinsuatisi Y,
I
N palatinus major /
i-i \ N sublingualis
Ganglion submandibulare
N mylohyordeus /
\ N mentalis
Fig. 145 Nervesof the face,trigeminal(V), facial(VII), the parts of the nervesin view are colouredyellow,those
glossopharyngealnerves (IX), and their branches; hiddenby boneare light yellow;
mediansection; medialview (60%).
* b r a n c h e ss u p p l y i n gt h e m u s c l e so f m a s t i c a t i o n
N maxillaris[V/2]
N mandibularis[Vi3]
V temporalissuperliclalls,B trontalis€ I
I
A lemporalissuperticialis.R parietalisa t \
V temporalissuperlicialis,R parietaliss \
N auriculotemporalis
(v/3) ,' ffi,fYgomaticotemgorates
ti_
A a u r i c u l a r i s o\
posteflor
Rr zygomataci
V occipitalis49 \ (vil)
Rr zygomatico-
taciales (V/2)
\ occipitalisa ---
/ G V angularrs
/ oA angulans
N occipitalis
malor
cervicahs[C2],
R posterior)
Rr temporales
(vil)
N occipitalisminor
(Plexuscervicalis) - a A transversa
tacrei
---
Dr"trs .
- parotideus
A transversal
faciei \ c V tacialis
N auriculaflsmagnus \ o A facialis
(Plexusceruicalis)
\ R buccalis(Vll)
V retromandibularisqJ / \ R marginalismandibularis(Vll)
148
#
265
/ OA temporalis
.. superficialis,
Galea - / H. lrontails
aponeurotica
/ N. suora-
,t (V/1),
orbitalis
',/ Rr.medialis
A. temporalisa -\ el lateralis
supenrcralrs,
R parietalis
- // aA..supra-
orortails
R zygomatico-
lemporalis
(vt2') i -- oA supra-
trochlearis
N auriculo-
lemporalis N supra-
(v/3)
lrochlearis(V/1)
o --
B auricularis R. zygomatico-
anterior facialis(V/2)
A ;V temporaliso o -
guperficialis
A auricularisposterior;o -
R. auricularis
(x)
N laciatislvil]
\ a A.; N. infra-
orbitalis(V/2)
Plexus
intraparotideus
(vil) \ Rr zygomatici
(Vll)
\ oA labialissuperior
R buccalis
\ (Vll)
Rr buccales
N auricularis
maonus
(Plexuscervic-alis)
\
oA labialisinferior
\
N buccalis (V/3)
R marginalismandibularis
\ N mentalis(v/3)
.t1
a -'
V retromandibularis \
oA facialis
externaO /
V jugularis \
oV facialis
* v,149
r47tl
266
V temporalismediaa r M temporalis
la
Fasciatemporalis,Laminasuperlicialis\ i R. frontalis
! t o A temporalissuperficialis'
i N. R.
supraorbitalis, lateralis
o \
A temporalissupedicialis, ! /
R. parietalis \ 'r O M. epicranius, M occipitoirontalis'
Venterfrontalis
oculi
/ a M. orbicularis
Fascialemporalis,\
Laminaorofunda \ N. supraorbitalis,
i /
/' R. laleralis
M epicranius,
o \ / a A. supratrochlearis
M iemporo- \
parietalis ' N. supraorbitalis,
R medialis
A. temporalisO\
superlicialis \ ' - N. zvoomatiius,
R. zir[omatico-
temporalis
A zvoomatico-
-- a -
orbitalis N supratrochlearis
N. inlratrochlearis
N. zygomaticus,
R. zygomalico-
facialis
N. occipitalis - N ethmoidalis
ma,or anleflor,
R nasalis
exlernus
A occipitalisa - - o A. angularis
N auriculo- - N. infra-
lemporalis orbitalis
N auricularis a M. masseter
postenor --
I M. lovatorlabii
superlons
A auricularispostetiota / \ O M. zygomatacus
- - maior
N lacialis [Vlll \
l-- oA. lacialis
-----
N occipitalisminor o M. zygomalicusmajot
''- \oA.buccalis
a M. buccin'rtor
.--l-
-r \ N. masselericus
t..t.
t M odicularisoris
\ \ N. buccalis
.. \ Ramusmandibulae
4., \ N mentalis
\ \ N. alveolarisinleriol
I
I tr. \ a A. alveolarisinferior
(vll)
R stylohyoideus I \
I t\\ 1M. masseter
M stylohyoideus
a) I \oAlacialis
I \ \
A carotisinternao I t oM digastricus,venleranlerior
\
I o v submenlalis
A. lingualisa o V. facialis
V. retromandibularis
o 1 V jugularis
exlerna
17150
A8m
a
M temporalis I N massetericis: 7 oA temporalis
protundapostenor;
\ ;OA masseterica / N temporalisprofundus
mediao \
A temporalis 1 / /rM.pterygoideuslateralis
1//
A temporalissupedicialis,a \ protunda
R. panetalis
/ a A, temporalis anterior
Arcuszygomaticus / N supraorbitalis,
Fl lateralis
\
\
A zygomalico-o \ / N supraorbitalis,R medrafts
orbilalis \
/ Os zygomalicum
Articulatio /
\
temporo- / N infraorbitalis
mandibularis,
Lig laterale / O A supratrochlearis
A transversaO \
faciei \
Meatusacusticus\ -- aA angularis
externus \
cartilagineus N infratrochlearis
N meatusacustici \
externi -- infraorbitalis
aA
N vagus[X], N ethmoidalis
R auricularis anterior,R nasalis
N auriculotemporalis exlernus
N faciahs[Vll]
N inlraorbitalis
A stylomastoidea o -
A auricularisposteflor O -
-
o /
A auricularisprofunda Rr alveolares
supenores
A tympanicaanteriorO /
posteriores
' a Rr.dentales; A.
/ ,'l I alveotaris
A occipilaliso o Rr.peridentales.i
superior
/ \ posterlor
A maxillaris a / :
t
N buccalis
/ \
A meningea media o / c M buccinator
\
A carotisexternaa / aA buccalis
\ o A tacialis
M massetera /
\ N mentalts
\
N lingualis 1R mentalis
t
/ 'ttirti o AiN alveolarisinferior
N mylohyoideus
M'{? / a M pterygoideusmedialis
clandula submandibularis
N mylohyoideus I \
oA submenlalis aA faciatrs
A meningea media
/
-- M pterygoideus
lateralis
condylans
A auricularis/
Posterior
/ N alveolarisinferior
A maxillaris
A occipitalis / N lingualis
A a l v e o l a r i -s- -
infeflor
A carotis -
A. maxillarislateralof M. pterygoideuslateralis(60%1,
A meningeamediaoriginates
proximalof A. alveolarisinferior
Figs. 151a-c Variationsof b A meningeamediaoriginatesoppositeto A. alveolarisinferior
the maxillary arterv. C A. meningeamediaoriginatesdistal of A. alveolarisinferior
Muscles,Vesselsand Nervesof the Head
'A temporalismedia
N auflculotemporalis /
a \
I / *M temporalis
A temporalis
superticiahs, I
R. panetalis \ t /' , Arcus zygomalicus
prolundaposterior;
/ o A. temporalis
/ prolundus
N. temporalis
N meatus \
acusltcl ' Nmandibularislv/3]
externi ,
u o N.;M. pterygoideus
lateralis
/ a A. maxillaris
R auricularis \ . N inlraorbitalis
\
/ Os zygomaticum
A ; N a u r i c u l a r i s oa
posteflor / a A inlraorbitalis
, O A. sphenoPalatina
N supratrochlearis
a \
A. temooraiis Rr alveolaressuperiores
-
supediciaIs posteflores
N. intratrochlearis
N lacialis[Vlll
N auriculo-
temporaIs ]-- on angularis
R digastricus
-
A occipitalisa / N infra-
orbitalis
/
A tympanicaanteriora
/
A meningea mediaa'
/ N massetericus
a /
A maxillaris
/
Chordatympani ' 1
/ N buccalis
M styloglossusa/ / --
I M buccinator
A, alveolaris nlerior o / \:
1 A. buccalis
a -
M. digastricus, --
Venterposlerior a M pterygoideusmedialis
--
N hypoglossus[Xl|] / Lingua
A tingualisa / inlerior
N. alveolaris
A palatinaascendenso / i
N lingualis
M . h y o g l o s s u s/o _ i
/ - Mandibula
M stylohyoideusa
N, vagus[X] / - -
sublingualis
Glandula
Ansacervicalis '/ : I M. mylohyoideus
a /
A caroliscommunis I \\-\
superiora'
A thyroidea /
Glandula /
submandibularis
N. mylohyotdeus
Fig. 152 Arteries and nervesof th.eface;deeplayer; the zygomatit;alch and malor
parts of the right half of the mandible have been removed;the buccinator muscle
togetherwith the mucous membraneof the mouth ]tave been partially removed;
lateralview.
o/o tB%
6% 37o 4
c d
a Plexuspterygoideus
Fascialemporalis,LaminaprofundaI
/cVtemporalismedia
Ramusmandibulae
N massetericus;A masseterica O / a A. temporalissuperficialis,
7 R. frontalis
V. maxillarist
A temporalissuperficialis,
O\ ,/ t aM temporalis
R. parietalis \
/ a M epjcranius,M occipitotrontalis,
N. auriculo- \ .t Venterfrontalis
temporalis \
/ lateralis
N supraorbitalis,R
V temporalis{} \
media
7 oM orbicularisoculi
A lemporalisa \ N supraorbitalis,
R medialis
meora \
N. auriculo- \ - - Os zygomaticum
temporalis ar.
N supratrochlearis
V temporalis{s \ / o A angularis
superficialis .a
N inlratrochlearis
Meatusacusti-\
cusexlernus \ ---
cartilagineus .. oA dorsalisnasi
R auricularis -- aA facialis
(x)
N auricularis
posterior N inlraorbitalis
N. facialis
tvilI
-- - N buccalis
A temporalis o
superficialis
A auricularisa -
posterior -
* V prolundalaciei
a /
A. maxillaris
A occioitaliso -
o M buccinator
A. carotisexlernaa z
-
/ o A buccalis
V. retromandi-:
bularis / \ a M orbicularisoris
tig'
sphenomandibulare
,, ' -;-lVlacialis
Mmasselera/ t
/
inlerior a /
N ;A alveolaris -
/
/ N mentalis
N lingualis
/ \
A carotis inlerna I Plexus dentalis inferior
A carotisexternaar /
o M digastricus,Venteranlerior
/
Venterposterior1
M digastricus, \
/ I A facialis
A. lingualisI
'
M stylohyoideus t N mylohyoideus
M pterygoideus
medialisa I ,u V submentalis
V retromandibularis
e s V tacialis
(Cartilago
nasi lateralis)
/ z Carlilaoo
alarisriajor,
Cruslaterale
-
Cartilagines- - - Carlilago-
nasl alarismaior,
accessoflae Crusmediale
Cartilago - -
septi nasi
\ Cartilago
alarisminol
/
/ \
Cartilagoseptinasi Ala nasi
SuluralrontonasalisI
/ Suturalrontome.xillaris
Maxilla, Proc \
trontalis - -
- Sutura
nasomaxillaris
Os nasale - -
(Cartilagines--
nasilaterales)
Cartilago- - - Cartilagines
alarismajor, alaresminores
Cruslaterale
//
Cartilago /
alaris major, Cartilagoseptinasi
Crus mediale
Sinuslrontalis
/
Crista galli
\ It;di" r
Lamina el Foraminacribrosa i: 1--
\ I frontonasatis
Sutura
\
Sinussphenoidalis
\
\-\ Fril
r,t$,
!\.U
-t
- - - Os ethmordale,
Laminaperpendicularis
Dorsumsellae--
-
Fossahypophysialis )',...
Clivus-
.- -
Cartilaooalarismaior.
Crusm-ediale
Yomer'
\ Spinanasalisanterior
Fossapterygoidea-
Hamuluspterygoideus/
- Fossaincisiva:
/ Canalisincisivus
/
Suturapalatinatrana""ra"
\
/ Maxilla,Proc palatinus
(Suturavomeromaxillaris)
ii
--- Conchanasalisinferior
- - Glandulae nasales
SinuslrontalisI
./ Nn. oltactorii[l
Tractusolfactorius \
\
Sellaturcica r )
/ Conchanasalismedia
SinussDhenoidalis-
/ Conchanasalisinferior
/ Umonnasi
Tonsillapharyngea- -
Conchanasalismedia \
\
Cellulae---
ethmoidal€s
posteriores
Sinus - - -
sphenoidalis
Tonsilla- - -
pnaryngea
-Vestibulum
nasl
Palatummolle
- Conchanasalisinf€rior
I lMttilt"
N. nasooalatinus
---
Sinuslrontalis
Cellulaeethmoidales ---
Sinusmaxillaris
Fig.162 Paranasalsinuses,Sinusparanasales;
projection onto the face;
ventral view.
The sphenoidalsinusesare not shown.
Sinustrontalis-
Sinusmaxillaris/
/ Sinusfronialis
,/ (Foramencaecum)
Cellulae ethmoidales
mediae
Cellulae ethmoidales - -
oosleriores
/
Chiasmaopticum
Os ethmoidale
septumnasi
/1.LJ
Orlrita,Pariesinlerior o, 4. LJ
Sinusmaxillaris Il f
Maxilla,Proc.palalinus _:_ _ _
M a x i l l a- - - - - - - -
/ Sinusfronlales
:-\ - - Forameninfraorbirate
Cellulaeethmoidalesoosteriores- - - - Cellulaeethmoidalesposteriores
- - Arcuszygomaticus
\ Sinussohenoidalis
I
Densincisivus
---- Arcuspalatoglossus
:-- - - Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Glandulae labiales
Glandulae buccales M levatorlabiisuoerioris
M. orbicularisoris
\ /
- M. levatorangulioris
M. zygomaticus
/ / maiol
-- Glandulaebuccales
M buccinator--
--
M risorius
\ M buccinator
Glandulae buccales et labiales /
Labiuminferius / I
\ M. orbicularisoris
/M. rant"li.
Proc.pterygoideus,
LaminamedialisI
M. pterygoideus
M tensorveli palatiniI medialis
Torustubarius
/
7/ , M. levatorvati / Tonsilla pharyngea
oalatini
f ,i u.. / M pterygoideus
/ laieralis
/ Lig spheno-
/ mandibulare
/ Ramusmandibulae
..FqplF-
pterygomandrbulafls
- - Lig.apicisdentis
- - Articulatioatlanto-
axialismediana
---
Proc styloideus
--
M styloglossus
--
M stylopharyngeus
--
Lig.stylohyoideum
--
Lig styto-
mandibulare
Caruncula - -
sublingualis \ M. stylohyoideus
Glandulasublingualis- - \ M longuscapitis
-
M. orbicularisoris -
- Fasciacervicalis,
- Lamina
M. genioglossus pretrachealis
-
M. digastricus \ Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
M. mylohyoideus- \ Membrana
thyrohyoidea
/
M geniohyoideus \ M hyoglossus
\ Fasciacsrvicalis,
Os hyoideum,
Corpus Laminapretrachealis
\ \ M sternocleidomastoroeus
\ os hvoideum. \ M. thyrohyoideus
Cornl minus
Juga alveolaria --
Densmolarislll [serotinusl
Dentesoremolares\
molarisll
---Dens
- Densmolarislll [serotinusl'
Denscaninus/
Dentesincisivi--<
Denscaninus-
Densmolarisl--
--
Dentesoremolares,Radices
Foramenmentale/
Fig. 171 Maxilla, Maxilla and mandible, Mandibula,
of a 20-yearold male;
the dental rou$ have been exposed by removing the alveolar walls;
lateral view.
' Thelowerthird molarhasnotyeterupted.
Head,Caput
Suturapalatomaxillaris
\
Suturapalatinamediana\
Maxilla,Proc.palatinus-__
Maxilla,Proc.alveolaris---_
- Dentesmolares
---
Foramenpalatinum
malus
- Sulcuspalatinus
malor
\ Foramina
palatinaminora
' \ Ospalatinum,
Cho"n" Lamina
horizontalis
Fig.172 Hardpalate,palatumosseum;upperdentalarch, Note the variation of the four incisors from the normal position
Arcusdentalissuperior; (Fig. 192).
photograph of the specimenof an adult:
inferiorview (150%).
- Foramen mandibulae
vestibulal
--
Densmolarislll [serotinusl
-
Densmolarisll
- Tunicamucosaoris,Gingiva
-
Densmolaris|
-
Denspremolaris
ll
/ Foramen mentale
Denspremolaris
|
/
Denscaninus
Densincisivus / \
lateralis Densincisivus
mediatis
vestlbulal
- Enamelum
Corona Corona
dentis clinica
Cervix
dentis Margogingivalis
--
Radix
- clinica
Cementum
Radix
dentis
- Periodontium
IDesmodontiuml
- Canalisradicis
dentis;
Pulparadicularis
-
Foramen apicis -
dentis Aoex radicisdentis
+ dlstal
Faciesvestibularis 7 Cuspisdentis
-
Cuspisdentas
- Apexcuspidis
-
(Faciescontactus);
/ Faciesdistalis
lFacies \ Cuspisdentis
contactus);
Faciesmesialis
/
Cuspisdentis \ Tuberculum
dentis
Facies lingualis
1234567 8
1 Oensincbiws I 5 Denspremolarisll
2 Densincisiws ll 6 Dens molaris I
3 Denscaninus 7 Densmolarisll
4 DenspremolarisI 8 Densmolarislll lserotinusl
1234567 8
I 7 654321
87654321
Proc condylaris -
Velum palatinum -
- - Dens molafls ll
Canalis mandibulae -
- Os hyoideum
Dens caninus /
\
\
Foramenmentale - D"na \ Dens
premolaris
ll molarisI
t6 15 14 13 t2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 left
right
4 B 47 46 45 44 43 42
mandible
Dens
w0ffiw D€ns
incisivuslaleralis caninus
Dens
molarisI
Dens
molarisll
maxilla
63 64 S left
73 74 I J
mandible
Head,Caput
Dentesmolares(decidui)
- Canalis mandibulae
Densmolaris(p€rmanens)ll / - Densmolaris(permanens)|
Dentespremolares(permanentes)/ -
Foramenmentale
Denscaninuslpermanens)/ \ Dentesincisivi(permanentes)
Denscaninus(deciduus)/ Canalismandibulae
Dentesmolares(decidui)/
\
Dentesmolares(decidui)/ :
Densmolaris(permanens)
ll
\
Densmolaris(permanens)|
\
Dentespremolares(permanentes)
Denscaninus(permanens)- \
Foramenmenlale
8-12 M
16-20 M \ /4
'12-16 -_
M
20-30 M -
9-13J \
\\
9 - 1 2J \
1 0 - 1 3J \
5-7 J -
N ophlhalmicuslV/1]----- . Nn alveolaressupeflores
/
,'/ N maxillans[V/2]
N trigeminus
[V]
Ganglion
kigeminale
N mandibularis '-
lV/31
N lingualis /
N alveolaris inletiot /
Fig. 189 Maxillarynerve(V/2),N maxillaris;mandibular the maxilla and the mandible have been partially removed;
nerve(V/3),N. mandibularis; the mandibularcanalhas beenexposed;
lateral view
Ganglion trigeminale
\
/ Rr ganglionares
/
[Radix sensorial
/ N infraorbitalis
/ R alveolaris
/ superiorantenor
/ Sinusmaxillaris
.- _-- N intraorbitalis
Cavitastympani--
Chordatympani-
N tympanicus-
/
Foramenstylomastoideum
,,,9,
N vaguslXl' 1' ,'
N glossopharyngeusllXl /
,/
N caroticusinternus/
(medialis)
Dens incisivus(latelalis) \ / Densincisivus
ll - -:
Denspremolaris
---
Densmolarisl
Palatumdurum
-
Densmolarisll -
-
Densmolarislll - Raphe Palati
Iserotinus]
Palatum molle
[Velum palatinuml
---
Arcuspalatoglossus
- -
Arcuspalalopharyngeus
- Raphe palati
/ Glandulae Palatinae
/ o A palatinamalor
-- N palatinus
major
- - HamulusPterygoideus
M uvulae N ---
--- pharyngls
a M constrictor supenor'
ParsbuccoPharYngea
- -
Arcuspalatoglossus RaphePterygomandibularis
- t
M palatoglossus
/
Tonsilla
Palatina
\
N lingualis
lsthmustaucium, \
Parsoralispharyngis a M constrictorPharyngissuPerior,
ParsglossoPharYngea
\
TonsillaPalatina
\
o M palatopharyngeus
palatine glands
coveringthe palatehas been removedto show the
Fig. 192 Oral cavity,Cavitasoris; palatinemuscles'Mm' palati;
andtheorientationofthemusclesofthesoftpalate;ventralview.
the tongue has been pulled forward; most of the oral mucosa
108 Head,caput
Labiumsuperius- - Palatummolle
[Velumpalatinuml
Vestibulum-
ons
Maxilla - Tonsillapalatina
/ /
Plica
oorsum-- - / salpingopharyngea
linguae
.- Arcus
palatopharyngeus
Labiuminlerius--
Parsoralispharyngis
Veslibulum/
ons
I Arcuspalatoglossus
i
I Tonsillalingualis;Cryptaetonsillares
Epiglonis
\
Plicaglossoepiglonica
lateralis, Plica glossoepiglotlica mediana
/ Fladixlinguae
Foramencaecumlinguae\
/ M. palalopharyngeus
Sulcusterminalislinguae
- - Tonsillapalalina
Fossulaelonsillares,-
Cryptaetonsillares
-- (Plicatriangularis)
Dorcumlinguae,--
Pars poslerior
Arcuspalaloglossus
Papillae loliatae -
-\
Dorsumlinguae,
Papillaefungiformes-- Parsanterior
\ Margolinguae
Papillaeliliformes-
\ Corpuslinguae
Sulcusmedianuslinguae
Apexlinguae--
Fig. 194 Dorsum ofthe tongue,Dorsum linguae;
root ofthe tongue,Radix linguae; palatine tonsils, Tonsillae
us[Xl palatinae;
the right palatine tonsil has been sectioned;
superior view (80%).
--- N glossopharyngeus[X]
I bitt6r
I sout
I salty
I sw€€l N. lingualis
/ Seplumlinguae
Tunicamucosalinguae - -
7 Foramencaecumlinguae
-- Radixlinguae
// Carlilago ePiglotlica
/ Aditus laryngis
- Ventriculuslaryngis
M. mylohyoideus M geniohyoideus
I \
/ cartilagothyroidea
os hyoideum
M. verticalislinguae - superior
M longitudinalis
_--
linguae --
M. transversus
\M. longitudinalis
inlsrior
Septumlinguae
lMm.genioglossi
Fig.197 Tongue,lingua;
frontalsectionthroughthe centralpart of the tongue;
ventralview.
z Aponeurosislinguae
/ M. transversuslinguae
Seplum --
linguae
-
Glandulalingualis -
Dorsumlinguae,Parsanteriorr Papillaefoliatae
/
Corpuslinguae\ ! t Papillavallata
Tunicamucosaoris- \ 7' , Dorsumlinguae,Parsposterior
\, / /Radixtinguae
/.t / Mpalatoglossus
/ -^
-- M. styloglossus
-- M stylopharyngeus
inlerior-'
M. longitudinalis
- - M constrictorpharyngismedius
/-
M. genioglossus/ t
M. geniohyoideus/
/
M. hyoglossus/ \ Os hyoideum,Comu majus
/
Os hyoideum,Corpus/
Membranathyrohyoidea/
\ M. thyrohyoideus
Tunicamucosaoris\ M. hyoglossus
M. palatoglossus
/ M. styloglossus
/ M stylopharyngeus
M conslrictorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
Mandibula-
pharyngis
M. constriclor medius,
M. longitudinalis inletiot - Parsceratopharyngea
g"nonyli-"rr// i \
M. genioglossus,
/
M. geniohyoideus/ /
M chondroglossus/
I
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus/
s/
z Faciesinferiorlinguae,Plicafimbriata
- Tunicamucosaons
Ssptumlinguae
- M. genioglossus
7 M. palatoglossus
-
M. constriclorpharyngissuperior,
Parsglossopharyngea
-
M. chondroglossus
/
M. constrictorpharyngismedius,
Parschondropharyngea
/
M. hyoglossus
I
Mm.geniohyoidei
Papillaefoliatae\ M. styloglossus
I / Proc.styloideus
\l
r M. palatoglossus
Tunicamucosaoris \ Tonsillapalatina /
Apexlinguae--
interior- -
M. longitudinalis
7- - - Lie. stylohyoideum
M.stylopharyngeus
M. genioglossus- M. constrictorpharyngissuporior,
Pars glossophatyrEoa
Mandibula - M. constrictorpharyngism€dius,
Pars chordr@haryng€a
M. constrictorpharyngism€dius,
ParsceratoPharyngea
/
M. geniohyoideus Os hyoideum,- Os hyoideum,Cornumaius
Cornuminus
/ A.; v. laryngeasup€.ior;
M€mbranathyrohyokjea- N. laryngeussup€not
M. thyrohyoideus
M, constrictorpharyngisinf€rior'
Parsthyrbpharynges
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra/
Tub€rculumthyroidouminl€rius
Th;:;ur.le";l* velipaladn!
o.t;i are:lvl tensor *ti:paaunifii ru.u .
".li*..
Muscle .::r::. .::,,,, Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
l. l{. levabitli pslefliif Parspetrosaossistemporalis Aponeurosis
palatina Elevates andtensesthesoft
plwrygeus [n, X]
Plexr.r,s (inferiorsurface); palate;narrowsthe Isthmus
Cartilagotubaeauditivae faucium;dilatesthe auditory
tube
2. M. tensor veli palatfud Fossascaphoidea on the palatina
Aponeurosis Tenses the softpalate;
N. musanf tensoriswli basisof the Laminamedialis dilatesthe auditorytube
patatiniof N. mandihilaris of the Proc.pterygoideus;
: :r::r::rr i'l:::ll::'
tV/31 Spinaossissphenoidalis;
Surroundsthe Hamulus Tubaauditiva(membranous
part)
3. M. uvulae' Aponeurosis
linguae Stromaof the uwla Shortensandthereby
Plwtsphayryettsof ,. broadensthe uvula
SuprahyoidMuscles,Mm. suprahyoidei,and Hyoid Bone, Os hyoideum
-
Alveolusdenlalis
m o l a r i sl l l
(Dens extractus)
-
Foramen mentale
(Raphe mylohyoidea) --
- Tuberculum
mentale
I Venteranteflor:-
M dioastricus
- {
\Venterposterior
-
Lig stylohyoideum
---
M s t y l o h y o i d e -u-s- - M stylohyoideus
M drgastflcus.(Ansa lendinis) - -
-
M digastricus,Tendo inlermedius
Os hyoideum,
Corpus
Cornumajus--
Os hyoideum,
Fig. 203 Mandible, Mandibula; ' l i n e o f o r i g l n o f t h e m y l o h y o i dm u s c l e
*
suprahyoid muscles, Mm. suprahyoidei; " arca of insertion of the anterior belly 0f the digastric muscle
ventroinferior view.
Soinamentalis
suoerior\
M g e n i o g l o s s u s- -
M m y l o h y o i d e u s- -
/ M geniohyoideus
Os hvoideum.Cornua minora -
Foramen
/ z mandibulae
-
Os hyoideum, I
Cornumajus os hyoideum
Corpus
, Cornumrnus
Corpus- -
Fig. 205 Hyoid bone,Os hyoideum; Fig. 206 Hyoid bone,Os hyoideum;
ventrosuperiorview. dorsolateralview.
t.
,:i
T -*""ri Head,Caput
.i{
M zygomalicusmalor I
I
masseter \ I
I
I
I
I
t.
I
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
rl
-
Glandulaparotidea,
Pars superticialis
-
Glandrla parotid€a -
:loogssoria M. risorius
-
Corpus adiposumbuccae
-
M. dopressorangulioris
M. masseler;
Fasciarmssoteri€
Fasciaparotidoa
Platysma
M. sternodeido.nasloirsus: Fasciacowicalis, Laminasuporticialis
Fasciacawicalis, Laminasuperficialis
Os hyoid€um v.: A. tacialis
submandibulares
7 Nodilymphoidei
\\
Glandulasubmandibularis A ;V facialiso o 1
\
- - GlandulaParotidea
N facialis[VlU,R. colli
a V. jugularisexterna
//
o M. dioastricus,
/ / VentdrPoslerior
N. hypoglossus[Xlll
- -- o M stylohyoideus
Platysmao
- o o N. laryngeussuperior;
M. digastricus,Venteranterioro V; A. laryngeasuPenor
- o o
A.; v. thyroideasup€rior
Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superficialis
\
/ o M constrictorpharyngisinlerior
o
M. mylohyoideus 'o
i' l M thyrohyoideus
o
A submentalis \
o M. omohyoideus,
Ventersupenor
Nodilymphoideisubmandibulares
O M. sternohyoideus
A . ;V l a c i a l i s o o l / DuctusParotideus
i
Platysmao .. GlanoulaParotideaaccossona
/ rt M. massglor:
o r, a Fasciamassetenca
M. mylohyoideus
- - Glandula Parotidea
Glandulasublingualis\
M. digastricus,'- -- - - NoduslymPhoideus
Venteranterior submandibularls
- - Fasciacervicalis,
LaminasuPerficialis
--
M genioglossuso
V retromandibularis
--
V sublingualiso
M. digastricus'
- VenterPostenor
A lingualiso
Ganglion
submandibulare
/
M genionyoideuso
/
/)
M mylohyoideus'
/
/ \ Ductussubmandibularis
submandibularis
Glandula
/ - Glandula
M slyloglossusO submandibularis
-
N hypoglossus
[Xlll Fasciacervicalis,
I t' LaminasuPerficialis
\o \ a
M hyoglossuso' t,t .tytot'yoio"r. M digastricus,Venteranterior
Ductussublinguales
minores
Carunculasublingualis
\
-- M pterygoideusmedialis
maior *
Duclussublingualis
*--
N lingualis
M genioglossus-
- Glandula
submandibularis
M geniohyoideus -
\ Ductussubmandibularis
-
M digastricus,Venteranterior -
Glandulasublingualis' - -
Os hyoideum
M mytohyoideus
/ Ouctussublingualis
major
Denscaninus -
- Carunculasublingualis
| -
Oenspremolans - -
ll - -
Densoremolaris _ - Ductussubmandibularis
D e n s m o l a r i s -l - - - Gingiva
Densmolarisll - -
- - Glandula
sublinoualis
Oensmolarislll lserotinusl--
Glandula - -
submandibularis
\ M hyoglossus
Lingua,Faciesinferior--
- - Densmolarislll [serotinus]
--
Frenulumlinguae
-- DensmolarisI
- -
Plicasublingualis - Denspremolarisll
- DensPremolarisI
Carunculasublingualis--
-- Denscaninus
- ll
Densincisivus
I oensincisivus
I
Papilladuclusparolidei-
- Maxilla
- N lingualis
Uvula palatina - -
a --
M palatoglossus
1 M genioglossus
M styloglossusa -- _-
r --
Mm.pharyngis - - 1 A. prolundalinguae
-- Mandibula
- r M mylohyoideus
--
r M geniohyoideus
N hypoglossus[Xl|l
/ \1 A sublingualis
M. hyoglossusr* /
M. constrictorpharyngismedius,I
Parschondropharyngea
N palatinus
major
/
A. Palatinamaior
, o
Tonsillapalatina\ _
R tonsillaris
N. glossopharyngeus
IXl
-
A. palatinaascendens, O-
Fl tonsillaris
N glossopharyngeus
IXl,
Rr linouales
M. lrapezius,Tendo, occipiialisexlerna
, Protuberantia
M. recluscapitisposl€riorminor , I
M. semispinahs capilis ,
M. rectuscapilisposteriormajor ,
\ Canaliscondylaris
/
Condylusoccipitalis.
petrooccipilalis
Synchondrosis
M. obliquuscapitissuperior\ /
Ap€x partaspelrosae
M. recluscapilislateralis\ /
M. sternocleidomasloideus
\ Canaliscaroticus
/
M spleniuscapilis \
Forameniugulete
M. longissimuscapitis \ //,
lubaeaudilivae
/ Cdrtilago
M. digaslricus,\
Venterposlerior - j
M. slyloglossus\ Arliculalio
/ temporomandibularis,
\ '/
Caosulaarticularis
M stylohyoideus\
/ M. pterygoid€us
laleralis
Articulatio- -\' I
temDoromandibulais, \ Li9. laterale
,-
Capsulaarliculatis
-- Collummandibulae
M. stylopharyngeus
-_
- Lig.stylomardibulare
M lemporalis--
- M. masseler
M. zygomaticusmaiof -
-- Lig.stylohyoid€um
-
Lig.pleryEospinale -- M stylohyoideus
Proc.plerygoideus,-- - -
Laminalal€ralis medialis
M. Plerygoid€us
M. pferygoideuslale'alis -' \- Angulusmandibulae
M. masseter,Parsprolw:dlaz/ \r
M. levator veli Dalatini
M masseler.Parssuoerticialisz-
\ Hamulusplerygoideus
M. levator veli Dalatini /
I
medialis/
M. pterygoideus I Laminamedialis
\ Proc.pterygoideus,
I
I
M. lensorveli Palatinil \ M. longuscapilis
\- \ Basismandibulae
\ M. recluscaDilisanterior
M. genioglossus/ i
\ M. mylohyoideus
l\
|
M. geniohyoideus \ M. digaslricus,V€nteranlerior
lingualis
Glandula
/
Ductussublingualis
major
Plica fimbriata
/
Caruncula
sublingualis
Ouctussublingqales
minores
/
Ductussublingualis
major \
Plicasublingualis
Ductussubmandrbularis
\
/ a M genioglossus
Septum linguae \ I
\
. o M geniohYoideus
N ;A;V sublingualO
i sO - _
/ Glandulasublingualis
A. tinguatis:
O _' -- oM stYloglossus
v, com[ansnervrnypogtossr
a
o M hyoglossus
N lingualis
A M mylohyoideus
Ganglionsubmandibulare
--- Glandula
submandibularis
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
- O M digaslricus,
Venteranterior
-- 1M slylohyoideus
M mylohyoideus
a
----
Oshyoideum
Glandula
submandibularis
- a M omohyoideus,
Ventersuperior
superior:O O /
A ; V laryngea \ o M sternohyoideus
N. laryngeus
superior
z
Membranathyrohyoidea
medianum
Lig thyrohyoideum
-
Cartilago thyroidea - a M thyrohyoideus
pharyngis
a M constnctor inferior
(Lobus pyramrdalis,Var 1 -"
M cricothyroideus1 -/
\ C M sternothyroideus
Glandula thyroidea, /
Lobus dexter
Cartilago cricoidea /
M genioglossus
/ a
sublingualis
/ Glandula
A sublingualtsa -
z o o A: V sublingualis
/ OA Profundalinguae
/ N lingualis
o Y P r o f u n d al i n g u a e
---
M h y o g l o s s uas - - - - -
_-- aM styloglossus
N hypoglossus
[Xll]
A sublingualisO
A l i n g u a l ias) - - a M hyoglossus
---- oA carotisexterna
M h y o g l o s s uas - - -
N laryngeussuPerior'
R internus
superiorI --
A lhyrordea
----
/
/a carotidis
a Bifurcatlo
A carotis exlerna O
-
OAlaryngeasuPerior
M geniohyoideus
a
\
oA thyroideasuPerior
Os hyoideum
\ oA carotiscommunis
Membrana
thyrohyoidea
/ \
Glandula thyroidea, Cartilagothyroidea
Lobus dexter
/ \ Glandula thyroadea'
A thyroideasuPerior,I Lobus sinister
R. glandularisanterior
--
/ Lig cncothYroideummedianum
M cricothyroideusI
\ lsthmus glandulaethyroideae
I
i
I racnea '
Falx cerebri
. r N. supraorbitalis,
R. lateralis
/ Sinuslrontialis
'
. oA. suPraorbitalis
Duramatercranialis
'
. o N'suPraorbitalis
hz'
t
M.temporalisO-_ - o M. obliquussuperior
superioris;
- - - - o M:'.,3i?JT$3i3l""
Cellulaeethmoidales
-__ O A. lacrimalis
Glandula
lacrimalis
,l N.opticusrul:
O O V;4. cenlralis
retinae
Septumnasi--_
--
c M.rectuslaleralis
--
Conchanasalis-- a M.r€ctusmedialis
infgrior
t-
Corpusadiposumorbitae
\
a M. reclusinfgrior
A. transversatacieio
.aN.infraorbitalis
.
R. buccalis(Vll)
\
a M. massgter
Densmolarisll ---
\ Sinusmaxillaris
Glandulasublingualis--
\
a M buccinator
V.;A,; N. alveolarisinferiorI j s /
\ Lingua
PlatysmaO /
/ \
/ \1aA.; Vlingualis
M. mylohyoideus /
a
a M. genioglossus
M. digastricus,Venleranleriora r1 M. geniohyoideus
SinussaoitlalissuDerior,
\
Galeaaponeurotica
,\ l \
t\
\\
alx cerebri -
M. levator palpebrae a -
suPerioris - o M. rectusmedialis
-- SePtumnasi
M r e c l u s u p e r i o r a- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - --
Suturafrontozygomatica , concha nasalisinferior
- - -
superiu1 -'
M obliquus l'
i,--- D e n sm o l a r ilsl
___- Lingua
Corpusadiposumbuccae
Ductussubmandibularis
//
N intraorbitalis / sublingualis
Glandula
A facialisa - inferior
O a N ;A ; V alveolaris
--_ SK
A. lingualisa-
\\ platysma
a
M genioglossus
' z' \
M. geniohyoiders
a mytorryoideus;i I M digastricus,Venteranterior
"
- - Tuberculum
thyroideum Lamina - _
/ Tuberculum
super|us / thyroideum
dextra supeflus
- -
Prominentia - - Lamina
laryngea sinistra
/ - Tuberculum
D
lhyroideum
Lineaobliqua- rnrenus
lncisural
thyroidea Cornuinferius
inferior
f:?: Facies
articutaris
tnyroioeal Laminacartilaginisi
cricoideae
Colliculus
I I Cartilagocorniculata /, Cartilagocorniculata /, Cartilago corniculaia
Foveatriangularis j | , Cartltagoarytenoidsa
,
Cristaarcuata:_ \ 1)^i I proc.m
Proc muscularis
/
Fovea - -
oblonga
/
Ptoc /
muscularis Lig. vocale
Cartilago/
Facies-- arytenoidea;
articularis I Articulatio
lhyroidea cricoaMenoidea
Facies' I
articularis I
Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae'
I
thyroidea ' Arcusl Facies arlicularis
Lamina cartilaginis cartilaginis
cricoideae thyroidea
cncoroeae
- Os hyoideum,
Cartilago
eprglonrca Cornumajus
-_ Os hyoideum, I
Os.r
Cornumrnus h y o. r. d e u m , t
-
Lig thyrohyo- Corpus t
ideum laterale
Membrana t
thyrohyoidea
c"rtilago Cartilago -
tflticea epiglottica
-
Cartilago
thyroidea, Lig thyro--
Lt9 hyordeum
thyrohyoideum Cornu
supenus
medranum
medranum
-- Petiolus-
corpu, epiglottidrs
adiposumpre-
epiglottrcum pharyngeum
Lig thyro- /
epiglotlicum
Cartilagothyroidea -
- Cartilago
Ligg vocalra -
arylenotoea,
Conuselaslicus- Proc.vocalis
thyroidea,
Lig --.- Cornu inferius
cricothyroideum \ / --
Capsula articularis Lig cricothyroideum
meoranum medlanum Lamina
cricothyroidea cartilaginis
/ cricoideae
Arcuscartilaginis Arcus cartilaginrs
cncoideae \ Facres
cricoideae
articularis
- thyroidea
- Cartitaglnestracheales Cartilaginestracheales
Lig cricotracheale / )-
epiglotlrca
Os hyoideum,
Corpus \ _ / / Cartilago
_
Lig hyoepiglotticum
-\
- - Membrana thyrohYoidea
Bursa infrahyordea -
- Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu superius
m e d r a n u m- - - - thyroidea,Lamina dextra
Lig thyrohyoideum - - Carltlago
--
Corpus adiposum preepiglotticum
-- Lig cricopharyngeum
/
Lrg thyroepiglotticum,Petiolusepiglottidis
-- - Cartilagoarytenoldea
Lig vestibulare -
Lig vocale /
Li9 cricopharyngeum
-
Lig cflcothyrordeummedianum - - - -
Lamina cartilaginiscricoideae
- - .-
Tunicamucosa
Pharvnx,
Fig.231 Larynx,Larynx;hyoidbone,Oshyoideum;
mediansection;lateralview (r.).
Ihe probe is situated between the epiglottis and the laryngeal adipose tissue.
Neck,Collum
Laminacartilaginiscricoideae
Lig.cricoarytenoideum
\
\ / Cartilagocorniculala
---fA \
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornusuperius
- -- -
Conuselaslicus Conuselasticus
Cornuminus;
Os hyoideum,
z Os hyoideum,Cornumaius
Cadilago epiglonica \ \
// lalerale
Lig thyrohyoideum
Carlilagolriticea\\
Membrana thyrohyoidea
- -
Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum
---- Cartilago Cornusuperius
thyroidea,
Cartilagocorniculata
Cariilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra- - --
- - - -- Capsulaarticulariscticoarytenoidea
Cartilagoarytenoidea
-'
capsulaarticulariscricolhyroidea - -
Capsulaarticulariscricoihyroidea
'
Lig.cricopharyngeum
Ligg.anularia
Membranathyrohyoidea Cartilagothyroidea,Cornusuperius
medianum
, thyrohyoideum
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra
Incisurathyroideasuperior
Lineaobliqua
Lig cricothyroideum
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornuinferius
Capsulaarticulariscricothyroidea
-'
Arcuscartilaginiscricoideae r'
,'I
/ tracheales
Cartilagines
Parsrecta
M cricothyroideus,
//
Parsobliqua
M. cricothyroideus,
Fig.234 Larynx,Larynx;hyoidbone,Oshyoideum;
cricothyroidmuscle,M. cricothyroideus;
ventrolateralview.
* foramen for the superior laryngeal artery and vein and the internal
branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
'* axis of Articulatio cricothyroidea
------- Epiglonis
Cornumalus
Os hyoideum,
--
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornusuperius Membranathyrohyoidea
- -
Corpusadiposumpreepiglonicum
Tuberculumcuneiforme
- - obliquus,
M. arytenoideus
Cartilagocorniculata Parsaryepiglonica
Cartilagoarytenoidea
M aMenoideusobliquus
transversus
M arytenoideus --- lateralis
M cricoaMenoideus
- -
M cricoaMenoideusposterior Parsrecta l
- - ' M cricothvroideus
Faciesarticularisthyroidea Parsobliqua
)
Cartilagotrachealis
- -
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
--- Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
- - Cartilagotriticea
--- Cartilago
thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
-- - Cartilago
cuneiformis
M a$enoideus obliquus,
Parsaryepiglonica - - Carlilago corniculata
--- CartilagoaMenddea
Capsulaarticulariscricothyroidea- - -
- - - M. cricoaMenoideusposterior
Carlilago cricoidea, Lamina - - -
Carlilago trachealis
Os hyoideum,
Cornuminus - _
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus
Epiglonis
Cartilaoo lrilicea -
Tuberculumcuneitorme
--]
_-- Cartilago thyroidea,
Cornusuperius
--
Tuberculumepiglotticum - - - Catlilagocuneilormis
M. aMenoideustransversus- -
laryngis---
Ventriculus
- -
M aMenoideus obliquus- ----
Plica vocalis
----
M vocalis
---.
M cricothyroideus
--.--
posterior
M cricoarytenoideus M cricoaMenoideus lateralis
Cartilagotrachealis
Fig.237 Larynx,Larynx;
the dorsalwall hasbeensplit in the medianplane,the two halves
areretractedlaterallyby two'hooks;on the right sidethe mucous
membranehasbeenremoved:
dorsalview.
* foramen for the superior laryngeal artery and vein and the internal branch of
the superior laryngeal nerue
Larynx
c M. cricoarytenoideuslateralis d M. cricoarytenoideus
Posterior
Figs. 238 a-d Diagram showing the function of the laryngeal the redarrowsshowcontraction bluearrows
ofthe muscles;
muscles,Mm. laryngis; the direction of movementis indicated indicaterotation.On the left sidethe musclesare relaxed,on the
by arrows; the yellow arrows indicate tension of the vocal cord; right they are contracted;superiorview.
