jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx

izkjfEHkd ijh{kk
lkekU; Kku vkSj lkekU; foKku
(jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] dyk]laLd`fr] ijEijk ,oa fojklr)
jktLFkku dh dyk
ikB~;Øe
dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 1 BY lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
fp=kdyk
jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk ds varxZr viuk Lora=k vfLrRo j[krh gSS vkSj Hkkjrh; dyk ds bfrgkl esa Hkh bldk viuk
fof'k"V LFkku gSA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dks dsoy jktiwr 'kSyh ;k fgUnw 'kSyh dh laKk nsuk mfpr ugha gS oju~ ;g vusd 'kSfy;ksa dk
lefUor :i gSA
jktLFkku esa çkxSfrgkfld dky ls gh fp=kdkjjh gksrh jgh gSA ftlds lk{; pEcy unh ?kkVh {ks=k esa rFkk {ks=kksa dh igkfM+;ksa ds
'kSykJ;ksa esa fp=kkadu ds :i esa miyC/ gq, gSaA gM+Iik ;qxhu dkyhckaxk ,oa rkez;qxhu vgkM+ iqjkLFkyksa ds mR[kuu ls çkIr e`nik=kksa
ij dh xbZ fp=kdyk mYys[kuh; gSA çkphu dky esa iksfFk;k¡ ys[ku ds lkFk fpf=kr Hkh dh tkrh jgh gSA ;g dk;Z Hkksti=kksa ,oa
rkM+i=kksa ij fd;k tkrk FkkA bu i=kksa es Nsn dj xzafFkr djus ds dkj.k bUgsa xzaFk dgk tkrk FkkA bl çdkj ds vusd xzaFk vkt Hkh
tSu Hk.Mkjksa ,oa laxzky;ksa es lqjf{kr gSA tSlyesj ds Hk.Mkjksa es 1060 bZ- ds nks xazFk ^^vks/ fu;qfDr o`fÙk** ,oa ^^n'k oSdkfydk
lw=k pwf.kZ** bl dyk ds nhi LrEHk gSA buesa dkenso] gkFkh] y{eh vkfn dk dykRed vdu çfrgkj dkyhu dyk ds egRoiw.kZ
lk{; gS 17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh es jktLFkku esa esokM+] ekjokM+] cwUnh] dksVk] fljksgh] tSlyesj] t;iqj vkfn jkT;ksa es fp=kdyk dh
ubZ 'kSfy;k¡ fodflr gqbZA
jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
^^jktLFkkuh fp=k 'kSyh fo'kq¼ :i ls Hkkjrh; gS**& ,slk er Jh ykjsUl fofu;e us Li"V :i ls çdV fd;k gSA jktLFkkuh 'kSyh
dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk;sa fuEufyf[kr gS&
& çkphurk& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dk bfrgkl vfr çkphu gSA vkjafHkd bfrgkl ls gh çkIr çek.kksa esa lw;Z] pk¡n] i'kqifr] igkM+]
xzke o çÑfr vkfn ds fp=k feyrs gSA
& Hkkjrh;rk& ;g fo'kq¼ Hkkjrh; 'kSyh gS vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dh Nki blds çR;sd fp=k es ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA
& dykRedrk& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk ls dykRedrk dh >yd feyrh gS D;ksfd bldh 'kSyh esa vtUrk 'kSyh dk leUo; gSA
eè;dky es eqxy 'kSyh ds lfEeJ.k us bls ,d u;k :i fn;kA
& jax oSf'k"V;& jktLFkku fp=kdyk esa jaxksa dk tknw fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA yky] ihyk] 'osr ,oa gjk bl 'kSyh ds çeq[k jax gS
ftuds leUo; ls fp=kdkjksa us fp=kksa dks vuwBk cuk fn;k gSA pVdhys] pednkj vkSj nhfIr;qDr jaxksa dk la;kstu 'kSyh es
fof'k"V gSA
& yksd thou dk lkfuè;& fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh ijEijk es fodflr jktLFkkuh vYgM+rk vkSj fo"k;oLrq ds p;u es yksd thou
dh Hkkoukvksa dk ckgqY; gSA
& Hkko&çojrk dk çkpqZ;& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk jl&ç/ku gSA Hkkoukvksa o HkfDr vkSj J`axkj rFkk jk/kÑ".k dh ek/q;Z Hkkouk dk
ltho fp=k.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA
& fo"k; oLrq dk oSfoè;& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk fo"k; dh n`f"V ls vR;f/d foLr`r gSA jk/kÑ".k dh fofHk yhykvksa] jkedFkk]
egkHkkjr vkSj Hkkxor iqjk.k dh fofHk dFkk;sa] uk;d ukf;dk] Hksn] jkx&jkfxuh] ckjg&eklk] ½rqo.kZu] njckjh thou] mRlo]
f'kdkj] jktk jkfu;ks dk fp=kkadu] yksd dFkk;sa vkfn vla[; fo"k;ks ij jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk vk/kfjr gS dkO; dk fp=k.k bl
'kSyh dh viuh futh fo'ks"krk gSA jktLFkku es fo"k;ksa dks ysdj brus fp=k miyC/ gS fd os lHkh ,d thfor lalkj çLrqr
djrs gSA
& ns'kdky dh vuq:irk& jktiwr lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr rFkk rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr dk fp=k.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk es fd;k x;k gSA
nqxZ] çklkn] gosfy;k¡] njckj vkfn dk jktiwrh oSHko ,o HkfDr dky vkSj jhfr dky dk ltho fp=k.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk es
gh Ikk;k tkrk gSA
& çkÑfrd ifjos'k dh vuq:irk& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk eas çkÑfrd ljksoj] ou&miou] isM+&ikS/s] iQwy&ifÙk;k¡] if{k;ks ls Hkjs gq,
fudqat] e`x] e;wj] flag] gkFkh vkfn dk ltho fp=kkadu fd;k x;k gSA
& ukjh lkSn;Z& jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk 'kSyh es ukjh lqUnjrk dh [kku gSA Hkkjrh; ukjh ds vkn'kZ lkSn;Z dh mles iwjh NVk gSA
jktLFkku fp=kdyk us Hkkjrh; ukjh ds lkSn;Z dks mHkkjus es viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ukf;dkvksa ds vkHkw"k.k] vax çR;ax]
ukfldk vkSj us=kks ds vadu vR;Ur dykiw.kZ fpf=kr gq, gSA
mijksDr fooj.kksa ds vk/kj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktLFkku fp=kdyk ek/q;Z ls vksr&çksr dyk gSA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 2 BY lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh 'kSfy;ksa dk oxhZdj.k
jktLFkkuh fp=k'kSyh dk lcls igyk oSKkfud foHkktu 1916 bZ- es Jh vkuan dqekj Lokeh us viuh iqLrd ^jktiwr isafVXl es
fd;kA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dh 'kSfy;ksa dks HkkSxksfyd] lkaLÑfrd vk/kj ij pkj çeq[k Ldwyksa es oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA&

