CHAPTER 4

EQUIPMENT AND PROCESS CONTROL DESIGN

4.1 Characteristics of Influent and Effluent

Based on the available data given by Metropolitan Tuguegarao Water District (MTWD),

the flowrate of grey water produced from the urban and rural areas of Barangay Carig Norte and

Sur with an estimated population of 7000 people. Data gathered showed that the sewage

produced from each person was 60 L/person/day. The treated wastewater will be received by a

water body belonging to Class C which will be used for agriculture, irrigation and livestock

watering (DAO, 2016). The physical and chemical constituents of the influent and effluent are

shown in Table 3.1.

Table 4.1 Physical and chemical characteristics of influent and effluent

Receiving Water
Constituents Grey Water (Influent) Unit
(Effluent)
BOD5 200 5-7 mg/L
Color Gray 75 (TCU)
o
Temperature 13-32 25-31 C
Total Suspended Solids 200 80 mg/L
pH 7.5 6.5-9.0
Nitrate as NO3-N 0.5 7 mg/L
Fecal coliform 30x106 200 MPN/100 mL

To meet the physical and chemical characteristics of the receiving water, the influent

must undergo a secondary water treatment using the conventional activated sludge process. This

process is the most versatile and widely used biological process of municipal waters and is low-

cost (Corbitt, 2004). The parameters that should be addressed in designing an activated sludge

process is shown in Table 3.2.

Table 4.2 Design Parameters for Convential Activated Sludge Reactor

Parameter Typical value

Organic loading 25–50 lb BOD5/day/1000 ft3 (0.4–0.8 kg BOD5/day/m3)

MLSS 1500–4000 mg/L
F/M ratio 0.2–0.5 lb BOD5/day/lb MLSS (0.2–0.5 kg BOD5/day/kg MLSS)
Detention time 4–8 h
Recycle 50–100%
Air supply
Diffused aeration 800–1500 scf/lb BOD5 removed (50–95 m3/kg BOD5 removed)
Mechanical aeration 0.8–1.1 lb O2/lb BOD5 removed (0.8–1.1 kg O2/kg BOD5

removed)
Mean Cell Residence 5–10 days

Time
Waste sludge 0.4–0.6 lb/lb BOD, removed (0.4–0.6 kg/kg BOD, removed)
Source: Corbitt, 2004

4.2 Activated Sludge Reactor

For the design of a conventional activated sludge reactor (CASP), the following data

were used.
Given:
Population = 7000 people
Individual sewage rate = 60 L/person/day
Flowrate= 60L/person/day(0.001)(7000)= 420 m3/day
Total nitrogen = 40 mg/L
Total phosphate = 15 mg/L
BOD5 concentration = 53g/person/day(1person/day/60L)(1000)=883 mg/L
BOD5/BODu = 1.04
Total Volatile Solids = 425 mg/L
Total Suspended Solids = 800 mg/L
Assumptions:
Mean Cell Residence Time, θc = 10 days
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids, MLSS = 3000 mg/L
Recirculation Rate, Xr = 10,000 mg/L
Y = 0.23
Decay constant Kd = 0.07 per day
Specific substrate utilization rate, q = (0.038 mg/l)-1 (h)-1
Assume 35% BOD removal in primary clarifier therefore BOD 5 going into aeration tank

is 883(1-0.35) = 574 mg/L

 Width to depth ratio = 1.2-2.2
Calculations:
Effluent BOD5 concentration
1 1
Substrate Concentration, S= ( 1/θ c +K d ) = (1/10+0.07)
qY 0.038(0.6)
S=7.46 mg/L
VSS 425
= =0.53
SS 800
Assume biodegradable fraction in VSS is 0.7 and BOD5 of effluent is 20mg/L
BOD5 of VSS in effluent=0.7(0.5)(20)=7mg/L
Total BOD5 in effluent = 7.46+7= 14.46 mg/L
Reactor Volume
QY θ c ( So −S ) 420(0 . 23)(10 )(574−14 . 46)
V r= =
(1+K d θ c ) X (1+0 .07 (10))(3000 )
V r = 106 m 3
Volume of excess solids, Qw
V r X 106 (3000 )
Qw = =
θ c X r 10(10000 )
m3
Q w =3 . 18
day
Mass of excess solids
kg
Qw X r =3 .18 (10 )=31 . 8
day
Recycled wasted sludge, Qr
QX−Qw X r 420(3000 )−31. 8(10000 )
Qr = =
X r −X 10000−3000
kg
Q r =134 .57
day
Recirculation Ratio
Q r 134.57
R= =
Q 420
R=0. 32 .
Aeration time
QS 420(0.574) kg BOD
OL= o = =0.74 3 5
V r 106 m day
Food to microorganism ratio
 Q (S o −S) 420(574−14 . 46)
F /M= =
VrX 106(3000 )
kg BOD5
F /M=0. 74
kg MLSS day
Oxygen Requirement
Q(S 0 −S)
O2 required= −1. 42Qw X r
BOD5 /BOD u
420 (0.574-0.01446 )
O2 required= −1.42(3.18)(10)
1.04
kg
O2 required=180 .81
day
BOD removal efficiency
So −S 883−14 . 46
BOD removal= (100)= (100)
So 883
BOD removal = 98 . 4%
Reactor dimensions
Assume width to depth ratio = 1.5 and depth = 4.5 m
w=1.5(4.5m)
w=6.75m
4.3 Secondary clarifier
Basis: Flowrate, Q = 420 m3/day
Calculations:
Surface Area
QC 420
A= = ; assume overflow rate=20 .35 m3 /m2 /day
OR 20 .35
A=20. 64 m2
Volume
Assume automatic sludge removal therefore detention time, t = 4h
V=Qt=420( 4h)(1day /24 h)
3
V=70m
Depth
V 70
d= =
A 20.64
d=3 .39m
Width and Length
 W=
V
√ √
=
70
4d 4(3.39)
W=2.27m
L=4W=4(2.27)
L=9.08m
Cross-sectional Area
A x=Wd=2.27 (3 .39)
A x=7.70 m2
 References
Corbitt, R. A. (2004). Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. McGraw-Hill.
DENR-EMB. (2016, May 24). Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards of
2016. DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2016-08. Quezon City, Philippines:
Official Gazette.