Neck,Collum
Os hyoideum-
Bursaintrahyoidea-- / Vestibulum
laryngis
medianum--
Lig thyrohyoideum ,, Tuberculumcuneiforme;Canilagocuneiformis
Plica vestibularis -
medianum/
Lig cricothyroideum
\ Tunicamucosa
Arcus cariilaginis cncoideae /
- Trachea. Paries membranaceus
Fig.239 Larynx,Larynx; ' clinical: Macula flava, becauseof the yellowishelastic tissue underneath the
mediansection; mucosa
Radixtinguae.. hyoepigbnicum
-$.\
Radix linguae :-
c"p.$-""f,1ff.:H
-- *NN\
preepiglotticum \ - Carlilago epiglottica
Os hyoideum- Os hyoideum-
- - Tuberculumcun€ilorme:
Cartilagocuneitormis
Corpusadiposum - \ Tuberculum
preepiglotlicum / Tuberculumcunsilorme;
Cartilagocuneiformis
Lig. lhyrohyoideum-
medianum -- Tuberculum
comiculatum:
- Cariilagocorniculata
Lig.thyroepiglotticum
M. aMenoideus
Cartilagothyroidea' transversus
-
Lamina cartilaginis
cricoideae
Rr linguales 7 Papillaevallatae
f
A palatinaascendens,R tonsillarisa \\
Rr tonsillares
--- TonsillaPalatina
Cornumaius\\
Os hyoideum,
- - - Epiglottis
N l a r y n g e u s s u P e r i -o-r- _
Fa
Vallecula ePiglottica
A l a r y n g e as u p e r i o r o - - - - l - -
- - - -
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu supenus Rr interni
suPerior,
N laryngeus
---- a M aMenoideusobliquus
Cartilagothyroidea.Lamrnasinistra
N laryngeusrecurrens
-
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu inferius
i M cricoaMenoideus Posterior
Glandula thYroidea
-
A laryngeainferioro
--
Glandula parathyroideasuperior
- - - Glandula parathyroideainleriol
Rr trachealesa
--
Trachea O A thyroideainlerior
Sacculuslaryngis\
Glandulae
laryngeales
\
/ Plica vocalis
,&\\
M lhyroarytenoideus
- z Rima glottidis
M vocalis N laryngeus
superior,
R internus
-- OA laryngea
superior
-- a Vv laryngeae
Cartilago --- superiores
lhyroidea,
Lamina sinislra
-
Cartilagoarytenoidea
Becessus
pirilormis
- .:x
\ '---/:
'{'
-- -
Cavitas pharyngis
a
M constrictorpharyngis -
meotus " ?-^ --
I Mm pharyngis
=--
M.constrictorpharyngis:-.-- -W
---.- --r-__ {Tunicamuscularispharyngisl
inlerior _...-..1---.-F
.
,,"""#i3,3?l"oti'8,i'
't) Plexus pharyngeus
venosus
/Rrmaglonidis,
/' ParsInlermembranacea
Lig vocale \
7 M vocahs
/ ,l M thyroarytenoideus
N laryngeus
superior \
A laryngeasuperiorO -
a - / Carlilagoarytenoidea
Vv laryngeaesuperioreso --l E
Cartilagothyroidea,- - Articulatiocricoarytenoidea
Laminasinistra i
\.
-
Recessuspirilormis
c qoo6Jc '
Tunicamucosa
/
M. cricoarytenoideuss
\ .
Frosterior M- constrictorpharyngisrnterior
'Lamina
Tunica mucosal carlilagi
cflcoroeae
Fig.244 Larynx,Larynx;
crosssectionthroughthe vocalfolds;
superiorview(200%).
Larynx
Rima glottidis
Plica vestibularis
Carlilago arytenoidea; - -
Fig.246 Directlaryngoscopy; Cartilagocorniculata
positionof the vocalfolds Recessus pirilormis - -
lncisura
interaMenoidea
duringrespiration.
Rima glotlidis
Plica veslibularis
lncisura
Fig.247 Directlaryngoscopy; interaMenoidea
positionof the vocalfoldsduring
phonation.
Epiglottis
Cornuminus Os hyoideum,Corpus
/
Bursaeinfrahyoideae-_
Cornumajus - - - / Cartilaoo
triticea-
/ Membrana
thyrohyoidea
Cartilago- - Membrana-- _- Liq.
thyroidea, lhyrohyoidea thyrghyoideum
Cornusuperius medianum
' - Prominenlia
laryngea
Cartilago-
thyroidea, - Glandula thyroidea;
Cartilago (Lobus pyramidalis'
thyroidea, Lig.cricothyroideum Laminadextra
Laminadextra - - medianum Var )
M cricothyroideus,\
P'arsrecta
medianum
Glandula - -
thvroidea. Glandula\ - Glandula
LobuSdexter thyroidea,
Lobusdexter thyroidea,
/
/ Lobu:;sinister
M cricothyroideus,
Parsobliqua
/
/
M cricothyroideus,
Parsrecta
- Trachea
Cartilago epiglottica \
- - -- - - Vestibulum
laryngis
Os hyoideum\
\.
obliquus,Parsaryepiglottica
/ - M. arytenoideus
Membranathyrohyoidea\ ;
\!
\\
Sacculuslaryngis
_z
Membranaquadrangularis
- -
_- M thyrohyoideus
Fasciacervicalis.Laminaoretrachealis--
-- Plica vestibularis
Lig.vestibulare- -
Ventriculuslaryngis- - - - M constrictorpharyngisinferior,
Parsthyropharyngea
Cartilagothyroidea,Laminasinistra-
*- M sternothyroideus
Lig vocals --
A; V.thyroideasuperior-- --
lateralis
M cricoarvtenoideus
Rimaglonidis ' - M vocalis
Cavitasinfraglottica--7
\ M cricothyroideus
Cartilago cricoidea --
- Conuselastrcus
Lig cricotracheale -- -
Glandula lhyroidea
-
Cartilagotrachealis- - Trachea
Fig.251 Larynx,Larynx;thyroidgland,Glandulathyroidea;
frontal sectionthroughthe centreof the larynx;
dorsalview (120%1.
Thvroid Gtand, Glandula thYroidea
R cardiacusceruicalis \
superior \ -- Oesophagus
V jugularis
internaa - N laryngeusrecurrens
-- lV jugularisinterna
N vagus[Xl -- oA carotiscommunis
A carotiscommunlsO .- -
Ganolioncervico'
thoracicu-m
[stellatuml
M longuscolli s - -.
M scalenusanterior.; - -
\\
M scalenusmedius"-1- * '{ a
i! membranaceus t A trryluruEdrrrr'rl
Laminaprevertebralis
Fasciacervicalis, !
'a
i A. thvroidea inferior;
I Glaniiula parathyroidea inlerior
VertebracervicalisVll
I
/
it I
A thyroidea 'l
i u"n"or"' M longuscolli v tnY'o'do"al
A carotisl M tonous
- colli
communls Vll
ceruicalis
'#wF,n
| _t- Cellutae
M levator -- -/ f mastoideae
veli palalini '-
- - Foramen
---Al stylomastoideum
-.-J,-
.Recessus
pnaryngeus ---Ptoc stylordeus
\
- -rli - - - C o n c h an a s a l i s
media
M digastricus,---
Venter posterior
"7 - - - - ostiumpharyngeum
I tubae auditivae
Glandula parotidea 'I
-- -
Noduli lymphoideipharyngeales
-Torus levatorius
Halalum molle -
[Velum palatrnum] M pterygoideusmedialis
,, )r
-
-- Lig stylomandibulare
Arcuspalalopharyngeus t\
\
Plica salpingopharyngea
-
Uvula palatina
- / \
Glandulae pharyngeales
Glandula submandibularis
/ \
Lingua, Paprllaev allatae Septumnasi
/ \Tonsilla
Radix linguae: Papillaevallatae \ palatina,Fossulaetonsrllares
Eprqronrs -
Cartilagothyroidea,Cornu superius
/
/
t
Plica aryepiglottrca Recessus pinformis
/
/ \
Tuberculumcunerlor^e, Plica nerui laryngeisuperioris
Cartilago
cuneiformis /
\
/ Incisurainterarytenoidea
/
Tuberculum
corniculatum;
Cartilago
corniculata
-
Glandulae parathyroideaeinleriores \; V thyroideainferior
-..-
Arcuszygomaticus
M tensor veli palatini --
extelnus;
/ Porusacusticus
M levatorveli palatini - - tf' Mealusacusticusexternus
//
malor , / Fasciapharyngo-
basilaris
M l e v a t o r- - - -
labii superions /
alaeque nasi
- z M. stvlo-
hyoideus
--
M levator
labii superioris - - Condylus
occipitalis
Proc pterygoideus, - - Proc
Laminalateralis mastoideus
- --
M zygomaticusminor M. digastricus,
--1 Venterposterior
M levator anguli oris - -
Proc styloideus
- - -.
Ductusparotideus; Hamuluspterygoideus
M buccinator - Lig stylohyoideum
.- Raphepterygomandibularis
oris,- -
M orbicularis
Parslabialis styloglossus
----
-- ". stylopharyngers
M.
angulioris --
M depressor
-- VenterPosterior
M digastricus,
M h y o g l o s s u s- -
M mentalis -
-
Platysma - .-
Os hyoideum, Cornumaius
- -
A.;v. laryngea
superior;
Venteranterior
M digastricus, N. laryngeussuperior
/
M mylohyoideus -
/
./ Membrana thyrohyoidea
M sternohyoideus
/
/ - M
constrictorpharyngisinferior,
M omohyoideus Parsthyropharyngea
/ .- M constrictorpharyngisinlerior,
M thyrohyoideus
- Parscricopharyngea
Cartilago thyroidea,
Lamina sinistra - - Oesophagus
-
M cricothyroideus, Pars recla
/ Cartilago lrachealis
M cricothvroideus,Pars obliqua
lateralview (1.).
, , Dorsum
lt----
{ Svnchondrosis
\ ll
p6kooccipitaIs
lr , Fascia ) / , For.amen . .
: \ 1l lt
pha(yngobasilatis
..i/,/
slytonlastoroeum
evator, \ rl t
Cellulae \ i )alatrnr lr l/,t,
mastoideae
.>\ \ \ 1l - (Fasciculus
muscularis
\\ accessonus)
- Llg sphenomandibulare
ti
t - Proc styloideus
M pterygoideus M. constriclor
laleralis _-
pharyngissuperior,
Parspterygopharyngea
Glandulae pharyngeales - -
- lvl digastricus,Venter postenor
Lig stylohyoideum - - M constrictorpharyngissuperior
Pars buccopharyngea
-
M stylohyoideus
- M stylopharyngeus
medialis-
M pterygoideus * M styloglossus
Glandula parotidea - - ttS sphenomandibulare
/-
Venterposterior-
M digastricus, -- M constrictorpharyngissuperior,
Pars mylopharyngea
medialis/
M pterygordeus - M pterygoideusmedialis
Mandibula - \ M stylohyoideus
-
Glandulasubmandibularis
\ M digastricus,Venter posterior
M styloglossus /
/ v \ M constrictor
pharyngis
superior,
M stylohyoideus
\ Parsglossopharyngea
Cornumajus /
Os hyoideum, \ M constrictor
pharyngis
medius,
Parschondropharyngea
\ M constrictorpharyngisinJerior,Pars thyropharyngea
/
Raphepharyngis
- M conslriclorpharyngisinferior,Pars cricopharyngea
l.
- Trachea
Tunicamuscularis- - -
Oesophagus,
Fig.256 Pharynx,Pharynx;
frontal sectionthroughthe mastoidprocesses;
the pharyngealfasciahas beencompletelyremoved;
dorsalview (8070).
N vagus[X]
[Xll,R internus
N accessorius
N glossopharyngeus
[lX] \ pharyngis
. d4M constrictor superior
BulbussuPeriora \
venaelugularls \ OVv pharyngeae jugulare
'\ , / Foramen
S i n u sI - - * , \
lransversus
"rl -'Os
Sinusa -
sigmoideus
<H /r
I --
temPorale
oA meningea
Ganglion poslenor
supenus
N caroticus
A carotisinternaO - - internus
R auricularis - Ganglioninferius
(tx)
Proc mastoideus --
N accessorius *- aA carotisinterna
[Xl],
R externus
--- N accessorius
[Xll
Proc styloider'rs
- inferius(X)
Ganglion
interius
Ganglion
- N. iugularis(Truncus
N hypoglossus
lxlll
symPathicus)
a --
M stylopharyngeus t Ramusmandibulae
N glossopharyngeus
IlXl - Ganglioncervicalesupenus
(TruncussYmPathlcus)
R pharyngealis
- oA pharyngeaascendens
Venterposteliora --
M digastricus, - N glossopharyngeus
[lxl
suPerior
N laryngeus - TruncussymPathicus
-
A carotisexternaa - OA
Palatinaascendens
R pharyngealis \ oA facialis
\ aA. lingualis
\ N laryngeus R internus
suPerior,
-
N laryngeussuperior, externus
R
- aA. thyroidea suPenor
- suPerior
cervicalis
N cardiacus
/ (Truncus
sYmPathicus)
o
suPerior
A thyroidea --
aV jugularisinterna
--
oR pharyngealis
Rr pharyngeales
N. vagus[X]
--
aA carotiscommunis
-
M constrictor inferiora
pharyngis communls
Plexuscaroticus
- Truncussympathicus
superior
ceruicalis
R cardiacus
- a Bulbusinleriorvenaeiugularis
- -
Glandula thyroidea
- OR pharyngealls
N vagus[X] -t
medlum
cervicale
Ganglion
/ -*
inlerioro
A thyroidea - - aA thyroidea
inferior
,//258
: {-
900
Fig.257 Vessels andnervesofthe pharynx'Pharynx'and
the Parapharyngeal Space,Spatiumlateropharyngeum;
frontalsectionthroughthe jugularforamina,Foramina
jugularia;
jugular
on",n. f"it sidethe carotidartery and the internal
vein havebeenremoved;
dorsalview.
Thewpakpoint at the transitionof the M' constrictor
pharyngisinferior andTunicamuscularisof the oesophagus
is calledLnlnrR'striangle.
Neck, Collum
Truncusnerviaccessorii,
R internus
Tonsillapharyngea , Cartilago
tubaeauditivae;
Ostiumpharyngeumtubaeauditivae
Fascia , i N vagus[X]
N vagus[X] \ pharyngobasilaris
-\ I It l N hypoglossus
[Xll]
N glossopharyngeus\-----. N. accessorius
-- ,,
[Xl],
I runcusnerutaccessonl
il-xr
a
--iv ,u,' It - a Bulbus superior
Sinustransversus
a
Sinussigmoideus
VIIP
,"1"'t, venaejugiJlaris
- OA carotisinlerna
Ganglion
inferius(X) - Truncusnervi
accessorii,
B externus
Plicaaryepiglonica
--__\ Dorsumlinguae,
Parsposlerior
Os hyoideum,
Cornumajus --..
cuneilorme----
Tuberculum
N laryngeus superior;
O a A : V laryngea
superior
corniculalum- -
Tuberculum
--- t M arytenoideus
obliquus,
Parsaryepiglonica
Recessusoiriformis,- - N vagus[X]
Plicanervilaryngeisuperioris
-- € M aMenoideustransversus;
M arytenoideus
obliquus
/
Incisurainlerarytenoidea
--. s M cricoarytenoideusposterior
N vagus[X]
Truncussympathicus,
Tunicamuscularis- - _
Oesophagus, Plexuscaroticus
communis
-*---
Glandula lhyroidea
Ganglion cervicale medium
-- Glandula parathyroideainferior
inleriorO *.----
A thyroidea
o Truncuslhyrocervicalis
Bulbusinferiora _ _--
venaeJugularis
N vagus[X],
R cardiacusceruicalis
superior
- o Bulbusinferiorvenaejugularis
:-
-.-
a A subclavia
lslellatuml
/ ---
a v subclavia
A;V subclaviao
- N vagus[X]
/
sinistraa
V brachiocephalica
-
N laryngeus
recurrens
O -
A carotiscommunis
\
o V brachiocephalicadextra
N laryngeus
recurrens
\ Trachea, Paries membranaceus
257x
900
N vagus[X] - o
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
-
Pars descendens aortae O - o v cavasuperior
B a s i sm a n d i b u l a e P l a t y s m a N,4sternohyoideus
\
G l a n d u l as u b m a n d i b u l a r i s M digastricus,Venter anterior
\ /
A;Vtacialis, \, / Os hyoideum
\ M mylohyordeus
t' /
M pterygoideus
medralis
Xl
,,; / N,l digastricus,
Venter posterior
- M masseter
\r]
't parolidea
i M stylohyoideus
M levator scapulae
:;f I i/ omohyoideus
M omohyoideus,Venlerinferior l\'
.--l
'i
'z' -;--. , M scalenus medius
M trapezius - -..
C l a v i c u l a. '.
:/ lQ, -T .
v cephalica ... .\
, t{ii
r:;li:'''i
-:-' -.'.:
*l \l
I
-*--l|
ll I I
f(oc
l I M d"rtoid"r.
I
coracotdeus
I V cephalica
M pectoralis I \r, l
mlnor \ \\ -| racnea | M pectoralis
major
I
A axillaris, I Parsclavicularis
t' t-s a s c r a t. t Lig.interclaviculare I
M pecloralismajor, \ r,^ lClavicula
clavroectoralrs \ sternum
Pars clavicularis
costoclavlculare\
M serratusanterior Mm intercoslalesexterni Articulatiosternoclavicularis
Suprahyoidmuscles(Fig.260)
Thesuprahyoidmusclesform the bottomof the mouth and are the antagonistsof ihe inli:inyoiit mtliiictes. Theanteriorbelly
of M. digastricuslies superficially.As a wide plateM. mylohyoideusis the basisof the floor of ,therqguth,,Totlq,inside is ..
M. geniohyoideus, The posteriorbelly of M. digastricusandrM.styloidoiisarga bitdeepegrand:dorsaL:,':::::, rrlit: ::1r1,,r:t:::
Muscle Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
1. M. digastricus Venterposterior:Incisura Venteranterior:Fossa Depressesthe mandible,
Veriteranterioi: N. mylo mastoideaof 0s temporale; dlgastricamandibulae andfixesthe
elevates
hyoideus(N. mandibularis intertendonto the lesserhorn hyoidbone;assists
N/sl); :':i rr: ofthe hyoidbone M. mylohyoideus
Venterposterior:R- digastri-
cus (N. facialisIVII)
2. M. stylohyoideus Proc.styloideusof Os Lateralmarginof Corpusossis Fixesthe hyoidbone,pullsit
R stylohyoideus temporale hyoidei.Oftensurroundsthe backwardandupwardduring
(N.facialis [VII]) intertendonof M. digastricus swallowing
Inftahyoidmuscles(Fig.259)
Theinfrahyoidmusclesare differendatedaccordingto their insertion:M. sternohyoideus,
M. sternothyroideus,
M. thyrohyoideus,
andM.omohyoideus.Thefourmusqlesarewith!ntheLaminapretrachealisofFasc!9cervicaliq.....i:l.i::l]i:.
Muscle Origin Insertion Function
Innervati.on
1. M. sternohyoideus Cranialmarginof Cartilago Corpusossishyoidei
Ansecervicalis:,:. costaeI, innersurface Fix the 0s hyoideum, depress
(Plexuscenicalis) of Manubriumsterniand the larynxandthe hyoidbone;
sternoclavicularjoint assistin swallowing;indirectly
flex the headandcervical
2. M. sternothyroideus Innersurfaceof Cartilago Outersurfaceof thyroid joints,assistin respiration
Ansa ceryicalis costaeI, innersurfaceof cartilage(opposite
the origin (together with M. thyrohyoi-
(Plexttscervicalts) i Manubriumsterni,caudalto of M. thyrohyoideus) deusand M. omohyoideus)
M. sternohyoideus
3. M. thyrohyoideirs Outersurfaceof the Lamina Lateralthird of Corpusand Fixesthe 0s hyoideum,
Ansa cervicalis of Cartilagothyroidea rootof Cornumajusof 0s depresses it, elevatesthe
(Plutus cervi.calis) hyoideum larynx;assistsin
swallowing(workstogether
with M. sternohyoideus,
M. sternothyroideus and
M. omohyoideus)
Fixesthe Oshyoideum,
4. M. omohyoideus Venterinferior: Superior Ventersuperior:Caudal depresses it; assistsin
Ansacervtaalis " i:: marginof scapulabetween borderof the lateralouter swallowing; indirectlyflexes
(Plexusceruicalis) Angulussuperior andIncisura surfaceof Corpusossi the headandcervical joints;
Consistsof'twofleshy scapulae hyoideum tensesthe cervicalfascia
belliesunitedby a central throughthe connection of
' tendonconnectedto the its centraltendonto the
carotidsheath(Vagina carotidsheath(workstogether
carotica) , ,, : with.M. sternohyoideus,
M. sternothyroideus and
M. thyrohyoideus)
Musclesof the Neck,Muscult colli
/ M stylohyoideus
I , Glandula
Parotidea
1,/
.l ,' M stylopharyngeus
/ Lig.stylohyoideum;
ii,'
i ,/ ./ venterposterior
/ M. digastracus,
l r"' u'
/ M slernocleidomaslordeus
M masseter - - / M semispinaliscapitls
Mandibula - -
,.;r
M d i g a s t r i c u s- ,-
Venter anteflor M solenius
caoatis
M mylohyoideus
- M s c a l e n uasn t e r i o r
O s h y o i d e u -m- "; - 1 l----
Membrana thyrohyoidea l 1
\
M o m o h y o i d e u sV, e n t e rs u p e r i o r- - - '
M levator scapulae
M sternohyoideus
"' ,\
/
// --
M s c a l e n u sm e d i u s
M thyrohyoideus
-.-
M scalenusposlerior
/
Clavicula,Extremitassternalis
/
//
M omohyoideus, r
Venter infenor
/
Scalenemuscles (Fig.260)
The three scalenemuscl6g,M. scalenusanterior, M. scalenusmedius,and M. scalenusposteriorform a plate of musclesat the
side of the cervical column and reach to the upper ribs.
Muscle Origin lnsertion Function
Innervation
1. M. scalenus anterior Tuberculaanterioraof Procc. Shorttendonto Tuberculum
DirectbrunchsaJPIws er- transversiof 3rd (4th) to 6th musculiscalenianteriorisof
vtcalisand Plauts,b|ii&talis cervicalvertebrae CostaI Thorax
2. M. scalenusmedlu......:ll::,:,Tuberculaanterioraof Procc' Shorttendonto CostaI, Elevatethe two cranialribs
Dilect bmrchesof PIquscer- transversiof all cervical lateralof M. scalenus (musclesof inspiration)
vicatisand Plr4:tti]b@htftlls vertebrae anterior,behindSulcus Vertebral column
arteriaesubclaviae lateralflexionof the cervical
3. M. scalenusposterior Tuberculaposterioraof Shortand flat tendonto the column
Dirutbrunctusof PIa ils w Procc.transversiof Sth and uppermarginof CostaII (III)
brrchblts
vtcallsand Plex;us 6th cervicalvertebrae
Neck,Collum \
Os occipitale,
1 M. longus capitis Pars basilaris
Fossajugularis-__
r,
M rectuscapitisanterior-_
I
\
Membrana-
atlantooccipitalis
anterior - Canalis nerui hypoglossi
M. recluscapitislateralis
M digastricus,Venterposterior
- -
capitis-
M longissimus
- -
capitis-
M splenius
Articulatio
atlantoaxialis - - '-
lateralis, ---
Capsulaarticularis Atl"a.Tuberculum
anterius
- --
M. scalenusmedius-- - M longuscapitis
Mm intertransversarii
anteriores- --
cervrcts M levatorscapulae
M intertransversarius -
oosteriorceruicis
--
M scalenus medius- -r M longuscolli
.-
M longus capitis - -
- medius
M scalenus
medius--
M scalenus
- Tuberculum
anterius'
anterior-
M scalenus
M inlertransversarius
anterior
cervtcrs
M scalenusmedius- _
- M scalenus
anterior
posterior-
M scalenus
,-- (M intercostaliscervicis)
M scalenusmedius- -
- A subclavia
sinistra
cervicis)---
(M intercostalis _ -
posterior
M scalenus
A. subclavia dextra - - - _--
V subclavia--
dextra
C o s t al l - -
\\
ttr.. V brachiocephalica
sinistra
M longuscolli/ Vertebra
thoracicalll, \
Proc transversus \ A; V thoracicainterna
\ A carotiscommunissinistra
V.cavasuperior' /
/ \ A
Truncus carotiscommunis dexlra
brachioceohalicus Arcusaortae
Fig. 261 Muscles of the neck, Mm. colli; I -VIl = lst to 7th cervicalvertebrae
frontal section through the apex of the petrous part of the I - 3 = lst to 3rd thoracic vertebrae
temporal bone; the viscera of the neck have been removed; * The Tuberculum anterius of the 6th cervical vertebra is called Tuberculum
Prevertebralmuscles(Fig.261)
The prevertebralrnusclesare locatedon both sidesof the cervical and the cranial part of the thoracic vertebral columtr.The
anterior lateral parts of Atlas and Axis are connectedby the short M. rectus capitis anterior.
0n the anterior side, the prevertebralmusclesare coveredby the Laminaprevertebmlisof the Fasciacervicalis.,
Muscle Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
1. M. redrs mpids anterior Atlas,Proc.transversus Parsbasilarisof 0s occipitale FIexthe cervicalcolumnand
Rr.venf:alesof Pt*us headventally;
cervicalis in unilateralinnervationthey
2. M. longqs,capids Tuberculaanterioraof Outersurfaceof Pars inclineandrotatethe headto
Directbranches
of Ptatus Procc.transversiof 3d to 6th basilarisof Osoccipitale the sameside
@r.,icalis cervicalvertebrae
( CervicalFascia,Fasciacervicalis
Li9 auriculareanterius
Articulatiotemooromandibularis, I Lig auriculare
Posteflus
I
Caosulaarticularis
I t M auricularissuperior
i I ,Mhelicismaior
'
i I THerix
I I ," minor
,, M.heticis
I LA ,:' - Laminatrasi
I I / s - flEL&Wa.,,
rWW't ,/
W4-'-g --
,-- M tragicus
M tragicus
t'
-*'' - R a m u sm a n d i b u l a e
, - ptoc styloideus
Ptoc
"
- - Fascla masseterica;
M masseter
M styloglossus
Platysma- -
- - -
Venierposterior
M. digastricus,
M stylohyoideus,
-
lenoo
Fascia ceruicalis - - --
Lig stylohyoideum
- '-
Mandibula - - M sternocleidomastoideus
- Laminasuperficialis
Fasciacervicalis,
---=
M mylohyoideus
- M stylohyoideus
M digastricus, --
Venleranterior
/ Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superlicialis
Ventersuperior-
M omohyoideus,
/ M omohyoideus
-
Trioonum
omoclaviculare
Platysma' \ Platysma
,'
fnchea' \ Trigonum
omoclaviculare
/
M sternocleidomastoideus i ' V externa
I iugularis
Fossa minor
suDlaclavicularis M.sternocleidomastoideus
Fascia cervicalis
Laminasup€rlicialis
/ .-urun{q.
\
\
),.^Ai,-^^^.i^^idea
--"{;*,
// V jugularis
antgrior
Arcusvenosus\\ --
jugularis \- \\
\
/ o V auricularisPosleriol
/ N. auricularisPosterior(Vll)
/ ,/ a A auricularisPoslerior
/ ,/ / o M. epicrantus,
/ ./ M oicipitofrontalis'
,/ t' Venleroccipitalis
Jf G
Glandula parotidea
-
tr
/ o A. occipitalis
magnus,
N. auricularis
R posteriot
t
V jugularisexternaa
- a v. occioitalis
N. transversuscolli,
Rr.superiores
magnus,
N auricularis
R anterior
N occipitalisminor
I M. sternocleidomastoideus
N transversuscolli,
Rr.inferiores
-.
N. auricularismagnus
- o M. levatorscapulae
I
- N accessorius[Xll
i- aM trapezius
Nn.supraclaviculares
laterales
Nn suoraclaviculares
mediales
' intermedii
Nn suoraclaviculares
Iz'*
// aV awicvlarisposterior
.. N occipitalis
minor
Platysma*
// aA occipitalis
N. facialis[Vlll,R. colli
-+' N. occipitalismaior
V. relromandibularis
$
N auricularismagnus
R. communicans I M spleniuscapitis
a M. levatorscapulae
lM trapezius
N accessorius[Xll
Nodilymphoideicervicales
laterales.NodisuDerficiales
Nn suDraclavicularos
laterales
Arcusvenosusiugularisa
Nn.supraclaviculares
Nn suoraclaviculares
intermedii
\-t
\\
265x267
Fig.266 Vessels andnervesofthe lateralregionofthe neck, The areawherethe cutaneousbranchesof the cervicalplexus
Regiocervicalislateralis; appearat the posteriorborderof the sternocleidomastoid
muscle
parts of the platysmahavebeenretractedsuperiorly;mostof is clinicallytermedEnr'spoint.Duringlymphadenectomies in
the superficiallayerofthe cervicalfasciahasbeenremoved; this regionthe accessorynervecan easilybe damaged.
lateralview (1.,70%1.
and Nervesof theNeck
Muscles,Vessels
a V auricularisPosterior
V retromandibularis
t
V jugularis
inlerna
N lacialis[Vll],R colli \ /a
-. M sternocleidomastoideus
V facialist /. N occioitalisminor
/
Glandula ,o a A ;V occipiialis
\.
submandibularis
/ N. occipitalis
mapr
M digastricus,t -
Venteranlerior
R suprahyoideusa- r
(A lingualis)
- R. intrahyoideuga.-_
(A lhyrordeasupenor)
A carotisexternao --
--- r M spleniuscapitis
A laryngeasuperiota--
Plexus cervicalis
superiora '
A. thyroidea
N accessorius[Xl]
A carotis | | | | | | u l n J ! - .is
. d | U i l J U vcommun . . )1
-'-
Plexusbrachialis,Truncussuperior
N vagus [X]
_/
'z a A. transversacolli,
M omohyoideus,* -- R. suDerficialis
Venter superior ,,
r--- * V;"",T,",1{3J1"?''
D\-----
M sternohyoideus * /
/
Ansacervicalis, /
Radixsuperior o A. transversa
(Plexuscervicalis) colli,
R. prolundus
a /
M. sternothyroideus
M scalenusanleriora
A transversacollio -
V iugularisexternaa / \
c M deltoideus
/ \
A suprascapularis
I I A. thoracoacromialis,
lr R deltoideus
V cephalica
/ ./ Plexusbrachialis,
A subclavial /
I' Parssupraclavicularis 152 n,r
M pecloralismajor4 /
266x
\ / Nodi lymphoideiparotidei
,' suporficiales
I
Noduslymphoideus
buccinatorius_
Nodi lymphoidei
- / mastoidsi
Nodilymphoideifaciatesr.
M. digastricus,e -
Venier anterior \
Nodilymphoidei/
subm€ntales
Nodilymphoideiceryicaleslalerales.- -
Nodi prolundi superiores
Ventersup€rior: - - I
M. omohyoid€us,
Nodilymphoideicervicaleslaterales,---
Nodiprofundiinterior€s
N. accessorius[Xll
--
r M. scalenusmedius
\
- P- a M. trapezius
V iugularisinterna a --
\\
oM. scalenusposlerior
cervicalislateralis,/
Noduslymphoideus
I
I
Nodusprofundusinferior
\ Plexusb,rachialis,
I Parssupraclavicularis
M. scalenusanteriorI /
' a M. omohyoideus,
Venterinferior
- N. mYlohYoideus
/
tD M. mylohyoideus
-.-t .z
V retromandibularis
| \ z' -'
.' /
/ o MM.
O . dOEaslrEus'
igaslricus'
| / \t^^.;.-^r-^^.
Venl6r antetior
N hypoglossus
[Xll] \\ --
..- | M hyoglossus
N. accsssorius[Xll
N. hypoglossus
[Xll]
Ansacervicalis,
RadixsuPenol
--
aA. lingualis
N vagus[X]
\ Tendointermedius
a M. digastricus,
V iugularisexternaa -
\ Os hyoideum
| /
M. sternocleidomastoideus
in,"rn". i
v. jugularis I \ aA lingualis
tt \
A. carotisexlema o I o A lhyroidea a
a A. laryngeasuperior;N. laryng€ussupslior
suoenor
M digastricus a
retromandibularis
V facialis a
\ / oV
N. hypoglossus
[Xlll t/ N cervicalis[C2],8anterior
\ /
Vfacialis a \
\
posterior
oA. auricularis
/'
/,
/ posterior
N auricularis (N.facialis)
I
/ a M sternocleidomastoideus
- N accessorius[Xl]
- N occipitalis
minor
M mylohyoideus '
o _-
A l i n g u a l ias - -
A carotisexternaO ---
1 -"
A laryngeasuperior
Ansacervicalis,
Radixsuperior
superior1 --'
A lhyroidea N. cervicalis
[C3],R anterior
.'i
o ---
R sternocleidomastoideus N cervicalis[C4],R anterior
V l h y r o i d e a s u p e r iao (- - - - - Ansacervicalis,Radixinferior
' Plexusbrachialis,
Truncussuperior
A ceruicalisascendens a - -
- aA transversa
colli,R super{icialis
I --
M omohyoideus a M trapezius
--- oM.omohyoideus,
- Venterinferior
thyroidea-
Glandula
- - - ------_
. j A t r a n s v e r s ac o l l i ,
(A ceruicalisa - R profundus
superticialis,
Var)
oA subclavia
N phrenicus
-- aV jugularisexterna
M scalenusanterioro - -------.-
-:- ov subclavia
Bulbusinferioro /
venaejugularis - a M pectoralis
/
// mtnor
A caroliscommunisO
/
ti .
-
aM deltoideus
' \
N vagus[X] oV cephalica
,/ M pectoratismajor,r o oA ;V thoracoacromialis
/ Parsclavicularis
M sternocleidomastoideus
a
267x
Fig.27l Vesselsand nerves of the lateral region of the neck,
Rpgiocervicalis lateralis;
most of the sternocleidomastoidmuscle has been removed;
lateral view (1.,80%).
* The thyrohyoid branch
runs temporarily alongside the h)?oglossal nerve,
its origin, however, is the ventral root, Radix anterior, of the Ansa cervicalis
and Nervesof theNeck
Muscles,Vessels
N hypoglossus
[XlU
a V retromandibularis
/
./ T aVjugularisinterna
t/
R sternocleidomastoideus a \ // Naccessorius[Xl]
(A. occipitalis) \ / / ,
l.//
Alacialisa\ aa '//
tll
\ a M. sternocleidomastoideus
Platysma t \ ,, ,, -/,
lz
M mylohyoideus t \
/ oA. occipitalis
N mylohyoideus \
/ aM sPlaniuscapitis
a -
A submentalis
M digastricus,o .- -- aA.occipitalis
Venteranlerior
A carotisexternaa --
N laryngeus
superior
O .-.-
A carotisinterna
. A laryngeasuperioro--.
A thyroideasuperiot
a "
-- oM levatorscapulae
N vagus[Xl
N. cervicalis[C5],R anterior
M omohyoideus, I .-- [C6],R. anterior
N corvicalis
Ventersuperior
' Var.)
superficialis'
o(A ceruicalis
--
O .--
A caroiiscommunis
Ansaceruicalis
(Plexus cervicalis)
A thyroideainferiot a -'-
a --
A corvicalis
ascendens
- i M. deltoideus
-
thyroidea-
Glandula
- /
A. vertebralis,
at .'
Parsprevertebralis
'
N phrenicus .
/
//
TruncusthyroceruicalisO /
/.
//
A subclavia O
/
/a
A thoracica inlerna) -
t Plexus brachialis,
Pars inlraclavicularis
\ OA axillaris
tr. ta.
'\ \ aA thoracoacromialis
/
V jugularis
externaa
\ 1M Pectoralis
minor
M pectoralismaior,Parsclaviculariso
a V axrllafls \ o V cephalica
27t/
t
Neck. Collum
N vagus[X]
N hypoglossus
[Xtt] s V jugularis
interna
N mylohyoideus Rr communicantes
(Truncus
\\ AfacialisOl sympathicus)
,
-t.
A submenlalis
a - i I / aA occipitalis
/ a R mastoideus
A carotisexternao \\
t N occipitalisminor
.
A carotisinlernaa _
Ganglion
cervicale
superius
(Truncussympathicus) N occipitalis
malor
- N accessorius
txtl
- oA cervicalis
ascendens
Ansacervicalis,Radixsuperior
(Ptexuscervtcalts) N phrenicus
M. constrictor
pharyngis inferiorr __
N cardiacuscervicalissuperior
M sternothyroideus t \--_+_
n. - OA. transversacolli,
(canglion -;'-- B. superficiatis
synipathicum
accessonum) * M scalenus
anterior
V t h y r o i d e a s u p e r.i o t- - - - - - - , Plexusbrachialis,
Parssupraclavicularis
A thyroidea inferior 1
N suprascapularis
Ganglion
cervicalemedium
-- aA suprascapularis
Truncus1
thyroceruicalis
A s u b c l a v oi a - - - - - - - Clavicula
A thoracicainterna a
N laryngeus
recutrens
o R acromialis
Trachea (A thoracoacromialis)
V lhyroidea inferior * -
N cardiacuscervicalis
medius (Truncus
sympathicus)
,, --
V vertebralis,i -- a M. pectoralis
Pars \ minor,Tendo
prevertebralis
A. carotiscommunisa /-
// I
--
aA axittaris
!
/ - aA thoraco-
V jugularis
internaa /
acromialis
/
V brachio- a /
cephalicastnistra
\ oV cephalica
V,jugularis
externa. /
/
M peclordlis maior n, / \ Plexus brachialis,
/ Pars infraclavicularis,
costa | / Fasciculusmedialis
N pectoralis
medialis
M p e c t o r a l i sa l I ,] V axillaris
mrnor I t. '. \ N. intercostobrachialis
V cephalica e I \ \ N thoracodorsarrs
\
^-^#tnn
ttz 4OO
A; V thoracicalateralis O s N thoracicuslongus
*Vv thoracoepigastricae
- - - A. vertebralis,Parslransversaria
A. cervicalisDrofunda
VertebracervicalisVll \
/ Truncusthyrocervicalis
Verlebrathoracica| - - A thyroideainferior
- A. subclavia
- - - A. carotiscommunis
(A scapularis
desc€ndens,var.) --- A. suprascapularis
A thoracicainlema
A. intercostalis
suprema - - -- .-
Truncusbrachiocephalicus
----
Clavicula
Manubriumstemi
ll --
A intercostalisposterior .---
I
A. intercostalisposlstior
-- - --
A. thoracica intema
A axillaris /
l%
2%
5Y6
90%
2%
Fig. 275 Levelof entranceof the vertebralartery into the Figs.276a-f Variationsin formingthe iluncus by
fiansverseforamina.On the right sidethe classical,"textbook" A. thyroideainferior,A. suprascapularis, A. transversa
caseis demonstrated.On the left sidethe variationin entry colli, and A. thoracicainterna.A. vertebralisand
levelscanbe seen.Thefrequencyis indicatedin percentages. Truncuscostocervicalis branchoff separately.
Neck, Collum
Lig.longitudinale
anterius
I / vertebracervicalislll
M longuscaprtis. \
t
M scalenus mediuso \ // Discusintervertebralis
\
R interganglionaris \
\\ - O A verlebralis,Parstransversaria
TruncussvmDathicus. -
Ganglion medium '.
cervicale I
N. phrenicus \
\
M. scalenusanleriorO \ Truncussuperior)
\ /
M scalenuspos
V. vertebr Truncusmedius ptexusbracrriatis
./' , I
VertebracervicalisVll, Proc transversus-_ /' / TruncusinferiorJ
A. vertebralis1 --
Truncusthyrocervicalis a -
A ; V.cervicalisprofundaO o --
(Nn phrenici
accessorii)
Ganglioncervicothoracicum
\
lstellatuml 1A. subclavia
\N \
Ansasubclavia ' cosla I
\
1 A carotis
communrs
\
I M. longuscolli
\
- -r'" 3 Arcusaortae
/' /
A ; V . t h o r a c i c a i n t e r n a a l/ i o Truncusbrachiocephalicus
Pleuraparietalis/
M digastricus,Venteranterior* \ {r M. mylohyoideus
V iugularisanteraor6 \
\
V. submentalis* \, t,
--
tt t -
submandibularis
Glandula 1
\\
\\
\\
tr..
V. lacialis * \
\ \\ \
(\
rl\
t: -\\
" -_
V retromandibularia f
Al--- ')
M stylohyoideus
. - - -1 .4
V facialis* ---'l
---
*u.occipitalis
/
V occipitaliss - *Vjugularisexterna
interna$t -
V jugularis
-- *i V thyroideasuperior
V thyroid€asuperior*' --
-- @,Mslernocleidomasloideus
V jugularis
exlerna+
Ansacervicalis,RadixsuPerior
A carotiscommunisa - (Plexuscervicalis)
-- *V jugularisinterna
* \
M. slernocleidomastoideus
- lslhmusglandula€thyroideae
V. cervicalis superficialis li I - *V jugularisexlerna
- s V. jugularisanterior
V transversacolli 5 \
/ t M. omohyoideus
- aM traDezius
V cephalica s
ta. t av.cephalica
M. p€cloralismajor t
\
e M Pecloralis
malor
R. Derforans(A thoracicainterna)O \
a V thoracoacromialis
R. culaneusanteriorPectoralis \ 6 V axillaris
\
Rr.perlorantes(A.;V thoracicainterna)a t I M sternocleidomastoideus
V thyroideainleriorc t Arcusvgnosusiugularis
+/,280
--f-
M mylohyoideus. a M digastricus,Venteranterior
Os hyoideumq / ' M. mylohyoideus
M-hyoglossusar \\ N. lingualis/ ' M. aslricus,Venteranterior
I ,
\ i./"
\
\ t i , '/
\
\ ! / / A. lacialis
a \
V. retromandibularis t 7 ,r' .....'
M s t e r n o h y o i d e u s- -a-
-- * V thyroideasuperior
M . t h y r o h y o i d e u s-r-
-- * M sternocleidomastoideus
M omohvoideusf --
A thyroideasuperioro -- Ansacervicalis,
V thyroideasuperior* -- Radixsuperior
(Plexuscervicalis)
Cartilago thyroidea
exlerna* --
V.jugularis N vagus[Xl
Glandula thyroidea - -
/ *' V thyroideamedia
Plexusthyroideusimpar* - -
.. N accessorius[Xll
N. vagus[X] \
,, N phrenicus
A transversao : Plexus
- brachialis,
colli
Parssupra-
clavicularis
V. transversa: -
colli a M. omo-
hyoideus
V jugularis'. -
Clavicula
anterior
-
A subclaviao - o A. subclavia;
. V jugularis
externa
- - 3
V subclavia * V subclavia
- \ rl
V brachio-* V cephalica
cephalica
dextra
\
V thyroidea *
- c V jugularis
tnlenor interna
/ a M pecioralismajor
V thoracicainterna*
\
/ costa I
v. cavasuperior* I
/ \ o
sinisira*
V brachiocephalica A. carotiscommunis;
N. laryngeusrecurrens
Parsascendensaortaea sinister
,rr#"t
Fig. 280 Vessels andnervesofthe neck,Collum,andofthe Theconfluenceof V.jugularis interna and V. subclaviais known
upperthoracicaperture,Aperturathoracissuperior; clinicallyasvenousangle.
deeplayer;the mid-portionof the clavicles,the first and the
secondribs and the sternumhavebeenremoved:
ventralview (80%).
Muscles,Vesselsand Nervesof the Neck
t M masseter
{l M splenius capitis
I Lig nuchae
4r.@ I
- a M digastricus,VenterPosterior
-
Glandula parotidea
-- adiPosus
Panniculus
- a M. longissimus
capitis
- o M semispinaliscapilis
- - | M trapezius
Glandulasubmandibularis
- aM scalenusmedius
Mstylohyoideusc/,.'
t
M .t e v a t o r s c a o u l a e o - ' - a M longissimusceruicis
M. splenius6grvigiS I / -.
' -
A carotisexlernaO Plexusbrachialis
o ' -
A carolis interna
-
A carotiscommunis - loV:A
- subclavia
M omohyoideus, Ventersuperior '
-
V iugularis internao -- a M iliocostaliscervicis
--
M scalenusanleriorc
t
M. sternohvoidousa
a --
M slernothyroideus
-
M s u b c l a v i uTse, n d oe ' -
I M, serratus
posterlor
i --
Mm intercostalesexterni superlor
-
Membrana externa-
intercostalis --
a M iliocostalis
thoracis
--
maiora
M pectoralis
t.