esokM+ Ldwy ekjokM+ Ldwy <w¡<+kM+ Ldwy gkM+kSrh Ldwy

mn;iqj tks/iqj vkesaj cw¡nh
ukFk}kjk chdkusj t;iqj dksVk
nsox<+ fd'kux<+ vyoj nqxkjh
pko.M+ tSlyesj mf.k;kjk (Vksad)
vtesj
ukxkSj
esokM+ Ldwy
jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dk çkjaHk tSu] viHkza'k] ekyo vkfn dykvksa ds lkeatL; ls ekuk tkrk gSA jktLFkkuh fp=k'kSyh dh ewy 'kSyh
esokM+ fp=k'kSyh dks ekuk tkrk gSA esokM+ Ldwy esa fp=kdyk dks fodflr djus dk Js; ^egkjk.kk dqaHkk* dks tkrk gSA esokM+ fp=k
'kSyh dk çFke fpf=kr xzaFk 1260 bZ- dk ^Jkod&çfrØe.k lw=k pwf.kZ* dks ekuk tkrk gS f}rh; fpf=kr xzUFk* lqiklukgpfjr* gS
ftlesa Lo.kZ pw.kZ dk ç;ksx fd;k x;kA jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk ds esokM+ Ldwy dks fo}kuksa }kjk pkj 'kSfy;ksa es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&