\ ,l l' t M serratusanterior
-
Mm intercostales inlerni |
t \
coar",,' Costall
Os nasale 1
(Cartilagonasilateralis)\ Sinussohenoidalis
\ Alavomerissinistra
Seplumnasi \-
\ i Ostiumpharyngeumtubaeauditivae;
Toruslevatorius\ / Torustubarius
| , Os sphenoidale,
Corpus
Plica salpingopharyngea \
/ Tonsillapharyngea,
Cartilagoalarismajor, - / (Bursapharyngealis);
Crusmediale Recessus pharyngeus
//
/ Fasciapharyngobasilaris
nasi -
Vestibulum
/ Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior
Naris /
/ Atlas[C ll, Arcusanterior
Maxilla-- Ltg- apicis dentis
7' ' .z
Palatummolle - -- / Articulatioatlantoaxialis
mediana
[Velumpalatinum] ',// / Arcuspalatopharyngeus
Plicasalpingopharyngea- -
* -
M. geniohyoideus
--
M m y l o h y o i d e u s-*- Spaiiumretropharyngeum
-- Tuberculum
medianum,Bursainfrahyoidea-
Lig.thyrohyoideum cuneiforme
-
Lig. hyoepiglotticum -- Tuberculumcorniculatum
Cartilagoepiglonica-
Corpusadiposumpreepiglotticum - - - - posterius
a Lig.longitudinale
Lig. thyroepiglotticum-
iV - -, M. arytenoideus
iransversus:
Cartitagothyroidea- Lamina cartilaginis cricoideae
Ventriculuslaryngis;Plicavocalis -
Plicavestibularis; Spatium epidurale
(A.;V. thyroideasuperioO;a 6 -
R. cricothyroideus
Lig.cricothyroideummedianum Duramaterspinalis
t
Arcuscartifaginis '
cricoideae
Lig longitudinale
anterius
Trachea,Pariesmembranaceus
l -
Arcusvenosusjugularis
\.'l \
- oesophagus
M sternolhyroideus
a I
\ lspatiumoesophagotracheate)
I
Trachea
a Truncus brachiocephalicus
Fig.282 Head,Caput,andneck,Collum;
paramediansection;the nasalseptumhasbeenpteserved;
medialrespectivelylateralview (1.,80%).
The arrowsmark the surgicalapproaches to openthe trachea.
* coniotom)4 throughthe mediancricothyroidligament
'" uppertracheotomy: abovethe isthmusof the thyroidgland
* * * lowertracheotomy:b€lowthe isthmusof the thyroidgland
Median Sectionof the Head
ir#$
Palatum molle \
lvelum palatinuml \
/ Lig.hyoeFigbnicum M.constnc{or
--
pharynglssuP€nor
-- Eltglottis
-- OshyoiJeum
. Dens--
I
rnc|srvus
- - M. constnclor
pharyngismedius
-
oris,-
M orbicularis
Parslabialis -- Lrg.hYohyoideummdianum
-- Cattilagothyroilea
- - M. aMerrixl€us Fanswfsus
- -
M. consticlor
pharyngisinferior
- -
- Lig.cticohyroiJ€unlmdianum
M geniohyoileus
--
Cartitagocti:oilea
--
Fasciacervicalis,
LaminasuPetlicialis
M mylohyoileuq/ I
I
\ Cartilagines
tracfreales
Glandulathyrordeal
neonatesand
Facial part of the head,Caput,and the neck' Collum; The position of the larynx is much higher in the
Fig. 283 to Fi8' 282'
infants than in adults. Compare
median sectionthrough the head of a neonate;
medialview (110%).
N. maxillads
[V/iZ]
I N.glossopharyngeus
[lxl
N.vaousPq
Pharynx;
Fig. 284 Sensoryinnervationofthe pharynx'
medial view.
162 Neck,corrum
N . v a g u s l x lf - -
V.iugularisintemao --
a A. cervicalisascendens
M. slemocleido-o --
masloideus - . N. spinatis[C5l
N. phrenicus* / - OViugularisexterna
./ / - -
M. scalenusanledorO / vertebra cervicalisV.
CoDUs
M. scalenusmediusO / - Spatiumsubarachnoideum
-- Spatiumepidurale;
O Piexusvenosus
M. levatorscapulaeO / vertebralisinternus
Medullasdnalis \
verlebra cervicalis lv.
Proc.soinosus
Flg.285 Neck,Collum;
transversesectionthrough the glottis;
superior view.
Notethe cenftl posiflon of the spinal
canalin the middleof the neck.
'z
''
I
Sectionof theHead
Transverse lI ;t ,tn
anterior
V jugularis
lo
ll
,a v thyroideainlerior
' \
M sternohyoideus
M sternothyroideuso 7 Trachea
\
M sternocleidomastoideusa \
, Nl vaous[Xl
OY jugularisinterna
lsthmus glandulaethYroideae\-- .-
a V iugularis
externa
V thyroidea inferiora -- _--
Oesophagus.- -- - - - NoduslymPhoideus
lateralrs'
ceruicalis
Clavicula - - Nodusorolundus inferior
-.---
aA carotiscommunis
M o m o h y o i d e u s-a-
-.-
o A cervicalis
M s c a l e n u s a- . - ascendens;
anterlor N phrenicus
Plexrisbrachialrs N laryngeus
recurrens
--
Ivl scalenusa a V vertebralis
Posterior -
/ * M scalenus
M scalenusO medius
meolus -
- / o A vertebralis
M longus colliO
- costa I
N spinalis
- o M supra'
Vertebra/ spinatus
l,
thoracica
Corpus --
- sc"prl"
Medulla
spinalis
thoracica
\ o M. trapezius
\
o M levatorscaPulae
l, Proc spinosus
thoracica
Vertebra
Fig.286 Neck,Collum;
transversesectionthroughthe first thoracic
vertebrain an elderlYPerson;
inferiorview (80%).
164 rlpperLimb
Thenal
IndexIDigitussecundusl
Digitusmedius[ertiusl I Palmalvolal
/ M. brachioradialis
I I
I
- - Plicaaxillarisanterior
I
I
|
Digitusanularis[quartus] I
I I
I
Brachium,'
Digitusminimus[quintusl Anlebrachium,l Regio ' Regioaxillaris,Fossaaxillaris
Beoio
- anlebrachii EPlCOndYluS brachii
anterior antenor
Hypothenar meorails
tricepsbrachii
(Radius)
Proc.styloideus
I
| , Dorsummanus
Regio deltoidea, M deltoideus I
Olecranon Pollex[Digitusprimus]
I
I I
brachioradiaris | __ , Index[Oigilussecundus]
j
iM.
PlicaaxillarisDosterior- -
i-l oigitr. mediusltertiusl
' Digitusanularis
[quartus]
Digitusminimuslquintusl
M. latissimusdorsi I Proc styloideus(Ulna)
M tricepsbrachii
Crngulum
pectorale
- Articulatio
humeroradialis
Pars libera
membrl
supenons
' Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
- -'
--
radiocarPalrs
Articulatio
Articutatiomediocarpalis
\----- carpometacarpales
Articulationes
Drgitimanus,
Ossadigitorum:
- Phalanxproxrmalts
- Phalanxmedta
- Phalanxdistalis
- - - - Articulationes manusdistales
interphalangeae
- - -\
Corpusclaviculae
\
Extremitas
acromialis
Extremitas
sternalrs
Facies
articularis
Corpusclaviculae acromialis
\
sternalis\
Extremitas
Extremitas
acromialis
----
Faciesarticularis -
sternalis Foramennulnctum Linea
trapezotdea
lmpressioligamenti conoideum
Tuberculum
cosloclavicularis Sulcusmusculisubclavii
Clavicula
I
Discusarlicularis
,
Lig inlerclaviculate
- -
Capsulaarticularis
--
a anterius
Lig sternoclaviculare
costalisl/
Cartilago
sterni/
Manubrium radiatum
/ Lig.sternocostale
\ Cartilagocostalisll
/
manubriosternalis
Symphysis
Fig.292 sterno-
Sternoclavicularjoint,Articulatio
clavicularis;
the right joint hasbeenexposedby a frontal section;
ventralview (70%).
(rpperLimb
168
Incisura
scapulae
I
| fuberculumsupraglenoidale
, Maroosuoerior \
li, / Angulussuperior Proc coracoideus
.
t,
_ Fossa
- - supraspinata
Acromion-
- Spina.
scaourae
Tuberculuminfraglenoidale/
cavitas-- !
glenoidalis
/i l t
Anguluslateratis/ - Facies
/
posteflor
"n'J**:f"""i
i\ Facrescostalis-
Margolateralis/
i
lAngulusinferior
Angulussuperior- ,Aciomion
I
| / Faciesarticularis
/ clavicularis
Margosuperior- -
Fossa - -
\ Cavilas
glenoidalis
\ - Acromion
\ collu.
scapulae
2\- - Margo
laleralis
-
Sternum-
:\
:\
I i\
\\
I Angulusinferior \\
Planummedianum'
Caputhumeri / Capul.
\
\ / sulcus intertubercularis / n.umefl
/ Tuberculummaius
Collumanatomicum- -
Tuberculum- - Tuberculummaius -
mtnus
- - - Cristatuberculimaioris
Cristatuberculi- -
mrnons
- - - Sulcusnerviradialis
Fossacoronoidea\ / Cristasupraepicondylaris
/ lateralis
\
-- Fossaradialis
--- Epicondylus
laleralis
/
Epicondylus/
medialis
I
\ Sulcusnerviulnaris
Trochleahumeri/ Condylushumeri\ Trochlea humeri /
Tub€rculumminus
Sulcusintertubercularis
\
/
Tuberculummaius - -/-
Fig.299 Humerus,Humerus;
proximalview(1.,100%).
I70 upperlimb
Lig coracoacromiale \\
- - - Lig coracoclaviculare,
Lig. lrapezoideum
M. supraspinalus
-__
---- Bursasynovialis
Lig. coracoclaviculare,
Proc.coracoid€us Lig. conoideum
-- Lig.transversum
scapulae
--
Lig coracohumerale suoenus
---*
maius--
Tuberculum lncisurascaoulae
Bursasubtendineamusculi
--
M subscapularis,Tendo subscapularis
- -
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
Collumchirurgicum - - Capsulaarticularis,
Ligg.glenohumeralia:- (superius)
M. bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum-- - (medium)
- (inferius)
Cristatuberculimaioris-
Tuberculuminfraglenoidale
- \ Crista
Sulcusintertubercularis tuberculi
minoris
(Recessusaxillaris)
Spina scapulae
majus -
Tuberculum
Caosulaarticularis
M supraspinatus
I
Bursasubacromialis
I
,/ Ltg
coracoacromlale
- Proc coracoideus
M suorasOinatus'---
--
maius --
Tuberculum Lig.coracohumerale
M inlraspinatusr-- --
M subscaPularis'
--
Vaginatendinisintsrtubercularis
M teres minol'- -
-*
M. biceos brachii,CaPut longum
- M subscapularis'
Lig acromioclaviculare \
- Extremitasacromialis
Clavicula,
Lig coracoacromiale\ Acromion\
t- \
\\
M supraspinatus Spinascapulae
-
M infraspinatus
-
M teresminor
- M triceosbrachii,CaPUtlongum
Capsulaarticularis
/ M supraspinatus
-- Lig coracohumerale
- - Cavitas glenoidalis
.-.-
Caput humeri
Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
-- --
Scapula
\ (Recessusaxillaris)
/
Proc coracoideus/
Lig. coracoacromiale /
- Cavitas glenoidalis
Labrum glenoidale /
- - M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
majus--
Tuberculum
infraglenoidale
Tuberculum
minus--
Tuberculum
Margolateralis
/
Sulcusinlertubercularis
J
:.:I
- - Parsacromialis
M deltoideus,
-
M coracobrachialis
-
M subscapularis - - Parsspinalis
M. deltoideus,
Scapula- -- M. inlraspinatus
Incisuratrochlearis \ -- Olecranon
\\
Proc. coronoideus
Incisuraradialis-
Tuberositasulnae - - - - Cristamusculi
suDinatoris
- Facies medialis
- Circurnlerentia
Caputulna€-- arlicularis
Proc.styloideus
ulnae
-- Foveaarticularis
-- Circumlerenlia
articularis
Faciesanterior
Corpusradii
Corpusradii
Margoanterior-- -- Margointerosseus
Faciesoosterior
-- Margoposteriol
/ lncisuraulnaris
- -- Faciesarticularis
carpalis
Proc.styloideusradii ---
--
Proc.styloideusradii
\
Tuberculumdorsale
I
Proc styloideusradii
Fig.312 Radius,Radius;
dorsalview (1.,50%).
* groovesand crestsfor the
extensortendons
176 trpperlimb
-
Humerus
Lig. anulareradiiI
Trcchloahumed
Collumradii; i
M. Ucepsbrachii,TendoI
Epicondylu
meorails
Circumfefgntia\ - Proc.coronoidgus
ariicularis \
-- Corpusulnae,
Faciesanterior
Corpushumeri
/ Corpus humeri
/ Capsulaarticularis, / Capsulaarticularis
/ Mehbrana librosa
/ Epicondylus
lateralis Epicondylus- - -
lateralis
\
Collumradii
\
M. bicepsbrachii,Tendo
Chordaobliqua-
l N ulnaris
M brachioradialis
\.
+
Septum
H u m e r u s\ intermusculare
brachiimediale
M pronator
M extensor carPr\ teres,CaPUt
radialislongus humerale
Epicondylus Eprcondylus
\ medialis
taterails \
- / Trochlea
humeri
Lig collaterale \
radtale \
- - Sulcusnervi
ulnans
C a p i t u l u m- -
humerl -- Lig
collaterale
ulnare
Lig anulare -
radrl -- Mm
tlexores,
- Caput
Caput radii
commune
-- '1
Crista suPraePicondYlarrs radii
6 Tuberositas
- Proc
M extensor 7 Proc coronordeus
coronotoeus lateralis
carpi radialts 8 Trochleahumeri
brevls 2 Epicondyluslateralis
3 Capitulumhumeri I Olecranon
/ 4 Caput radil lO Epicondylusmedialis
M supinator/ 5 Collum radii 1'1CristasuPraePicondYlaris
/Bursa \ medialis
. /' /' brcipitoradialis M. pronatorteres'
Lrg quadratum 'M. caput ulnare
bi""oa uracnii,tendo
M triceps brachii
/
Fossa olecrant \
Fossa
M triceps\ coronordea
brachii, t.
Tendo V mediana
cubiti
Bursa -
subculanea
olecranl A brachialis
M pronator
teres
- N medianus
)l
radialis
I IA ulnaris 'I Humerus 6 Radius
Trochleahumeri
2 Fossaolecrani 7 Collumradii
3 Olecranon I Caputradii
4 lncisurairochlearis 9 Proc coronotdeus
5 Ulna 10 Fossacoronoldea
/ Tuberositasradii
/Tuberositas ulnae
/ Proc.coronoideus
anulareradii
tLig.
trochlearis
I
/
Arliculatioradioulnaris
proximalis
posterior
/ Margo
Margines
inlerossei /, Radius
- Facies
laleralis
Margo /
antenor
Membranainterosseaantebrachii
I
Articulatio radio- ,
ulnarisdistalis, Proc.styloideus
Capsulaarticularis -_
utnae
Os scaphoideum
\
TuberculumossisscaPhoider
1
ossistrapezii\
Tuberculum
Os trapezium- -
Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum
Proc.styloideus-_ -
ossismetacarpi lll Hamulusossishamati
Basisossismetacarpi
l--
Os metacarpi
*--
Corousossismetacarpi
---
Ossasesamoidea
--- CaPutossismetacarPi
Corpusphalangis
Phalanxproximalis-
- Tuberositas
phalangisdistalis
-
Phalanx distalis-
I Pollex[DigitusPrimus]
U Index[Digitussecundus]
III Digitusmedius[tertius]
IV Digitusanularis[quartus]
V Digitusminimus[quintus]
Radius\ / Ulna
\
Os lunatum\ / Caputulnae
\\
Proc.styloideusradii \
\ / Proc styloideusulnae
Os scaphoideum 1 \
Os capitatum
Tuberculumossistrapezii
Ossacarpi
Ostrapezium----
- - - Os hamatum,Hamulus
ossishamati
---
Ostrapezoirleum
Os metacarDi ---
---
Ossasesamoidea Ossametacaroil-V
Caputossismetacarpi --t
Phalanx Droximalis - -
Ossadigitorum
Caputossismetacarpi/
/
Corpusphalangis/
/
'/ /
Caputphalangis \ Ph"l"n, proximalis
/ .
Basisphalanois/
// \ Phalanxmedia
Corpusphalangis/ Fig.327 Bonesof the hand, Ossamanus;
/
/, ---
Pharanxdistalis palmar view (r., 50%).
Caput phalangis
,'l
Phalanx distalis / /
/ Fladius
Tuberositasphalangisdistalis/
,, Os lunatum
Pro" styloideus
radii
ulnae ---
Proc.styloideus ----
Os scaPhoideum
_-'
Oslriquetrum---
Os pisiforme- -
---- Oslrapezoideum
Os hamatum
- - .-
Basisossismelacarpi---- I nrti"rt"tio caroometa-
fu carpalispollicis'
\ Os capitatum
- Os metacarpiI
\ Articulatiomelacarpo-
\ \ ohalanoea oollicisr'
\ Phalanx proximalis
\ Phalanx distalis
\ Phalanx
Droximalis
- Radius
Articulatioradioulnaris
distalis,Caosulaarticularis -- Ptoc styloideusradii
-
Proc styloideusulnae
Os lunatum
-
Lig ulnocarpalepalmare
Lig. radiocarpale
Palmare
Os pisiforme--
-- Lig.carpiradiatum
-
Lig pisohamalum
- ArticulatiocarpometacarPalis
Lig. pisometacargale pollicis,
- Capsulaarlicularis
Hamutusossishamali
/
Lig.carpometacarpale
oalmare l- os capitatum
Fig.329 Iointsandligamentsof
the hand,Articulationeset Ligamenta
manus;
Ossa
sesamoidea palmarview (1.,75%).
/ I
Ligg. palmaria I
Ligg. metacarpalia.
transversa prolunda
Proc.styloideus
- radiocarpale\ -
Lio. //
dorbale
--
Proc styloideusradii
Ligg.inlercarpdia
/ -/ dorsalia
- -
Os scaDhoideum
- Os triquetrum
- - - Os hamatum
dorsalia
Ligg.intercarpalia
- Os capitatum
-
Os trapezoideum
Ligg.
metacarpalia
Ligg. carpometacarpalia dorsalia - dorsalia
Proc - -
' z styloideus
Proc
styloideus
radii radii
.- - ----Ulna
Faciesarticularis
carpails Tuberculum-
dorsale I
Froc \Tuberculum I
dorsale
styloideusulnae t^
Haotus
Articulatio
radioulnaris
distalis
Ulna \
Caputulnae \
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
\
Os triquetrum- -
carpiulnare --
Lig collaterale
Articulatiomediocaroalis --
/ / Os trapezoideum
Os hamatum- - Os lraPezium
---
- - Articulaliocarpometacarpalis
interosseum-
Lig intercarpale
Articulationes -
carpometacarpales tl r ,i--
lrI,|' * metacarpi
I
,//: ,'\: tt' ,'
;i\
1'l
I
Ligg metacarpalia interossea /
- -
Os metacarprpollicis
Lig collaterale\
- - Arliculatio
metacarpoPhalangea,
Capsula articularis M flexor pollicisbrevis-- / Ossa sesamoidea
-
Lrg collaterale-
-
M llexor polhcislongus -
- -f
Articulationes
interphalangeaeI Phalanx media
*- Lig collaterale
Cavitas medullaris
Os metacarpi
(Cartilago
articularis)
Phalanx proximalis - -
- Articulatiometacarpophalangea
Caosula articularis
Tendo - -
-
Caputphalangis
1- Artlculatiointerphalangeamanus distalis*"
- - Phalanx medra
Proc.styloideusulnae-- - _
- - Tuberculumossisscaphoidei
- - - BasisossismetacarDill
Hamulusossishamati-
Ossametacaroi/
- Phalanx media
\ Phalanxdistalis
Fig.337 Hand,Manus;
PA-radiograph.
Notethat the pisiformboneis projectedonto
the triangularbone.
ofthertpperLimb
185
Fig. 339 Ratioof forceson the shouldergirdle when the arm is slightly abducted.
Fig. 340 Ratio of forceson the elbow joint when the arm is'flexed'
186 upperlimb
/ M trapezius
Clavicula \
-- Spina scapulae
M pectoralismajor, --
Pars clavicuiaris
- M biceps brachii,
Caput breve / M. triceps brachii
Caput laterale
Y ceghalica
" - - N intercosto-
brachialis / / Septumintermusculare
/ ,, -brachii
- - laterale
M teres major
--
N cutaneus
N medianus-- brachiimediahs
-- N. cutaneus brachii
/ posleflor
M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
V basilica-- /- M bicepsbrachii
- N cutaneus
M biceps brachii - antebrachii --- N cutaneus
medialis posterior
antebrachii
M triceps brachii,
M brachialts - Caput mediale
- M triceps
brachii -- M brachioradialis
Olecranon :
- \ Septum
N musculoculaneus,
N cutaneusantebrachii Intermusculare - Epicondyluslateralis
lateralis brachiimediale
musculi-
Aponeurosis
biciprtis
brachii \ Epicondylus
-
- M extensorcarpi
V mediana cubiti medialis radialislongus
/
M anconeus
- M extensor
digitorum
/
M flexor carpi ulnaris
-- M extensor
carpi radialis
M extensor carpi ulnaris brevts
- M tlexor carpi radialis
N radialis,- --
B superficialis M abductor
pollicislongus
-- M p a l m a r i sl o n g u s
M brachioradialis,-- - M extensor
Tendo M extensor digiti minimi / pollicisbrevis
N cutaneus-
anlebrachii
medialis - - M flexor carpi ulnaris - - Retinaculum
/ muscurorum
Capul ulnae, Proc styloideusulnae
extensorum
antebrachii /
Mm extensorescarpi radiahs,Tendines \ M extensor
- Aponeurosis pollicislongus,
palmaris Tendo
Fig. 341 Fasciaof the flexor musclesof the upper limb; Fig.342 Fasciaof the extensormusclesof the upper limb;
ventral view (r., 25"/"1. dorsal view (r., 25"/"\.
Limb
oftheuPPer
Musctes t 87
/ M spleniuscervicis
M traoezaus '-
Venterinferior
,M. omohyoideus'
M. levaior scaDulae -- / M. slernocleidomastoideus
M scalenusmedius-- - M. slernohyoideus
---
M. scafenusDostetior
- -
M scalenusanlerior -
-- Clavicula
Acromion
-l
Spinascapulae
pectoralismajor
-
M. trapezius -
M. deltoideus
-
Fasciainfraspinata
-
M. teresminor
M. pecioralismaior,Parsabdominalis
M. teresmajor --
z M. serratusantenor
'
M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
- -Arcus costalis
M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
- - VaginamusculirectiaMominis,
- Laminaanterior
dorsi
M. latissimus
-
M. obliouusexternusabdominis
M. tricepsbrachii,Tendo " -
M biceos brachii
\
M. brachialis
brachiilaterale
Seotumintermusculare
-- teres
M oronator
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
- - Epicondyluslateralis
Olecranon
-- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. anconeus
- M brachioradialis
- - M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
M extensordigitorum
- - M. flexorcarpiradialis
- - M. llexorpollicislongus
- - M. abductorPollicislongus
Tendines
M extensordigitorum,
-- oollicisbrevis
M. extensor
- M. extensorpollicislongus,Tendo
- - M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
extensorum--\
musculorum
Retinaculum
- -
M. extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendo
- M. adduclorPollicis
Mm.interosseidorsales
Ventersup€rior-
M. omohyoideus,
/ M biceps
/ brachii,
M omohvoideus. ---1 CapullorEum
')
ventei inferior ,
_, -/-, --- M. biceps
brachii,
Caput breve
Mm.sternocleidom -' "{--4
astoidei - M coraco-
{ --t"'l brachialis
\\\\
M.teresmaior
- M. subscapularis
inle.ni -'
Mm intercoslales --
M serratusanlerior
- -
Mm. intercostales
exlerni M. latissimusdorsi
"
--
M senalusanlerior
M. pecloralisminor /
- M. latissimusdorsi
M. pecloralismajor // .?
- - M. rectusabdominis
Arcuscoslalis /
- - M. oblhuus€xt€rnusabdominis
Lineaalba /
Fig.344 Musclesof the arm,the thoraxandthe inferior Theribs are numberedI, II, IV to VII
part of the neck;
the left shoulderhasbeenretractedby a hook;
ventrolateral view (1.,30%).
f Caputlongum- * Humerus
M. bicepsbrachiiI '{J. _-
vaginatendinisinlerlubercularis
( Caput breve - -* - -
_ - Lig. coracoacromiale
Clavicula/
N suprascapularis
\\
Lig.lransversumscapulaesup€rius--
Spinascapulae
Clavicula 1 I M subclavius
Proc. coracoideus \
M deltoideus
Capsulaarticularis- - -
Articulatioacromioclavicularis, Lig conoideum
li}. coracoclaviculare,
A c r o m i o n- - - - ----
Venterinleriol
M. omohyoideus,
- M. levator scaPulae
- -
(Bursamusculicoracobrachialis) - M serralusantenor
- -
M o€ctoralisminor
minor
M. rhomboideus
-.-
M biceps brachii, Caput breve
M. supraspinatus
-- ---
M coracobrachialis \ Lig transversumscapulae
ll
supenus
//
M. deltoideus/ -
/ .z M. subscapularis
Vaginatendinis / 1
interlubercularis
/ - M rhomboideus
M. pectoralismaior /
//
malor
/
M. latissimus
dorsi,Tendo
\ Margomedialis
-
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlaterale
'-j
M bicepsbrachii,
Caputlongum - M. teresmaior
M. coracobrachialis- \ M. serratusanterior
' \
/ M triceps brachii' Capsulaarticularis,
M biceos brachii, (Ricessusaxillaris)
Ciout breve Capul longum
*
Fig. 346 Shoulderand musclesof the shoulder; triangular space,Spatium axillare mediale
quadrangular space,Spatium axillare laterale
some of the superficial muscleshave been "
removed;
ventral view (r., 45%).
Venterinferior
/ M omohyoideus,
M levator
scaPulae
\ 7 Acromion
/ Bursasubdeltoidea
Angulussuperior
M rhomboideus
mlnor
M supraspinatus-
-- f.
M trapezius -
Spinascapulae -
M. rhomboideus--
malor
- - - M. tricepsbrachii'
Caput longum
-- Fascia brachii
M teresminor -
M. teresmaior -
/
Angulusinlerior -
/
//
dorsi
M. latissimus
/
/
M serlatusanterior
Bursasubacromialis
\ Lig trapezoideum
/
/, Lig coracohumerale
M supraspinatus*- / M subclavius
M deltoideus \ M. oectoralis
' ,
malor
- Fascia oectoralis
\ Fasciaoectoralis.
(Hiatusvenaecephalicae)
\ Lig conoideum
\ Proc coracoideus
\
lBursa musculi coracobrachialis)
'
Capsulaarticularis M pectoralisminor
\ M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
M coracobrachialis
M teresminor*/
/ \ Bursasubtendinea
Cavitasglenoidalis
musculisubscapularis
\ M subscapularis'
Labrum glenoidale /
M triceps
brachii,
Caput /
longum
Retroversio
(Extensio)
Axis
transversalrs
interna
, n g u l u si n f e r i o r
M a r g ol a t e r a l i sA C r i s t ao f l e s s e rt u b e r c l e{ m e d i a l Shoulder joint:
3. M. teres major
o f M . l a t i s s i m u sd o r s i ) ;t h e t w o Medial rotation,adduction in the
Nn. subscapularea er
N" thoracodorsalis tendons are separatedllY Bursa s c a p u l a rp l a n e
(Plettusbrachialis, s u b t e n d i n e am u s c u l il a t i s s i m i
Pars infraclavicularis) dolsi
4. M. latissimusdorsi Procc.sninosi of the 6 lotver C r i s t ao f l e s s e rt u b e r c l e( w i t h f l a t , Shoulder joint:
N. thorocodorsalis thoracii veltebrae,lumltar s p i l a l t e n d o na r o u n dM , t e r e s Lateral rotation,adduction,
(Plexusbrachialiq vertebrae(by Fasciathoracolum- m a i o r ) ;t h e t w o t e n d o n sa r e retrovelslon
Parsinfruclavicularis) b a l i s ) ,F a c i e sd o r s a l i so f t h e s a c r a l s e p a r a t e db y B u r s as u b t e n d i n e a Shoulder girdle:
b o n e ,l a b i u m e x t e r n u mo f C r i s t a m u s c u l il a t i s s i m id o r s i of the
A d d u c t i o na n d d e P r e s s i o n
i l i a c a( ( l o r s a tl h i r d ) ; r i b s 9 t o l 2 ; Scapula
often further origins from Angulus
inleriol scapulae
I92 rlpperlimb
M trapezius \
M. deltoideus -
M p€ctoralismaior -
-- M. t6r6sm4or
- - M. latissimusdorsi
M. braciialis -
- - S€pftrmintermuscularebrachii laterale
M. brachioradialis -
- M. iriceps brachii,T€ndo
M. extensorcarpi radialislongus - -
Eilcondylus lateralis -
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis -
/ Clavicula
-- M subclavius
-- Lig coracoclaviculate
-- P(oc.coracoideus
M supraspinatus
-- M oectoralisminor
Venlerinferior
M omohyoideus,
-- M coracobrachialis
superius
scapulae
Lig lransversum
- M deltoideus
--
M biceps brachii, Caput breve, Tendo
M subscapularls
-. -
M. pectoralismajor,Tendo
M. teresmajor -
- M biceosbrachii,Caputlongum,Tendo
-
M triceosbrachii,Caputlongum
-- M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
-- M bicepsbrachii,Caputbreve
-
M triceps brachii,Caput mediale
-
M brachialis -- M. bicePsbrachii' Tendo
medialis-
EPicondylus -- M brachioradialis
-- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
brachii -
musculibicipitis
Aponeurosis
- M extensorcarpiradialisbrevis
-
Fascia antebrachii
// M trapezius
- M pectoralis
minor
- M. deltoideus
- Vaginatendinisintertubercularis
--- M bicepsbrachii,Caputlongum
\ N musculocutaneus
- M
dettoideus
\ Corpushumeri
M tricepsbrachii,Caputlongum
mediatis-.
Epicondylus
-- M. brachialis,Tendo
Fasciaantebrachii-
-- M brachioradialis
--
Aponeurosis brachii-
musculibicipitis M extensor
carpiradialislongus
--
M biceos brachii.Tendo
M biceps brachii --
M infraspinatus
M. triceps brachii,
M t e r e sm i n o r- - Caput longum
- -
Collumchrrurgicum M leres mtnor
-
M biceps brachii,Caput longum'
Tendo
M pectoralismajor,Tendo --!
M teres malor
Sulcusneruiradtalis--
- M triceos brachii,Caput laterale
M biceps brachii --
-
M tricePsbrachii,Caput medlale
-- brachiilaterale
Seotumintermusculare
M brachioradialis-
-- M lriceos brachii,Tendo
--
M extensor carpi radialis longus
- -
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis
--
M extensordigitorum
M. tricepsbrachiiis the biggestof the dorsalmusclesof the arm.It is thres.headed.Onits ulnar:sideM. anconeus follows
asa prolongationof Caputmedialeandruns into the fbrearm. ::ir ri::. ,i,:'
Muscle Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
1. M. triceps brachii Caputlongum:Tuberculum 0lecranon(Fibresof Caput Shoulderjoint:
N. radialis infraglenoidale,
inferiorpart longum take a longitudinal Adduction(Caputlongum),
(PlexusbrachialE, of Labrumglenoidale course,thoseofCaput mediale supportthe weightof the
Parsinfraclavicularis) and lateralean obliquecourse arm
Caputmediale:Facies
Caputlongumoperates They have a common broad
posteriorhumeri(medial Elbowjoint:
twojoints; tendon)
anddistalof Sulcusnervi Extension
Caputlateraleand Caput
radialis),
Septuminter-
medialeoperateonejoint
musculare brachiimediale
Caputlaterale:Facies
posteriorhumeri(lateraland
proximalof Sulcusnervi
radialis),
proximal2/3 of
Septumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
2. M. anconeus Epicondylus lateralis,
the Faciesposterior
ulnae,distal Elbowioint:
N. radialis lateralpartof Caputmediate of olecranon Extension
(Plexusbraehialis, musculitricipitisbrachii
Pars infraclavicularis)
of theArm, Origtnsand Insertions
Muscles
r97
M trapezius\ subclavius
tM. ,/ M. sternocleidomastoideus
M pecloralisminor\ \\ I
I
M. deltoideus\ \ - - M. oecloralismaior,
Pais clavicularis'
M. coracobrachialis \
M. biceosbrachii,
Caput breve \ Lig costoclaviculare
M. supraspinatus-- --
- M. omohyoideus,Venter inlerior
M. subscaDularis
\ M. serratusanterior
M. biceps brachii, -
Capul longum
M. latissimusdorsi -
M tricepsbrachii,- \ M. subscaoularis
Caputlongum
M. teresmajor /
M. pectoralismaior /
M deltoideus/
\ M serratusanterior
\ M. coracobrachialis
-- M brachialis
-
M. brachioradialis
, M. pronatorteres,
M articulariscubiti \ humerale
/' Caput
/
M exlensorcarpi\ , Epicondylusmedialis
radialislongus
Y-- M. flexorcarpiradialis
/ M palmarislongus
M. extensorcarPi - - M llexorcarpiulnaris,Caputhumerale
radialisbrevis - M. flexordigitorumsuperticialis'
Caouthumeroulnare
-- pronalor Caputulnare
M. teres,
M. supinalor/ -- Fig. 356 Muscularoriginsandareasof insertionon
M. brachialis
M. bicepsbrachii/ \ M flexorcarpiulnaris, the clavicle,scapula,humerusandproximalpartsof the
\ Caputulnare radiusandulna;
/ \ M. llexordigitorum
M. llexordigilorumprolundus/ superlicialis ventralview (r.).
Venterinlerior
M. omohyoideus,
t M trapezrus
M sternocleidomasloideus
\
M subclavius- / M deltoideus
M sternohyoideus-
pectoralismajor,Parsclavicularis- / M supraspinatus
M. levalorscapula M. inlraspinatus
_/
M supraspinatus/
M rhomboideus minor / - M. teres minol
- M triceps brachii,
Caput longum
M. infraspinatus/ -- M triceosbrachii,
Caoutlaterale
- M. delloideus
rhomboideusmajor
- M. brachialis
M. teresminot /
-
M tetesmaior / | - Foramen nulriclum
M latissimusdorsi!
(Origoscapularis,Var') M tricepsbrachii,CaPUtlaterale
M. lricepsbrachii,Caputmediale -
- M brachioradialis
Seotum
' intermusculare-
brachiilalerale
- M biceps brachii
M tricepsbrachii, .---
Caput mediale
Septum.intermuscula{e
-_
olacnilmedrale
- Aponeurosis
musculibicioitis
brachii
Epicondylusmedialis
longus -
M palmaris - M. brachioradialis
M flexorcarpiulnaris
- M. extensor
carpiradialislongus
M flexordigitorumsuperlicialis --
- M extensorcaroiradialisbrevis
-- M flexordigitorum
superficialis
-- M abductorpollicislongus
-- M brachioradialis,Tendo
M- flexorcarpiulnaris,Tendo --f
-- M tlexor pollicislongus
I
longus,Tendo --
M palmaris - M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
, \ M pronatorquadratus
Tendo --f
M. tlexorcarpiradialis,
\ Retinaculum
musculorum
extensorum
M brachialis
M triceosbrachii,--
Caoutmediale
Seotumintermusculare
brachiimediab
M. supinator
Bursabicipiloradialis
Tendo--
M. biceDsbrachii,
M. palmarislongus--
-- radialislongus
M exlensorcarpi
M flexorcarpiulnalis--
-- M pronatorteres
M. flexor caroi radialis --
--
superlicialis'
M. llexordigitorum
Caouthumeroulnare
--
superficialis
M flexordigitorum
- longus
M. abductorPollicis
M llexorpollicislongus
Tendo---
M llexorcarpiulnaris, M. pronatorquadralus
M. exlensorPollicisbrevis,
Tendo--_
M llexorcarpiradialis, Tendo
Tendo
M. brachioradialis,
M palmarislongus,Tendo--
M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediate- -
Septumintermusculare
brachiimediale --
M brachioradialis
ri\
Epicondylusmedialis --
-- M. supinator
M pronatorteres --
-- M bicepsbrachii,Tendo
-- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
Mm llexores,
Caoutcommune- -
M flexorcaroiulnaris--
-- M oronatorteres
M flexordigitorumsup€rlicialis- -
- - M. abduclorpollicislongus
M tlexorcarpiulnaris.Tendo
- - M flexorpollicislongus
M pronatorquadratus
M. flexorcaroiradialis.Tendo M abductorpollicislongus,Tendo
M palmarislongus,Tendo M. brachioradialis,
Tendo
- M brachialis
medialis
Epicondylus
- M brachioradialis
teres.CaPutulnare--
M oronator -- M biceps brachii,Tendo
A ;V interossea --
Posterlor
--- Radius.Faciesanterior
M flexordigitorum --
Profundus
-- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M flexorpollicislongus,Caputhumerale- -
- - M. oronatorteres
M flexorcaroiulnaris--
- M tlexorpollicislongus
Caputradiale
- - M flexordigitorumsuperficialis,
prolundus,
M. flexordigitorum Tendines
- - M flexor Pollicislongus,Tendo
Tendo--
M flexorcarPiulnaris,
-- Tendo
M. brachioradialis,
M palmarislongus,Tendo- - - ----
Tendo
M flexorcarpiradialis,
M extensor
carpiradialislongus-*. _- Humerus,
Epicondylus
medialis
humeri--.
Capitulum -- Lig collateraleulnare
- - Trochlea humeri
carpiradialisbrevis- -
extensor
N radialis,
R protundus
--
M pronator
teres,Caputulnare
- -
Bursabicipitoradialis
M biceps brachii,Tendo -- (Bursacubitalis
Inlerossea)
M s u p i n a t o- -r Chordaobliqua
M flexorpollicislongus
M flexorpollicislongus--
Membrana
interossea
antebrachii
M tlexorpollicislongus--
_- M pronatorquadralus
M abductor pollicislongus - -
pollicisbrevis,Tendo- -(
M extensor -.. Retinaculummusculorumflexorum
_ - Os pisiforme
M opponens pollicis _- M a b d u c t o r d i g i tm
i inimi,Tendo
M abductorpollicisbrevis -_ -- M o p p o n e n sd i g i t im i n i m i
M t l e x o r d i g i l o r upm
r o l u n d uTs e
, n d i n e-s- - - - / --/-/ - / -l l--
M. biceosbrachii-
- - M. tricepsbrachii,Caputlalerale
- Seotumintermusculare
brachiilaterale
M. brachioradialis-
-- M. tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
M tricepsbrachii,Tendo
M exlensorcarpiradialislongus -
-- M. anconeus
M. extensorcarDiradialisbrevis - -- M tlexorcaroiulnaris
M brachioradialis, Tendo -
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo --
M. extensorcaroiradialisbrevis.Tendo - -
pollicisbrevis
M. extensor
M. extensordigitorum
M abduclorpollicislongus -
M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendo-_ / M. extensor
digitiminimi
M. extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendo -_
M. extensorcarpiulnaris
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis,Tendo-- Ulna
M exlensorpollicislongus,Tendo
M. exlensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo-'
/ - Retinaculummusculorum
Radius // enensorum
-
M brachialis
- - Seotuminlermusculare
M. brachioradialis brachiilalerale
- M. triceosbrachii,Tendo
- -
carpiradialislongus
M. extensor
- M. an@neus
--
carpiradialisbrevis
M extensor
- M. flexorcarpiulnaris
digitorum- -
M. oxtensor
- - M extensor carPl ulnarls
- - M. extensordigiti minimi
longus--
M abduclorPollicis
Tendines-
digitorum,
M. extensor
carpiradialislongus,Tendo-
M extensor
--
carpiradialisbrevis,Tendo
M extensor
Radius-
brachiilaterale--
Septumintermusculare
_-- M tricepsbrachii,Tendo
- - M tricepsbrachii,Caputmediale
--- Olecranon
M extensor
carpiradialislongus--
-- - M. anconeus
caroiradialisbrevis--
M extensor
-- M extensor
caroiulnaris
M supinator--
Fladius- -
teres,Tendo- -
M. pronator
M abductorpollicislongus-
I z M. extensor
digilorum,
Tendines
M. extensorpollicislongus- -
f z M. exlensorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
M. extensorindicis- -
'
z Ulna
oollicisbrevis--
M extensor
caroiradialisbrevis.Tendo- -
M extensor
M extensorcarpiradialislongus,Tendo- - ]
--
M. extensorcarpiulnaris,Tendo
M extensorpollicisbrevis,Tendo--1
\ M. extensor
digitiminimi,Tendo
pollicislongus,Tendo--
M extensor
- - Olecranon
Lig collateraleradiale lateralis
Epicondylus
-
Lig anulare radii - -
carDiradialisbrevis----
M extensor
M supinator
M flexorcarpiulnaris
Corpusulnae
radii- -
CorPUs
teres,Tendo--
M pronator
M extensorpollicislongus--
pollicislongus--
M abductor indicis
M extensor
pollicisbrevis\
M extensor
Radius\ - - Membranainterosseaantebrachii
\
longus,.
M abductorPollicis
tenoo \\
-- Tendo
M exiensorcarpiulnaris,
' radialisbrevis,-- \ :
caroi
M extensor
Tendo -- Caputulnae
pollici.
M extensor - -
T#l.d -- extensorum'
musculorum
Retinaculum
musculorum
Retinaculum extensorum' - -
carpiradialislongus'--
M extensor
I enoo
- Ligg carpometacarpalia dorsalia
M extensor indicis,Tendo --
dorsalislll
M interosseus
pollicislongus,-
extensor dorsalislV
M interosseus
I enoo
dorsalisll -
M interosseus
dorsalis| /
M interosseus
/ \ M extensor digilorum,Tendines
Os metacarpi ll
extensorum nave
The tendon sheathsformed by the Retinaculummusculorum
Fig. 366 Antebrachialmusclesand musclesof the hand; been longitudinallYexPosed
deeplayer;the superficialextensormuscleshavebeen
removed;
dorsolateralview (1.,45%).
The forearm is in an intermediateposition betweenpronatlon
and supination.
208 upperLimb
Humerus\
/ Humerus
z Seplumintermusculare
brachiimediale
M brachioradialis \
- Seotumintermusculare
M brachioradialis brachiimediale
M bicepsbrachii --
N medianus
-
M. biceps brachii
R orotundus--
N radialis. Lig collaterale radiale - N medianus
- Aooneurosis musculi
Lig collalerale radiale - -- biciDitisbrachii
M bicepsbrachii,
Tendo
Aponeurosismusculi ' -
bicipitisbrachii N radialis,
R profundus
- M pronatorteres,
Caputulnare
/ -
M biceps brachii, M supinator
Tendo - M oronatorteres.
Caouthumerale
M supinator
- M palmarislongus
M pronatorteres
- M palmarislongus
M. flexor caroi radialis - M flexor caroi radialis
Membrana-
interosseaantebrachii
Radius - - Radius
--
M pronatorquadratus
-
-- M brachioradialis,
M pronatorquadralus Tendo
/
Canaliscarpi
Supinatio je,on"tio
Axis
lransversalls
Extensio
AMuctio radialis
Epicondyluslateralishumeri, III,
Basisof OsmetacarPi Wrist ioint:
Lig.anulareradii dorsalsurface Dorsalflexion,radial
abduction
(rpperlimb
2I0
M. brachioradialis - /,M brachialis
M exlensorcaroiradialisbrevis -
-- M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,
Caoul humeroulnare
\ M. pronatorteres,
\ Caputulnare
\M
r brachialis
M. bicepsbrachii \ M flexorpollicislongus
\
M flexordioitorum
- suoerficialis. \
Caputradiale Chordaobliqua
\ M llexorcarpiulnaris,
M. pronatorteres Caputulnare
--
Membrana interossea antebrachii
M llexorpollicislongus \ M. llexordigitorum
prolundus
t-
M pronatorquadratus M pronatorquadratus
M. brachioradialis
brachiimediale - -
Seotumintermusculare triceps brachii,Caput mediale
M. brachioradialis
M triceosbrachii:M. arliculariscubili - -
- M extensorcarpiradialislongus
---
M tricepsbrachii
- - Epicondyluslateralis
medialis---
Epicondylus --
caroiradialisbrevis
M extensor
Caoutcommune/
Mm tlexores. \ M extensor
digitorum
M anconeus -- \ M extensorcarpiulnaris
M. flexorcaroiulnaris /
profundus--
M llexordigitorum
carpiulnaris- - -
M extensor
Membrana antebrachii---
interossea
-- M pronatorteres
M. exlensordigitiminimi-. M. extensorpollicisbrevis
M extensorpollicislongus
M. exlensordigitorum - -
M extensorcarpiradialislongus
M. extensorcarpiulnaris -'
M. exlensorcaroiradialisbrevis
-- M palmarislongus,Tendo
M. Dalmaris brevis - -
Hypothenar--(
\ Mm. lumbricales
- / M opponens
Pollicis
musculorum
Retinaculum flexorum
- M llexor oollicisbrevis
Vaoina
- communistendinum/
musculorumflexorum
M lumbricalisI
Vaginae synovialesdigitorum manus -
I
)
Tothis groupbelong(fmmoutsideto inside):M. abductordlgiti miuiml,M. flexordigfti mlnhl b$st/tqM"9rymrys dlsld nlniml
Themuscleof the skin in 68 hJpothenar regionls M. rylqarls brwis.
Muscle Origin Insertion Function
Innervation
L M. palnaris brode :i:iliiiii:l:lponturosispalmaris, Skin of hypothenar Tensesskin,ofhypothenar
medialmargin(occasionally
N. ttlrurts,ns,rpeffid.giii::;::;: region
(Plausbmdrlalis, :::'::',;,1;;1:f
11111
0s trapezium
)
Parctnfuclavtcularts)
(se\reral budlcs)
separated
C o n l i n u a t i o nJ l ) 2 1 4
2L4 upperLimb
M . f l e x o rp o l l i c i s - - - - - - - - : I ,i 1;E
l o n g u sT, e n d o - * - Hamulus
Vagina lendinis musculi - -- - ossishamati
flexoris pollicislongi il--- M llexor
Mesotendineum - -
Tendines
M flexor carpi radialis, - '- -
Tendo - Vagina
communis
- tendrnumusculorum
Os trapezium .-
flexorum
Vagina tendinis musculi -'
flexoris carpi radralis 7*- - r,afrexordigilorum
prolundus
Llgg carpometacarpalia palmaria - Tendines
Os trapezoideum - \ os hamatum
Os capitatum /
Figs.378 a-d Typicalvariationsof the palmar synovialsheaths Within thesesheathsinflammatoryprocesses may spreadrapidly,
of the tendons. thereforethey must be handledcarefullyduring surgery
quadratus
pronator
--
M brachioradialis,Tendo
M flexor pollicislongus,Tendo
Lrg radiocarPalePalmare
- -
1,,4tlexor carpi ulnaris,Tendo
- -
Vagrnatendrnismusculi llexoris carpi radialis --
M flexor digitorumprofundus,Tendines
.- -
vagrna
tendinumm u s c u l o r u -m- os pisilorme
longiet extensorls
abductoris
pollicisbrevrs
- - -
Retinaculummusculorumllexorum Ni abductordlgrtlmlnlml
-- .- .-
M abductorPollicrsbrevls M llexor digitt mrnimibrevis
M flexor pollicisbrevrs, -
| M opponens digiti minimi
CaPUtsuPerficiale
-- .- Mm lumbricales
M o p p o n e n sp o l l i c i s
- -
M abductordrgitiminimi
--
M abductor Pollicisbrevis
- - - -
M tlexor pollicrsbrevis, ArticulatiometacarpophalangeaV,
Caputprolundum Capsulaarticularts
-
M flexor pollicisbrevis, - -
Caput superflciale ) M. int"roaa"idorsales
-
M adductor Pollicis,
Capul transversum
-
Vaoina tendinismusculi
-llexoris Mm/
pollicislongi interossei
dorsales
\
M. llexor digitorum
superticialis,Tendines
\
I Mm interosseipalmares
I
M flexor digitorum
supedrcialis,Tendtnes
F i g . 3 7 9 M u s c l e so f t h e h a n d ;
deeplayer;the Retinaculummusculorumflexorumhas been
seciioned;somesuperficialmuscleshavebeenpartially removed;
palmarview (r.,90%).
216 upperLimb
M tlexor digitorumprolundus,Tendines
lumbricalislV
lumbflcalislll
M flexor digitorumsuperficialis,Tendines
M llexor digitorumsupedicialis,Tendines
\Z-
M llexor digitorumprotundus,Tendines /
M pronatorquadratus\
Articulatioradiocarpalis\ / Radius
/ M. abductorpollicislongus,Tendines
Canaliscarpi\
M flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprolundum\ / M llexorcarpiradialis,Tendo
flexorum
musculorum
z Relinaculum
Os pisiforme:
/ M abductorPollicisbrevis
minimi:.
M abductordigiti
/ M flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputsuperficiale
brevis,Caputprofundum
/ M flexorpollicis
llexorum- - -
musculorum
Retinaculum
M opPonens
Pollicis
//
M opponens digiti minimi - -
-
M interosseus lll - -
Dalmaris M adductorDollicis
- M. inieross€us
dorsalisI
- Mm.lumbricales
M flexordigitorum --
Tendo
suoerficialis. - Tendo
super{icialis,
M llexordigttorum
- Vinculalonga
l
I
Vincula / l vinculatendinum
longa
- vincutumoreve,,l
Vinculum/
breve
\ M. flexordigitorumprotundus,Tendo
profundus,Tendo/
M flexorctigilorum
Ulna
M flexorcarpiradialis,Tendo
M flexorcarpiulnaris,
Tendo--
Retinaculum
musculorum
llexorum
Os Pisiforme-.
Retinaculum flexorum-\
musculorum / M. flexorpollicisbrevis,Caputprofundum
M abductordigiti minimi --
,, M adductorpollicis,Caputobliquum
M opponens
digitiminimi- _
/ M adductorpollicis,
Caputtransversum
M interosseus
palmarisll \\
M opponenspollicis
M interosseus palmarislll \ _
M. flexordigitiminimibrevis--
-- M abductoroollicis
brevis
dorsalislll .---
M interosseus
M adductor pollicis
M interosseusdorsalislV -
M. interosseus
dorsalisI
\ M inlerosseuspalmarisI
\
M inlerosseusdorsalis
ll
Vinculalonga
M flexordigitorumprolundus,Tendo'
\
Vinculum
breve
M flexordigitorum
superficialis, \
Tendines M flexordigitorum
protundus,
Tendo
extensorum\\
musculorum
Retinaculum
- - Vaginatendinis.musculi
carplulnarls
extensoras
Interosseus
dorsalisI
-t\*r/'
lM. Tendines
digitorum,
extensor
Siratum fibrosum
/ Vagina tendinis,
/',Atlicvlatiometacarpophalangeall,
/ /' CaPsula articularis
Lig collaterale \
Tendo
/M extensorindicis,
dorsalisI
/M interosseus
Lig collaterale \
- M lumbricalisI
--Os ll
metacarpi
-\.- -- M interosseus
oalmarls
I
I -- M. flexordigitorum
vinculatendinumI orofundus,Tendo
Stratum
Vaginatendinis, synovialeI
Tendo
superlicialis,
M llexordigitorum
phalangis
Tuberositas distalis
M extensordrgrtorum,Tendines
/
Retinaculummusculorumextensorum\
M exlensor oolhcrsbrevis,Tendo --
M- extensor pollicislongus,Tendo - -
exlensor digiti minimi
ll - -
Os metacarpi
--
M interosseusdorsahs ll
dorsalis| -
M interosseus
- Connexusinlertendinei
F i g . 3 8 5 M u s c l e so f t h e h a n d ;
d o r s a lv i e w ( 1 . B
, 0%).
Musclesand Tendonsof the Hand
221
Inlerosseus \
d o r s a l i sl l \
,/ M, interosseus
dorsalislll
M interosseus
dorsalisI
M Interosseus --
p a l m a r i sl l l / M Interosseus
-
dorsalis lV
M i n t e r o s s e u s- -
palmaris ll
Mm interossel
parmares
lumbricales,
Tendines
Fig. 386 Palmarinterosseous muscles,
Mm. interosseipalmares;
palmarview (1.,557")
The palmar interosseousmusclesalsoextend
of the fingers
int()the dorsalaponeuroses
(arrows).
Fig.3B7 Dorsalinterosseousmuscles,
Mm interosseidorsales;
dorsalview (1.'557").
Both the extensorsof the fingersand all the
lnlerosseous and lumbricalmusclesextend
into the dorsalaponeuroses of the fingers'
Muscles of the palm (Figs.375,379-387)
M abduclor oollicisbrevis -
- M flexor digfltiminrmibrevis
M adductor pollicis.Caput transversum -
-'/- - M abductor
digitiminimi
i/
Mm Interosseidorsales -
\ M tlexor digiti minimi brevis
M flexor pollicislongus /
Mm Interosseipalmares -
M tlexor digitorumsuperfictalis-
M tlexordigitorum /
profundus
I
c8
T2
I J
c4 c5
fa3. tl
vo
I
c8
ll I
Wlr
r!
T3 |
r2
N radialis,N cutaneus
brachiilateralisinletiot . N. axillaris,N. cutaneusbrachii
7- lateralissuPerior
/
,, I
Nn supraclaviculares
Rr.cutaneil
anteriores I
Pectorales Nn. int"r"o"t"l",
I
Rr.cutanei I
laterales I
pectorales,/
I N intercostobrachialis
N cutaneus brachiimedialis
N cutaneusbrachiiposterior I
N. cutaneus inferior
brachiilateralis N radialis
I I
| antebrachii
, N. cutaneus posterior,/
Nn supraclaviculares
I )
N. musculocutaneus, ns ulnaris N radialis
I
N. culaneus digitalesdorsales/
antebrachii
N axillaris,- lateralis
N cutaneus brachii I
lateralissuperior
-- N medianus,Nn digitales
palmares propfll
Nn thoracici,- - ( - - > :
Rr cutanei posleriores \-
N cutaneusbrachiiposteriorI
N radialis.
Plexus brachialis. .
Pars supraclavicularis'\
---- A axillaris
N cutaneus A. circumflexa .- -_
brachii humeri posterior
N axillaris--- medialis
A circumtlexa
N cutaneus-.- --- N cutaneus humeri anterior
brachiilateralis antebrachii
sup€nor medialis A orolundabrachii ---
-
N. musculoculaneus A. collateralis
e. utnans
supenor
N radialis A collateralismedia ----
A brachialis
N cutaneusbrachii
Post€rior
radialis----
A collateralis
N. cutaneus brachii*--
lateralisinferior - - A collateralis
N cutaneus-- ulnarisinterior
antebrachii
lateralis
- Retearticulare
cubiti
-*
A radialis -- R anterior
R. superficialis *-
radialis---
A recurrens R posterior
R profundus
A interossearecurrens - A recurrens
ulnaris
- A ulnans
--
A int"ror"""
communrs
N. cutaneus
antobrachii --- A interossea
posterior A interosseaoosterior- anteflor
- - - R. dorsalis(N ulnaris) --- A comitans
nervimediani
A radialis -
--- R palmaris(N ulnaris)
- R carpalisdorsalis
R communicans
cum nervoulnari
(N ulnaris)
B Profundus
-_--
Nn.digitales- - ---- (N ulnaris)
R superlicialis
palmares
communes ---
Nn. digitales
patmares communes
palmares
proprii - Aa digitales
/ A radialisindicis
/
oalmares communes
Nn disitales---1<
parmares
propnl
Aa digitales
palmares propnae
Vasa lymphaticasuperlicialia
/
I
V cephalica
t'
\
\
\
\
\
\ - /
Nodi lymphoidei
\ axillares
t\
(Plexuslymphaticus
axillaris)
Papilla /
mammana '11.'
Vasa /
lymphatica
supenrcralla
Vv thoraco- / V basilica -
eprgastricae
/
Nodi lymphotdeicubitales
V cephalica -
-Esg0
Nn supraclaviculares
intermedii
Nn supraclaviculares
laterales
\
M deltoideus,Fascra t
.=l
A t h o r a c o a c r o m i aRl i sp ,e c t o r a l iOs - - - L
I
I
I
I
,
tM p€ctoralis major
V c e p h a l i c aa - - -
Rr cutanei anteriores
pectorales
+. (Nn intercostales)
/.
Fascia brachii , ,,
Nodi lymphoideiaxillaressuperficiales ,'/
/ ,'
A thoracicalaterals o /
V thoracoepigastricaa zl
M latissimusdorsi, Fascia 6 /
Br cutanei lateralespectorales
(Nn intercostales)
M serratusanterior,Fascia g /
,ru'#t"
M d e l t o i d e u s , O- - - O M subclavius
Pars clavicularis
M d e l t o i d e u s , -a-
Parsacromialis
Fasciaclavipectoralis
V cephalicaa
Nn.pectorales
medrates
O A thoracoacromialis,
Rr pectorales
- O M. Pectoralismajor,
Pars clavicularls
- a M. pectoralas
major,
Parssternocostalls
,no'*"t
Fig. 397 Clavipectoral triangle,Trigonumclavipectorale;
the clavicular part of the pectoralismajor muscle has been
sectioned;
ventral view (r., 5070).
Clavicula
I
Rete acromiale \
:----- A subclavia
R clavicularis
R acromialis /
- -
A thoracoacromialis
A axillaris /
pectorales
Fig.398 BranchesofA.thoracoacromialis,
ventral view.
(JpperLimb
228
N intercoStobrachialis OV lhoracoepigastrica
o V axillaris
I
A : V t h o r a c r c al a l e r a h sO a
L au subscapularis
M pectorallsmalor a
\ c i r c u m l l e xhau m e rpi o s t e r i o r
t I o aA rv
Papilla mammaria i i
, les
les
\ s brachialis,
Nn thoracici, \ nfraclavicularis
Nn Intercostales, \
Rr mammarii lalerales \
\
€
M serratusanteflor a .
\
'l
t;
\ N intercosto
brachialis
\
N axlllaris
\
3M teresmajor
l.' \aan,Vcircumflexa
scapulae
\
ar M latissimus
dorsi
t
a aA; V lhoracodorsalis
\ N thoracodorsalis
N t h o r a c i c u sl o n g u s
I Nn thoracici,Nn intercoslales,
tM obriqrr. Rr cutanei lateralespectorales
externus '
abdominis a Vv thoracoepigastricae
2!7r+oo
815<).>407
996/l
a --.---\----.-_
M sternothyroideus
M s t e r n o h y o i d eau s- - ; - _
__*_*
N v a g u s[ X ] -----------
V b r a c h i o c e p h a l i coa - - --3-
* M de toideus
a o -- - - - - - -
M sternocrero
Nn
intercostales,
Rr cutanei
anteriores
pectorales
-
a M Pectoralis
4.. major
\ a V cephalica
\
o A axillaris
o V axillaris
\ pectoralisminor
1M
N intercostobrachaalis
N thoracodorsalis
a a A ; V thoracicalateralis
OoA:V lhoracodorsalls
N thoracicuslongus
\ N thoracicus[T4],N ntercostalis
pectoralis
R. cutaneusldler-alis
\iM
latissimusdorsi
\
o V thoracoePigastrica
/ Rr mammarii laterales
externusabdominis
M obliquus
/
M. ser tus anleriorr
,nnlft,no'
Fig. 400 Lateral thoracic wall; infraclavicular fossa,
Fossainfraclavicularis;axillary fossa,Fossaaxillaris;
the pectoralismajor muscle has been removed;
Iateral view (1.,6070).
upperLimb
230
r Nodr lymphordercervicalesanleriores,
Nodi superficialesel protundi
i
V iugularisexterna O j| , . sq ecaa le
len l r sn um
scm
aiie
ls d i u s
I
M sternocleidomastoideusa M. splenius ceruicis
\ i i
cM levalor scapulae
I
M . o m o h y o i d e u s ,a \ Nn supraclaviculareslaterales
Venler superior
/ Nodr lymphoideicervicales
laterales.Nodi superficiales
/ / Clavicula
aM trapezrus / N suprascapularis
A , V t r a n s v e r s aa l l \ / ,,
colli, \
R superlicialis
,/ aM deltoideus
Nodilymphoidei \. -
ceruicaies
ant -* - OaA;V
cil^adi. ot nr^l
suprascapurafls
M scalenus| -- - oM pectoralis
anterior m tn o r
M s t e r n o h y o i d e*u s- -
- OV cephalica
Truncus.--
sinister
,ugularis - Nodi lymphoidei
subscapulares
Noduslymphoideus- -
lateralis,
cervicalis
Nodusprotundus -
inlerior oM pectoralis
malor
B u l b u si n l e r i o r * --
v e n a el u g u l a n s - N radialis
Ductus' - N musculo-
thoracrcus,
Pars cervicalis
cutaneus
- --
/ OA circumtlexa
V jugularis anlerior ) humefl posleflor
---
Arcus t / /,1 OV brachtahs
venosusJUgularis
;/ -
aV cephalica
Articulatio/
sternoclavicularis,
Discusarticularis -
N ulnaris
/
V jugularisexlerna| \
Nodi lymphoidei
/ axillareslaterales
T r u n csi u b c l a v i u s
et bronchomediasti-
nalissinister '
N cutaneus brachii
medialis
A subclaviao / \ a
V brachialis
/ \
M subclavius| Nodi lymphordeiintercostales
,/."qGe{
/
maior)
lvf pectoralis Costall
/ N thoracicuslongus
Nn suoraclaviculareslaterales
V cephalica
--
N cutaneus brachii medialis
--
N cutaneus antebrachiimedialis
/ N. musculocutaneus'
/ N. cutaneus antebrachiilateralls
.- V medianacublti
N cutaneus antebrachilmedlalis,
R Posterior
--- N radialis,Ncutaneus
--- antebrachiiPosterior
N cutaneus antebrachiimedialls.
R anterior
-- V mediana antebrachil
w5$ao7
4lr
-
V cephalica
V cephalica -
- - V baslllca
V basilica
- (A. brachiahs
Var )'
superJicialis,
(V mediana -
- cephalica) - (V mediana
V mediana
antebrachii basilica)
V mediana - - V basilica
antebrachil
c v cephalica -
iniections there iS
ThiS \ artation is rare llorvever,u ith regard to intravenous
Figs. 403 a-c Variationsof the superficialveins of the region r o n s i r l e r a l r lrei s k o f a ( c i d e n t a li n t r a a r t e r i ailn i e c t i o n
of the right elbow.
The veins of this regionare preferredfor venipunctureand
i ntravenousiniections.
232 upperLimb
Rete acromiale \
Nn supraclaviculareslaterales
N axrllaris.
cutaneus brachrilateralissuperior
Rr cutanei (A ; V circumflexa
humeri posterior)
f brachiiposterior-
N. cutaneus
It radialis
interior-
| ru cutaneusbrachiilateralis
V cephalica --
* N cutaneus brachii medialis
N radialis,N cutaneus antebrachiiposterior --
a14O9
tr
4t2
Fig. 404 Superficialvesselsand nervesof the posterior
brachialregion,Regiobrachii posterior,and of the elltowregittn,
Regiocubitalisposterior;
d o r s a lv i e w ( 1 . , 3 5 % 1 .
- O M. biceos brachii,
M teresmaiorO - - Caput longum
O - - OA circumflexa humeri
A subscapularis
anlerlor
O - - -
A thoracodorsalis O A. circumflexahumeriposterior
- N ulnaris
N thoracodorsalis
N radialis - N medianus
dorsiO -
M latissimus - aA brachialis
N cutaneus brachii
medialis N culaneus anlebrachirmedialis
: --
o vu brachiales
O M triceps brachii, Caput longum
Clavicula \ /, a M suPraspinalus
scapulae Inlerius
a -
M inlrasoinatus -- a M deltoideus
Arliculatiohumen, - --
Spina scapulae
Capsula articularis
--
a M inlraspinatus
)-- lM leresminor
M deltoideusa -
- OA circumllexa
scapulae
N axillarrs - aM teresmaior
N axillaris,N cutaneus
brachii laleralissuperior \ N a x i l l a r i s . Rm u s c u l a r i s
796
A circumflexa humeri posterioro
/ \ a M tricepsbrachii,CaPutlongum lt
"7AA,ff
' 410
Fig. 406 Vesselsand nervesof the shoulder;
the deltoitland the trapeziusmuscleshavebeenpartially removed;
d o r s a lv i c w ( 1 . 6, 0 % )
234 upperlimb
N musculocutaneus--7,
N.ulnaris
N. radialis
---- s M biceps brachii,Caput breve
Vv brachialeso/
N medianus
-
A brachialisO
/
/
A prolundabrachiiO
a
/
V basilicaO -- * M biceps brachri,Caput longum
ulnarissuoeriora -
A collateralis
-- a V cephalica
ulnarisInlerioro--
A collateralis
N medianus
- muscullbicipitis
Aooneurosis brachii
N axillans
taM oectoralis
major
---
M t e r e s m a j oar
- oM coracobrachialis
N radialis
- N musculocutaneus
N medianus
M triceDsbrachii,Caput longum a
N ulnaris
ulnarissuPeriot
A collateralis
--
M triceos brachii,Caput medlale Q
N. musculocutaneus,
- lateralis
antebrachii
ulnarisinleriora -
A collateralis
N. cutaneus
- aA brachialis
N, medianus
medialis
Epicondylus
- aM. brachioradialis
a/
Mm tlexoresantebrachll
M deltoideus
a -- a M l e r e sm a j o r
-- O A p r o t u n d a b r a c h rR
i, deltoideus
\
M triceps brachii,Caput lateralea .- - O A brachialis
M bicepsbrachiro --.-
M b r a c h i a l i s O- - . - _
A collateralisradralisO -- --
N cutaneus brachii lateralisinterior
Epicondyluslaleralis- - -
M b r a c h i o r a d i a h s o- - N ulnaris
- - O Rete articularecubilr
M anconeusO -
Olecranon
M extensor carpr radrals longus rt
N axillaris
/
'
, | M t e r e sm i n o r
t
- o M t e r e sm a i o r
M d e l t o i d e u sa -
- - O A c i r c u mlfe x a h u m e r ip o s t e r l o l
-- OA brachralls
-- O A P r o l u n d ab r a c h r i
M t r i c e o s b r a c h i iC a p u t l a t e r a l ea - -
N c u l a n e u sb r a c h i il a t e r a l l sI n t e r l o r
M bicePs brachii il - - - a M t r i c e p sb r a c h i i ,C a p u t l a t e r a l e
-
A collateralisradialis,(R anterior) O
M b r a c h i a l i sa - -- aA c o l l a l e r a l lm
s edla
E p i c o n d y l u sl a l e r a l r s- - - - O Rete articularecubrtl
M b r a c h r o r a d i a l ias - - - O A r e c u r r e n su l n a r l s
* -
l\,4extensor carpi radialis longus o
- -
M extensor carpi radialisbrevis a
I -- aM anconeus
N .r a d i a l i s , N cutaneus
N. cutaneus I brachiimedrahs \
V basilica a -
brachiiposterior I /\
N radialis,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
N cutaneus Posterior
brachii
medialis - o V cephalica
N cutaneus V cephalica * -
antebrachiimedialis
N musculocutaneus
N cutaneus
antebrachii
N cutaneus lateralis
antebrachiimedialis,
R posteflor -- a V mediana
cubrti
N cutaneus - * V mediana
antebrachiimedialis, antebrachii
R anterior
N cutaneus
(V mediana s ' antebrachii
basillca) medialis,
R posterior
V b a s i l i c a* - -
N muSCUlocUtaneUs,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
lateralis
N radialis,
N cutaneus
antebrachii
-- s V cephalica posterior
N radiahs, N radialis,
R supedicialis R superticialis -- V basilica
i
-
O A radralis
R palmarrs
(N ulnaris)
R palmaris
(N medianus) V c e p h a l i c as - -
B dorsalrs
(N ulnaris)
402 ,.^
lt/+tt
+
/l
423
N ulnaris; - O -
A collateralis 7 N radialis
a M brachiahs
A collateralsO ulnaris inferior
ulnarissuperior / a M brachioradialis
N medianus
M b r a c h i a l i sa
Septum-
intermusculare -- - / a A collateralis
aA brachialis Epicondylus : radialis
brachiimediale medialis I
-- Aponeurosis
H u m e r u s-, -- Aponeurosis musculibicrPitis
Epicondylus musculibacipitis N rnedianus brachrl
medialis brachii - N radialis,
/ R prolundus
Fascia / --
antebrachii a M biceps -
Tendo
brachii, O M biceps
-- brachii,Tendo
r M supinator - a A radialis
\ a A radialis \ N radialis,
A ulnaris1 / -- lM pronalor
R superficialis
aM pronator teres
teres \ N radralis,
\: R profundus
gM brachio-
radralis M llexor a -
carpl \ aA recurrens
radialis radialis
\ a M extensor
carpiradialis \
M flexor a - DTEVIS M palmarisa - 1 M supinator
carpi ulnaris tongus
-
aM flexorcarpi
radialis
M flexor O -
M palmaris O - carpi ulnaris
longus
--
M flexora -
OM flexordigitorum drgrtorum
superficialis supedicialis
- O M brachioradialis,
Tendo
--- a M flexor
p o l l i c i sl o n g u s N ulnaris
- aA radialis
--- A u l n a n sa - -
OM abductor
pollicislongus
N ulnaris,
R dorsalis - a A radialis N medianus
R palmaris
- (N ulnaris)
A u l n a r i sO - - - a M. pronator
quaoralus R dorsalis
(N ulnaris)
Fascia --
, --
A u l n a r i sO
antebrachii
\,M exrensor - :3l33il:
-
Aponeurosrs p o l l r c rosr e v r s
palmaris Tendo
M palmaris| -
brevrs 407 n,n
v""
n'--
1/l
423
Fig. 413 Arteries and nerves of the anterior Fig. 414 Arteriesand nervesof the anterior
antebrachial region, Regio antebrachii anterior; antebrachialregion,Regioantebrachiianterior;
ventral view (r., 45%). ventralview (1.,45Y").
(rpperLimb
240
M bicepsbrachiie \_
/ a A collateralis
.- u l n a r i ss u p e r i o r
A brachialis
a - - O A brachialis
N ulnaris - | M bicepsbrachii
N ulnaris
N radialis a -
A collateralis
ulnaris inlerior N radialis
'
E'omi ceodnidavl liuss- - :
/ N. radialis,
/ R. 'Profundus tprconoylus - O A collateralis
medialis radialis
(R anterior)
M b r a c h i a l i sa z O A ulnaris
-t-
M b r a c h i a l i s|
u O A radialis
N medianus - N .r a d i a l i s .
H. prolunous
-- a A recurrens
radialis - a A recurrens
M pronatora A recurrensa radialis
teres, ulnaris
Caputulnare N radialis, -
R superficialis
t M biceps
brachii.Tendo
N medianus
-
i l,/ supinator - a A, interossea
M pronator t / communts
teres
\ a M brachioradialis -
| M pronator
A recurrensO / teres
ulnans \ a M pronatorteres \
Mm flexores a - O A interossea
M flexor I / antebrachii posteflor
carpi radrals
t
o A interossea
communrs A c o m r t a nas - - N interosseus
neruimediani antebrachii
- anterior
| M tlexor -
M flexor a / pollicislongus A interossea a
drgitorum anterior - a M brachioradialis,
superficialis, Tendo
Caput radiale -- OA radialis s -
A u l n a r iO
- N radialis,
R super,ficialis
N ulnaris -: - O A radialis
- N radialis,
R superficialis
-, -
M flexor t N medianus
carpr ulnans
- I M brachioradialis.
Tendo - I M brachroradialis,
Tendo
M llexor+ --
-- digitorumprofundus, - t M pronalor
aA radialis Tendines quadratus
N medianus
Septum- -
intermusculare --
brachiimediale a A brachialis
-- o M bicepsbrachii
\ -
Epicondylus
medialis
-- e M brachialis
N ulnaris - - Aponeurosismuscull
brachii
biciPitis
- -
Olecranon
-- a M brachioradialis
I - -
f Caputhumerale
M. llexor.l N radialis
carpiulnarisI
I CaPUtulnareo *- -- ; Mm tlexores
-- antebrachii
f H .p o s t e r i o r a
A recurrens{
urnafls R.anteriora__ -- a A ulnaris
I
-- a A radialis
-- a M oronatorteres
-- N medianus
M.flexora
digitorumprolundus
- N radialis
- -- a A. collateralis
(R.anterioo
radialis,
A b r a c h i a l i sO - - .- a M brachioradialis
N medianus
--- a Mm extensores
carpi radiales
N radralis,
R superficralis N radialis,
R prolundus
--
A radialisa
-.. -- t M extensol
A recurrensa digitorum
radialis
-- e M.supinator
M extensor carpiw --- N radialis,
radialisbrevis R profundus
--
a A interossea
recurrens
z O A collateralis
.t radialis
A collateralisO --
radialis -- a A collateralis
ulnarisinferior
M b r a c h i o r a d i a l i s *- -
- N ulnaris M. brachioradialisO - N ulnaris
a -
M supinator
- a M extensor N radialis,
carpiulnaris R prolundus
N radialis,
R profundus M extensor carpia -
radialisbrevis - O A interossea
poslerior
a -
A interossea
poslenor Rr musculares
M e x t e n s oar - -
\
I
digitorum -- a M extensor
digitorum
M. abductor | -- Fl profundus
M abductorpolhcisa \ poilrcrsrongus
longus nerviradialis,
-- a M exlensor N interosseus
carpiulnaris, Membrana inlerossea -- antebrachii
M extensorpolliciso \ Tendo posterior
orevts N radialis, -- O M extensor
- a M extensor B superficialis pollicislongus
N radialis, digitiminimi, --- I M extensol
R superticialis Tendo M extensorl -
pollicisbrevis carpiulnaris,
Tendo
A interosseaanterior a - - a Retecarpale Retinaculum
musculorum
oorsale M extensora - extensorum
--
Retinaculum pollicislongus,Tendo
R dorsalis -
musculorum (N ulnaris) R dorsalis
extensorum (N uharis)
Fig.419 Arteriesandnervesofthe posterior Fig. 420 Arteries and nerves of the posterior
antebrachialregion,Regioantebrachiiposterior; antebrachial region, Regio antebrachii posterior;
dorsalview (1.,45%). deep layer;
dorsal view (1.,45%).
teriesoftheHand
243
- - A ulnaris
-- B carpalisPalmaris
-- R carpalisdorsalis
--- R palmarisProlundus
R palmaris --f-
superlicialis
Aa metacarpalesPalmares
ArcuspalmarissuPerlicialis
- - Aa digitales communes
Palmares
/
Aa digitalespalmaresproorrae
- Aa digitales
PalmaresProPnae
N m e d i a n u s .R p a l m a r i s
N cutaneus antebrachiilateralis
N ulnaris,R palmaris
A u l n a r i sa - -
N ulnafls
palmaris
_ - Aponeurosis
M p a l m a r i s b r e vai s - -
N u l n a r i s ,R p a l m a r i s
O A p r i n c e p sp o l l i c i s
//
N medranus.Rr oalmares
N ulnaris,Rr palmares
palmares
Nn digrtales proprii
Lrg metacarpaletransversum
superficiale
q),+z+
a M adduclor Polllcrs
R c o m m u n i c a n sc u m n e r v ou l n a r l
N medranus,
Arcus palmaris suPerficialisI -- N digitalisPalmarls
communrs
N digitalisPalmarrscommunrs -
- -
Aa digitalespalmares communes a I
I
I
I
'
a Aa digitalesPalmaresProprrae
Nn digitalesPalmaresProprrl
nrr?o'u
Fig.424 r\rteriesantl nervesof the palm of the hand,
Palma;
deeplayer;the palmaralroneurosis has been removed;
p a l m a rr i e u ( 1 . 7, 0 % )
35Yo 13Yo
37'1n
/ aM pronatorquadratus
A u l n a n sO - - - / aA radialis
O R carpalis palmaris
M llexor caroi ulnaris t -
a M abductorpollicisbrevts
o --
palmares
Mm interossei ---
M m l u m b r i c a l e s -O-
Nn digitales
palmares proprii
416 a Aa. digrtales
#
palmares propnae
424
N radialis,Rr superliciales
- OA radialis
musculorum
Retinaculum :-
exlenSorum
A radiahs,R carpalisdorsalis a -
- - pollicisbrevis'Tendo
o M extensor
M extensor carDiradialisbrevis,Tendo a
-.- -
M e x t e n s o r c a rrpaid i a l i s l o n g u s , T e a
ndo a M abductor Pollicisbrevis
A radtaliso -- - aM opPonensPollicis
e --
Tendines
M extensordigitorum,
- pollicislongus'Tendo
o M extensor
/
/
Os metacarPill - Nn digitales dorsales
-
OA digilalisdorsalis
/ - oM adductorpollicis
Aa metacarpales dorsales O
M interosseusdorsalis I a
M l u m b r i c a l ias /
N digitalispalmaris
ProPrius
O -
A digitalis Propria
Palmaris
N digrtalisdorsalis
4r9
42s#42s
l-lv' Vaoinaetendinummusculorumextensorum:
i vlEiiii teintinummusculorumabductorislongi
et dxlensorisPollicisbrevis
rr Viiirii i6-n'din'um'muscutoru m extenso.Illn.caaj radialium
lll Vadinatendinismusculiexlensorispolllcls.longl
lV Vadinatsndinummusculorumextensorisdlgltorum
et Extensorisindicis
V cephalica \
N radialis,Fl superficiails -
venosum oorsaremanus
/ Vv intercapitulares
V cephalica
/
Nn digitalesdorsales
extensorum---
musculorum
Retinaculum
- O A u l n a r i s , Rc a r p a l i s d o r s a l i s
A radialis O -
R perforans
I -- --
oA radialis,R carpalisdorsalis
A princepspollicisO - -
M extensor pollicislongus, | -
Tendo
M adductorpollicisa -
\ metacarpalesdorsales
lAa
420
xil7+
Fig.429 Arteriesand nervesof the backof the
hand,Dorsummanus;
deeplayer;
dorsalview (1.,70%).
upperLimb
250
Canalis carpi
i z Fascia antebrachii
1/
i/
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo -i
/Aulnaris
N medianus
i z N. ulnaris
1/
M palmarislongus, Tendo .- )\ .-.
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum .- .- --
--- O sp i s i f o r m e
Thenar .---_
,.t----'HyPothenar
Canalis carpi - - - - Lrgg metacarpaliaPalmaria
:-
Ossametacarpi
t
-:--- profunous,
M flexordigitorum
I Tendines
I
{
J--- patmaris
ooon"rrosis
---.-
M tlexordigitorum Tendines
superficialis,
----
Mr lumbricales
dorsalis)- -
(Aponeurosis
Phalanxproximalis-- -
profundus,
M tlexordigitorum Tendo
M llexordigilorumsuperficialis,
Tendines
-'i
Vaginatendinum
interossea
Membrana
---
O A. interossea
Posterior
A. interosseaanteriora ---
--- a M extensordigilorum
'
quadratus - O M abductorpollicislongus'Tendines
M. Pronator
- pollicislongus,Tendo
a M extensor
- Radius
profundus'
M llexordigitorum '
Tendines
--- Articulatioradiocarpalis
f lexorum
musculorum
Retinaculum
-- Os lunatum
o
Tendines
superficialis, - -
M. llexordigitorum
-- o Retecarpaledorsale
- - Os caPitatum
Rete caroale PalmareO *--
AooneurosisPalmaris- -.
- - Os metacarPi
lll, Basis
A metacarpalis lll O --r
Palmaris
'
supedicialis --- -- a M. interosseus ll
Palmaris
ArcusPalmaris
-- dorsalislll
lll o ---
palmariscommunis
A digitalis
a M interosseus
-- dorsalisI
O A metacarPalis
--
M l u m b r i c a l i sl l l , T e n d oO
- -
A digitalispalmaris PropriaO
O A digitalis dorsalis
-
Phalanx oroximalis -
Vagina tendinum
- Phalanx media
\ Phalanx distalis
Fig.431 Hand,Manus;
,ulittut sectionthroughthe ulnar aspectof the middlefinger;
ulnar view .
* clinical: CLELAND'sligament
* * clinical: GRAYSoN'sliSament
upperLimb
252
N digitalisdorsalis
N digitalisdorsalis
N drgitalisdorsalis
Peflosteum
; A digitalispalmaris propria
N digitalispalmarisproprius
\ Vagina tendinum digiti
distal view.
Periosleum \
-- I A drgitalispalmarispropna
Fig. 434 Middle finger, Digitus medius [II!; * so called dorsal aponeurosis
cross section through the shaft ofthe middle phalanx; The position of the arteries and nerves of the finSers remains constant,enabling
easy accessfor local anaesthesiaor to stop bleeding.
distal view.
CrossSectionof the Arm
253
N culaneus brachii lateralassupertor
M bicepsbrachii * r.
V cephalica o \
,/ N. cutaneus ..
,/ brachil meolalrs
/ N medianus
-' aA brachialis
-- OV brachialis
- -
Telasubcutanea,
Panniculus
adiposus N cutaneus
mediahs
antebrachii
H u m e r u s- N ulnaris
--
oV basilica
Fasciabrachii-
cutaneus brachrl
lateralisinferior \ {}M.
triceps brachii,
Caput mediale
N cutaneus antebrachii
posterlor
\ l M t r i c e p sb r a c h r i ,
C a p u tl o n g u m
/
Seplum intermusculare \
brachii laterale N radialis
'3"""0t"i c / N cutaneus
" lJ8::l: brachiimedialis
V cephalrca
-- M b i c e p sb r a c h l l
- - V brachialis
-- V basilica
M brachialis
Humerus - -
Septum intermuscularebrachii mediale
Fig. 436 Brachial region, Brachium; tomography (MRT)throughthe middleof the upperarm;
cross-sectionalimage obtainedwith magneticresonance distalview(r.).
IrpperLimb
254
M. palmarislongus,Tendoo I
I / O v mediana antebrachii
M flexordigitorum
a \
suoenrcralrs \
/ O A. ulnaris
N medianus \
M flexorc€rpia \ N ulnaris
raorails \
flexorpollicislongusa \
\ _- a M flexorcarpiulnaris
A r a d i a l i s a\ \
N radialis
M brachioradialis o
--- o M flexordigitorum
profundus
V cephalica O --
M. extensorcarpi O --
radialis brevis
Radius --
--
o M extensorcarpiulnaris
/
Fascia antebrachii
/ \ o M. extensor
indicis;
M extensorcarpiradialislonguso M extensorpollicislongus
\ OA interosseaposterior
t N. interosseus posterior
antebrachii
\'
o M. extensordigitorum
M abductorpollicislongus
Fig.437 Forearm,Antebrachium;
crosssectionthroughthe middleof the forearm;
distalview (r., 720o/o\.
-- M paharis longus,Tendo
M flexorcarpi --
radialis
- - M. llexor
M. flexordigitorum- - carpiulnaris
superficialis
M. brachioradialis---
-- M flexor
protundus
digitorum
M. flexorpollicis- - -
longus
R a d i u s- - - - - Ulna
---
Membrana interossea
antebrachii
Fig.438 Forearm,Antebrachium;
cross-sectional imageobtainedwith magnetic
resonancetomography(MRT)throughthe middle
of the forearm:
distalview (r.).
255
CutisI
M. palmaris
longus, \. \
M tlexordigitorum Tendines
superticialis, / Fascia antebrachii
\ i
N. medianus,R. palmaris -_ \, l / O M, flexof digitorumsuperficialis'
\.\l '\
- t. I
N medianus - / A . ;N u l n a r i s
/O
M flexor carpi radialis,Tendo' 7 I M flexorcarpiulnaris
M llexorpollicislongus,Tendo*a --_ ) M flexordigilorumprolundus'
---
A r a d i a l i s o- - -
N ulnaris,R. dorsalis
N musculocutaneus. ----
N cutaneus lateralis
antebrachii quadratus
o M pronator
M abductor longus,Tendines'a - -
pollicis - - - - Articulatioradioulnaris
distalis,
Recessussaccilormis
-'
N radialis,R superficialis
V.ceohalica; a
pollicisbrevis'Tendo*a --
M extensor ----
Ulna
M brachioradialis,Tendoa / *----
- - o M. extensor Tendo'
carpiulnaris,
Mm.extensorescaroiradialesa
longuset brevis,Tendines* -
Articulatioradioulnarisdistalis
Radius/ - a M extensordigitiminimi'
," ,j
Fasciaantebrachii t, \oM
/ extensorindicis*
Telasubcutanea / t
I aM exrensordigitorum'
M extensorpollicislongus,Tendo*| l
I Retinaculum extensorum
musculorum
V basilicao
Mm llexores-
- - Ulna,Caputulnae
- - Articulatioradio-
ulnarisdistalis,
Cavilasarticularis
Fig.440 Forearm,Antebrachium;
cross-sectional imageobtainedwith computedtomography
(CT)at the levelof the distal radioulnar joint;
distalview (r.).
(rpperLimb
256
M palmaris longus,Tendo C \ /, Hypofienal
Retinaculummusculorumflexorum \
-l n' e\ n a r .\
\\
N medianus- -_
)
M f l e x o rp o l l i c i sl o n g u s ,T e n d oC - - -- a A;N
'M
flexor carpi radialis,Tendo t - - _
Ostrapezium ---
M abductorpollicislongus, Tendo | --
M extensor oollicisbrevis. Tendo I -- --- * M extensor carpi ulnaris,Tendo
V cephalica a -- --
.. oahamatum
A r a d i a l i so - - t
.. * M extensor digiti minimi, Tendo
Mm extensorescarpi radiales,Tendines * -- taV
.. basitica
\
M extensor pollicislongus, Fendo * / os capitatum
t
\ ts M extensor digitorum,Tendo
/
Os traoezotdeunr \
* M extensor indicis,Tendo
' carpal tunnel syndrome:comprossionof tht: median nerve in the carpal canal
Fig.441 Carpus,Carpus; . . u l n a r t u n n o l s y n d r o m c :c o m p r e s s i o n
o f t h e u l n a r n e r v ei n t h e s o c a l l e du l n a r
crosssectionthroughthehamulusof thehamatebone,Hamulus t u n n e l{ l o g ( d
: e GUYoN)
ossishamati;thesynovial Vaginae
sheaths, tendinum,
areshown;
distalview(r.,100%).
- - - Retinaculummusculorumtlexorum
Thenar --
--- Canaliscarpi;
(Mm flexoresdigitorum)
Os metacarpipollicis,Basis - - - - - Hamulus ossis hamati
- - Hypothenar
Os trapezium- -
- - Os hamatum
- -
Os trapezoideum --*
Oscapitatum
---
(Mm extensoresdigitorum)
Fig.442 Carpus,Carpus;cross-sectional
imageobtainedwith computedtomography(CT)throughthe hamulusof the hamatebone;
distal view (r.).
palmares
a Aa digitales communes;
N medianus
Mm lumbricalesa
\ , t M. flexordigilorum
superlicialis,
Tendines
tt I
M flexor polhcisbrevis, rF . i M abductor
Caput superficiale /
/ digiti minimi
M flexor pollicis
' longus, Tendo, a -. -- a M. gPponens
Vagina iendinis olgllt mlnlml
,'i o M interosseus
dorsakslll
/
,ti
Os metacarpr
lll t M extensor digitorum,Tendines
Fig. 443 Metacarpus,Metacarpus;crosssectionthrough the middle of the 3rd metacarpalbone;distal view (r., 95%).
n rFl
Ptexusbrachiatis
Z) |
Plexus cervicalis
c 1 - c 4( c 5 )
Ansa cervicalis Mm. infrahyoidei
Radixsuperior
Radixinferior
Skin supeliolof PI'ocmastoldeus
N. occipitalis minor
Sl<inof aulicleand adjacentareas
N. auricularis magnus
Skin of antefiorneckregion
N. transversus colli
Skin of lateralneckregion,infraclavicular
Nn. supraclavicularesmediales
areaof chestand shoulder
Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii
Nn. supraclaviculares laterales
Rr. musculares M. Ionguscolli,M. longuscapitis,NI.rec-
tus capitis anteriot',Ir'[m.i ntet'transver-
salii, (M. trapezius), lvl.levatorscapulae,
M . s c a l e n um
s edius
Pleura
Anteriolpalt of pericardium,
N. phrenicus Diaphragma
diaphraginatica,peritoneumof the central
(c3)c4(c5) partsof the diaPhragm
Plexus brachialis
(c5) c4-Tl (T2)
N. dorsalis scaPulae Mm lhomlloidei
M levatorscapulae,
c4,c5
N. suprascapularis M. infraspinatus
M. supraspinatus,
C4-C6
Nn. subscaPulares (M teresmajos)
M. subscapularis,
c5-c7
N. subclavius M. subclavius
(c4)c5,c6
N, thoracicus longus M. serratusanterior
c5-c7(c8)
Nn. pectorales M pectoralismaior,M. pectoralisminor
c8-T1
N. thoracodorsalis M latissimusdorsi,M. teresmaior
c6-c8
Rr.musculares M. longuscolli,M longuscaPitis
M coracobrachialis,M. bicepsbrachii, Skin of the radialsideof the forearm
N.musculocutaneus
c5-c7 M. brachialis
Skin of the radialsideof the Palm
N. medianus (3,5fingers)
c6-T1
Mm. interossei
Skin of the medialsideof the upperarm
N. cutaneus brachli medialis
TI _T2
Skin of the ulnar sideof the forearm
N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis
C8-T1
N. axillaris M. teresminor
M. deltoideus,
c5.c6
M. tricepsbrachii,M. anconeus, Skin of the dorsalsideof upperarm, forearm
N. radialis
c6-Tr M- extensorcarpi radialis and hand {2,5 radial fingers,with the
M. brachioradialis,
longus,M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis, exceptionof the terminal phalanges)
M. M.
iurrinator, extensor digitorum'
M. exiensorpollicislongus,M. abductor
oollicislongus,M. extensorpollicisbrevis,
M. extensoiindicis,M. extensorcarpi
ulnaris
258
Vv superiorescerebri
\
(Plicapetroclinoideaposterior)
\
(Plica petroclinoideaanteriorl \
\ 7 Falx cerebn
\
N trochtearis / N trigeminus
[V],Parssensoria
[tV] \ z')
N oculomotorius
Illl] \ / N tflgeminus
[V],Parsmotoria
\ \ -\
Proc clinoideusanterior \
\\
N opticusflll \ v z Tentoriumcerebelli
\ -.- Incisuratentorii
_--- N l a c i a l i s[ V l l ]
-- N veslibulocochlearis
lviltl
--- N g l o s s o p h a r y n g lexul s
---
N v a g u s{ X l
N accessorius
[Xl]
-tt***-
- --
Parspetrosa
Os temporale,
/ Sinus sagittalissuperror
-- Sinus sagittallsinterior
Sinus sphenoparietalis \
- - - Vv supertorescerebrl
A carotis interna -
N o p t i c u us l - _
--- V magnacerebll
. -s. - _
Sinuscavernosu
- - Sinustransversus
H y p o p h y s i-s- -
l-----
-- S i n u ss i g m o i d e u s
S i n u si n t e r c a v e r n o s-i - ----
---- S i n u sr e c t u s
---- C o n f l u e nssi n u u m
-- sinusocciPitalis
?n-
---
s i n u .m a r g i n a l i s
\ Foramenmagnum
suPerlor
Sinusoetrosus
alsopage
Location of the Sinus durae matris (see 263)
posteriOrCranialfOssa
Calvaria,Falx cerebri and Anterior and medial cranial fossa
Tentorium cerebelli
SinussagittalisuPerior SinussphenoParietalis Confluenssinuum
Sinussagittalisinferior Sinuscavernosus Sinustransversus
Sinusintercavernosi Sinussigmoideus
Sinusrectus
SinuspetrosussuPerior Sinusmarginalis
Sinuspelrosquamosus SinusocciPitalis
Sinuspetrosusinferior
Plexusbasilaris
Brain,
Encephato
260
A. carotis interna.
-- Pars cavernosa
A. temporalis
- - superficialis.
A. supraorbilafis -
A opnrnar-lI
m r c aI
\ A supratrochlearis _
- A basilaris
A angularis
A sphenopalatina
A infraorbitalis - -
^ -- - A verlebralis
Pcraurd
descendens
A infraorbrtalis-
Aa temporales -
profundae --- A auricularis
posterior
A labialissuperior.--
A b u c c a l i s- -
A transversa'laciei -
A alveolarisinferior /
A maxillaris/
palatinaascendens
A labialis inlerior --'
A facialis--
A s u b m e n t a l i s- - - -- A vertebralis
-
A lingualis -
A carotis extena / /
A thyroideasuperior/
A caroliscommunis
A c a o s o m a r g r n a-l -t -s- - - -
.-- A c e r e b r im e d r a
- A . c a r o t l sI n l e r n a .
Pars cerebralls
--- A cerebrrPosterror
--- A i n l e r i o ra n l e r i o rc e r e b e l l l
--- A basilaris
----
A i n l e r i o r p o s t e r r ocre r e b e l l i
--
A vertebralrs
I
".-:I
\.G --_
a a r sc e r u t c a l l s
A c a r o t i s i n t e r nP
\ A carottsexterna
A carotis communls
Fig.447 Intertlaa l r t e r i e so f t h e h e a t l ;
v i e n e r lt r u m t h e l e f t .
AP ratliograph,cligitalsubtractionangiography(DSA)
F i g s . 4 4 Ba , b l n t e r n a lc a r o t i da r t e r y ,A c a r t t t i si n t e r n a ;
a
(DSA)
b lateralrarliograph,digital subtractionangiography
radiographsafter injectionof a contrastmedium
(angiography).
262 Brain,
Encephato
V thalamostriatasuperior
/
parietalis
V emissaria
/
inferior
/ Sinussagittalis
/ V internacerebri
/ / Sinussagittalis
superior
)-- Y;lslr"
-- V basalis"
V ophthalmica --
supenor
V angularis-l
- - V emissaria
occipitalis
--
Confluens
sinuum
S i n u s- \ V occipitalis
cavernosus
\ V emissaria mastoidea
Plexusvenosus-
foraminis
ovalis -- /'-- Sinus sigmoideus
-
Bulbussuperiorvenaejugularis
^HIEXUS
./
plery9oideus
V lacialis
/
7l
/
/
V retromandibularis internaI
V jugularis
V ophthalmicasuperior \
\ / Sinussphenoparietalis
Sinus intercavernosi
Sinuscavernosus
/ meola
V meningea
Plexus basilafls \
S i n u sm a r g l n a l r s- -
Bulbussuperror
venaejugularis
- -
Sinussigmoideus
Sinus occipitalis --
- Sinustransversus
Confluens stnuum -
-
Sinus sagittalissuperror
F i g . 4 5 0 D u r a ls i n u s e sS, i n u sd u r a em a t r t s ;
the cranialvault has been removed;the venousslnuses
havebeenfilled rvith a plasticcomponent;
supenorvlew.
* L e g g i ' s a n a s t o m o s ius i t h t h e s u l ) e r f i i(a l m i d d l et ; e r e b r arle i n s '
\ r m e r l i u es u l r e r t i irr l e r r e r e l r r i
- - .}
Epiderm,s
Cutrs
-- D e r m r[sC o r i u m ] , f
Lacunae laterales
\
\
\ Galea aponeurotica
Os parietale \
\_
V v d i p l o i c a e- -
L a m i n ai n t e r n a
Dura mater cranialis
Arachnoideamater subarachnoideum
cranialis
Suturasagittalis\
/
W diploicae---(
occipitales \
Vv diploicae
temporales
anteriores
W diploicae
temporales
posteriores
Fig.452 Diploic canals,Canalesdiploici, and diploic veins, the Lamina externa of the bonesof the cranial vault has been
Vv. diploicae, of the cranial vault; removed;
dextrosuperior view.
Baseof the Skull,Internal Suface,Basiscranii interna
265
Falx cerebri
suPerror
Sinussagittalis /
Ouramatercrantalis\ a Sinus sagittalisinferior
| ,
V nasotrontalis,i* ! ,/ / aR meningeusanterior
\
A ophthalmica
O \ / OA ethmoidalisanterior
\ / a Sinus intercavernosusanterlor
M rectussupeflori \
/ N opticusl|]
M levalorpalpebrae superiorlsO \\ / aA carotisinterna
Bulbusoculi: / N ophthalmicus[V/1]
- / OA tymPanicasupenor
$
Sinuscavernosus
N, pelrosus mlnor
-- 1A meningeamedla'
R petrosus
S t n u s# - N tngeminus
intercavernosus [Vl
Posterior - N tacialislvlll
- - Nveslibulocochlearis
Plexusbasilariso
lvilrl
-
Sinuspetrosusa / o SinusPetrosus superror
superlor \ N intermedius
N glossopharyngeus -\
a Sinussigmoideus
--
/ a (". meningeus)
Tentoriumcerebelli (4. occipltalls)
z \
Sinus lransversus$ O A labyrinthi
N vagus[Xl
/ 'i
\ Foramen jugulare
N accessorius
[Xl]
/
\ N abducens
[V|]
N hypoglossus[Xll]
\ N accessorius
[Xl]
\ vertebralis,Rr meningei
1A
/ t\ t
Sinussagittahsinleriorl 7 I Medulla oblongata
sinusrectus*/ / \ Falx cerebri
sinuumI I
Contluens a Sinus sagitlalissuPerior
44450',tr
454/'
Basiscranii
Fig.453 Baseof the skull (internalsurface), the roof of the left orbit and the cerebralfalx havebeen
interna,with cranialduramater,Duramatercranialis,dural removedtogetherwith the right part of the Tentoriumcerebelli;
sinuses.Sinusduraematris,andcranialnerves' Nervicraniales; superiorview.
* clinical: Glssrn's Sanglion
Brain,Encephato
266
Nn olfactoriill
A c o m m u n i c a n sa n t e r i o ra
\ / Foramrna
cribrosa
Pars oostcommunicalisa ,
A cereDrl?nle''o' pars \
precommunrcalrso / Hypophysis
\
N o p t i c u sl l l
t \. / , Canalisopticus
A c a r o t i si n t e r n a .O , \
Pars cerebralis \ I
A ophthalmicaa\ \\
A c e r e b rm
i e d i aO a a \ ,
N trochlearis
lvl ta
,
N frontalis \tt /, Proc. clrnoideus
/ Posterior
V ophthalmicasuperior O \
N lacrimalis \
i'\, ,/
/, Fissura orbitalis
supelor
N a b d u c e n s[ V l ] \
\'
N nasociliaris .
\ 7 Foramen rotundum
N o c u l o m o t o r i u !sl l l
A carotis interna,O - /aA cerebriposterior
Pars cavernosa
N maxillaris[V/2]
- Sulcuscaroticus
A communicans posteflor O --.-
P l e x u sc a r o t i c u sI n t e r n u s - Foramenlacerum
Plexus venosus caroticusinternus a - --
P l e x u sv e n o s u sa - - - _ - Foramen ovale
foramrnro s valis
N mandibulafls[V/3] --- S u l c u sa m e n i n g e a e
medrae
( earso
- - - - - Apexpartispetrosae
A. cerebri I precommunicalis
posterior'l ParsO --
I postcommunicalis -- F o r a m e ns p i n o s u m
Fl manin^ailc
-- .-
A m e n i n g e am e d i a O - Canalis caroticus
N petrosus minor
A superiorcerebelli
N petrosus major --
H r a t u sc a n a l i s
A b a s i l a r i sO - - nervi petrosi minoris
\ Hiatus canalis
N t a c i a l i s[ V l l l nervi petrosi majoris
\ Porus acusticus
N v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e[aVrlilsl ] inlernus
N accessorius [Xl] \ a A labyrinthi
A meningea posterior O/
\
N vagus[X] / F o r a m e nj u g u l a r e
N glossopharyngeus
lXl \ S u c u s s i n u ss i g m o r d e i
/
./
N hypoglossus[Xl|]
\
/,// o A vertebralis
\
Medulla oblonoata / ./ / \ o A. inferrorPosterior
/ / 1 \ cerebelll
\
P i a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s/ ,' \ F o r a m e nm a g n u m
/ / \
Spatium subarachnoideum o S i n u so c c i p i t a l i s
/
A r a c h n o i d e am a t e r c r a n i a l i s
/
Duramatercranralis
12.N. hypoglossus
[XII] Medullaoblongata,Sulcus
anterolateralis
Brain,
Encephato
268
Dorsum sellae
\
posterior-
\ / Neurohypophysis
Sinusintercavernosus
D i a p h r a g m a s e l l a e- - _ _
N o p l i c u s l l l-l - - - =
Sinusintercavernosus
anlenor
-
Sella turcica, Fossa hypophysialis
/
Sinussphenoidalis \
Os sphenoidale,Corpus
Fig. 455 Pituitary gland, Hypophysis[Glandulapituitarial; The pituitary gland is embeddedin the venoussinus system
median section; of the cranialdura mater.The intercavernous sinuses(anterior
viewed from the left. and posterior)connectthe right and left cavernoussinuses.
Draphragma
sellae
Sinusintercavernosi
\ \
Sinuscavernosus
\ \\ --- A carotisinlerna,
N oculomotorius
llll \ \ ---
Pars cerebralis
A carotisinterna,-- ----
P r o c c h n o i d e u sa n t e r i o r
Parscavernosa
N . t r o c h l e a rfilsV l - - * _ * _ : Inlundibulum
N a b d u c e ntsv l l - - - - - -
-- Neurohypophysisl
N o p h l h a l m i c u s[ V / 1 ] - - - - - - - : Hypopnys,s
--- ' IGlandula
--- Adenohypophysis
I bituitarial
D u r am a t e cr r a n i a l i-s- - )'
- -
Sella turcica,
Fossa hypophysialis
--
Sinus sphenoidalis
- Apexpartispelrosae
- Fissurasphenopelrosa
\ (Fibrocartilagobasalis)
(Proc clinoideus
medius)\ _- Sulcusprechiasmalicus
t.
N opticuslll]-
-.-
A carotisinlerna,Parscerebralis--
---{.
A o p h t h a l m i c-a
Hypophysis[Glandulapituitaria]
---- N a b d u c e n[sV l l
N oculomotorius
llll -__
Fissurasphenopeirosa
N trochlearis[V]--
---
[V/11--
N. ophthalmicus A carolis interna.Pars cavernosa
IV/21--
N maxillaris
Ganglion - -
trigemrnale
Fig.457 Cavernoussinus,Sinuscavernosus; removed; the trigeminal ganglion has been pulled laterally;
the lateralwall of the sinus formedby the Dura materhasbeen viewed from the left.
l, TrigeminalNerve,Nervustrigeminus I i'i
Inlundrbulum
Substantianigra
\ ----
\\ -16-r
N o p t i c u sI l l / ,.J -' Pedunculuce s rebri,
Cruscerebrl
A carolrsInterna, h"*-=ta - -
Pars cerebralrs :- - - - N oculomotorius
lltl
-- N trochlearis
lvl
A ophthalmica
- - (Plica petroclinoidea
anterior)
--
N t r r g e m i n u [sV ] ,
Radix motoria
N o p h t h a l m r c uIsV l l l "
- N trigeminus
- [Vl
Ganglronlrigeminale' - Radix sensoria
-Ntacialislvlll
i..
\ N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N mandibulaflsIVl3l -'
Arachnordeamaler cranialis
/
\
!-- N t r r g e m i n u[ Vs ]
t-
,-.-\.
I
N m a x l l l a r l sw t z ) - - - r-= - --- t
4l )-r;
:a<-r
a+'d('Lt. \' \
\\
\ Dura mater cranialis \ (Cisternatrigeminalis)
N o p h l h a l m i c u s[ V / 1 ]
,/
N k o c h l e a r i sl V l - _ -- N maxrllaris[V/2]
N t r i g e m i n u sI V I - _ -- N m a n d i b u l a r i [sV / 3 ]
N a b d u c e ntsv l l - - - F
N v e s l i b u l o c o c h l e a r[iVs l l l ] - -
- Pyramis
N glossopharyngeusllxl //
N vagus[X] /
I I
N accessorius[Xl] / N h y p o g l o s s {uXst l l i I Sulcusanterolateralis
N. oculomotorius[III]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.n. III (GSE) Adjacentto the nerve . Sensitive
fibresof
. Nucl.accessorius nervi N. nasociliaris
(V/1)
oculomotorii (GVE) . Sympatheticfibresof the
-+ Ganglionciliare Plexusophthalmicus
Pointof exit frorrrthebrain lnner sideof Pedunculus
cerebri N. trochlearis [IV]
Locationin the subarachnoid Cisterna basalis,Cisterna Nuclei(qualities) Nucl.n. IV (cSE)
space interpeduncularis Pointof exit from the brainInferiorof Colliculusinf.
Pointof entry throughthe Roofof Sinuscavernosus
Duramater Locationin the subarachnoid Cisternaambiens,Cisterna
::,, r.rl:
space basalis
Pointof entry throughthe Fissuraorbitalissuperior
baseof skull Pointof entry throughthe Between Plicapetroclinoidea
Duramater ant.andpost.
Distributionarea . Motor:
- M. levatorpalpebrae Pathwayin the Duramater Lateralwall of Sinus
sup.,
cavernosus
Mm.rectisup.,med.,inf.,
M. obliquusinferior Pointof entry throughthe Fissuraorbitalissuperior
. Parasympathetic: baseof skull
- M. ciliaris,M. sphincter Distributionarea . Motor:
pupillae - M. obliquussuperior
Cranial Nerves, Nervicraniates
27 I
N o c u l o m o t o r i!ul lsl , R s u P e r i o r
Radrxsensona i / lvl obliquus
supertor
'
N n a s o c i l i a r i s jI
i
Fissura orbitalissuperior I
Ganglion -
trigeminale
\
/ n a o i xm o t o r i a- - Glandula lacnmalis
trigeminus
[V] { --
\ R a d i xs e n s o r i a tt
, communicanscum nervo zygomatico
Pons - - - .
\ N zygomaticus
N n c i l i a r e sl o n g l
Ganglion ciliare
R communicanscum ganglio ctltart
F r s s u r ao r b i l a l r s u P e r i o r
N. abducens [VI]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.n. VI (GSE) Location,inthe subarachiOitt Cisternabasalis,Cavum
space trigeminale
Pointof exit from the brain BetlveenPonsandPyramis
Pointof entry throughthe Ggl.trigeminale:lateral
Locationin the subarachnoid Cisternabasalis wall of Sinuscavernosus
Duramater
space
Pointof entry throughthe upperthird of the clivus
Duramater N. ophthalmicuslY/ll
Pathwayin the Dura mater AboveApexpartispetrosae, Pathwayin the Duramatef lateral wall ofSinuscavernosus
throughthe Sinuscavernosus,
Exit throughthe baseof FissuraorbitalissuPerior
lateralof A. carotisinterna
skull
Pointof entry throughthe Fissuraorbitalissuperior
D i s t r i b u l i o n a r e a , . : t t : t , : : : l :.i : lSensitive::r,
baseof skull ,::::
: ' : : : l : : l l l : : : : l,: , : - Tentoriumcerebelli
Distributionarea . Motor: - Forehead, uPPerlid, back
- M. rectuslateralis of the nose,Sclera,Cornea
- Cellulaeethmoidales,
N. trigeminus [V] Sinussphenoidalis, nasal
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.mesencephalicusn. V cavity(anteriorPart)
andNucl.spinalisn.V Adjacentto the nerve . Parasympathetic:
(GSAandGVA) - R. communicans cumn.
. Nucl.motoriusn.V (SVE) zygomatico (Glandula
Pointof exit from the brain Lateralmarginof Pons lacrimalis)
Brain,
Encephato
27 2
Rr orbitalesI I Rr nasales posterioressuperioreslateraleset mediales
N infraorbitalis
N trigeminus[V]
Haorx sensofla
---
tsons Foramen infraorbitale
7//
/ /a . / .. R zygomaticofacrahs
Rmeningeus' 'i /,// R zygomaticotemporalis
,
/ Nn alveolaressuperiores
Ganglion pterygopalalinum
Fig. 463 Maxillary nerve, /
N pharyngeus
N m a x i l l a r i s[ V / 2 ] ; ',/
N. palalinus major
lateralview (r.)
/ Ganghon trigeminale
\- -- I
Fo'a eno,ate
t-)d 1
'*"..\-='r- ! i ,/Ganglion
olrcum
:\ Nn temporalesprofundi
/,/
N Pterygoideuslateralis
N m a n d i b u l a r r s t V -/ *3 1 /./
. , plerygoideusmedialis
,,
R meningeus- -
,/ N buccahs
Foramen sptnosum -- N lingualis
/'/
,' Rr ganglionares
N auriculolemporalis z/
z Ganglion submandibutare
A meningea media
_-- Rr linguates
/
Chorda tympani (N faciatis)
't l z'
N massetericus
// /
/
N alveolaris inlerior ,'
Fig. 464 Mandibularnerve, /
N mylohyoideus
N. mandibularis[V/3]; Plexus denlalis inlerior N mentalis
lateralview (r.).
Foramen mentale
Ganglion geniculi - -
N facialis[Vll] --
N stapedius--
- -.
Canalis nervi lacialis -
- -
Foramenstylomastoldeum
-
cum nervovago --
R communicans Rr temporales
Fig.465 Facialnerve, cumneruoglossopharyngeo
R communicans
Rr zygomaticl
N. facialis[VII]; the facialcanal Rr buccales
(R lingualis)
and the tympaniccavitYhave
R marginalismandibularis
beenexposed;
R colli
lateralview (r.).
* c l i n i t ; a lc: e r e b e l l o p o n t i naen g l e
internus
Meatusacusticus
I
\. \ Nn.ampullares anterior)per"
lateraliset
\
N vestibularis
,' N.utricularis I !,iJ"",io|.
Fig. 466 Vestibulocochlearnerve, N.utriculoampullaris )
\
N cochlearis ,t N. saccularis \ par. inreno,
N. vestibulocochlearis[VIII]; N ampullaflsPostenorJ
N vestibulocochlearis
the membranouspart of the labyrinth lvilrl
Ganglion vestibulare
N. facialis [VII]
Nuclei (qualities) . Nucl. n. VII (SVE) . sensory:
. Nucl salivatorius
superior(GVE) - Tongue(anterior2/3)
. Nucl.solitarius
(SVA) . Parasympathetic:
Pointof exitfrom Cerebellopontine angle Glandulalacrimalis,Glandulaenasales
the brain palatinae(viaGgl.pterySopalatinum),
Glandulae and
submandibularis
Location in thesub- Cisternabasalis, pontocerebellaris
Cisterna
sublingualis(viaGgl.submandibulare)
arachnoidspace
Adjacentto the . SensitivefromN. trigeminusto the face
Exit fromDura Fundusmeatusacusticiinterni
nerve
materand entry
into the baseof
skull N. vestibulocochlearis[VI[
Pathwayin the Canalisnervifacialis Nuclei (qualities) . Nucll.cochleares
and
bdseof skull (SSA)
vestibulares
Pointof exit Foramenstylomastoideum Point of exit from the brain Cerebellopontineangle
throughthe base Locationin the subarachnoid Cisternabasalis,Cisterna
of skull sl)ace pontocerebellaris
Distributionarea . Motor: Exit h'om Dura mater and Fundusmeatusacustici
- Mimicmuscles, Mm.auriculares
entry into the baseof skull interni
- M. digastricus
(Venterposterior),
M. stylohyoideus Pathwayin the baseof skull Tothelabyrinthof thepetrous
- M. stapedius part of the temporalbone
Distributionarea . Organof Conrt
. Organofequilibrium
t*^, Encepharon
27 $
N. glossopharyngeus[IX]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.ambiguus(SVE)
. Nucl.spinalisn. V (GVA)
:::' ' Nucl.solitarius
(SVA)
. Nucl.salivatoriusinferior(GVE)
Medulla oblongata, \ : N mandibularis
Pointof exit from Between
oliveandTuberculumcuneatum
Sulcusretroolivaris \-' i-- [V/3]
- Ganglion
the brain,
N glossopharyngeus
- .- oticum
lxl - N petrosusminor Locationrin the Cisternabasalis
jugutare'-- - - -i,\>'X
Foramen - Plexustympanicus subarachnoid space
Ganglionsuperius(lX) - - - -,-:.- -
Pointofentry Foramen jugulare
-
R . c o m m u n i c a n- s - - * - \ - - N through:,the base
cumramoauriculari t .. i.,u, tympanicus
nerurvagl of skull "r:
GanglioninleriuslVtl'y
" Distributionarea . Motor:
- Musclesof the pharynx(cranialpart),
R musculi-
stylopharyngei
/ ::r:,,,, M. levatorvelipalatini,M. uvulae,
R sinus caroticr /
' M. palatoglossus,
M. palatopharyngeus,
A carotisinterna,- \R,ringuares M. stylopharyngeus
Sinuscaroticus \ \ ' Sensitive:
\ \
Glomuscaroticum/
Rr tonsillares
\ ,:r: - Pharyngeal mucousmembrane
Rr pharyngeates
A carotis /
communis (cranialpart),palatinetonsil,tongue
(posterior
third)
- Plexustympanicus, Tubaauditiva
- Sinuscaroticus
Fig.467 Glossopharyngealnerve, .,,r . Sensory:
N. glossopharyngeus
IX];
- Tongue(posteriorthird)
lateralview (r.). ' ParasymPathetic:
Glandulaparotidea(viaGgl.oticum)
":ii - Glandulae linguales(posterior)
J j=-'
'/1 .:\
Pons --+'-- vi
. R auricularis
-
Sulcusretroolivaris - R meningeus
superius(X) - -
Ganglion
- ' _ - R .c o m m u n i c a cnus m
Fo?men jugulate nervogrossopnaryngeo
inferius(X) /
Ganglion -- Rr pharyngeales
N- vagus[X] - -- N laryngeus
supenor N. vagus [X]
Nuclei(qualities) . Nucl.ambiguus (SVE)
- Br cardiaci ceruicales . Nucl.spinalisn. V (GVA)
N laryngeus--- - -
recurrens
supeflores . Nucl.solitarius(SVA)
--- N laryngeus
recurrens . Nucl.dorsalisn. X (GVE)
A subclavia -
2--Rt
A carotiscommunis- cardiaci Pointof exit from Sulcusposterolateralis
ceruicalesinferiores
- - -
,,thebrainii:'I
Rr cardiacrthoracici
Truncus-
brachiocephaIcus Locationin the Cisternabasalis
--- Plexuscardiacus
Arcusaortae -
subarachnoid space
- - Rr bronchiales
Pointof e4.try Foramen jugulare
- - Plexuspulmonalis
throughttiCbase
aortae -
Parsthoracica
- .-.- of skull
Truncusvaoalisanterior
-
Truncusvagalis Distributionarea . Motor:
Posterior - Musclesof thepharynx(inferiorpart),
Plexus oesophageus Hiatusoesophageus
M. levatorveli palatini,M. uvulae
: _-- - Musclesof the larynx
. Sensory:
Diaphragma - Rr gasficiposteriores
--- - Tongue(posterior third)
--- Rr coeliaci . Sensitive:
-*-
Rr, hepatici - Rr renales - Duraof Fossacranialisposterior
Truncus coeliacus - - Meatusacusticus externus(m00n-
shaped, inferiorpart)
. Parasympathetic:
- Organsof the neck,thoraxand
Fig.468 Vagalnerve,N. vagus[Xl;
bothnerves; abdomenup to the ClNnou-
BdHrrrpoint
ventralview.
Cranial Nerves,Nerv tcrantates2T5
N. accessorius[XI]
R a d i c e s c r a n i a l e s- - = _
Xucfei:(tlUli@s),: ' Nucl' ambiguusand Nucl' n' Xl (SVE)
Pointof exit from ' Radicescraniales(dorsalof the olive)
-- N vaguslxl
Truncus nerui accessorii
-- the brain ' RadicessPinales
R internus (Medullacervicalis- lateral)
Radices sOinales---
\ R externus
\ Locationin the Cisternabasalis
\ Foramen
jugulare subarachnold
spac€
Pointof'Cntryin Foramenmagnum(Radicesspinales)
the baseof skull
Disribiiiiiliilarea'' Mfl
loriernocleidomastoideus
- M. trapezius
Fig.469 AccessorYnerve,
N. accessorius[XI];
lateralview (r.).
N. hypoglossus[XIII
. Nucl.n. XII (SVE)
Pointofre)dtfrom Sulcusanterolateralis
the braia r,
.I'.1A) A Location in the Cisternabasalis
Radixsuperior- -a--l subarachnoid
(Plexusceruicalis) space
Pointof exit Canalisnervi hYPoglossi
throughthe base
of skull
Distributionarea . Motor:
Radix inlerior --i - Musclesof the tongue
(Plexus cervicalis) i
- M. styloglossus,M. hYoglossus'
\:.
A n s a c e r v i c a l-i-sl - M. genioglossus
\ rR thyrohyoideus
Fig.470 HyPoglossalnerve,
N. hypoglossus [XII];
lateralview (r.).
Brain,
Encephaton
3 ? f)
Corpuscallosum,
Genu, j Septumpellucidum
Falx cerebri \
A cerebrianterior - .,
..-t
\---.--
c
Bulbusolfactorius\
Tractusolfactorius-
Chiasmaopticum -
N. ooticustlll --
Tractusopticus -
N oculomotorius
tltll .- _ _
(Plicap€troclinoidea _
anterior)
''fi+itt:--:;iiffi- --"J:ffi
;::l;
N t r o c h l e a rtitsv l - _ _ _ _ _
N a b d u c e n s t v-t-l _ _ _ _
--- Nucleusruber
N t r i g e m i n ut vs l - - _ _ _ _ _ Colliculus
superiorsinister
Tentoriumcerebelli --- _ _ _
Col[culiinferiores
N .f a c i a ltivsl l l - - - - _ _ _ _ '
N . v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e a r i-s - - - --- --l
.- tl Velummedullare
superius
[vil|] Sinusrectus
Pedunculi cerebellares
Vermis cerebelli
Ventriculus
quartus
- - - Plexus choroideusventriculiouarti
r: -- Apenura mediana ventriculiquarti
A . b a s i t a r i -s- -
Fig' 471 course of the cranial nerves' Nn. craniales,through the left halvesof the cerebrum,cerebellumand tentorium of the
the subarachnoidspace;
cerebellum have been removed,
dorsosuperiorview (1.).
/ lateralis,
Ventriculus
.t cornufrontale
lateralis,-
Ventriculus / A. carotisinlerna,
Cornutemporale Parscerebralis
-:
A cerebriposterior \-
C i s l e r n a a m b i e n s :- - - - . - - - - < . -
Pedunculuscerebri
- - A oohthalmica
A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
- -
N. ophthalmicus
[V/3]
/ \
Gangliontrigeminale N maxillaris[V/2]
N mandibularisl
Iv/3]
Fig. 472 Courseof the cranialnerves,Nn. craniales,through the temporal lobe has been lifted and partially removed;
the middlecranialfossa,Fossacranii media; lateral view.
V cerebelli -- N tacialis[Vll]
I
- -
Sinustransversus
s ]- -
N t r i g e m i n u[ V
Pons-
\
Canalis nervi lacialis
-
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
N glossopharyngeuslxl
- --.__E =4..t-l \
For"t"n stylomastoideum
/.
/,
N vaousIXI / i
N hypoglossus
[Xl|]' \
sinussigmoideus
N accessorius[Xl]l Duramatercranialis
Fig. 473 Courseof the cranial nerves,Nn. craniales,through the left hemisphereand the tentorium of the cerebellumhave
the posteriorcranialfossa,Fossacranii posterior; been partially removed;
dextroposterior view
Brain,
Encephato
27 8
Sinussaginalis
superior:_
Laminainterna
Granulationes\
arachnoideae \
A. meningea
media,
R frontalis
L a c u n a e- - - -
laterales
--
Granulationes
I arachnoideae
Duramater -
cranialis
\
A. meninoea media.
R. parietilis
Sinus sagitlalis- -
suPeflor
Vv mediae-
supediciales
cerebrl
- A sulci
centralis
Vv supeflores-
cerebfl, - Rr.para-
Vv parietales centrales
- A sulci
poslcenvalis
- A parietalis
Posterior
Lacunae -
laterales - R gyriangularis
Vv superiores
cerebri,-
Vv occipitales R parietooccipitalis
/ Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
/ Arachnoidea mater
cranialis
Vv superiores
cerebfl,
W parietales
\ arachnoideae*
Granulationes
Bulbusolfactorius\ / Tractusolfactorius
Hypophysis
\
/ N. opticuslll
- A carotisinterna
-- Cisternainterpeduncularis
-- N aMucenslvll
-- N. trigeminus
[Vl
-
+ - N. lacialis[vlll
- - N. vestibulocochlearis
tvilrl
--
N glossopharyng€us
ttxl
--
N vagus[X]
--
N. accessorius
[Xl]
--
f Arachnoideamater
i cranialis
--
Pia matercranialis
\ Medullaoblongata
\ A. vertebralis
/
Hemispheriumcerebelli
Cisternacerebellomedullaris
A. communicans
anterior\ z Bulbusollactorius
Chiasmaopticum\ \
/ A. trontobasalis
medialis
\
A frontobasalis
lateralis1 \
/ Tractusoltactorius
/ N.opticus
ul
A. cerebrianterior,\
Parsprecommunicalis ,, A.carotisinterna
lsegmentum All
posterior
/ A. communicans
Areasubcallosa\
\ N oculomotorius
// !lll
z A.cerebriposterior,
ParspostcommunicalislsegmentumP2l
/ A suoeriorcerebelli
N trigeminus[V]
,z
z A. labyrinthi
A. cerebrimedia,- - -
Parsinsularis
[SegmentumM2]
-- N facialislvlll
-'
Lobus- i-
lemporalis
-- N vestibulocochlearis
A. choroidea -- ryilrl
anterior
- Plexus
Substantia- choroideus
perforata ventriculiquarti
poslerior
A. cerebriposleaior,/
Parsprecommunicalis --
[Segmentum Pll -l N.glossopharyngeus
A. superior'
cerebelli - A inferior
A. basilaris- anteriorcerebelli
/ -
N. abducens[Vl] / Hemispherium
cerebetli
-
N. hypoglossus[Xll]
\
N vagus[X]
t
/
A vertebralis
V/454
/
/ ,' N. accessorius[Xl]
A. spinalisanterior
'
A. inlerior Dosterior cerebelli
'
Medullaspinalis
Fig.478 Arteries ofthe brain; See Fig. 482 regarding the segments of the arteries of the brain.
the temporal lobe has been partially removed;
inferior view.
/ A. communicans anterior
-- Aa centralesanteromediales
-" Aa. centrales anleromediales
A. carolisinterna,Parscerebralis: _
- - Aa.centralesanterolaterales
cerebelli\
A suDerior
N trigeminus
[V] \
A labyrinthi** \ t A. cerebriPosterior,
7- Parsprecommunicalis
/ N oculomotorius
[ll|l
,- A basilaris
N vestibulocochlearis
Nilrl
N tacialis [Vlll
Aa.pontis
Ftoccutus
--- \l.-.-.-N abducens[Vl]
Plexuschoroideus
quarti'
ventriculi
--
N .v a g u s[ X ]
- --)
N glossopharyngeus [X]-.
-
[Xl],Radicescraniales
N accessorius
/
N hypoglossus [Xll] \
A inferioranleriorcerebelli
A inleriorposterior
cerebelli
lA Parsintracranialis
vertebralis,
Fig. 481 Arteries of the rhombencephalon,Rhombencephalon; passesabovethe abducentnerve, N' abducens,but in this
the midbrain has been sectioned; figure at one point it also runs beneath it
' clinical: BocHolLrK's structure of the choroid plexus
dextroinferior view. * * In about 15%the labyrinthine artery, A labyrinthi, originatesdirectly
The anterior inferior cerebellarartery usually (in about B0%) from the l-.asilararterY
3*h"4
,, Rr paracentrales
R frontalisposteromedialis--
7 R precunealis
Rr lrontales-- , Sulcusparietooccipitalis
R parietooccipitalis
--
R l r o n t a l i s- -
intermediomedialis
- - R parietooccipitalis
- - R parietalis
-- R calcarinus
*- A occipitalismedialis
lsegmentum P4l
- - R occioitotemDoralis
/
A callosomarginalis \ A occipitalislateralis
/ {Segmentum P3l
A trontobasalis
medialis
\ H corporiscallosidorsalis
/
Parspostcommunicalis
A cerebrianterior,
42] \ Parspostcommunicalis
[Segmentum A cerebriposterior,
A cerebri media. Pars sphenoidalis[Segmentum M1]r [Segmenlum P2]
Falx cerebri
/ A callosomarginalis
callosum,Truncus
,' /, Corpus
/ lateralis,Parscentralis
, Yentriculus
lL/
/ Fornix, Corpus
/ Plexus choroideus
/ venlflcultlateralts
Capsulainterna
/ Capsulaexterna
- Capsulaextrema
i:- \1
-\' - Aa insulares
--
/g
A cerebri media,
Rr terminales
.- -
Aa centrales
anterolaterales
.--- Corpus
amygdaloideum
Fig. 483 Arteriesand veins of the brain, Aa. et Vv. cerebri; the arteriesare shownon the right, the veins on the left;
frontal section; dorsalview.
MedianSecttonof theBrain
285
Adhesio interthalamica
Corpus
Truncus
Corouscallosum, I Fornix,
Plexus ctroroideus terlii
ventriculi
Foramen inlerventriculare \ | 1
\ I Tela ventriculitertii
choroidea
Septumpellucidum\ I I
pinealis
Ventriculuslateralis,Cornufronlale\ / Glandula
Splenium
/ Corpuscallosum,
/, V magna cerebrl
/ A. cerebnPoslerior
A. cerebrianterior,\
Parspostcommunicalis,\
A. oericallosa
/ Sulcusparieto-
/' occipitalis
Genu - - -
Corpuscallosum,
-\: -
Corpuscallosum,Rostrum- -
t
-\:i
Commissuraanierior - -
L a m i n a l e r m i n a-l -i s- -- Sulcus
anterior- .-
A communicans calcarinus
Hypothalamus- .- Commissura
poslerior
Chiasmaopticum- / - Aqueductus
/
A. carotisinterna / mesencephali
- Tectum
mesencephali
\ Vermis cerebelli
/
A basilaris /' ,/
Thalamus/ l' \ Ventriculusquartus
Pons / ,/
- -
A vertebralis' Hemispheriumcerebelli,
Tonsillacerebelli
\ Canaliscenlralis
Medulla
Fig. 4S4 Medial surface of the hemispheres, Facies medialis oblongata
Polusfrontalis
\ / Sulcusfrontalissuperior
\
\
Gyrustrontalissuperior \
/ Sulcuslrontialisinferior
Gyrusfrontalismedius -
- Sulcus prec€ntralis
Sulq/s centralis
Gyrusangularis--
- Sulcus intraDarietalis
Lobufusparietalissuperior .'
Lobuluspariotalisinletiot /
---
Srl"u" p"rigtooccipitalis
I
I
I
Polus occipitalis t
Fig.486 Cerebrum,Cerebrum;
the leptomeninges havebeenremoved;
superiorview.
Thesizeof the gyri canvary greatly.
In this brain of an elderlypersonthe two
Gyri frontalessuperiores vary enormously
BasalSurfaceof theBrain
287
Inlundibulum
\
Sulcio.bitales\
/ Sulcusollaclorius
Gyriorbitales\
t
. Bulbusolfactorius
\
N. opticusfll \ '
, Tractusolfactorius
Hvooohvsis
Polustemporalis\
\\
Substantiaperlorata \
anterior - -
N. oculomotorius
[l] -
\
Gvrusoarahippocampalis,
'' -
ljncus
C o r p u s m a m i l l a -r _
e_ _ - Fossa
interpeduncularis
Gyrusoccipito- .- .- -
temporalis - .-i _- N. trigeminus
[Vl,
lateralis Radixmotoria
.j.
-----rt N. mandibularis
[V/31
",i31:li:
inferior
-
I
---- Ganglion
Pedunculuscerebti - - - trigeminale
G y r u -s- - - ---- N trochlearisllvl
parahippocampalis
- -----
N trigeminuslY - - Pons
N i n t e r m e d i u- s- - - ----
N.trigeminusM,
Radixsensoria
N facialis ---
tvill --
N. abducens
[Vl]
-
N vestibulo--
cochlearis - - Hemispherium
lvllll /
cerebelli
Lobus /
llocculonodularis, - -
Flocculus .' Oliva
/
Hemispherium
cerebelli \ Pyramismedullae
,// oblongatae
Plexuschoroideus/ ,/
quarti
ventriculi ,' \ Medulla oblongata,
lxl /
N glossopharyngeus / Fissura mgdiana anlerior
N vagus[Xl /
\ Tonsilla cerebelli
/ll
[Xll] /
N hypoglossus i t
.t,\
tt t Polusoccipilalis
N. accessorius[Xll / I
\ Medullaspinalis
t
nervicervicalis
Filaradicularia i
tcll t
Decussatio /
pyramidum Vermiscerebelli
, Sulcuscentralis
Fissuralongitudinalis- - Lobustrontalis /
\ /Lobusparietalis
cerebri
Lobusfrontalis* Lsulcusparieto-
b. z'occipitalis
Sulcuscentralis-
Polus-
trontalis
- Polus
occipitalis
\ Lobus
Fossalateralis/ / \
occipilalis
cerebri I iLobusremporatis\ lncisura
parietooccipitalis /
Polustemporalis I prsoccipitalis
- lsulcuslateralis
LobusocciDiialis-
Polusoccipitalis/
Fig.488 Lobesof the cerebrum,Lobicerebri; Lobicerebri;
Fig.489 Lobesofthe cerebrum,
supenorvlew. lateralview.
Poluslrontalis\
Lobusfrontalis\ \
cinguli
Fissuralongitudinalis\ tGyrus
cerebri
Polustemporalis-_
Lobuslrontalis\
Fossa lateraliscerebri \ /. Lobus limbicus
Lobustemporalis- -
--- -/ Sulcusparioto-
Dienc€phalon occipitalis
Lobuslimticus,- - Polus-
Gyrus parahippocampalis frontalis - Sulcus
calcarinus
Sulcuscollateralis- -
- - - Polus
Sulcushippocampalis occipilalis
Mesencephalon - --
Lobrc
occipitalis
Incisura preoccipitalis /
'\
/ Diencephalon/ i! | lLobus temporalis lncisurapre'
LobusocciDitalis
// Sulcushippocampalis/ | Sulcuscollateratis
Polusoccipitalis/
Operculum
lronlale , Sulcuscentralis
parietalis
/ Lobus
- Operculumparietale
\ Lobustemporalis
/ Sulcusintraparietalis
/ \
Sulcuset Fossalateraliscerebri preocciPitalis
Incisura
I Margosup€rior
- - lsthmusgyri cinguli
ft./ \,
-*la'Gyrustemporalisinferior
\
Margoinferomediatis
Operculumlrontale;Operculumparietale
\
Gyrustrontalisinferior,,
Parsopercularis ',
,' ,, Gyruspostcentralis
Gyrustrontalis
superior\ , Sulcuspostcentralis
, Sulcuslateralis,R poslerior
Sulcusintraparielalis
_--
Gyrusfrontalismedius-
_ -- Gyrussupramarginalis
_-- Gyrusangularis
inferior,--
Gyrusfrontalis
Parstriangularis
Gyrusfrontalisinlerior,'- parietooccipilalis
Pars
- - orbitalis
---
( Ranterior/ --.-
Sulcustemporalis
Sulcuslateralis*
- - I
t R. ascendens/ supenor
Polustemporalis,
,,
Gyrustemporalissupeior / ----
Polusoccipitalis
i
Sulcustemporalissuperior/
\ Incisurapreoccipitalis
GyrustemporalismediusI '
Sulcustemporalisinferior
insulae
/ Sulcuscircularis
Sulcuscentralis
insulae
/ Gyruslongusinsulae
/ \ Incisurapreoccipitalis
Gyri breves insulae
'
Lobuslemporalis
/ Sulciorbitales
7 Tubercinereum
--- Fossalateralis
cerebri
-- Trigonumollactorium
- - Sulcustemporalis
inferior
Fossa--
inlerpeduncularis
--- Corpus
mamillare
Gyrioccipito-- -
temporales -- Pedunculus
medialiset c€r€bri
lateralis
-- Substantia
Gyrus -- nrgra
lemporalis
inferior
- Sulcus
Substantia'-- hippocampalis
perlorata
Posterior
- Sulcus
collateralis
Gyrus /
parahippocampalis
occipitotsmporalis
lslhmusgyricinguli/
\ Teomentum
meisencephali
Gyruscinguli/
\ Tectummesenceohali,
Gyruslingualis/ ColliculussuPerior
\ Aeueductusmesencephali
\ Corpuscallosum,Splenium
' Sulcuscalcarinus
Polusoccioitafis/
I
JI
Fig.499 Cytoarchitectonicallydefinedcorticalareas
of the cerebral hemispheresaccordingto Bnoou-lNN;
individual areasare numbered;the different symbols
indicate different cell types;
lateral view (1.).
20
Fig. 500 Cytoarchitectonicallydefined cortical areas
of the cerebral hemispheresaccordingto Bnoou.a.Nn;
individual areasare numbered;the different symbols
indicate different cell types;
medial view (r.).
FunctionalCorticalAreasof the CerebralHemispheres
293
Gyrusfrontalisinferior,/
ParsoDercularis
\
Gyrus temporalisttanevercusantelbl
I
primarymolorar6a
I primaryauditoryarea
ffiffi
ffi
se@ndarymolor area
ffiffi s€condaryauditoryarea
I
pnmarysensory area
I primaryvisual atea
secondarysensoryarea
ffiffi s€condaryvisual atea
/ Gyrus prec€ntralis
c h o r o r d e av e n t r i c u ltie r t i i
F o r n i xC, o l u m n a- - ---r-1'fela -Thalamus
--l- --
Gyrusparaterminalis - -
- S t r i a m e d u l l a r i st h a l a m i
n t e r l o -r - *
C o m m r s s uar a ------
* ---=- - S u l c u sh y p o t h a l a m r c u s
A r e a s u b c a l l o s- -at
- - - - - Commissura
Lamina t e r m i n a l i-s- habenularum
Hypothalamus - - F- - -
Becessus suoraoinealis
Recessus supraopticus - - - Recessuspinealis
B e c e s s uisn f u n d i b u-l-i - Glandula
pinealis
Chiasmaopticum- - - Commissura
postenor
-
Corousmamillare sinrstrum- - .-Tectum
- mesencephali
Cislerna chiasmatica -
l- -Tegmentummesencephali
A cerebriposterior-- - -
Aqueductusmesencephali
Sinusintercavernosus- - - interpeduncularis
Cisterna
-
Adenohypophysis -
Lobuluscenlrahs
--
Neurohypophysis -Velum medullaresuperius
A basilaris'
- Pons
Plexusbasilaris-
Fig. 503 Third ventricle,Ventriculustertius;
mediansection;
medialview.
- - Nucleusdorsomedialis
t" Nucleireticulares
?/
/l
/ Nucleianteriores
k /
-
Nuclei mediales
Nuclei mediani;Adhesio
interthalamica
ta ttt
) Nucleusparafascicularis
\\ \
Nual"raa"ntromedianus
\
Nuclei dorsales:
Nucleus posterior;
) I 1
1 Nuclei pulvinares
I
I
I (Nuclei metathalami)
Nucleus corporis
geniculati
lateralis;
Nucleuscorporis
laleralis,/ geniculati
medialis
Ventriculus
Cornuoccipitale
Fibraecorticorubrales;
Fibraecorticosoinales:
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus. Fibrae
Fibraecorlicoreticularos;
Fibraelhalamoparietales
corticothalamicae:
Genucapsulaeinternae,
\
Fibraecorliconucleares
\
Thalamus
\ Badiationes thalami
\ centrales
Fibl.ae
- _-
temporopontinae
Crus
posterius
- - Radialiones capsurae
thalami tnternae
posteriores
T r a c t u s o p t i c-u-s- - - - Radiatioacustica
Pulvinar
thalami
---
colliculussuperior
- -
inferior
Colliculus
cerebri---
Pedunculus
.\s\--/-
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
.z
Ventriculus
lateralis,
Cornulrontare
(Cenlrumsemiovale)
.z
{:"';
Commissura
anlerior
./ N. oculomotorius
llll
Chiasmaopticum - -
N trochlearis
lvl
//
_- N trigeminus
[V]
-.- N abducens[Vl]
-- N t a c i a l i s[ V l l ]
-- - N vestibulocochlearis
[Vltll
- ----.-
Plexuschoroideus ouarti -
ventriculi N. glossopharyngeus
[tX]
- N. vagus
[X]
/
cerebelli -
Hemispherium
- N accessorius
[Xt]
Medulla oblongata /
\ N hypoglossvs
[Xtt]
Fig. 507 Anteriorrostralcommissure,
Commissura anrenor,
andbrainstem,Truncusencephali;
the basalpartsof the cerebrumhavebeenpartiallyremoved;
inferiorview
Chiasmaopticum- - -- N. oplicusflll
Inlundibulum- -- Trigonum
olfactorium
-----/'
. |yl
.'/t
t u o e r c t n e r e u m- _ _ _
>-1 N a |
-- SubstantiaDerlorataanterior
, - tt,''
C o r p u s m a m i l l a r- e
___., l. r, ii.-- - /
SubstantiaperforataDosterior /- Tractusopticus
\ Aqueduclus
mesencephal
Fig. 508 Midbrain, Mesencephalon, and diencephalon, the midbrain has been transversely sectioned:
Diencephalon; inferior view
Mesencephalon
Midbrain,
297
Glandulapinealis*\
Colliculussuperior\ / Teclummesencephali
Stratagriseacolliculisuperioris\
Brachiumcolliculiinlerioris\ \
Aqueduclusmesencephali-- mesoncephali
' Tegmentum
Substantiagriseacentralis- -
--
Formalioreticularis
Pedunculus
compacta cerebri
fPars
Substantia
I
nr9ra
lpars reticularis
- Cruscetebri
Nucleusruber /
I
Fossainleroeduncularis
/ Stratagriseacolliculisuperioris
medialis
Fasciculuslongitudinalis
/ Nucleusaccessoriusnervi
/ oculomolorii
Nucleusmotoriusnervilrigemini
- Nucleusnervioculomotorii
- Corpusgeniculatummedial€
Lemniscusmedialis- - Nucleusnber
-/ Tegtnontum..
mesenc€pna[
- Fi paristo-
pontinae;
Fibraetemporo-
pontinae
- Fi cortico-
Einal€s;
corti@nu
(FilaradbularianeNi
oculomotorii)
Fibraelronlopontinae
4;
- - Thalamus,
P u l v i n a rl h a l a m i
- -
Brachiumcolliculiinferroris --- -I Metalhalamus,
Corpus geniculatummediale
- -
- M"t"th"r"rrr,
Trrgonum
lemniscilateralis Corpusgeniculatum
laterale
- -
- -
Frenulumveli medullarisSuperiorlg - Colliculus
superior
-
- Colliculus
inlerior
N trochtearis[tV] -
-
Pedunculus
cerebeltaris
medius
Pedunculus suoerror--
cerebellaris
-
Fossa rhomboidea,Eminentia medialis'
Velummedullare
superius
Septumpellucidum\ / Venlriculus
laleralis,
Cornufrontate
Corpuscallosum,
Truncus1 / / Fornix,Columnae
Nucleuscaudatus.
Caput -_._ (Recessus
triangularis)
-- \-- //
ForamenInrerventriculare
-- - / Commissura
anterior
Tuberculumanterius lhalami --
/ Ventriculus
tertius
.-.--+_
Striaterminalis
-- Btachiumcolliculi
superioris
Laminaaflixa +--a
T a e n i a c h o r o i d e a- - - -' Colliculus
superior
Trigonum habenulare --- .'.- Corpusgeniculatum
mediale
- -
posteiot -
Commissura
---
G l a n d u l a p i n e a l-i-s- B r a c h i u mc o l l i c u liin f e r i o r i s
Corpusgeniculatum
lalerale
Thalamus, Pulvinarthalami /
-
Colliculusinterior
cerebri/
Pedunculus -
Frenulum
velimedullans
supenons
N trochlearis / -
flVl Vermis cerebelli,Lingula cerebelli
-
Pedunculuscerebellarismeotus
-
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
\ - Froccurus
.
\
Tela choroidea ventriculiquarli / \1 \
Pedrnculra cerebellarisintenor
Fossa rhomboidea,Sulcus medianus / tt ta t
Peduncutus
floccculi
/ \1 \
Aperturamedianaventriculi
quart Ap"rtrr" lateralis quartl
ventricutr
tt \
cuneatum/
Tuberculum /i
Plexuschoroideus quarti
ventricuti
\
Fasciculus / 1 gracile
Tuberculum
cuneatus
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s gracilis
Fasciculus
N t r o c h l e a r i s l l v-l- - Eminentia
--
medialis
- Colliculus
lacialis
PedunculuscerebellarissuPeflor
- - FoveasuPerior
Pedunculuscerebellarismedius
Sulcuslimitans
-
Pedunculuscerebellarisinlerior
\ Aperturalateralis
-
Sulcusmedianus quarti
ventriculi
\ Areavestibularis
quarti /
ventriculi
Striamedullaris
/ \
Velum medullareinferius Fovea inferior
/
Trigonum nervi hypoglossi
-- P e d u n c u l u sc e r e b e l l a r i m
s edrus
N l a c r a l r s{ V l l l - - - ; - - PedunculuscerebellarrsInlerior
--
N v e s t i b u l o c o c h l e a rIiVs l l l ]
-- --
Pyramis medullae oblongatae Fossa rhomboidea Sulcus medianus
N glossopharyngeusllX)-',
N hypoglossus ---
lxtll
N vagus[X] - --
cuneatum
Tuberculum
. I Radices craniales -
Tuberculumgracile
N accessoflus l
fYil
' "' I( RadrcessPtnales
F i g . 5 1 4 B r a i ns t e m ,T r u n c u se n c e p h a l i ;
obli(luevieu of the floor of the fourth ventricle;
Radix anterior
I
N c e r v r c a | s[ C 1 ] I
the cerellellar[)eduncleshavebeenremoved;
I Rad,, posterior lateralvieu.
nervitrigemini- - -1-
Nucleusmotorius - - -
'.
Nucleus nervrabduce'rlrs I
N u c l e u ss a l i v a t o f l u s u p e r i o r- - - -----
- Nucleus cochlearisposterior
Nucleus salivaloriusinlerior
t
Nr.l"u. vestibularissuperror
/t. l
. \
Nucteusvestibutaristateralis I Nuclei
- -
N u c l e uasm b i g u u s- \ Nucleus veslibulaflsInferior vestrbulares
- I
\ Nucleus vestrbulaflsmediahs )
Nucleusdorsalisneruivagi
\ Nucleus solilarius
F i g . 5 1 5 C r a n i a ln e r v e s N
, e r v ic r a n i a l e s ; Efferentnuclei on the left, afferentnucleion the right.
topographicpositionof the nuclei; ' ( l i n i ( a l : \ u r l e u s s t ' n s o r r u sp r i n t : r p a l i sn c r \ i l r i g e m r n i
dorsal view.
general somalic elferent nuclei (GSE) general and special viscero-atlereninuclei (G/SVA)
S u l c u s m e d r a n-u- s- - l
vil.tx.x
vil,tx.x
v, vil,tx,x, xl
ilt rv vr xtl
Nucleusruber
- - Nucleusaccessorius
neruioculomotorii
-- N trochlearis
[lV]
Nucleus nervi trochlearts
- - Nucleusmesencephalicus
nervi
trigemini
- .-
N trigeminus
tvl - - (Nucleus
pontinusnervitrigemini')
-
nervi
Nucleusmotorius
Nucleusneruiabducentis
Nucleivestibulares
-
Nucleus nervi lacialts suPerior
Nucleussalivatortus
--
N abducens [Vl] - - Nuclercochleares
- -r
.?
-
N lacialis [Vll]
/
-/ - - - interior
Nucleussalivatorius
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll]
Nucleussolitarrus
N accessorius
[Xl]
Nucleusspinalisnervltrigemini
- -
Nucleus nerui accessorti
nuclei(SVE)
sp€cialviscero-efferent somatic
sp€cial (sSA)
nuclei
aft€rent
ffiffiffi
{ffi_..::":"",:
Hostrum -_
Commissura
anterior\
-
L a m i n at e r m i n a l i s- _
Hypothaldmus - .-
-- #-- - - Tectummesencephatl
C o r p u sm a m i l l a r e- _ _ - Cumen
C h i a s m ao p t i c u m _ - -
R e c e s s u si n t u n d i b u l -i - -
Fossa interpedunculais - - -
-
- --
Hypophysis - - Lobulus centralis
Tegmenlum-"
mesencephali ----
Lingulacerebelli
F a s c i c u l u sl o n g i t u d i n a l i -s- - ----
Foliumvermis
medialis
A rrasilaria-" - .-
Velum medullaresuperius
- Fasttgtum
- -
Tuber vermis
S u l c u sb u l b o p o n t i n u sz / .'
- Plexus choroideus
Fossa rhomboidea . ,, ventflculiquarti
\ Pyramis vermis
\
U v u l av e r m i s
\ Nodulus
Fig.5lB Thirrlantlfourth,,,entrir;le,\'entriculi
t e r t i u sa n ( l( l u a r t u s ;
m e r l i a ns e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e b r a i ns t e m ;
merlialr,ierr.
Tectum.mesencephali.
Lamrnatectalis
----- Declive
7-- F o l i u mv e r m i s
Lobus cerebelll
Posterror
Tuber vermrs
tt : - - pyramis vermis
M e d u l l as p r n a l i s U v u l av e r m i s
I
- N o d uu s LOOUS
lloccLrlonodulafls
C u l m e n- -- F i s s u rpar i m a
- L o b u l u ss i m p l e x .
L o b u l u sq u a d r a n g u l a r r s
posleflor
-
Declive
- - Lobulus semilunarisinferior
F o l i u mv e r m i s
Tuber vermis
F i g . 5 2 0 C e r e b e l l u mC, e r e b e l l u m ;
dorsosuperiorview.
vermts
Hemispherium
cerebelli cerebelli
L o b u l u sq u a d r a n g u l a r iasn t e n o r \
a r i m a- - \
F i s s u rp
l,u
Lobulus simplex. .- .-
Lobulus quadrangulafls
I
postefior I
LOOUS
a--- T u b e r v e r m i s cerebelli
posterior
L o b u l u ss e m i l u n a r i si n f e r i o r- - ---- Pyramrsvermts
L o b u l u sg r a c i l i s - - -
L o b u l u s b i v e n t e- r- -
lDeclive
Velummedullare
superius
,
quarti
Tegmenvenlriculi \
ta
Velummedullare
inlerius\
Hemispheriumcerebelli -- / - Pedunculuscerebellarissuperior
-t- Pedunculuscerebellarismedius
-
_- Flocculus
\ Fissura honzontahs
Recessuslaleralis'-
quani
ventriculi
- Fissuraposterolateralis
Hemispheriumcerebelli -
flocculi
Pedunculus
\ \ Nodrlra
Valleculacerebelli I uvuravermis
Fig.522 Cerebellum,Cerebellum;
the cerebellarpeduncleshavebeensectioned;
ventralview.
Lobulussemilunaris
superior- - Tubervermis
PYramisvermis
_--
-
Fissurahorizontalis
- - Uvulavermis
_- Nodulus
Lobulussemilunaris- -
inlerior
- Hemisoheriumcerebelli
-
Tonsillacerebelli
Fig.523 Cerebellum,Cerebellum;
dorsoinferiorview.
cerebetrum
305
,, Laminatecti
/ Pedunculuscerebellarissuperior
Lingulacerebelli
z/
z Plexuschoroideusventriculiquarti
- Nucleusdentatus
-- Corpusmedullare
. cerebelli
Hilumnucleidentati-
- Cortexcereb€lli
Nodulus-
Velummedullareinlerius-
Tonsilla cerebelli -
/
Medulla oblongata /
Cerebellum;
Fig. 524 Cerebellum,
frontalsection;
dorsalview.
quartus
Decussatiopedunculorum superiorum\
cerebellarium / Ventriculus
/ 7 Velummedullaresuperius
medialis\ -
Fasciculuslongitudinalis Lingula cerebelli
/
superior- -
Pedunculuscerebellaris
Coriex cerebelli--_
Stratummoleculare\
-
Stratumgranulosum
(Laminae albae) -
--
Hilumnucleidenlati
Fissurae -
cerebelli
CorDusmedullarecerebelli
t
Nodulus
Fig.525 Cerebellum,Cerebellum;
obliquesectionthroughthe superiorcerebellarpeduncles;
dorsalview.
Brain,
Encephoro
3 06
Granulationesarachnoideae -
/ Pars centralis
Cornu frontale \
z Srnussagitlalissuperior
-
Crslernapeflcallosa \ P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
\ /\ - - -- v e n t r i c u llia t e r a l i s
\-
S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m- -
z' P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
- _-
* - r ventriculrlertii
Foramen interuentriculare
---Cornu occipitale
Ventriculustertius - -
--- C o r n ut e m p o r a l e
Cisternachrasmatica * *
--- V magnacerebri
Cisierna interpeduncularis- -
--- S i n u sr e c t u s
Aqueductus mesenceohali
- - - Ventriculus
quartus
C r s t e r n ap o n t o c e r e b e l l a r i .s- -
--
C o n f l u e nssi n u u m
Fig.526 Ventricles ofthe brain, Ventriculi
- Plexuschoroideus
encephali,and subarachnoidspace,Spatium quarti
ventriculi
subarachnoideum;diagram of the circulation of .- - .-
Apertura mediana ventricuilquanl
the cerebrospinalfluid, Liquor cerebrospinalis, ... \
Crsternacerebellomedullarisposterior
from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space. \
Apertura lateralis
* clinical: Foramen of MoNnoe
*' clinical: cerebral
aoueduct of Syrvrus
P a r sc e n t r a l i s
G r a n u l a t i o n eas r a c h n o i d e a e-
S i n u ss a g i t t a l i sr n f e r i o r\ / S r n u s a g i t t a lsi su p e r i o r
\
Arachnoideamater cranialis - / Plexus
/ chorordeus
( S p a t i u ms u b d u r a l e )- - ventriculi
tertii
Conu
S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m- . -
- - temporale
D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s , * - - - Cornu
Falx cerebrl occ prtale
Cisternainterpeduncularis
Crsternapontocerebellaris
- Aqueductus
Fig.527 Ventricles of the brain, Ventriculi encephali, mesencephall
and subarachnoid space, Spatium subarachnoideum;
\ Ventriculus
quartus
median section; medial view.
- Cislerna cerebellomedullarisposterior
- C a n a l i sc e n t r a l i s
I V e n t n c u l u st e r t l u s
I / V e n t rc u l u sl a l e r a l l sP a r sc e n t r a l l s
l/
,z Recessus suPrapneal s
z'b, RecessusPrnealrs
.-
-- AqueductusmesencePnall
V e n t n c u l u sa t e r a l t s- - -
--
V e n t r i c uu s a t e r a l l s
C o r n uo c c l P l l a l e
-- V e n t n c u l u sl a t e r a l l s
C o r n ul e m P o r a l e
C o l l r c u l u lsa c t a l t s: V e n t n c u l u sq u a r t u s
/ Fastrgrum
S t f l a em e d u l l a r e s- -
v e n t rc u l lq u a r t t )
- - R e c e s s u sl a t e r a l r vs e n t r l c u lql u a n
t,-""olr-'qT
- A p e r l u r ar e d r a n d v e n l ' r c . l 'o u a n
-
C a n a ls c e n t r a l i s
Pars
cenlralrs
p e l l u cd u m
Cornu
o c c r p r t a l e V e n t rc u l u s
l a l e r a sl
Foramrna Cornu
n t e r v e n l n c u l aar lemporale
C o r nu
lrontale
Ventflculus
l e r l r us
- c s l e r n aa m b t e n s
- C r s t e r n at o s s a e
l a l e r a l l sc e r e b r r
Fig. 529 Ventriclesof the brain, Ventriculi encephali,and The basal cisterns and the subarachnoidspaceof the spinal
subarachnoidspace,Spatium subarachnoideum; cord are shown.
three-dimensionalreconstructionfrom data obtainedwith
magnetic resonancetomography (MRT) in a living subject;
sinistroventralview.
Bratn,Encephato
308
, Sulcuscentralis
I
/ Lobusparietalis
Foramenintervenlriculare
\
z Parscentralis
Cornufrontale \
Ventriculus
tertius
Lobusfrontalis -\ / Cornuoccipilale
Lobusoccipitalis
///
Sulcuslateralis- -
Lobustemporalis- -
I
Cornutemporale/
Pons /
Lobusfrontalis \
/,Cornufrontal€
/, Fo@menintervenlriculare
/ Parscenlralis
Sulcuslaleralis \ Ventriculus.
terlius
\ //
/ Aquoductusmesencephali
Lobustemporalis\\\
/ Cornutempotale
- -
Aoerturalateralis
Cereb€llum
- -
Medullaoblongata // Canaliscenlralis
Polusfrontalis longitudinaliscerebri
\
Gyrusfrontalis
superior-__
/ Gyruscinguli
A. cerebrianlerior,
/ - A. oericallosa
Strialongitudinalis'\
mediatis
I tndusium
gnseum
StrialongitudinalisI
lateralis )
Gyrus cinguli -
- Corpus callosum, Genu
-- N u c l e ucsa u d a t u sC a p u t
_-- V t h a l a m o s t r i a tsau p e r i o r
I n s u l al l o b u s I n s u l a n s l - _ __ ----- S t r i at e r m i n a l i s
-------/-
Ependymum
V e n t r i c u l u lsa l e r a l i s , - - - - - C o r p u cs a l l o s u mT,r u n c u s
Pars centralis
F o r n i xC, r u s --- P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
v e n t n c u l li a t e r a l i s
Fimbna hippocampi
Trigonumcollaterale
- .-
Gyrus fasciolaris
\ Tapetum
S u l c u sc a l c a r i n u s /
V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a l r sP, a r s c e n l r a l i s\ )
u so r p u s- . -
N u c l e u s c a u d a tC
F o r n i xC, r u s
I n s u l al L o b u sI n s u l a fsl]
- - Calcar avis
Fossa lateralis
.-\
P o l u sl e m p o r a l i s
-- Ventriculuslateralis,
C o r n uo c c i p i l a l e
53s#
Hippocampus
Alveushippocampi
j*. --r
--.-
Trigonumcollaterale
- - Sulcushippocampalis
\ Gyrusdentatus
--
Gyrusparahippocampalis
Sulcuscollateralis
- Plexus choroideusventriculilateralis
Ependymum
\ -l
--
Ventriculus
lateralis,- ---,1
Cornutemporale -
/ Fimb(ia hippocampi
--\_
Alveushippocampi - Sulcushippocampalis
Peshippocamp
- -i_
grisea ---
Substantia
alba *-
Substantia -_
Sulcuscollateralis
medialis -
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis
---____/
Genu
- Corpuscallosum,
G Y r u sc r n g u l i \>//'
Ventticuluslateralls, -'
Cornu lrontale l l- , -- C o r p u sc a l o s u mR. o s t r u m
,7 ------'
Cavum sePti Pellucidi /\
CaPUt
Septum Pellucidum - - - Nucleuscaudatus,
F o r n i x ,C o l u m n a
Foramen interuentrlculare
CaPsulainterna
Stria termrnalls
Ventriculuslateralrs,
Pars centralls
Fornix,CorPUs
F o r n i xC. r u s - -
Plexuschoroadeus
lateralis
ventriculi
--
FimbriahippocamPr
-- .-
- Tela choroideavenlriculiterlii
Hippocampus--
collaterale--
Trigonum
Calcar avis -
Ventflculuslateralis, /
Cornu occipitale
Fig.537 Lateralventricles,Ventriculilaterales;
t h e u p p e rp a r t so f t h e c e r e b r ahl e m i s p h e r easn d $4x
the Corpuscallosumhavebeenremoved;
suoertorview
Fissura longiludinaliscerebrr \
EPendYmum
--
- Ventriculuslateralis,Pars centralls
lateralis- .-
ventricuk
Plexuschoroideus
Laminaatlixa ---,
-- F o r n i xC, o r P u s
* - Plexus choroideusventriculiterlrl
lnatainus -
F o r a m e n- - - - I - - -
inlpruanlrr.r rlr /a
ILobusinsularisl
------
Nucleuscaudatus,
Corpus
Cauda -. -
Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
tertii
Fornix,Crus - --
Tela choroidea ventriculitertii
.--.
Hippocampus
-
Trigonumcollalerale --- V interna cerebri
- Glandula pinealis
lateralis,--
Ventnculus - V magna cerebri
Cornuoccipitale
- Vermis cerebelli
4s+r
537/l
Fig.539 Lateralventricles,Ventriculilaterales;
the Corpuscallosumand the columnsof the fornix
havebeendissected;
supenor vlew.
-- Fornix,Columna
_- Forameninterventriculare
Taenia fornicis \
\\ / Taenialhalami
Taenia choroidea \\
- - (Fissuratelodiencephatica)
_ _
V e n t r i c u l u lsa l e r a l r s ,
C o r n uf r o n t a l e
C a v u m s e p t rp e l l u c r d l
,n
S e p t u mp e l l u c r d u m- - - ----j I
! -- - N u c l e ucsa u d a t u sC,a P U t
F o r n r xC o l u m n a
F o r a m e n n t e r v e n l r i c u l a r e- - -
i'
supenor
V, - - - -' Adhesro intenhalamica'
V thalamoslilata
T a e n t at h a l a m l
S t f l at e r m t n a l t s
Taenia chorotdea
Aqueductus mesencePhala
N u c l e u sc a u d a t u s C a u d a Commissura Posterior
Recessus Pinealis
P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
v e n t ( c u l rt e r t i i Commissura habenularum
- -
G l a n d u l ap i n e a l i s
Tela chorordeaventflcullterlrl
-
V magna cerebrl Recessus supraplnealls
V Inlernacerebrl
l./
-L -'- - Sinus
/l r , rectus
V basalis/
\. \ conrluens
\
/ \ \\ sinuum
/ \ Sinustransversus )
V jugularis/ \ Sinr" sigmoroeus
Fig.542 Deepveins of the brain, Venaeprofundae Fig. 543 Deepveins of the brain,Venaeprofundaecerebri;
cerebri,and dural sinuses,Sinusduraematris; dorsolateralview.
drawn from a phlebogramof the sinuses;
lateralview.
Foramen Interuentriculare
a
,/
rharamus 1
-- V choroidea superior
f\
Vv internae cerebri
-_J.-,/.-)
L'
A frontobasalismedialis \
A cerebrianterior \\
/ Ventriculuslateralis,
/ cornu fronlale
/ z V. anteriorseoti
pellucidi
-- V interna
cereorl
-
Tela
choroidea
ventriculi
tertii
R choroideus /
posterior
/
Glomuschoroideum
\
Falx cerebri
I
I superior
Sinussagittalis
7 Slriae I
./ longitudinales I
ou laterales I
Fornix,Corpus-_ /.' I
V L lndusium
Foramina -
interventricularia
(Parslibera)-t
f
Fornix,
Columna
j \ ---
\ (Parstecta)\ Fornix,commissura
- -
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Pars anlerior
Commissura --
anterior Gyrusfasciolaris
Pars posterior
Fornix.Crus
- Taenra
fornicis
/
Corpusamygdaloideum
/ -
Corpusmamillare/ Fimbria hippocampi
\
Gyrusdentatus
Pes hippocampi /
Sulcuscinguli\ /, Corpuscallosum,Truncus
Corpuscallosum,
Splenium\ / Septumpellucidum
Fornix,Crus\ - Fornix,Columna(Parslibera)
Sulcusparietooccipitalis - F oamen intervenlriculare
\
- Corouscallosum.
Genu
Cuneus\
Sulcuscalcarinus
- - Corpuscallosum,
Rostrum
- Polusfrontalis
- Bulbusolfactorius
--
Commissura
anterior
Tractusollactorius
- a, \N opticusul
Thalamus-
\ Lamina
terminalis
Fimbria hippocampi // ,
\ Fornix,Columna(Parstecta)
/
Gyrusdentatus/
Corpusmamillare
Fasciculus mamillothalamicus / I Gyrusparahippocampalis,
Uncus
Fig.547 Fornix,Fornix,
the Corpuscallosumand the anteriorcommissurehave
beensectionedin the medianplane;the inferior part of the
diencephalonand parts of the medialaspectof the
parahippocampal gyrus,Gyrusparahippocampalis, have
beenremoved;
inferomedialview (1.).
/ Gyrusrectus
Bulbusollactorius--
Tractusolfactorius--
/ ChiasmaoPlicum
olfactorium--
Trigonum
Fornix.Columna-- us opticus
Corpus--
mamillare
amygdaloideum
Uncus --
Gyrus--
parahippo-
campalts
Gyrus --
dentatus -- Corpus
callosum,
Truncus
Fornix,Crus --
- Corpuscallosum,
Splenium
Fonix, '
Commissura
/
Gyrusfasciolaris
Fig.548 Fornix,Fornix;
the basalparts of the brain havebeenremoved;
inferior view.
TheFissuralongitudinalishasbeenpulled apart somewhat
and the Lobusfrontalis appearsshortened.
Brain,
Encephato
320
Cingulum
\
uncinatus--
Fasciculus
Fasciculuslongitudinalisinletrct /
Badiatio I
corporis callosi
Commissura /
posterior
i
Commissura I
habenularum
Genu.
Corpuscallosum. tr )-.\; / Gyrusprecentralis
J:Tatr
/ SulcusParietoocciPitalis
--- CorPUscallosum,
, Splenium
- -
Caosulainterna,Crusanterius-
--- Corpusgeniculatum
Caosulainterna,Genu - laterale
---
Sulcuscalcarinus
/
Tractusopticus/
/
Pedunculus cetehti /
-- medius
cerebellaris
Pedunculus
--
Tracluspyramidalis,Fibraecorticospinales
/
Pyramrs
Radiationesthalami
- -
centrales
-
Tractustrontooontinus Fibrae parietoPontinae;
- - FibraeoccipitoPonlinae
Medulla oblongata -
lateralas
- - Tractuscorticospinalis
\ Tractuscorticospinalis
anterior
/, Nucleuscaudalus,
Caput
/ Radiationes
thalamianleriores
Capsula Interna,Crus anterius
/\ / Tractustrontopontinus
/l
/ Mm bulbi
Mm larYngis
." ..
Capsulainterna,Genu - .- .- Mm PharYngis
-.t ---
Globuspalliduslateralis;.- - Mm palati et faucium
otoousirirriJuimeoLtG
Mm masticatorii
A - -- -- - t M m .m e m b n[ r " . , ,
- --- [ | .f,j"
Intenons
. ,J [ ;";
: \ Mm droitorumoedis
\ -\
Mm vesicae urinariae:Mm recti
' tnatamus
Radiatioacustica Radiatiooptrca
F i g . 5 5 3 I n t e r n a lc a p s u l eC
, a p s u l ai n t e r n a ;
functionalorsanisation.
Gyrusfrontalissuperior\ ,,
Truncus\
Corpuscallosum. Nucleussubthalamicus
/
parietalis
Radiatio corporis callosi \ / Lobus
lateralis.\
Ventric_ulus
Hars cenlrails
,7: t€ /. capsulainterna
Nucleuscaudatus,\ / Nucleuslentiformis
uapur
Ventriculus
tertius\ ,i'4 /
, lamiq3medullaris
tateralts
- - Caosulaextrema
Sulcuslateralis-
-- Laminamedullaris
Putamen- medialis
- - Nucleuscaudatus,
Globuspallidus-
mediahs Cauda
-
lateralis,
Ventriculus
Cornutemporale - Tractusopticus
- -
Pes hippocampi / Lobustemooralis
// Seglun Pellucidum
,t
_--' v . m e d i a.
supentctatts cerebrl
-.--
Fossa lateralis ---t-- A cerebri media
cerebrl
_1 --
Gyn insulae -- Cisterna pericallosa
-
Area subcallosa
- -
A. cerebri anterior,
Pars postcommunicalis
--*-
Margo inferolateratis
Tractusoltactorius/ G y r u sr e c t u s -*-
-*-
|
Margo inferomediahs
- - Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
-.- Capsulaexlerna
Sulcus circularisinsulae - -
Sulcuslateralis--+ -- Corpuscallosum,
cereorl Roslrum
Claustrum --
: Capsutaextrema
'i insulae
Gyri insulae
Gyru
lemporali
'/\
suoerior
Cisternatossae / communtcans
laleralis
cerebri
Gyrusparaterminalis/
lGyrus
Gyrustemporalisinlerior/ rectus
/
pericallosa; '
Crsterna Traclusollactorius Margo inferomedrahs
Cisternalaminaeterminalis
F i g . 5 5 6 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l o nf r; o n t a ls e c t i o n
through the posteriorpart of the frontal horns
of the lateralventricles;
dorsalview.
FrontalSectionsof the Brain
325
G y r u sl r o n t a l i ss u p e n o r\ , Fissura longitudinaliscerebrl
Gyrus cingulit ,/ a callosomarornalls
z/,
Claustrum I "l.\
\ --- C a p s u l ea x t e r n a
'.,,. t .ri. -:____._-i--- capsulae\lrema
clsre.larossae,alp.ascereo.r_.,'--_^ -t--'
k
nylrurrrdrdrrrus
iemporales rrahippo- /
Gyrus parahippo- \ Recessus \ Recessus supraopticus
campalrs /,/A c o m m u n i c a n s p o s t e r i o r inlundibuli
Fig.557 Brain,EncePhalon;
frontal sectionthroughthe interventricularforamina;
dorsall'ien'
Plexus choroideus
Putamen \ / / ventnculrlentl
. t - / /
Stna medullaristhalami
Gyrus frontalisinlerior - --
extrema
--.* -\ - .- CaPsula
G v ' r n s u t -a{e_ _ 1 '',
_k -i't.t (,('lr-t'--__--' _-f _-- ventncutuslerrrus
o2"' t'Y
I Cornu lemPorale
Hippocampus. |
: - N o c u l o m o t o r il ul l sl
^tl tt."'
', \.
Gyruo- ; i I
occipitote'p?llii' :i I i cisternainrerpeduncularis
lateralis Thatamus/ 1 i \ 'aris,(cisternapontrs)
t
G y r u s o c c i p iIltoetm
emp oproarlai sl im
sme deidarlai sl rl s l !I ! \.
':H y p o t h a l a m u s \ A b a s i l a r i s
G y r u sp a r a h i p p o c a m p a l i s /
F i g . 5 5 8 B r a i n ,E n c e p h a l t t n ;
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m a m m i l l a r yb o d i e s ;
dorsalview.
326
Gyrusfrontals superior
\
F i s s u r al o n g i t u d i n a l icse r e b r i: / I n d u s i u mg r i s e u m S t r i a el o n g i t u d i n a l em
s e d i a l i se t l a t e r a l i s
\
G y r u s f r o n t a l i sm e d i u s\ 7 C o r p u cs a l l o s u m
Truncus
,, Ventriculuslateralis.Pars centralis
z P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
/ v e n l n c u l li a t e r a l i s
/ S t r i at e r m i n a l i s
- Lamina affixa
cyrus - --
trontatrs'",",,o, 5: ::::1fi)': :
-.- F o r n i x .C r u s
fi
- - Plexus choroideus
S u l c u sl a t e r a l r s-
- - Stria medullaristhalami
InsulalLobusrnsrlarisl- -[- - - - ] - -Y-
G y r u st e m p o r a lsi su p e r i o- r- _-L--' \ .,
- caPSUlaexterna
--::--]
i se d i u s- -
'Sr.S-t+r-;;''1*[;it'"
G y r u st e m p o r a lm 1___- - C a p s u l aI n t e r n a
-4i -ff
C o r p u s g e n l c u l a t u m l a t e- -r V
a t;e- _ - - - - t
1
:;v:T-+------=w-'.--'
o,/
""H1",:';11:il:
Ventriculuslateralis -
Cornu temporale
: +'dr \r. --.
l'<)\:* -
Arveus
h,ppocamp,
K
Gyrus temporalisinlerior / t
N u c l e ursu b e r/
/
\\. \.
ii;,p,hd_
-'-* \ : :ll?11.llo?"."'o'
G y r u sd e n l a t u s
' '4. \
Gyrus occipitotemporalislateralis/ ta \
A . c e r e b r rp o s t e n o r
,/' // t..
Gyrus occipitolemporalismedia|s / / t
c,""r""}o'"n.
Gyrus parahippocampalis / t (Tr""lus
/ . cerebellorubrarrs)
\
Ventriculuslertrus / Tractus pyramidalis
\ pons
Fig.559 Brain,Encephalon;
t tt4edulla
f r o n t a ls e c t i o nt h r o u g ht h e m i r l r l l eo f t h e t h i r r l r e n t r i r ; l e ; oblongata
rlorsalr ien
l n m a n l c a s e st h e r i g h t a n r ll e l t t h a l a m u sa r e t r a n s \ e r s e l \
c r t n n e c t eat lt t h i s l e \ e l l r r t h e , \ r l h e s i ri )n t e r t h a l a m i ( . a .
G y r u sp r e c e n t r a l i \s / I n d u s r u mq r i s e u m ,
/' Stflae long-itudrnales medialiset lateralis
G y r u sc i n g u l r\
Crsternapeflcallosa \
7 CorpuscallosumTruncus
,, Ventriculuslaleralis Pars centralis
Gyruspostcentralis
\ / Plexus chorordeusventflculrlateraIs
v thalamostriataSuperror:
_
Gyrus postcentralis\
Cisternalossae-
laleralis
cerebri
T h a l a m u-s
superior-
Gyrustemporalis
mesencephali
P u t a m e n-
- P l e x u sc h o r o i d e u s
t se d i u s- -
G y r u st e m p o r a lm ventricul laleralis
.l:--II-- --
A l v e u sh i p p o c a m p i
Nucleus caudatus. Cauda - --
F i m b r i ah i p p o c a m p i
-
inleror /
Gyrustemporalis V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a l i s
C o r n ut e m p o r a l e
G y r u so c c i p i t o t e m p o r a lliast e r a l i s- - Cisterna
ambiens
\
A cerebrrposterior
Gyrus occipitolemporalismedialis /
\Venlncutus
Gyrus parahippocampalis/ f tenrus
/
Cerebellum
Fig.560 Brain,Encephalon;
\
frontal section through the posterior F u n r c u l u sp o s l e r r o r
/ Plexuschoroideus
lateralis
ventriculi
Gvrus: \
supramarginalis -- Fornix,Crus
A. cerebrimedia--
Cisternafossae- -,
- - V thalamostriala
tairiiiiiicereori supenor
-
Nucleuscaudatus. - Capsulainterna
Cauda
- FimbriahippocamPi
- - ' ventriculilaleralis
Cislernaambiens
--
superior--
Colliculus Gyrusdentatus
Gyrustemporalisinlerior \ Ventriculuslateralis,
" - -
Gyrusparahippocampalis ,'' ./ L Cornutemporale
'
lateralis
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis \ v internacerebri
,'
medialis/
Gyrusoccipitotemporalis //
/
Flocculus /
Vermiscerebelli/ /
Fig.561 Brain,Encephalon; Oliva/
\ Ventriculus
quartus
frontal sectionthrough the pineal
body,Glandulapinealis,and the
fourth ventricle;
dorsal view.
Lobulusparietalis
supeflor\\ grisea
/ Substantia
R. precunealis
:
/ Substantiaalba
- -
Sulcussubparietalis
Lobulusoarietalisinlerior-
/ CislernaquadrigeFinalis
- -
Precuneus
-
SulcUsoarieloocciDitalis Tapetum
- Corouscallosum,
Gyrusangularis - - Ventriculus
lateralis,
- Cornuoccipitale
Sulcustemporalis
supeflor
Calcaravis-
- A. occipitalismedialis
Gyrustemporalis-
medius
- --
Sulcuscalcarinus V magnacerebri
'
Gyrustemporalisinlerior
-
GyrusoccipitolemPoralis
talerails - -
Vermiscerebelli
\ Nucleusdentatus
/
Hemisoheriumcerebelli
\
Tonsillacerebelli
Fig.562 Brain,Encephalon;
frontal sectionthrough the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles;
dorsal view.
Bratn,
Encepnoio
328
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
I
Gyrusfrontalissuperior\ Arachnoidea
matercranialis
\
Gyrusfrontalismedius \
- A. cerebrianterior.
R fronlalisoosteromedialis
- Gyruscinguli
Gyrusprecentralis-
Sulcuscentralis--
-- A cerebrianterior.
Gyruspostcentralis-- A. callosomarginalis
- Coronaradiata;
Radialiocorporis
Gyrussupramarginalis- callosi
Sulcuslateralis,/ --
Ramusposterior A. cerebrianterior,
R. precunealis
-- A. occipitalis Rr parietales
medialis,
Fig.563 Brain,Encephalon;
horizontalsectionjust abovethe Corpuscallosum;
superiorview,
Thesubarachnoidspaceappearssomewhatenlargedin
Figs. 555 to 577,especiallyaround the sulci of the brain,
becauseserial sectionsof old individuals havebeentaken
as a basisfor thesefigures.
HorizontalSectionof theBruin
329
r Fissuralongitudinalisc€rebti
Gyrusfrontalissuperior A. caltosomarginalis
\ i t A. cer€brianterior,
Sulcuscinguli\ / Corpus callosum, Trunqrs
Gyruscinguli\
Corpuscallosum,Fo minor
- ,z Sotum oelhr*lrn,
Cawm doptiP.kJcid
Gyrusprecenlralis-
Sulcusceniralis -
-- Yqtlr
Pars
Gyrus Postcentralis-
- V.thalant
supofpr
-- Striateminalis
Lobulusparietalis -- Corpr.Bcarosum'
inferior Truarcus
atfixa
Nucleuscaudalus, --
Corpus Pbxus
wntirti b
\ colpus callosum'
Gyruscinguli // Forcepsmaitr
Corpuscallosum, um
I \ Precuneus
I
I
I Cuneus \ Sulcusparietooccidtalis
Fissuralongitudinalis
Fig.564 Brain,EncePhalon;
horizontal secflonthrough the cenhal part
of the lateralventricles;
superlor view.
Brain,Encephato
330
Fissura longitudrnaliscerebri
I A cerebri anlerior,A callosomarginalis
,. I /
uyruscrnguil\
i /, Indusiug
mr i s e u m
G y r u st r o n t a | sm e d i u s 1
7 Corpus callosum,Genu
Cislerna pericallosa \
/, Ventriculuslaleralis,Cornu fronlale
Seplum pellucidum
//
/ Venlriculuslateralis
/ Pars centralis
Gyrusfrontalis
inlerior- _
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput- / Plexus choroideusventriculi
/ lateralis
F o r n i xC o l u m n a
\ b*
\. / Stria terminalis
Gyrusprecentralis
\
S u l c u cs e n t r a l i :s
Gyruspostcentralis
\
-
InsulalLobusinsularis]
,.
-
Claustrum
Putamen- -
r ._ _ , Rr terminales
T h a l a m u-s - Telachoroidea
fossae-.-
Cisterna -
lateraliscerebri Fissuratransversa
cereorl
G y r u s t e m p o r a l i s- -
supeflor - Plexuschoroideus
ventriculi
laleralis
N u c l e ucsa u d a t u s- ,
Cauda - Fornix,Crus
-
Corpus callosum, - -
Splenium
Hippocampus
* Ventriculus
lateralis,
S u l c u tse m p o r a l -i s- Bulbuscornusoccipitalis
supenor
- Tapetum
Corpuscallosum,
-
Gyrus crnguli
t -.
-
Sulcus subparietalis
(Gyri occipitales) -- I
-
Precuneus
- t
3ulcuslunatus-- Sulcus parietooccrpitalis
Fig.565 Brain,Encephalon;
horizontalsectionthroughthe floorof the centralpart
of the lateralventricles;
superiorview.
HorizontalSectionof theBrain
cerebri
I Fissuralongitudinalis
Polusfrontalis
\
I t A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis
Gyruscingulil \ | ! /lndusiumgriseum
7 Corpuscallosum,Genu
Gyrusfrontalisinlerior\
t-, \ lateralis,Cornufrontale
/ Ventriculus
V. anteriorseptiPellucidi\ 7 SePtumpellucidum
/ Fotnix,Columna
Nucleuscaudalus,Capul: Capsulainterna,
Crusanterius
,, Plexuschoroidous
/ ventriculilaleralis
-z $Porilt
V. thalarnostsiatra
Gyruslronlalisinlerior- -z Capsulaintema,
InsulalLobusinsularis]- -- Capsulaextrema
-- Foramenint riculat€
Cisternalossae- -
laleraliscerebri - Capsulaexl€rna
Claustrum -
-- Capsulaintoma,
Putamen- Crusposterius
- - Ventriculus
tertius
Rec€ssugsuprifinealis
Telachoroidea - C
ventriculitertii intorna,
R optis.
Nucleuscaudatus, --
Cauda FimHh hlrpocaflpi
-- --
Sulcustemporalis Plexuschoroideus
sup€nor ventriculilatefalis
--
Fornix,commissura
\ Hippocampus
Gyrustemporalismedius
\ Ventriculuslateralis,
Gyruscinguli Cornuoccipitale
Corpuscallosum,
Forcepsmaior
\ calcaravis
(Gyrioccipitales)
\ Corpuscallosum,Splenium
\ Sulcuscalcarinus
cerebri
Fissuralongitudinalis
Poluslronlalis
I I Fissuralongiludinalis
cerebri
Gyruscinguli\ I 7
A. cerebrianterior,A. callosomarginalis
Cisternapo.icallosa
/, Corpuscallosum,Forcepsminor
Gyrusfrontalisinferior\
Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri\ / Ventriculuslateralis,Cornutrontale
Nucleuscaudalus, Caput \
\ / Corpuscallosum,Rostrum
Cistema pericallosa\
/ Catrsulainlema, Crus anterius
- Ar€asubcallosa
Cisternatossaelateraliscerebri-
z- Laminaterminalis
Commissuraanterior\
-- Fornix,Columna
lnsulalLobusinsularis]-
Capsulainlema, Genu
Claustrum\\ laminao msdullares
medialiset lateralis
Gyrus temporatrssuperior - -
- Vonlriculustertius
-
Adhesiointerthalamica
- Capsulaextrema
sulcus temporalissuperior - Capsulaextema
- Capsula intema,
Globi pallidi -
msdialis el lateralis Cnis posterius
Thalamus- - Hypolhalamus
Gyrustemporalis- - Commissura
medius posterior
'-. Habenula
Cistema ambiens -
\ Capsulaintema,
Nucleuscaudatus-- Radiado@tica
\ Fimbdahippocamd
Rocsssuspinealis/
\ Alv€ushippocampi
Glandulapinealls/
Plexuschoroijeus
vs'|tric1rlilatoralis
Gyrus parahippocampalis/
Trigonumcollato.ale
Calcar avis \ ventriculuslateralis,
Comu occipitale
/ \ sulcuscollal€ralis
lsthmusgyri cinguh/
/ I \ A, c€robri poslerior
Sulcuscalcarinus/ I
I V. magnacerebri
I
/
Sulcuslunatus I \ Vermiscerebelli
I I
I I
I
Polusoccipitalis I Fissuralongitudinalis
cerebri
Flg.567 Brain,Encephalon;
horizontal secdonthrough the central part ofthe third
ventricle at the level of the Adhesiolnterthalamica;
superior view.
HorizontalSectionof theBmin
333
corebri
I Fissuralongitudinalis
Gyruscinguli
Cistema pericallosa \
/ Gyrus parat€tminalis
Capsulainlema,Crusanterius
Gyrusfrontalisinferior\
,, Laminateminallg
Gyrustemporalis
meotus
Nodeus ruber -
Corporagenidjlala - Fimbrbhhpcamfr
lateral€el mediale
- -- Alveus hlttpocampi
Nucleuscaudalus,
Cauda
*-
- Plexuschoroileus
Gyrus temporalis vonlticuli la|oralis
m60tus
\ Eminenliacollateralis
/
Hippocampus
/ Ventrio.rluslderalis,
Cistema ambi€ns Comu temporal€
/
t \ Gyrusdentatus
Gyrus parahippocampalis
\ SulcushippocamPalis
/
Sulcuscollateralis \ n. poeterlot
""rebri
\ m mesencephali,
Collbulus sup€rior
(Gyrioccipitalos)
\ Aouaduatr. t""encoPhali
\ vermis cerebeili
I Fissuralongitudinaliscorebri
Fig.568 Braln,EncePhalon;
horizontal sectlonthrough the third ventricle at the level of the
beginning ofthe aqueductofthe midbrain, Aqueductusmesencephali;
superior view.
Brain,
Encephato
334
A c o m m u n i c a n sa n t e r i o r\
/ Lamina terminalis
A cerebri anterior \
/ Recessus supraopticus
\- - ( G y r u sa m b r e n s )
---
Hypothalamus Crus cerebri
- -
Fossainterpeduncularis
- Pes hippocampi
- .-
Cisternainterpeduncularis
- Hippocampus
Substantia nigra --
:-- ) .- Ventriculuslateralis
A cerebri posterior -- Cornu temporale
- - E m r n e n t r ca o l l a t e r a l t s
N u c l e u sr u b e r -
--E
Cisterna ambiens - \ S u l c u sh i p p o c a m p a l i s
Tegmentum / \ S u l c u sc o l l a t e r a l i s
mesencephali
- Hemispherium
Tectum mesencephali / cerebelll
C o l l i c u l u si n f e r i o r
\ A q u e d u c t u sm e s e n c e p h a l i
F r e n u l u mv e l i m e d u l l a r i s u p e r i o r i s/
\ V e r m i sc e r e b e l l i
G y r u sl i n g u a l i/s
Fig.569 Brain,Encephalon;
staggeredhorizontalsectionthroughthe floor of the third
ventricleat the levelof the mammillarvbodies:
supenoruew
of theBrain
SagittalSections
335
Foramenintervenlriculare interthalamica
I Adhesio
Gyruslrontalissuperior I
Sulcuscinguli \ |
Hypolhalamus\
Gyruscinguli \ \
/ Thalamus
Truncus 1
Corouscallosum, 'l
\ 7 Commissurahabenularum
Septumpellucidum:_
/ Commissura
Posterior
Genu :
Corouscallosum, / Glandula Pinealis
Rostrum -
Corouscallosum. SPlenium
/ Corpuscallosum,
Gyrusparaterminalis- V. magnacerebtl
..
/ Sulcusparietooccipilalis
Commissuraanterior - -
Laminalerminalis-
- Tectum
A cerebraanterior --
anterior -
A communicans
1l
N o p t i c u lsl l - - - I
A carotisinlerna /
Hypophysist
i-,r..
/
Corpusmamillare ).
posierior/
A communicans I + - - Vermiscerebelli
A. basilaris'
I L-- cerebelli
Hemispherium
pon"iI --
i!
Pons Ventriculus
ouartus
---
Fig. 570 Brain, Encephalon; I
mesencephati
Tegmenrum I Pleruschoroideus quarti
ventriculi
--
median section; / I Aperluramediana quarti
ventriculi
n. vertebraris
viewed from the left. i \ Canaliscentralis
Medulla oDlonoala
Ventriculuslateralis.ParscentralisI , Plexuschoroideusventriculilateralis
V thalamostriata superior\ 1 | , Thalamus
t:
Corpuscallosum,TruflcuS1 N^ 7' 7 GYruscinguli
Nucleuscaudatus,
Caput \ Sulcuscentralis
\ /
Capsulainterna\\ Tela choroidea ventriculi tettii
/ -/
7 Forntx,Crus
lateralis,--.
Ventflculus Fornix,Commissura
Cornutrontale
Corpuscallosum,Splenium
Genu --
Corouscallosum, / Sulcusparietooccipitalas
Commissura anterior- -
- - N. trochlearis[Vl
Corouscallosum.Rostrum -
-- Sulcuscalcarinus
- - -
Pedunculuscereb€llarismedius
Pons / ,/
t
Fig.571 Brain,Encephalon; \, Aperturalateralisventriculiquarti
, \ ru lacialis[Vll]
/
sagittalsectionthroughthe left N. glossopharyngeus
[X] \
I \ N
hemisphereat the levelof the N. vagus[X] ' accessorius[Xl]
Caputnucleicaudad;
viewed from the left.
Brain,
Encephato
336
Nucleuscaudatus,Corpus\
Capsulainterna,Crusanterius\
Globuspalliduslateralis\
/ Sulcuscentralis
/ Thalamus
/ Venlriculuslateralis,Parscentralis
Plexuschoroideusventriculi
latoralis
z Fornix,Crus
- Hippocampus
- Sulcuscalcarinus
- ,z/ zX
Gfobuspallidusmedialis- ,r' )
A. carotisinlerna / ,/
Hemispherium
cerebelli
pons / I
7/ I
/ I Nucleusdentatus
A. cerebri posterior
I
I
Gyrusparahippocampalis I
I
Pedunculuscereb€llaris medius
Fig.572 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittalsectionthroughthe left hemisphereat the
levelof the Corpusnucleicaudati;
viewedfrom the left.
CapsulainlernaI
Globuspalliduslateralis\ / Sulcuscentralis
I
Globuspallidusmedialis1
\ / Nucleuscaudatus,Cauda
/ Glomuschoroideum
Trigonumcollalerale
Tagelum
,z
/ / Ventriculus
lateralis.
Cornuo@ioitalo
lnsula[Lobu9 --
Insuransl
anlenot -'
a:^mtnissura
A. cerebrimdia -'---
-
Cistemalossaelateraliscerebri --
Corpusamygdaloideum
" /
Pl€xuschoroideus venlirculilareralis / r)
/
Gyrus parahippocampalis
t
Hippocampus ,' I
/
Fimbria
lo rhippocampi
ilPPrrudrrPr
I/
/
A. carebriposterior
-ncephalon;
Fig.573 Brai-
sagittalsectionthroughthe left hemisphereat the
levelof the Corpusamygdaloideum;
viewedfrom the left.
of theBrain
SagittalSections
337
lnsula[Lobusinsularisl--
Claustrum--
Cisternalossaelateraliscerebri/
A. cerebrimedia /
/
Putamen/
/
Hippocampus
Fig.574 Brain,Encephalon;
at the
sagittalsectionthroughthe left hemisphere
levelof the cornu temporale;
viewedfrom the left.
/ Sulcuscentralis
Cislernafossaelateraliscerebri/
Insula[Lobusinsularis]/
A. cerebrimedia/
cer€bglli
Hemispherium
Fig.575 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittal sectionthrough the left hemisphereat the
level of the Insula;
viewedfrom the left.
Brain,
Encephat
33 8
Sulcuscentralis
Cisternalossaelateraliscerebri /
A cerebri media /
Fig.576 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittal section through the left hemisphereat the
level of the Polus temporalis;
viewed from the left.
Flg.577 Brain,Encephalon;
sagittalsectionttrroughthe left hemisphereat the
levelof the Fossalateraliscerebri:
viewedfrom the left.
HorizontalSections oftheBrain
339
- - C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
B u l b u so c u l i ' - -
N o p t i c u lsl l - -
.. Chrasmaoplicum
V e n l f l c u l u sl a t e r a l r s ,
C o r n ut e m p o r a l e - -
Cisterna interpeduncularls
.- .-
-' Pedunculuscerebri
Hippocampus
-
Tegmentummesencephali
- -
Vermrscerebelli -
AqueductusmesencePhali
- .- \
S u l c u sc a l c a r r n u s Tectum mesencephali
Fig.57B Brain,Encephalon;
horizontalsectionalimageobtainedwith magnetic
resonance tom0graphl'(N{RT)throughthe midbrainand the
579
i n f e r i o rh o r n so f t h e l a t e r a vl e n t r i c l e s ;
580
sul)enor\ le\\ 578
- -- V e n t r i c u l u lsa t e r a l r s. - - -
Cornu lrontale
-- N u c l e u s c a u d a t u sC a P U t
--- ----
S e p t u mP e l l u c r d u m
F o r n r xC o l u m n a
-
I n s u i al L o b u si n s u l a r i s-]
V e n t r i c u l tuesr t i u s- - -
-
Thalamus -
F O r n r xu, r u s
\ -
Ventriculuslateralis,
Cornu occipilale
- Fissura longitudinalis-
cerebrl
C o r p u sc a l l o s u m F l o s t r u m\ G y r u so n g u 1 Sepllm i
\ I Forarnen l Fornx* / C o r p u sc a l l o s u mz . S u l c u sc e n l r a l t s
pe lucldlm- Inlerventflculare/ Un C U S
i I
C o r p u sc a l l o s u m G e n u :
V e n t f l c u l u tse r l i u s
Thalamus*
V e n l rc u l u sl e r l t u s \ / C o r p u sc a l l o s u m ,
Hypothalamus Splenrum
- Su cus paletooccipttalts
C o r p u sm a m r l l a r e-
C h r a s m ao p l r c u m . . -
-- Tentoflum cerebelll
-
C r s t e r n ac h a s m a t t c a- S u l c u sc a c a n n u s
-
S i n u ss p h e n o r d a l i s- G l a n d u l ap r n e a l r s
T e c t u mm e s e n c e p h a l l
H y p o p h y ss - -
V e r m i sc e r e b e l l l
C i s t e r n ai n t e r p e d u n c u l a r r- s
Ltn9ua \
A q u e d u c t u sm e s e n c e p h a l l
P a r s n a s a l r sp h a r y n g r s
\
V e n t r r c u l uqsu a r t u s
\
P a r s o r a l r sp h a r y n gs / Epgtoilrs P a r s l a r y n g e ap h a r y n g r s
\
M e d r l l as p , n a l , s
\
Crslerna cerebellomedullafls
Fig.5til Brain,[:nr;epharon;
mediansectionalimageobtainedwith magneticresonance
tomography(MRT)
* The contours
of thesc strurtLtr()sare somcwhat falsified due to the
"l)artial volumCoffi'|t "
- S i n u ss a g t t a ls s u p e ro r
,,,I - G y r u sc n g u l l
- - C o r p u sc a l l o s u m T r u n c u s
V e n l n c u l u sl a t e r a l r sC o r n u l r o n l a l e
- N u c l e u sc a u d a t u s C a p u l
I n s u l aI L o b - s ' n s u r a r . s ]
-
C a p s u l ar n l e r n a
C r s l e r n al o s s a el a t e r a l t sc e r e b r l -
S e p t u mp e l l u c r d u m
C h r a s m ao p t r c u m -
-
N u c l e u sl e n t r l o r m r s
A c a r o l r sn t e r n a
S i n u ss p h e n o r d a l i s
-
S r n u sc a v e r n o s u s
Fig.582 Brain,Encephalon;
frontal sectionalimageobtainedwith magnetic
resonancetomography(MRT)throughthe ventralpart
of the third ventricle.
spinatis,
SpinalCord,llteclutlu spinales
antlSpinalNerves,l',lervi
34L
- - Ganglion.sensorlumnervl
sprnallsll
- Inlumescentiacervrcalls
/t
Os occipilale _ - - Ganglia sensorlanervorum
\ sprnallumcervlcallum
a,/
Bt'
r\ r.
,tt
Nn lhoracici Radices posteriores /
\
I t
t /
t /
Z
/ l
M e d u l l as p i n a l i s/ '
t
f
t
T
-./,/ Alaossisilium
Cauda equina /
,
I
N glossopharyngeus / Pons
lxl \
N vagus [X] \ \
- Fossa rhomboidea / Medullaoblongata
- Obex N
N hypoglossus
[Xlll \ nypogrossus -- N accessorius
[Xl]
lxill
Arcusanterior
- / atlantis -- Decussatio
pyramidum
- -
Fissura mediana
anterior
Nn cervrcales - Sulcusanterolateralis
lc 1-c 8l - Ganglia sensoria
neryorum spinahum
7\ Radix posterior
- Arcusvertebrae (c 8)
-4 Vll
cervicalis
8-
Radix posterior
t\ - Arcusvertebrae (r 1)
I
lhoracicae
2-
- C o s t al l l Duramater
sprnalis
- CostalV
4-
5- S e g m e n t -a- - - l
thoracica[1-1 2] - Dura maler sprnalis
Sulcus = Pars thoracica
6-
posterolateralis
7-
Sulcusmedianus
posterior
I --:
- - Radix
Arcus vertebrae posterior
thoracicaeXll (r 12)
-- -
Arcusvertebrae
l u m b a l iIs Radix posterior /
( L1 )
Nn lumbales
lL 1-L 5l
A/ Caudaequina /
- F i l u mt e r m i n a l e
5/
- Gangliasensoria
1/
nervorumspinalium
(s 1-5)
/,
--
os sacrum
Nn sacrales
Parsduralis
ls 1-s 5l J
i
\ Filumterminale, Fig.58s
I Parsduralis
5/
/)* I
| t - os coccygis
/ ./
N coccygeus / / [Vertebraecoccyqeae l-lv]
Fig.584 Spinal cord, Medulla spinalis, and spinal nerves, Fig.585 Spinalcord,Medullaspinalis,and spinal
Nervi spinales; nerves,Nervi spinales;
the spinal cord after exposure of the vertebral canal, the the vertebral canal and the subarachnoidspacehave
intervertebral foramina and the subarachnoid space; been exposed;dorsal view.
dotsal view.
As the segments of the spinal cord are numbered according Fig. 586 Spinal cord, Medulla spinalis, and spinal
to the spinal nerves, and the uppermost spinal nerve is counted nerves,Nervi spinales;
as the first cervical nerve, there are B cervical segments. the vertebral canal and the subarachnoidspacehave
been exposed;ventral view.
Segmentsof the SpinatCord,Segmentame'dullaespinalis
343
M. tricepsbrachii: C7 C6-CB
M brachioradialis C5_C6
M. extensorcarpiradialislongus C5 C7
M. extensorcarpiradialisbrevis C5-C7
M. supinator LJ _UO
M. flexordigitorumProfundus C 7_ T I
M. flexorcarpiulnaris C7.TI
M. abductorpollicisbrevis C7-T1
M. flexorpollicisbrevis C7-T1
M. opponens pollicis C6_C7
M. flexordigiti minimi C 7_ T 1
S e g m e n t al u m b a l i a[ 1 5 ] M. adductorpollicis CB_T1
M. abductor digiti minimi: CB CB_T1
Mm. interossei:CB C B- T 1
S e g m e n t as a c r a h a[ 1 - 5 ]
,/ Dua malel
spinalis
-- - Nn lumbales
Lig denticulalum
\ Conusmedullaris
Radix posterior, /
Fila radicularia
\ F i l u mt e r m i n a l e
Arachnoidea z
mater spinahs - Duramater
. spinalis
Cauda equina /
Ouramalerspinahs
\ N coccygeus
Fig. 588 Spinalcord,Medulla.spinalis,
and F i g . 5 8 9 S p i n a lc o r d ,M e d u l l as p i n a l i s ;
spinal meninges,Meningesspinales; inferior part with the Caudaequina;the subarachnoid
the subarachnoidspacehas beenexposed; spacehas beenexposed;
dorsalview. ventralview.
/ Duramatersprnalis
nervispinalis
sensorium
- Ganglion
-
Epineurium
R posterior-
Truncusnervispinahs,
- - Duramatersoinalis
spinale--
Ganglion
-- RadixPosterior
N spinalis,
-
Spatiumsubarachnoideum
- -
(Spatium
subdurale)- Piamaterspinalis
Duramaterspinalis/
/t nr""nnoto"amaterspinalis
Spatium
' epidurale;Plexusvenosus/ ./
veriebralis
rnlernusoosteriot /
/
Periosteum
posterius
Lig longitudinale
\
/ Filum termrnale
Plexus venosus verlebralisinternusanterior
\
R meningeus
Truncusnervispinalis, \
7, Cauda equina
Truncusneruispinalis. - -
R communicans
Truncusnervispinalis,
R
.'
Truncusnervisoinalis.R ooslerrclr \ N spinalis,Radixposterior
/
R lateralis / tt tt. \ Arachnordea
matersPinalis
/
R medialis /
/ ,,'(Spatiumsubdurale)
Pia mater spinalis , I \ Duramaterspinalis
I
Spatium subarachnoideum/ Spatiumepidurale
I
Lig tlavum/ Periosteum
/, Corpus vertebrae
Truncussymoathicus,
Ganglion
truncisympathici
1
/ M e d u l l as p i n a l i s
R c o m m u n i c a n s1
R p o s t e r i o-r- - ----
F l a d i xp o s l e r i o r
.-.
N Intercostalis -
---
C a n a l i sv e r l e b r a l i s
Costa ----
Araraverlebrae
R lateralis
-.---
proc spinosus
R medialis
'---
Mm dorsi
(R
- (F culaneus medialis)
F i g . 5 9 3 S p i n a nl e r r e ,\ e r r u s s g r i n a l i s ;
t h o r a c i rrre g i o n ;
(liagram.
G a n g l i o ns e n s o r i u mn e r u is p i n a l i s_ _
_
Arachnoideamater spinalis - _
S p a t i u ms u b a r a c h n o i d e u m- -
Duramaterspinalis- -
C a u d ae q u i n a - -
A spinalisanterior - -
A spinalisanteflor --
A cervicalisascendens - - -
Pars ascendensaortae - -
R spinalis
A intercoslalisposlenor
A spinalisanteflor - - - Pars descendens aonae
N spinalis,
Radix anteraor
Aa intercostales postefl ores
Ganglion- -
nervispinalis
sensorium
Truncusneruispinalis--
(A radicularismagna)*
Cauda equina
(V basivertebralis) PIexusvenosusvertebralis
\ externus
anlerior
\ ,'"
Plexusvenosusvertebralis- - -
posterior
Internus -- V lumbalis ascendens
OiscusInlervertebralis,
Anulusfibrosus\
-- Lig longitudinaleanterius
Capsulaarticularis -*- R c o m m u n i c a n sa l b u s
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R posterior I Trrncusneruispinalis
(R medialis)
Ganglion sensorium
(R lateralis) nerui spinalis
Lig denticulatum --
Truncusnerutspinalis,
R posterior
Ganglion sensorium nervrsprnalrs Truncusnervispinalis,
R anterior
'Spatium
subarachnoideum
Arcus verlebrae - -
1-- Arachnoidea
matersPinalis
Rr.sPinalesO
------ R. meningeus
(A inlercostalisposterior)
-- o Plexusvenosus
vertebralis
internus
anterior
- -
Fovea coslalis orocessus transversi
Lig. longitudinale
Truncussympathicus,
, poslerlus
Rr communicantes --: - - - - - Corpusvertebrae
Fovea costalissuperior\\
\
exlernusa \
M intercostalis
--- L i g .l o n g i l u d i n a l e
Costar antenus
\l / o V hemiazygos
-t / Fascia
,' endothoracica
s a --
A : V i n t e r c o s t a l iO -
/ Pleura Parietalis,
,ffi*--/ Parscdstalis
/ Plexus
aorlicus
lnoracicus
endothoractca - O Pars
- -;' lnoractca
M rntercostalls - aonae
Truncus
vagails
postenor;
Plexus
oesopnageus
Truncus O Aa oeso-
sympathrcus phageae
N splanchnicus
ma)or
a -
Oiaphragma,
Centrum
lenolneum
\/',
V azygoso -
ha^2ri.2o a /
/ ,\, i
t
I
N . p h r e n i c u s : AV..; a a ' V cavainlerior
oencardtacopnrenlca
posterior
Sulcusmedianus \ gracilis
Fasciculus
7 rrnicutusooste,io,
posterior
Sulcusintermedius \
\ 7 Fasciculus
cuneatus,i
)
-( gelatinosa
/ Substantia centralis
sutcusposterotale,"b) \' 1 -?;*'>,--
-\
eE f / Radrx posteflor Fila radicularia
13
," substantiaseratinosa
:::::
rti
'!
'j ll '
I '{'\
\ \
Sulcusanterolateralis
\ pi,
materspinalis
Fissura mediana anterior
posterior
Sulcusmedianus \ // Radix posterior
/ Funiculus
posterior
;\
Substantiagelatinosa\ '/ Columnaposterior
\ Cornuposterius
- Funiculus
lateralis \ columna
- posterior,
Substantia Cornu
gelatinosa postenus
cenlralis
/ *41
Cofumnaanterior,
Cornuanterius /
Commissura / Columna iniermedia,
albaanterior Cornu laterale
I \
Funiculus substantia
anterior gelatinosa
centralis
c I
Fissuramedianaanterior
/ ColumnaposteriorC ornuposterius
/
- grisea
Substantia
- gelatrnosa
Substantia centralis
/ \
Columnaanlerior,
Cornuanlerius Canaliscentralis
Figs.600a-d Spinalcord,Medullaspinalis;
horizontalsections;the myelin sheathshavebeenstained.
a cervicalpart, Parscervicalis
b thoracicpart, Parsthoracica
c lumbarpart, Parslumbalis
d sacralpart, Parssacralis
Nuclei and Reflexesof the Spinal Cord
351
/ Nucleus marginalis
Substantiagelatinosa \ /
- Columnaposterior
Nucleusproprius\ Cornuposterius
- - Nucleusthoracicus
posterior
-
Columna intermedia,Cornu Iaterale
Nucleus
-
Columna anteflor
,'\7 ! r Cornu anterius
tx' I' r
c a n a l i sc e n t r a l i s \
, Nuctei
(Substantiagrisea intermediacentralis)
'1=
spinal ganglion
2 = interneurons
3 = motoneuronof venlral horn
4 = skin
5 6=motorendplales
7 = m u s c l es p i n d l e
Fasciculus
septomarginahs"
\
Fasciculus
inlerfascicularis'
\
t\\ tl
\\ t\ t s posterior*
/ Tractus sprnocerebellafl
I
Fasciculi \
propriiposteriores t\t t I
.. I \t\ I
t
lr\
a\ tl
proprii--
Fasciculi
lalerales -)<.---=<'*. \\ t
\
Tractus--
corticosprnalis -f-ZJ
\\l
(pyramidalis) \rta
lateralis I
't
Tractus- tl
rubrospinalis I
\'l
\t. ,
- at
Tractusreticulospinalis .-7 I ' T -
J-r/ -
Tractusspino-
thalamicuslateralis
\ Tractusspinocerebellaris
- anteflor""
Fibrae olivospinales \
Tractusspinoolivaris
Tractusreliculospinalis; / \
Tractustectospinalis Tractusspinothalamrcus
antenor;
Tractusvestibulospinalis
medialis Tractusspinotectalis
(pyramidalis)
Tractuscorticospinalis anterior propriianteriores
Fasciculi
Fasciculuslongitudinalismedialis
Fig. 603 Spinal cord, Medulla spinalis; In the areasmarked+, ++ and +++dss6sndlng
collaterals
schematicorganisationof the white matter; an inferior cervical of the posteriorfuniculuscanbe found.
segment is shown as an example.Afferent (= ascending)tracts
are colouredblue, efferent (=descending)tracts red.
' clinical: FLEcHsrc'sbundle + ScHULTzE'sbundle (Pars cervicalis)
clinical: Gowens' bundle ++ FLrcssrc's oval field (Pars thoracica)
**
" clinical: GoLL's tract +++ PurLrppr-Gor.,rBAuLTtriangle (Pars lumbalis; Pars sacralis)
'* * * clinical: BURDACH'S tract
Interneurons
Interneurons(multipolarcellsin the greysubstance, grisea)
Substantia
- interneuronsin the strictsense(homolateral
connections)
- commissural cells(contralateral
connections)
- association
cells(shortsegmental in the Fasciculiproprii)
connections
Gyrusposlcentralis
\\
-.--
Fibrae thalamoparietales Fibrae thalamoparietales
- -
Lemniscusmedialis Thalamus
'
N trigeminus[V] /
/ \-\
lemniscorum
Decussatio t-
/ - lateralis
N u c l e ucsu n e a t uzs ; Tractusspinothalamicus
Nucleusgracilis - anterior (Fasciculus
Tractusspinothalamicus
- TractussPinoreticularis anterolateialis)
cunealus-
Fasciculus - TractussPinotectalis
- Tractusspinoolivaris
gracilis/
Fasciculus
4
,l
sensorium
Ganglion
neruispinalis
Afferenttracts
Pathwayof epicriticsensibility(tactilepathway)
(exactdifferentiati0nof touch,pressure, vibrati0n,andsenseof position)
1. Neuron(uncrossed)
Fromreceptors (exteroceptors)of the skin andmucousmembranes, thejointsaswell asfrommusclespindles
of the periosteum,
etc.to the cuneatenucleusandgracilisnucleusin the Medullaoblongata: iuneatefasciculusandgracilisfasciculus(rootcells,
perikaryain the spinal ganglia);
descending (see
collaterals Fig.603)
2. Neuron(crossed)
Fromthe Medullaoblongata (cuneate nucleus,gracilisnucleus)to the thalamus(mediallemniscus, perikaryain the cuneate
nucleusandgracilisnucleus).Branchingoff of fibresto the cerebellum (Fibraecuneocerebellares)
3. Neuron(uncrossed)
Fromthe thalamusto the cortex,especially gyrus(thalamocortical
to the postcentral fibres,perikaryain the thalamus)
Pathwayof protopathic sensibility(painpathway)
(pain,temperature,generalpressureperception)
1. Neuron(uncrossed)
Fromreceptors(exieroceptors) of the skin,the mucosaetc.to the centralnucleusof the posteriorfuniculus,laminaeI' IV' VII
andVIII (roots perikarya
cells, in the spinalganglia)
2. Neuron(crossed, somefibrespossiblyuncrossed)
Fromthe posteriorhornto the thalamus,in the reticularformationandto the tectumofthe mesencephalon (anteriorandlateral
spinothalimictract,spinoreticular tract;perikaryain the posteriorfuniculi)
tract,spinotectal
3. Neuron(uncrossed)
Fromthe thalamus,amongothers,to the cortex,especialiy gyrus(thalamocortical
to the postcentral fibres,perikaryain the
thalamus),alsoto partsof the medial geniculatebody,corpus geniculatummediale
354 Spinal Cord,Medulla spinalis
Pedunculus
cerebellaris
superior
Vermiscerebelli
-
Pedunculuscerebellarisinlerror
/ f .actus spinocerebellansanlerior
Cornuposterius
N spinalis\ / Nucleus thoracrcus
/ posterior
\
Ganglion sensorium
nerui spinalis
Gyrusprecentralis
-
Fibrae corticospinales - -
Corpus striatum --
-
Thalamus - - Nucleusruber
- (Tractus
cerebellorubralis)
nigra-
Substantra
-
Nucleipontis
-
Fibraepontocerebellares
- Tractusrubrospinalis
- TractusreticulosPinalis
- TractusvestlbulosPinalis
etc \
Tractusbulboreticulospinalis - Tractustectosplnalls
Cornuanterius
Radix-anterior \
lmolonal \
N spinalis
:llill;Ji"llliL,,on,u,
n"^
",
Long tracts within the spinal cord (continuedl
Efferenttracts
(motor end pathway) is .
The motor system consistsof a large number of nuclear areasand tracts.The "final common pathway"
- despitethe extraordinary complexity- the traditional schemeofdescription
formed by the motoneurons.For didactic reasons and
has beenmaintainedhere.
(so-called) Pyramidal tract
1. (Central)neuron (crossed)
and posteriorcolumns
From the c0rtex through tire internal capsuleand the cerebralpeduncleto the interneuronsof the anterior
(lateral corticospinaltiact, anterior corticospinaltract, perikarya in the precentralgyrus)
bulbi)
and Fibraecorticonucleares
branchingoffoifibres to the nuclei ofthe cranialnerves(Fibraecorticonucleares
2. (Peripheral)neuron (motorend pathway,cx-motoneurons)
horn)
From the anterior horn to the mbtor endplatesof the skeletalmusculature (motoneurons,perikarya in the anterior
(so-called)Extrapyramidal motor system
1. Centralneurons(crossedand uncrossed)
nucleiofthe
From the cerebralcortex,particularlyto the precentralgyrus anclthe corticalareasin front of it includingthe
thalamus,iubthalamic nucleus,red nucleus,Substantianigra, cerebellum etc' and the developmentof
telencephalon,
vestibulartracts,
regulatingfeedbackto the interneuronsof the anteri0rcolumn (rubrospinaltract,medialand lateralspinal
reticulospinaltract,tectospinaltract)
2. Peripheralneuron (motorend pathway,c-motoneurons)
From the anteriorhorn to the motor enclplatesof the skeletalmusculature(motoneurons, perikaryain the anteriorhorn)
Eye,Organumvisus
(Sulcuspalpebralis
superior)
I
Commissura palpebrarum
lateralis I i
;Supercrlrum / Supercilium
I
- Tunica
conjunctiva
bulbi
Angulus oculi --
lateralis; -
Commissura Caruncula
lalerahs lacrimalis
parpeorarum
- A n g u l u so c u l i
Flima -
palpebrarum medialis
Clliae -
\
commissura
inferiort
Palpebra i Sulcussclerae/ lrrs' medialis
,t'
/
(Sulcuspalpebronasalis) | /, l ! parpeDrarum
P u p iillllaa ' Ii
Angulus
ocuhmediahs,
Commtssura palpebraruml
medialis P a l p e b rian l e r i o r '
/
Lrmbuspostenor palpebrae I Papilla lacrimalis(inlerior)
Limbusanteriorpalpebrae'
, Caruncula
,,' lacrimalis
/ Commissura
medialis
parpeorarum
- Angulusoculi
medialis
- Plica
semilunaris
conjunctivae
parpeorae ^,,su,usuLu,,
I I i I t\\
plicasemilunansconruncrii?i,(^i"..'
,/- z
,r'
t' ; I
| \Punctumtacrimate;
punctumlacrimale/ ' / I | | .",,:*i$i1,,"*, tI
commissuralaterahs' \ 't
Papillalacrimalis (inferioo
! lli i l Paloebrarum i I i
P a p i l l a l a c r i m a l i s ( i n f e r i o-0 ' ! i I Lacustacrimatis/ I ;
' ( S u l c u sp a l p e b r a li insf e r i o ,
Caruncula lacrimalis ' / I Limbusanteriorpalpebrae
I i Limbusposterior
palpebrae
C o m m i s s u r a m e d i a l i s p a l p e b r a !r u m r
A n g u l uosc u l m i edialis'
-- Margo medialis
- - Os lacrimale
- - Sulcus lacrimalis
Proc frontalis--
Os zygomatrcum, - - Crisia lacrimalis anlerior
- -
superior-
Fissuraorbitalis Fossasaccilacrimalis
\-]-.i
t... - -
posterior
Cristalacrimalis
/
Faciesorbrtalis
Os zygomaticum, )./
\ Maxilla,Proc frontalis
/
Foramenzygomaticolaciale \ Inciguralacrimalis
\ Os palatinum,Proc orbitalis
/
Sulcus infraorbitalis:Canalis infraorbitalis
lFor"r"n \
Margo inkaorbitalis' inlraorbitale Maxilla,Facies orbitalis
M orbicularisoculi,\
Pars palpebralis \ palpebrale
- ,- Lig.
mediale
oculi,
- - M. orbicularis
M levator \ Parsorbitalis
labri superiofls
alaeque nasi
-- M levatot
labiisuperioris
alaequenasi
M orbicularisoculi.- \
Pars orbitalis \
- M. nasalis
M levator --
-- M levator
labii superioris
labiisuperioris
-- M zygomaticus
malor
--
M zygqmaticus
mrnor
-
Tunica conjunctivapalpebrarum
- - Tarsussuperior
>-- G l a n d u l at e
arsales*
+- - Faciesposterior
palpebrae
Facies anterior
parpeorae
- Cilia
- Limbus posterior
parpeorae
\
M orbicularios culi
Pars palpebralis
L i m b u sa n t e r i o rp a l p e b r a e
F i g . 6 1 3 U p p e rl i r l ,P a l p e l r r sau p e r i o r ;
p h o t o g r a l J(h) li l m i ( r r ) s{() l r i ts ; r e irm e n :a z a ns t a i n :
s a g i t t asl e c t i o nl;o u m a g n i f i c a t i 0 n
* r l i n i ra l : \ l t , t E o r i a ng l a n ( i s
/ G l a n d u l a et a r s a l e s
/ A n g u l u so c u l rm e d r a l i s
.-
C o m m i s s u r am e d i a l i s
parpeDrarum
/
Commissura
lateralis
parpeorarum
/
Rimapalpebrarum
/ G l a n d u l a et a r s a l e s
-Ia/r s u sr n l e f l o r
Fig.6l4 Eyelids,Palpebrae;
excretoryductules of the tarsal glands;
dorsalview (1.).
-orou,
orbita
cavity,
3 59
/ Septumorbitale
Septumorbitale\
/ TarsussuPerior
/ Lig. palpebralemediale
- Os nasale
- Maxilla,Proc.trontalis
Septumorbilale -
\ Tarsusinlerior
Os zygomaticum
Fig. 615 Orbital entrance,Aditus orbitalis, has been exposed;the tendon of M. levatorpalpebrae
with eyelids,Palpebrae,and lacrimalgland,Glandula superioris has been sectionedlaterally in order to make
lacrimalis; the palpebralpart of the lacrimal gland visible;
ventralview (r.).
the orbicular muscle has been removed;the orbital septum
M. levatorpalpebraesuPerioris\
IncisurasuPraorbitalis
/
Tendo
suPerior,
- M obliquus
Fornix \
conjunclivae --
superlor t\
- Corpusadiposumorbitae
Glandula lacrimalis, - -
Pars orbitalis Lig. Palpebrale mediale
--
(Raphepalpebralis--
Lig.
lateralis): --
Lig. Palpebrale mediale
palpebralelaterale
--
Rimapalpebrarum
Fornixconjunctivae
inferior
/
Os zygomaticum
/ --
Forameninfraobilale
Tarsusinlerior/
M obliquusinferior/
Foramina ethmoidalia
anterius et ooslerius
Os ethmoidale,Lamina orbitalis
Fissuraorbitalissuperior
I
Canalis opticus I I
'J
Ossphenoidale. --
Alaminor ---: - Os nasale - Margo lateralis
- Os lacrimale - Foramen zygomalicoorbilale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major - Maxrlla, .-= - Fissuraorbitalis
suoerior
Proc frontalis
-
Fissuraorbitalis- Canalis
interior nasolacrimalis
FOSSa
pterygopalatina
Fig.617 Medialwall, Pariesmedialis,of the orbital Fig. 6lB Lateralwall, Parieslateralis,of the orbital
cavity, Orbita; cavity, Orbita;
the wall has beenexposedby a vertical sectionthrough the wall has been exposedby a vertical sectionthrough
the axis of the orbital cavitv: the axis of the orbital cavitv:
lateral view (r.). medialview (r.).
/ N lacrimalis
/ A lacrimalis
Glandula Parsorbitalis\
lacrimalis,
cumneruozygomaiico
/ R communicans
_z Suturasphenozygomatica
- M rectuslateralis
z N oplicus[|l]
- -
Os sphenoidale,Ala majol
cumnervozygomatico t'
R communicans
- Fissuraorbitalis
inferior
\
N inlraorbitalis
/
Foramenzygomaticoorbitale \ N zygomaiicus
Fig. 619 Innervationof the lacrimalgland,Glandula the lateralwall ofthe orbitalcavityhas beenexposedby a vertical
lacrimalis; section;
medialview (r.).
Lacrimal apparatus,Apparatuslacrimalis
The Glandulalacrimalissecretsa fluid, tears,via the Ductuli The nasolacrimal canalis about20 mm long and 5 mm wide
excretorii into the conjunctivalpouch. It is spread over the and containsthe nasolacrimalduct.It startsat the Fossasacci
corneaby blinking and is collectedin the lacrimal lake,Iacus lacrimalisand ends,protectedby the Plicalacrimalis,in the
Iacrimalis,alongthe backedgeof the lowerlid. By immersing nosebelowthe Conchanasalisinferior.In the newbornthe nasal
the lacrimalopeningin the lacrimallakethe lacrimalductscan openingof the nasolacrimalduct may still be obstructedby a
transport the lacrimal fluid into the lacrimal sac, Saccus membrane.
lacrimalis,partly through capillaryattractionand partly by
sucking.
LocrimolApparatus,Apparatuslacrimalis
F o r n r xc o n j u n c t r v aseu p e f l o r\
lacrimalis uperror
/ Canaliculus
G l a n d u l al a c r i m a l r sD u c t u l ie x c r e t o r i \i / L 4 o r b i c u l a r i os c u l i
- - Saccus lacrimalis
- - Canaliculuslacrimalisinferiol
7),. -- P a p i l l al a c r i m a l l s i
Punctum lacrimale
- - Concha nasaltsmedia
-
T u n i c ac o n j u n c t i v ab u l b r -*-
D u c t u sn a s o l a c r i m a l i s
- ---
Fornlx conjunctrvaetnlelor P l i c al a c r i m a l i s
/ - - -
T u n r c ac o n i u n c t i v ap a l p e b r a r u m Meatus nasi inferlor
/
/
N inlraorbitalis
S r n u sm a x i l l a r s T u n t c am u c o s a
P a p i l l al a c n m a l r s Canalrculus
P u n c t u ml a c r t m a l e lacnmalrs upeflor
S a c c u sl a c r t m a l r s A m p u l l ac a n a l i c u llia c r i m a l l s
C a r u n c u l al a c n m a l r s I
\
'\
uanalrculus Lrg palpebrale !
t.'
, Caruncula lacrimalis
'\ meorate
l a c r m a l r ss u p e l o r ! / Pal?ebta
\
| ,t // supenor
l /"
Fornrx\ t/
sacct \
lac(malrs
L,g .
palpebrale
meorale
Saccus
lacnmalrs
Maxilla ---'
Proc
lronlalrs
ta \ Patpebra
\ Inlenor
\ M o r b r c u l a r ios c u l t
n a s oa c n m a l r s lacrimalls \ P a p i1 al a c rm a l i s :
InJenor
P u n c l u ml a c f l m a l e
M oblrquus tnlerror
M obliquussuperior,Trochlea
M rectusmedialis
- - - M. obliouusinlerior
M. rectusinferior
--- M rectussuoerior
M. obliquus
superior
M. levatorpalpebraesuperioris -- M rectuslateralis
Anulustendineus
communis
/ M. reclus / M orbitalis
M levatorpalpebraesuperioris\ / supenor
obliquus
superio'\ - Os frontale
_ - - Fissuraorbitalis
superiot
N o p t i c u s t l l-l -
-:- Lacerlusmusculirectilaleralis
M. rectusmedialis--
- -
Alamajor
Os sphenoidale,
Cellulae ethmoidales -
M reclus inletiot /
Periorbita/
/ M rectusmedialis
/
M rectuslateralis I
,q. I \
' t '
\ . /
'! M obliquusinferior
'/ bulbi
Tunicaconiunctiva
/\
cornea/ ht - M rectusinferior
M rectussuperior
superior,\
M obliquus
tenoo \
\ / N opticus[ll]
/ M roctuslateralis
\ M obliquusinferior
M rectuslateralis
obliquusinlerior
\ N oPticus[l|]
M rectusinlerior/
--- G l a n d u l al a c r i m a l r s
M reclus medialis,Tendo -_ Pars orbitalis
- Margo laleralrs
M a r g om e d i a l i s - -
--
M o b l i q u u si n t e r i o rT e n d o
M obliquus inletor -'
---
M o b l i q u u si n l e r i o r
Margo inlraorbitalis -
- \
\ \
Forrr"n inlraorbitale \ Os zygomaticum
F i g .6 2 8 E r t r a o c u l a m r u s tl e s ,\ l m . l r u l l r i ;
t h e e l e l i t l s ,t h e o r b i r ; u l am
r u s c l ea n r lt h e o r b i t a ls e l ) t u m
h a v eb e e nr e m o r e r lt;h e e l e b a l li s a l r t l u r t e rml t ' r l i a l l r l
r e n t r a lr i e n ( l ) .
- N o p l i c u sl l l
!
M a r g o r n l r a o r b i l a l i -s
-':'-
i-\
\ Os sphenordale
\
M obliquus inletiot / M r e c t u sr n l e r i o r
\ Fossa inlratemporalis
Maxilla /
\ F i s s r r ao r b r l a l i sr n l e r i o r
S r n u sm a x r l l a r r s/
s u p e ro r , T r o c h l e a
/ M obliquus
o D i l q u u s\
/ , B u l b u so c u l l
supenor \
Tendr lI,/
/, M ..lev3lol
/ patpeDtae
. +of, supeflofls
N/ levator
palpebrae
--a'2
s u p e ro n s
M obliquus
suPeflor
Tendo
G l a n d u l a-
tacflmals
P a r s o r b r t ar s Os sphenordale
A a malor
-
C o r P u s-
ororlae
-
M o b l i q u u s-
supenor
M rectus'-
alerails
- M r e c t u ss u p e r i o t
- M o b l i q u u ss u p e r i o r
\\
A n u l u sl e n d r n e u s/ i,4 levator palpebrae superiorls
communts
' N optrcus
C h r a s m ao p t r c u m/ - \ lll
Irig.630 l : r t r a o t t t l a l 't t t t t s tl e s , \ l n t l t t t l l r i ;
t h e 1 9 6 l s9 t l r o t h 9 r ' | i t i r l ( a \ i t i e s I t a r t ' l r e e n r e n r o \ ( ' ( l ;t h e o l ) t i ( ( l a n a l sh a \ e l t e e n e r p o s e t l ;
t h e l e r a t o l n 1 s ( l ( ' o f t h e u l r p e l e r t ' l i r lh a s l r t , t , np a r t i a l l yf e l n o \ e ( lo n t h e r i g h t s i ( l e ;
sul)eftot\ l('\\
- L o b u sf r o n t a l i sG
, y r io r b i t a l e s
e v a l o rp a p e b r a es u p e ro r s
- P a r i e ss u p e r t o r
M r e c t u ss u p e n o r
- P a r i e sm e d i a l i s
i\,4oblrquussupenor
--t -
N o p t r c u sl l l Paries lateralis
M r e c t u sl a t e r a l r s - C e l l u l a ee t h m o r d a l e s
.- Cavrlas nasl
I r i g .6 3 1 l : r t | a o u r l a t m u s (l e s ,\ l m l r u l b i ;
' ot l, o r l r i t a( a
f l o n t u ls c r t i r r n ai nl r u g t ' t h r o u g h l h ( , ( ( ' n t r (t h l \ i t \ { ) l ) t a i n (r' r( il t h m a g n e t ir(e s o n a l l ( o t o m o g r a l r h l ' ( I I R ' l ) ;
\ e n t r a l\ i ( ' \ \
Lens - - P a n e sm e d t a l t s
B u l b u so c u l C o r p u sv t t r e u m - - C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
N,4rectus laleralrs -
- P a r i e sl a t e r a l r s
N o p tc u sl l l - -
- C a n a l i so p t r c u s
M rectusmedalrs - .-
- L o b u si e m p o r a ls
, sphincterpupillae
\
".
posterior/' i
Facies
M. rectus
medialis
Camerapostremalvilrealbulbi;Corpusvitreum
Axis inlernusbulbi
\
Discusnerviopticil
I \ Choroidea
Spatiumperichoroideum
-'
Sclera-'
Excavatio disci --
Laminacribrosascleraez' \ Maculalulea,Foveacentralis
\ Polusoosteriorbulbi
Vaginaexternanervioptici/
--
Spatiumintervaginale
subarachnoidale
59 diopters
43 diopters
19diopters
6 1- 6 9 m m
and Tunicsof theEYe
Vessels
Cornea
I
I
S i n u sv e n o s ussc l e r a e '
I iridismalor
, Circulusarteriosus
anterior
/, V conjunctivalis
/ A conjunctivalisanteflor
I
/ A ciliarisantenol
l-
Circulusarteriosus
i r i d i sm i n o r
Ora serrata -
-- V ciliaris
anteflor
- M rectus laleralis
- A ciliarisposteriorlonga
V a s a s a n g u i n e ar e t i n a e
\
Choroidea \ - V vorticosa
) \:
Lamina choroidocapillaris
\ **
L a m i n av a s c u l o s a
\ Sclera
V centralisretinae
\. \ V episcleralis
\ A episcleralis
A centralisretrnae -
\ A ciliarisposlerior longa
ciliarespostenoresbreves
F i g . 6 3 4 B l o o t vl e s s e l so f t h e e i e b a l l ,B u l b u so t : u l i ;
diagram.
:.:llll:li, "u'''""'
:llll'
Tunics of the eye, Tunicae bulbi
External fibrous tunic, Tunica fibrosa bulbi Internal tunic (retina),Tunica interna bulbi
- cornea (transparent,pronouncedcurvature) - blind part,Parscaecaretinae(fromthe Margopupillaris
- sclera(lessercurvature,opaque,in childrenbluish-white,in iridis to the Oraserrata)
older individuals yellowish-white) heavily
iridial part,Parsiridicaretinae(singlelayered,
pigmented)
ciliarypart,Parsciliarisretinae(singlelayered,
unpigmented)
Intermediate vascular tunic, Tunica vasculosa bulbi - opticpart,Parsopticaretinae(multFlayered)
- iris with a centralround opening,the pupil, Pupilla
1st neuron:photoreceptors (rodcells- darkandbright
- ciliary body,Corpusciliare,with the ciliary muscle,ciliary -
vision;cone cells colourvision)
process,Zonulaciliaris with Fibraezonularesand Spatia
2nd neuron:bipolarneuronswithin the retina(Ganglion
zonularia
- choroid retinae)
3rd neuron:multipolarneurons(Ganglion opticum); their
longaxonsform the N. opticusandprovidedirectinforma-
tionvia theTractusopticito thevisualcentreof thebrain
,n"f
}B
"t1
€;.
r,
i
Eye,Organumvisus
I Cornea I
M sphinctep
r upillae
Camera anterior \
I
I - - Maroo
Slroma iridis pupiltafls
Faciesposterior, posterius\
Epithelium
Faciesanterior,
Epithelium
anterius\\
propriacorneae\
Substantia
Sinusvenosussclerae'.
Angulus iridocornealts\
- Pars iridicaretinae
Reticulumtrabeculare -.-.-
- -
Cameraposterior
: \ . /--_
1-
i
l' F
- . r. o r a e \ -
upalta
zonulares zonularia
M ciliaris
I
l Z o n u l ac i l i a r i s . *
Corpusciliare
Fig.635 Eyeball,Bulbusoculi,
schematichorizontal section through the
centre of the pupil.
* clinical: ScHr-EMM's
canal
** clinical: ZrNN'szonule
ciliares
Lens,Faciesanterior lNn / lris,Margopupillaris
\
M c i l i a r i s\ lris, Facresanterior
Thering-shaped suspension appartusof the lens,
Zonula ciliaris (Zinn's zonule), consists of
Nn ciliares - _
fragilerigid fibres,whicharekeptundertension
by the elasticiryof the lens and alsoby the M.
ciliaris.
Margopupillaris- - z Anulusiridismalor
)- - Feticulum
lrabeculare
\
Margo ciliaris
/
Lens.Faciesanterior
\ Parsiridicaretinae
F i g . 6 3 7 l r i s ,I r i s ;
the scleraandthe corneahavebeendetached;
ventralview(500%).
/ Parsciliarisrelinae
Procc ciliares \
Spatiazonulana
- Fibraezonulares;
Plicae ciliares \
Cornea,FaciesPoslenor
-
Corpusciliare-
ciliaris/
Orbiculus
\ Plicae iridis
lris, Faciesposterior/
Fig.638 lris,Iris;
alongits ciliary margin;
the iris hasbeendetached
dorsalview(300%).
/ lris,FaciesPosterior
O r a s e r r a t -a- - - ( E(--
\ Plicae iridis
\ Procc ciliares
\ Plicae ciliares
Fig.639 Iris, Iris;
sectionof Fig.638;
dorsalview (700%).
,_
? liqit
'4
E}
Eye,Organumvisus
*
/ Aequalol
lPolusoosterior lFaciesposterior
Aequator -+
\\
I \\ lPolusposterior
Capsulalentis/ \Coaexlentis \ Nucleuslentrs
Faciesanterior Substantia
lenlis
Venulamacularis
supeflor\ / Arteriolatemporalisretinaesuperlor
/. Venulatemporalisretinaesuperlor
/ Venulanasalisrelinaesupenor
macularis
Arteriola superior--
/ nasalisretinaesuperior
Arteriola
- Discusnerviootici
\ Venulanasalisrelinaeinlerior
/
Venula macularis inlerior
I
\ Venula temporalrsretinaeinlerior
/
Arleriolatemporalisretinaeinlerior
ArteriolalemDoralisretinaesupenor
*
Macula lutea, Fovea centralts \
- Venulatemporalisretinaesuperior
- Discusnervioptici"
- Venulatemporalis
retinaeinlerior
\ ArteriolaternDoralis
retinaeinferior
lExcavatio disci
lLaminacribrosasclerae
I
Laminafuscasclerae /
- \Substantia propria
$EF.
lzi'.r - , sclerae
i]':': ''
A.; V. centralisretinae/
I $ii
N opticus!|]
/ Spatium interuaginalesubarachnoidale
A : V centralisrelinae /
VagrnaInternaI
Periorbita
N . o p t i c u !sl ] , \
Parscanalis \ Anulus tendineuscommunrs\ M levator palpebrae
supeflofls
Dura mater cranials I
N o p t i c u lsl l , : M rectus superior
Parsintracranialis\
- -
Hypophysis
N opticus !ll,
Pars orbitalis
Traclusopticus- -
A ophthalmica
orbitae
Corpusadiposum
)\,
A c a r o t i si n t e r n a ,- -
Pars cerebralis --
M recluslaterahs
-
Sinus cavernosus - -- M rectusinferior
s f t h e o p h t h a l m i ca r t e r y ;
F i g s .6 4 9 a , b V a r i a t i o n o
s u p e r i o rv i e w ( r . ) .
-- M levatorpalpebrae
suPenorls
-- M rectussuperior
- - orbitae
Corpusadiposum
vvr u,,,d, q - -
PUJ
-- N o p t i c u lsl l
Palpebrasuperior - -
-- M rectusinferior
..
Camera anterior -
-- Sinussphenoidalis
Palpebra inferior -
I
Fig. 650 Orbital cavity, Orbita;
vertical sectionalimage along the optic nerve obtainedwith
magneticresonancetomography (MRT);
lateral view (r.).
Bulbusollactorius\
7 B u l b u so c u l i
/ Aa ciliarcs
Gyri orbitales \
/ A centralis
retrnae
_-- N o p t i c uIsl l l
Tractusolfactorius
-- A ophthalmica
,-- A c a r o t i si n t e r n a
- A choroidea anterior
.- .- Tractusopticus
R a d i xm e d i a l i s
- - Tractusopticus
Radixlaleralis
- - Corpus
genlcutatum
mediale
Aqueductus - - Corpus
mesencepnall genrcuratum
laterale
- Radiatiooptica
Tectum .--
mesencephali,
Colliculus
superior
\ Plexus choroideus
ventriculilalerahs
V magnace(ebri
\ Brachium colliculisuperioris
S u l c u sc a l c a f l n u s
'R
calcarinus
(Area striata)
F i g .6 5 1 C e r e l r r u mC, e r e b r u ma, n ( l\ i s u a ll ) a t h \ \ a ) ;
t h e m i r l b r a i na n ( lt h e l x ) n sh a \ e b e e ns e c t i o n e ot lb l i t l u e l l ' ;
t h e l e f t t e m p o r aal n d o c < ; i p i t l lo l r e sh a v eb e e np a r t i a l l l
rem0r'erl;
i n f e r i o rv i e u
Visual pathway
lst neuron: rod andconecellsofthe retina
2nd neuron: bipolarneuronsof the retina(perikaryain the Ganglionretinae)
3rd neuron:multipolarneuronsof the retina(perikaryain the Ganglionopticum).Theaxonsof the Ganglionopticumreach
primarilythe Corpusgeniculatum somefibresalsoenterthe Corpusgeniculatum
laterale(Radixlateralis),however,
mediale(Radixmedialis),the hypothalamus andgo directlyto the cortexof the brain.Theyrun via the N. opticusto
the Chiasmaopticum,wherethe fibresof the nasalpart of the retinacrossto the contralateral
side.In eachTractus
opticusthosefibresarefoundwhichtransportthe informationfromthe contralateral halvesof the visualfield.
4th neuron: theseaxonsmainlyrun from the Corpusgeniculatum
lateraleto areas17and 18ofthe cerebralcortexin the area
aroundthe Sulcuscalcarinus(Areastriata).
rIFT P
visuatPathwav
5 / f
N o p t i c uIsl l l - - \
Ganglion ciliare\
T r a c t u s o p t i c -u-s-
llll --
N oculomotorius
^\L
R a d i a t a o o p t i c-a- - - - - -
4(1
- - - -
Collicufusrrr"rror - -
sutcuscatcarinus
\{7:
---J
J\
/ oA supraorbitalis
G \ / lateralis
N supraorbitalis,R
><
{EM levatorpalpebraesuperions
!..'\-. /-,-
N supraorbitalis,
R medialis -__
Lr',
, ..t z Glandulalacrimalis,
N supratrochlearis \ N r1}-^$
Pars orbitalis
Corpusadiposum
orbitae\\
M reclus superior
anteriorO \
R meningeus
\
\
A ethmoidalisanterior O \- OA lacrimalis
M obliquus
superior
N lacrimalis
N nasociliaris
A o p h t h a l m i c aO - -
N frontalis -- :s---
- N aMucens[Vl]
N trochlearis
lvl
N ophthalmicus[V/1]
N maxillaris[V/2]
Canalisopticus
N. opticus[ll] --G'i-1
--sc-
A ophthatmica.
A carotis interoa O --
N mandibularis
[V/31,
R meningeus
N oculomotoriusllll
N mandibularis
[V/31
N trochlearis
lvl
N. abducens[Vll Ganglion
trigeminale
R tentorius
N trigeminus
[Vl
654
- lateralis
N suoraorbitalis,R
, a M. levatorpalpebraesuperioris
O *-
A supraorbitalis
Parsorbitalis
lacrimalis,
- Glandula
R medialis
N supraorbilalis,
M rectus superlor
N supratrochlearis
N lacrimalis
O/
A ophthalmica
a M rectus lateralis
N. abducens[Vll
illll, R superior
N oculomotorius
N. nasociliaris
N ophthalmicus
[V/11
N.opticus
ul N maxillaris[V/21
A ophthalmicao -
N mandibularis
[v/31
A carotisinternao -
N oculomotolius
illll - Ganglion lrigeminale
N trochleafls[Vl -i-
N trigeminus[Vl
N abducens
[Vll
+/'/655
6$tr
M obliquussuperior,
Tendoa \ / il M levator palpebraesuperioris
/ ll M rectussuperior
A supratrochlearisO \
/ Glandula lacrimalis,
/ Pars orbitalis
M obliquussuperiora \
A dorsalsnasiO 1
R meningeus anteriora \
M reclus medialis I
N infratrochlearis
t- N lacrimalis
A ethmoidalisanterior O
--- a A lacrimalis
N ethmoidalisanterior
'---- a M rectuslateralis
N nasociliaris
A elhmoidalisposterior O -
N ethmoidalisposterior
O Aa ciliares
N ciliarislongus
N abducens [Vl]
M o b l i q u ussu p e r i oI r - - - ' 7
-'--) N oculomotorius!lll, R inlerior
N t r o c h l e a nl tsv l
A . o p h t h a l m i c aa
..., N o p h t h a l m i c u s[ V / 1 ]
A c a r o t i si n t e r n aO /
/o
N o c u l o m o t o r i u lsl l l -
N trigeminus
[V],Radixsensoria
N trochlearis /
lvl N abducens
[Vl]
654x
Fig. 655 Arteries and nerves of the orbital cavity, Orbita;
the roof of the orbital cavity has been removed;the superior
orbital fissure has been exposed;the levator muscle of the
upper eyelid, the superior rectus and the superior oblique
musclesof the eyeballhave been partially removed;the lateral
rectus muscle has been retractedlaterallv:
superior view (r.).
t rtrul,\'ervesof the OrbitalCa+'iA'
.\luscles,I ?s.sc1s
a M rectus superior
/lM rectuslateralis
--
M o b l i q u u ss u p e r l o r ,t
Trochlea
-- retinae
- O OA ; V centralis
M obliquus superior Tendo a
-- tM rectusinferior
N inlratrochlearis
-
A ethmoidalisanterior O
N ethmoidalisanterior
-
A ethmoidalisPosteriorlt
-
N zygomaticus
N ethmoidalisPosterlor
--
on infraorbrtalis
- -
M rectus medialis *
-- N infraorbitalis
A ophthalmica a
--
M o b l i q u u ss u P e r i o rI -
Illl]' R interior
N oculomotorius
--
M levator palpebrae a
superlorls -
lM rectuslateralis
M rectussuperiorl'
N abducens
[Vl]
N o p t i c u Isl l ]
N maxillaris
[V/2]
-
Canalis opticus
\
N ophthalmicus[V/1]
A o p h t h a l m i c aO
N mandibularis[V/31
N o c u l o m o t o r i u lsl l l
N a b d u c e n s[ V l ]
\
N t r i g e m i n u[ V
s1
655#
zy9omalrcum
Concha nasalis media
llll, B. inlerior
rectus Inler
M. recIUS
M. infer N infraorbilalrs
/rl)l
I -L;--
( V ) ; A . i n l r a o r b i t a l i s' a - ' Sinusmaxillaris
Os lrontale .- .--
/, O A supraorbltalis
- jfi)=----7:-t
superioris N supraorbitalis
M obliquus superior
- M rectus medialis
- -- Os ethmoidale
-
o , u i t a e- - - ! l.l \t -\ -r.
c o r p u sa d i p o s u m C e l l u l a ee t h m o i d a l e s
\1
- - C o n c h an a s a l i sm e d i a
- Periorbita
a-
N intraorbitalis
Fig. 658 Orbitalcavity,Orbita;frontal sectionthrough the posteriorpart of the eyeballl)ehin(lthe tendinousinsertionof the inferior
o b l i q u em u s c l e v; e n t r a lv i e w ( r . )
M epicranius ,, Os lrontale
/^
/ 7 renorolla
/ t N trontalis
Palpebra inferior - -
M reclus inferior
-
Tarsus inferior -
-
Fornix conjunctivaeinfelor -
-
Sclera - M o b l i q u u si n t e r i o r
- -
Septum orbitale
Os temporale
Ossicula auditus
I
/, Cavitastympani
vestibularis
- Labyrinthus
LabYrinthuscochlearis
Fig.660 Ear,Auris;
semi-schematicdrawing; the external acousticmeatus,
the tympanic cavity,the auditory tube and parts of the
temporal bone have been exPosed;
ventralview (r., 110%).
Helix -
Scapha - Cruraantihelicis
-
Fossatriangularis Cymbaconchae
(Tuberculum - -
auriculare) Crushelicrs
Antihelix - Incisura
anterior
Helix -
Cavitasconchae
Tragus
Concha auriculae -
Cavitasconchae
Helix /
Incisuraintertragica
Antitragus/
Lobulusauriculae/-
, r u sh e l i c i s
H e l i xC
Scapha-
/ Spina helicis
/ Incisuraecartilaginismeatus acustici
/
/
//
Incisuraintertragica /
/
/
meatusacustici/
Cartilago
stylordeus
/
Proc mastoideus
M helcis minor
_-
--- M tragrcus
C a u d ah e l i c i s
rM anlitragicus
/ M obliquus auriculae
Lig auriculare
superius-__
--- M transversusauflculae
Meatusacusticus ' - -
externus
\ Lig aurrcularepostertus
; l m .a u r i c u l a r e s ;
F i g . 6 6 4 A u r i c u l a rm u s c l e sN
tlorsalr ierr (r.)
'i
- --.
,!' 'l)/ z Cartilagoauriculae
-- Porusacusticus
externus
- Meatusacusticusexternus
cartilagineus
Membranatympanica -
Bulbussuperior-
venaejugularis
Os occipitale-
Arliculatio- \
atlanlooccipitalis Carlilago
auriculae
Cellulae mastordeae
Fig.665 Externalacousticmeatus,Meatusacusticusexternus;
tympaniccavity,Cavitastympani,and cochlea,Cochlea;
frontal section;
dorsalview (r.).
Plica mallearisposterior \
Pars flaccida*
Meatusacusticus /
externus,
(Pariesposterior)
/ Plica mallearis
/ anletio(
Pars -
tensa
Anulus /
fibrocartilagineus
Proc lateralis- -
Proc lateralis- -
Proc anterior/
/
mallei
Manubrium
M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i-
F i g .6 6 8 M a l l e u s M
, alleus; F i g .6 6 9 M a l l e u sM , alleus;
lateralview (r, 700'ln) v e n t r a lv i e $ ( r . ,7 0 0 % ) .
Corpusincudis\
, (Faciesarticularis)
Crusbreve--__
(Facies
\ Proc lateralis
- Proc lenticularis
Manubrium mallei
- Corpusincudis
CrusPoslerrus
--- Crusbreve _--
BasrsslaPedis
C a p um
t allei
Proc lateralis
C r u sl o n g u m
Proc anterior /
Articulatro"l
ncudostapedialis
C r u sa n t e r i u s-
- Basis
slapedis
--[
t$
-- A tympanica posterior
M tensor tympani,Tendo - -
- - - Membrana stapedialis
- -
F l e c e s s u sm e m b r a n a e-
t y m p a n i c a es u p e ro r
-
C h o r d at y m p a n
M e a t u sa c u s t i c u se x t e r n u s-
qti^ac /
t
Umbo membranae lympantcaeu
Membrana lympanca/
l : i g . 6 7 6 T t n r ; r a n i r . a irt r , C a ri t a st r m p a n i ;
f l o n t a ls e t ; t i r t n l
r e n t r a lr i e * ( t ' )
/ Plicamallearis
anterior
i/t tensor lympani. Tendo
I
Proc cochlearilormis \
, Recessus
epitympanicus
M tensor tympani \
- - C a P U tm a l l e i
- - - L i g m a l l e is u p e r i u s
---
L i g i n c u d i ss u p e r i u s
----
Corpusincudis
Septumcanalis-
musculotubarii
- Chorda tympani
/
Tuba auditiva / - Incus, Crus breve
/
Ostiumtympanicum' \ L i g i n c u d i sp o s t e r i u s
tubaeaudilivae
/
// \ Fossa Incudis
Canalis caroticus t-
\ I n c u s ,C r u s l o n g u m
Anulustibrocarlilagineusz
\ Plica mallearisposteriof
/ \
M a n u b r i u mm a l l e i / \ N facialis
t IVI|]
I
Membrana tympanica / Proc lenticularis
Meatusacusticus\- / S p i n a t y m p a n i c am a j o r
externus /
- - - M tensor tympani,Tendo
- -
Plica mallearisposterior: -
---- Manubriummallei
Chorda tympani
-.--
M tensortympanl
Eminentiapyramidalis /
- Slapes
/ Proc cochlearilormis
- - lmpresslo
trigeminalis
--- Ostiumtympanicum
tubae audrtivae
--- Canaliscaroticus
-
Fossula leneslrae vestibuli
\ -
Promontorium
ta t
srlcra promonlorrl
Canalis nervi facialis /
\
I Fossulafenestrae cochleae
z'
Foramen stylomastoideum/ / \
Fenestracochleae
/ \
Psrrgs ls[yrrnthicus subiculumpromontorii
Antrum masloideum
\
/ Feneslra vestibuli
,
,' - Canahs nervi facrafts
.- ' Proc. cochlearitormrs
-
_-zi'-
C e l l u l a e-
masloroeae
- --
Septum canalis
Pafles - musculotubarii
masloroeus - '-
Ostiumtympanicum
- tubaeauditivae
F o s s ai n c u d i s - - -
Srl"us promontorii
S i n u sp o s t e r i o-r- - -
( Promontorium
Meatusacusticus- \ cellulaetympanicae
externus
f \ Fossulalenestrae
cochleae
Sinustympani/ \ Sulcus'tympanicus
/
promontorii
Subiculum
\ Proc stylordeus
Proc mastoideus /
- Os palatinum,Lamina
I horizontalis
I
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major,
Facies temporalis
Foramen ovale -
- Condylus occipitalis
M uvulae
\ d,:
M t e n s o rv e l i p a l a t i n i
Aponeurosispalatina
pteryg0roeus
/ Foramen lacerum
- L a m i n al a t e r a l i \s
M levator veli paiatini - I Cartilagotubae
I audilivae
- Lamina medialis,/
- Fossa mandibulafls
F i g . 6 8 2 P a l a t i n em u s c l e sM , m l e \ a t o re t t e n s o rr e l i p a l a t i n i ,
a n d c a r t i l a g eo f t h e a u d i t o r l t u b e ,C a r t i l a g rt )u l ) a ea u ( [ i t i v a e ;
on the leftthe musculao r r i g i n sa r e s h o w n ;t h e s o f t p a l a t e( \ e l u m
l)alatinunr) has been pulled forwartl;
inferior vielr.
Auditory Tube,Tubaauditiva
391
- - Dura mater cranialis
--il.
c
M tensortympani-
- Semicanalismusculi
tensoristympanl
,t
- -
Septumcanalis
musculotubarii
semjcanar'|stubae
#;" aud'tivae
,'lrt'
,lr.
'Tunica mucosa
683
l 684
t., 685
Fig.683 Audikrry(pha11ngotympanic)tube,
T u b aa u d i t i v a ;
crosssectionthrough its osseouspart;
l a t e r a vl i e w ( r , 1 5 0 0 % )
l m p r e s s i ot r i g e m i n a l t s
/
D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s
L
D u r a m a t e rc r a n i a l i s\
tubae auditivae,
', Cartilago
Lamina lateralis
Facies posterior-
partis petrosae
Pl"t*.
Canahs caroticus 4!.--
/ loraminis
-
Os temporale - -h-:- ovalis
P a r sp e t r o s a // ",-"
I - N mandibularis
lv/31
- Foramen
ovale
- Tuba auditiva
\ M tensor veli
pala!nl
\ Tuba audiliva,
Pars cartilaginea,
Lamina membranacea
- M tensor pharyngeus/
Recessus \ M levalor veli palatrni
velipalatinl
- - M levalor veli palatrni - tuba6 auditivael
Cartilaoo
Lamtna medlalls
7 Cochlea
N cochlearis\ Canalissemicircularis
anterior
-
N vestibularis - Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] / -
Canalis semicircularis
posterior
'
Porusacusticus
internus
Fig.6B6 Internaleaq Auris interna,and vestibulocochlear The axis of the cochlearuns from medialdorsal-sur)erior
to lateral-
nerve,N. vestibulocochlearis
[VIII]; ventral-inferior.
castmodelsprojectedin their natural positiononto the petrosal
bone;
suDenorvlew.
Foramenrotundum--
.qS\,
A carotisinterna,
Parscavernosa
Foramenlacerum
N petrosusmajor --
Synchondrosis
sphenopetrosa
Cochlea
Ductussemicircularis
anterior
N cochlearis
N vestibulo-
cochlearis[Vlll] lateralis
Duclussemicircularis
N vestibularis
posterior
Ductussemicircularis
- posterior
Canalissemicircularis
- Amoullaosseaoosterior
\ labyrinthi
uocnrea Vestibulum
/ Canalis semicircularisanterior
- Cupula cochleae
C a n a l isse m i c i r c u l a-r i s-
lateralis
Vestibulumlabyrinthi
-
Canahs semicircularis-
Posterior
/
/ \
Ampullaosseaposterior Basis cochleae
/
cochleae
\
Fenestravestibuli
Fenestra
, Canalis semicircularisanterior
Cristavestibuli
q
Recessus
ellipticus
\
\
Canahs semicircularis.- --
lateralis / scalatympani
/ Lamina modioli
posterior-
Canalissemicircularis - - Lamina spiralisossea
- -
Lamina soiralissecundaria
't
/ | ,"."r.r. cochlearis
/ I cristafenestrae
Fossula fenestrae cochleae / cochleae
- - Canalis semicircularis
ovale .---
Foramen lateralis
-- Crusosseumcommune
Apexpartispetrosae -. --
- -
Canalis semicircularis
Meatusacusticus- - Posterior
internus - -
Aqueductusvestibuli
Synchondrosis - - - -
petrooccipitalis Sulcus sinus sigmoidei
Sulcussinuspetrosi- -
inferroris .--
Foramen jugulare
-- Semicanalistubae
Synchondrosis .--- auditivae
sphenopetrosa
Sulcusnervipetrosi-- _ - Cavitas tympani
maJons
- .- Cochlea
Foramenlacerum- -
-- -- Canalis nervi lacialis
Canaliscaroticus- -
.- - Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
S y n c h o n d r o s-i-s
sphenopetrosa -- Vestrbulum
Apexpartispetrosae-- - - Fenestravestibuli
rf/
Figs.691 a, b Osseouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusosseus;
6- milled out of the petrosalbone.
a dorsosuperiorview (r.,300%)
b s u p e r i o rv i e w ( r , 3 0 0 % )
6 9 1a
N sacculans \
\ / - Crus
membranaceum
commune
N utriculo-:
ampullaris - -
- Ductus
semicircularis
Posterior
Ductus / -- - - Ductus
cochlearis endolymPhaticus
- - - Duclus
/
N cochlearis semicircularis
lateralis
/ --
N vestibularis - _
Crua
membranaceum
simplex
-- AmPulla
N ampullaris/ memDranacea
posterior
Posterior
Ouctuscochlearis ' Sacculus
vestibularis
membranaceus;
Fig. 694 Vestibulocochlear [Vlll], and mornbranouslabyrinth,Labyrinthus
nerve,N. vestibulocochlearis
semi-schematic drawing;
dorsal view (r., 7 00"/"\.
Amoullamembranacea / Os temporale'Parspetrosa'
\ Saccusendolymphaticus
Ductusendolymphaticus \ I antarior ,,' Faciesposteriorpanlspelrosae
\\ \\ l/
/ Ductus
cranialis .' utriculosaccularis
Utriculus\
- Crus
-' membranaceum
commune
Sacculus-
vestibularis --
\
Cupula - _ Caecum
cochleae vestibulare
C a e c u m- - -
cupurare
Duclus '-'
cochlearis
Scala -'
vestibuli
// F:/
Duclus /
reuntens Duclus
semicircularis
.tt, Posterior
/ .t/l
Scala tympani /
.t ,r staoes , -:
/l
/ \ Fenestra Ampullamembranacea
Fenestracochleae / vestibuli
Canahculuscochleae / posterior
Cupula cochleae
\
Scala lympani -
/ Ductussemicircularis
/ lateralis
;!.
..i..iil
it::,ri.
'l - - Canalis semicircularis
lateralis
/
Ductuscochlearis/ ---
A m p u l lm
a embranacea
lateralis
I -\-
N utricularis
- -
I Ampulla membranacea
N saccularis / anlenor
7
I \
N ampullarisposterior / Utriculus
/ - - - Canalis semicircularisanterior
Sacculus /
vestibularis
\ Ductus
semicircularrs
anrerror
Fig. 696 Vestibulocochlear nerve,N. vestibulocochlearis
[VIII],and membranouslabyrinth,Labyrinthusmembranaceus;
schematicdrawing;the corticalbonehas beenpartially
removed;
superiorview (r.,300%).
Ductuscochlearis\ S c a l av e s t i b u h
\ _--
Ductuscochlearis,-
Pariesexternus -- - Duclus cochlearis.
Paries vestrbularis**
Striavascularis\
--
Organumspiralet,-
Membranareticularis - - - Membrana tectoria
- --
Prominentia
spiralis- _ -
- Sulcus spiralis internus
_
Sulcusspiralisexternus- _ --
- .- - Lamina spiralisossea
C r i s t a b a s i l a r-i-s-
--- (R nervicochlearis)
D u c t u s c o c h l e a r-i s- -, ---- G a n g l i o ns p i r a l ec o c h l e a e
Pariestympanicus
b a s i t a r i -s- - -
Lamina
\ Limbus spiralis
\ Scala tympani
T h a l a m u s-
Vestibular pathway
lst neuron: bipolar cells of the Ganglion
N u c l e u s- - F -
vestibulare: The fibres form the N. neruroculomolofll
vestibularisof the N. vestibulocochlearis N u c l e u s- -
on the floor of the internal acoustic nervi trochlearis
meatus. They pass to the Nuclei vesti-
bulares. >
/
. Ganglion
I veslibulare
2nd and following neurons:from the Nucleus Nucleusvestibularrs- - - i
SuPefiOr
vestibularis lateralis (DeIrrns' nucleus)
fibres run to the Formatio reticularis, to Nucleus vesttbulans-
the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves lateralrs
Antrum
mastoideum
I
Emrnentia
arcuata
/, Stapes; Fenestravestibuli
Promontorium
\
Fenestracochleae
/ Cavitastympani
- Fissurapetrotympanica
Sulcussinussigmoidei\
_
- Parstympanica
.qit
!: CJF J,
Canalis nervi lacialis /'
* - Fissuratympanomastordea
.tl
Cellulae mastoideae z/
{,,
/
Proc mastoideus
Fig.701 Temporalbone,Ostemporale;
the internal spacesand the groovefor the sigmoid
sinushavebeenexposed;
lateralview (r.).
399
(N vagus)
R auricularis
\
Chordatympani\
\ tympanicus
lN
I Plexustympanicus
I
internus)
(Plexuscaroticus
i-i ,'';-;";il;;;
i -| N caroticotympanicus
&j-i o"'T"::L::
,'" ,, N petrosusminor
/A carotisinterna
inferius(lX)
- Ganglion
- - Plexuscaroticusiniernus
- N canalispterygoidei
(Radixfacialis)
\/
\/
posterior
auricularis /
(N facialis)
(N vagus)/
R auricularis
\chordatympan'
/ N petrosusmalor
Ductus semicircularislateralis- r-
/ M tensortympani
- - Seotumcanalis
musculotubarii
- -
Semicanalis tubae auditivae
--
pyramidalis
Eminentia
- - Promontorium
M stapedius,Tendoz/
\ N tympanicus
Caputstapedis/
\ Cavitas tympani
N tacialis[Vll]/
\ Sinus tympani
Canalisneruifacialis/
N trigeminus
[V]
N facialis[Vll]
N abducens [Vl]
N vestibulocochlearis[Vlll] . /'
Stapes/
N, glossopharyngeus /
[X]
/ -:
Proc mastoideus
N vagus[X]
-: R digastricus
N accessorius
[Xl] -\
I M stylohyoideus
Sinustransversus / Canalis \
a B stylohyoideus
nervl
facialis \ I M digastricus,
Venterposterior
/
Foramenstylomastoideum
N facialis[Vll]
Cochlea Apexpartas
petrosae Tuba auditiva
I
Cavitas tympani; Ossicula auditus Cochlea
I , Os occipitale, \
Porusacusticus
externus I Clivus Caputmandibulae
, \
ll
\\
/ \ Porusacusticus
I rt | !
lOsoccipitale,Clivus
celutaemastoideae i \ inrernus Cellulaemastoideael i I i
lateralisI
Canalissemicircularis I Canalissemicircularis
posterior Cavitastympani;| | | Porusacusticus
internus
Ossiculaauditus iI -
poslerior
Canahssemicircularis
Index
The numbersin bold type indicatepages
wherethe terms appearin the figure legendsor tables
Nodus( i) lymphoideusti)
- - parotideisuperficiales150
Nucleus(i)
- salivatoriusinlerlor 274,276,
Os(sa)
- digitorum(Manus)6, 165,180
P
- - pectorales230 300-30r ---developmentS PACcHroNr's granulations+
- pelvisparietales21 - - superior272-273,276, - - ( P e s )6 Gmnulationesarachnoideae
- viscerales21 300-301 ---developmentS Painpathway+ protopathic
- - submandibulares 72, 115, - sensoriusprincipalisnervi - ethmoidal3 e 3 ,3 5 , 4 1 , 4 35, f , sensibilitl
150 trigemini 300 54-55,56, 57-59, 68,90, 357, Palate118
- - submentales150 - solitarius273-274,300-301 3 6 0 ,3 8 0 - hafi 52,707
- - subscapulares 230 - spinalisnervi trigemini 271,274, - f r o n t a l e3 3 , 3 5 , 3 9 ,4 3 , 4 5 , 4 7 - 4 9 , - soft 107
Nucleus(-i) 300-301 50, 51,51, 54-55,57-58, 91,357, Palatinebone+ Ospalatinum
- accessorius nervi oculomotori - subthalamicus323,355 360,362,364,380 Palatum 118
2 7 0 , 2 7 6 , 2 9 73,0 0 - 3 0 1 - suprachiasmaticus294 - hamatum9, 179-182,214, - durum 46-47,52,91,95-96,102,
- ambiguus274-275,300-301 - supraopticus294 256 107,lo7
- anterior(€s)hypothalami294 - teSmentales 294 - - development8 - molle 4Z 73, 91,95, 102,107,lO7,
- - thalami 295,323 - thalami 323 - hyoideum47,73,79, 87,96, lO2, 1 0 8 ,1 3 6 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 1
- arcuati 294 - thoracicusposterior351,354, 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 ,1 31, 1 3 1, 1 41, 1 61, 1 8 , - osseum44,98
- basales323 354 120-121,125,125, 126,126, 127, Pallidum 323
- c a u d a t u s2 9 5 ,2 9 8 ,3 1 0 - 3 1 1 , - tuberales 294 r 2 7 , 1 2 8 ,1 3 0 - 1 3 11,3 4 ,1 3 4 , Palma 5,164,244-246
313-315,322-323, 323, 324- 327, - ventralis(€s)295,323 136-138,r40-141,143,746,151, Palmaraponeurosis+ Aponeurosis
329-333,335-337,339 - - anterior 295 1 5 8 ,1 6 0 -1 6 1 palmaris
- centralis(Medullaspinalis)353, - - intermedius295 - Incae 37 palmaris 1
353 - - posterolateralis295 - incisivum 48-49,52 Palpebra(-ae) 356,358-359
- centromedianus 295 - - posteromedialis295 - intgrparietale 37 - i n f e r i o r3 5 6 , 3 6 0 , 3 7 3 , 3 8 0
- cerebelli305 - ventromedialishypothalami 294 - l a c r i m a l e3 3 ,3 5 - 3 6 , 4 8 5, 4-55, - superior356,360,373,380
- cochleares273,301 - vestibularis(€s) 273,300-301, 5 7- 5 9 , 3 5 7 , 3 6 0 Pancreas13,22
- cochlearis anterior 397,397 397 - lunatum 9, 179-182,184,251 Panniculusadiposus 77, 159
- - posterior300,397,397 - - inferior 300,397 - - developmentI Papilla(-ae)
- corporisgeniculatilateralis - - lateralis300,397 - manus 179-180 - conicae 108
295 - - medialis300,397,397 - metacarpi 6, 165,179-180, - ductusparoddei ll7, ll7
---medialis295 - - superior300,397,397 183- 184,207,247,250-251, - filiformes 108
- - mamillaris294 256 - f o l i a t a e1 0 8 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 1
- - trapezoidei 392 397 - - development8 - fungiforrnes 108
- c u n e a t u s3 5 3 , 3 5 3 , 3 9 7
- d e n t a t u s3 0 5 , 3 2 7 , 3 3 63,5 5
o - metatarsi 6
- - deYelopment8
- incisiva 107
- lacrimalis 361
- dorsalisnervi vagi 274, Obex 299,342 - nasale33, 35, 38, 41,47-45, 51, - - inferior 356
300-301 Occipitalbone 61, 65 5 4 - 5 5 ,5 7- 5 8 , 7 5 , 7 8 , 8 9 , 9 11, 6 0 , - - superior 356
- dorsalis(-es)hypothalami 294 Occiput38 357,359-360 - mammaria225,228
- - thalami 295 Oculus(-i)356 - naviculare,development8 - vallatae108,110,118,131,136
- dorsomedialis 294 Oesophagus 13,22, 135,137-140, - occipitale37-39, 43, 45, 48-49, Paranasalsinuses 9l-93, 94
- emboliformis+ Nucleusti) 160,163,349 55, 6r,61, 65, 136,144,160,341, Parapharyngealspace140
interpositusanterior Olecranon164,174,176- 178, 347,384,400 Parasympathetic ganglia,head
- fastigii 305 186-187,192,195,204-206,232, - palatinum 36, 47,45, 49, 52, 276
- globosus+ Nucleusfi) 236,238 53, 54-55,57- 59,98, 98, 357, Parasympathetic part of the
interpositusposterior Oliva 270, 275, 287,326-327 3 6 0 ,3 9 0 autonomicnervoussystem 25
- g r a c i l i s3 5 3 , 3 5 3 Operculumfa)290 - p a r i e t a l e3 3 ,3 5 - 3 9 , 4 3 , 4 5 , Paries
- intermediolateralis 351 - frontale 288,290 48-49,58, 64, 264 - caroticus 387
- interpositus anterior 305 - parietale288,290 - pisiforme 179-180, 184,202, 215, - externus 396
- - posterior305 - temporale288 2 1 7- 2 1 8 , 2 4 5 , 2 5 0 - inferior 93,357,365
- interstitialis397 Opisthion40,65 - - developmentI - jugllaris 387
- lemniscilateralis397 Optic nerve+ Nenus opticus - s a c r u m6 , 3 4 2 - labyrinthicus387,389,389
- lentiformis 323, 323, 340 Ora serrata 366-369 - scaphoideum9, 179-182,222 - lateralis357,360,365
- lentis 370 oral 98-99 - - development8 - mastoideus387,389
r marginalis(Medullaspinalis) Oral cavity 95-96, lO7-1O8,ll7, - s e s a m o i d e a ( M a n u1s7)9 - 1 8 1 , - medialis357,360,365
Jf,I 122,123 1 8 3 -1 8 4 - membranaceus (Cavitastympani)
- mediales295 Orbiculusciliaris 366,369 - sphenoidale33,36,42- 43,45, 387,388
- mediani 295 Orbit + Orbita 48-49,52, 54-55,57-59, 60, 61, - - (Trachea)125-128,130,135,
- - thalami 323 Orbita 57, 93-94, 102,122-123, 6r, 68,93, 160,268,357,360,362, 140,160
- mesencephalicus nervi trigemini 3 5 7 ,3 6 0 , 3 7 6 - 3 8 0 3 6 4 - 3 6 53, 9 0 - posterior(Meatusacusticus
27r, 297,300-301 - frontal section 380 - suturalia37 externus) 384
- metathalami295 . MRT 373 - tarsi 6 - superior 365
-- motoriusnervi trigemini 271,297, - vertical section 380 - temporale33, 36-37,4l-43, - tegmentalis382 387
300-301 Organof equilibrium 273 45-46,48-49,57-59, 62-63, - tympanicus 396
- nervi abducentis300-301,397 Organum(-a) 68,70-71,77, 139,258,381-382, - vestibularis 396
- - a c c e s s o r 2i i 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 - genitaliafemininaexterna 14 3 8 4 ,3 9 0 - 3 9 13, 9 5 ,3 9 8 , 4 0 0 Parietalbone+ Osoccipitale
- - f a c i a l i s2 7 3 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 ---interna14 - trapezium9, 179-180,182,184, Parotidgland+ Glandulaparotis
- - h y p o g l o s s2i 7 5 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 - - masculinaexterna 14 214,220,256 Pars
- - lacrimalis300 ---interna14 - - development8 - abdorninalisaortae 16, 18,20, 25
- - o c u l o m o t o r2i i 7 0 , 2 9 7 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 1 , - s p i r a l e2 7 3 , 3 9 6 , 3 9 6 - trapezoideum 9, 179-182,184, - - (Ductusthoracicus)21
397 - urinaria 14 214,256 - - (M. pectoralismajor) 187,190,
- - trigemini 353 - vestibulocochleare381 - - development8 226
- - t r o c h l e a r i 3s 0 0 - 3 0 1 , 3 9 7 Origo,muscle 11 - triquetrum 9, 179-182,184,256 - acromialis 173,l9l, 227
- olivarisinferior 323,397 Oropharynx140 - - development8 - alaris 74
- - superior397 Os(-sa) - zySomaticum33, 36, 45, 48-49, - alveolaris 66
- parafascicularis 295 - capitarum9, 179-182,184,214, 56, 57,59, 68-69,7r -72, 86-88, - anterior (Cerebellum)303
- paraventriculares 294 251,256 94,357,359-360,364,380 - - (Commissuraanterior) 318,320
- pontinusnervi trigemini - - development8 Osseous joint 10 - - (Dorsumlinguae)107-108,ll0,
300-301 - carpi 6, 165,180 Ossiculaauditus 381,381,386, 118
- pontis 355 - coccygis6,342 400 - - (Lig.collateraleulnare) 176
- posteriorhypothalami 294-295 - coxae6 Ossificationcentres - - (Lobusquadrangularisanterior)
- preoptici294 - - development8 - upper and lower limb 8 303
proprius (Columnaposterior) - c r a n i i3 3 , 3 5 , 4 1 , 4 8 Ostium - aryepiglottica 127,129, 134,140
351 - cuboideum,developmentI - pharyngeumtubaeauditivae 91, - ascendensaortae 16,18,25, 158,
- pulvinares295 - cuneiformeinterrnedium, 136,140,160
- reticulares295 developmentI - tympanicumtubaeauditivae 387, - atlantica 155
- ruber 276,294,296-297,301,326, - - laterale,developmentI 388-389 - basilaris(Osoccipitale) 65, 145
333-334,355,355,3497 - - mediale,development8 Ovarium 14-15 - buccopharyngea 107,136,137-138
Index