mn;iqj ukFk}kjk mi'kSyh nsox<+ mi'kSyh pko.M'kSyh

mn;iqj (esokM+) mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjk.kk txr flag çFkeA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xazFk & egkjk.kk rstflag ds dky esa jfpr ^Jkod çfrØe.k lw=k pwf.kZ ,oa lqiklukgpfjr*] xhr xksfoan
vk[;kf;dk] ^jkek;.k 'kwdj* vkfnA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & lkfgcnhu] euksgj] Ñikjke] mejk] xaxkjke] HkSjksjke] f'konÙk vkfnA
4. çeq[k jax & ihyk ,oa yky jaxA
5. çeq[k vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & xBhyk 'kjhj] yEch ew¡Nsa] NksVk dn] fo'kky u;u] flj ij ixM+h] dej esa iVdk] yack ?ksjnkj
tkek] dkuka es eksrhA
6. ukjh vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & ehukÑr vk¡[ks] x:M+ lh yach ukd] fBxuk dn] yEch os.kh] ygaxk ,oa ikjn'kZd vks<+uhA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & egkjk.kk vejflag çFke ds le; rks esokM+ 'kSyh ij eqxy çHkko yxkA
& esokM+ 'kSyh ij xqtZj o tSu 'kSyh dk lokZf/d çHkko gSA
& esokM+ fp=k'kSyh es ckny ;qDr uhyk vkdk'k] dnaac ds o`{k] gkFkh] dks;y] lkjl ,oa eNfy;ksa
dk fp=k.k vf/d feyrk gSA
& egkjk.kk txrflag çFke us jktegy es ^fprsjks dh vksojh* uke ls dyk fo|ky; LFkkfir
djok;k ftls ^rLohjka jks dkj[kkuksa ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
ukFk}kjk mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjk.kk jktflagA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk & Ñ".k yhyk] JhukFk th ds foxzg] Xoky&cky] xksfi;ksa vkfn ds fp=k çeq[kr% feyrs gSA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & ukjk;.k] prqHkqZt] ?kklhjke] mn;jke] jsok 'kadj ,oa deyk rFkk byk;ph (efgyk fp=kdkj)A
4. çeq[k jax & gjk ,oa ihykA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & iq:"kksa es iq"V dysoj] uan ,oa ckyxksikyksa dks Hkkoiw.kZ fp=k.kA
6. ukjh vkÑfr o os'kHkw"kk & NksVk dn] frjNh ,oa pdksj ds leku vk¡[ks] 'kkjhfjd LFkwyrk ,oa Hkkoksa es okRlY; dh >ydA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & bl fp=k'kSyh es fiNokbZ ,oa fHkÙkh fp=k.k çeq[k gSA
& bl fp=k'kSyh es xk;] dsys ds o`{kksa dks ç/kurk nh xbZ gSA
nsox<+ mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k fo"k; & f'kdkj ds n`';] jktlh BkV&ckV] J`axkj] çkÑfrd n`';A
2. çeq[k fp=kdkj & d¡oyk] pks[kk] cStukFkA
3. çeq[k jax & ihys jaxksa dk ckgqY;A
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 3 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
4. fo'ks"k rF; & ;g 'kSyh ekjokM+] t;iqj o esokM+ dh lefUor 'kSyh gSA
& bl 'kSyh dks loZçFke MkW- Jh/j va/kjs us çdkf'kr fd;kA
& egkjk.kk t;flag ds le; jkor }kfjdk nkl pwaMkor us nsox<+ fBdkuk (jktlean) 1680 bZ- es
LFkkfir fd;k rnqijkUr nsox<+ 'kSyh dk tUe gqvkA

pko.M mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjk.kk çrki ,oa egkjktk vejflagA
2. çeq[k fp=kdkj & ulhjnh (fulkjnh)A
3. çeq[k fpf=kr xazFk & ^jaxekyk*
ekjokM+ Ldwy
jktLFkku fp=k'kkyk ds ekjokM+ Ldwy dks fuEufyf[kr fp=k mi'kSfy;ksa es foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS&

Tkks/iqj chdkusj fd'kux<+ tSlyesj vtesj ukxkSj

tks/iqj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjktk tloar flag ,oa egkjktk ekuflagA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk & ^lwjlkxj* o ^jfldfç;k* ij vk/kfjr ^nqxkZ lIrjkuh*A
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & ukjk;.knkl] vejnkl] fc'kunkl] f'konkl] jru th HkkVhA
4. çeq[k jax & ihykA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr & /uq"k ds leku cM+h vk¡[ks] ?kuh nk<+h&ewNsa] yack o xBhyk cnu] eksVh xnZu] Å¡ph ixM+h] rqjkZ dyaxh]
eksrh dh ekyk] Å¡V o ?kksM+sa ij lokj iq:"kA
6. ukjh vkÑfr & xBhyk cnu dkys&yEcs cky] cknke tSlh vk¡[ks] iryh yach vaxqfy;k¡] iryh dej] dku rd HkkSags vkfnA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & ;g 'kSyh Lora=k :i ls ^jko ekynso* ds le; fodflr gqbZA
& bl 'kSyh es vke ds o`{k] Å¡V] ?kksM+sa ,oa dqÙkksa dks çeq[krk nh tkrh gSA
& jkxekyk&1632 bZ- ohj foV~y nkl pkaikor }kjk fpf=krA jktk xtflag izFke ds le;A
& dcwrj mM+krh L=kh] isM+ dh Mky idM+dj >wyrh gqZ L=kh dk fp=k.kA
& egkjktk ekuflag ds le; jljkt xzUFk ij vk/kfjr 62 fp=kksa dks ,d egRoiw.kZ J`a[kyk cuhA
& ukFk lEiznk; dh ikjEifjd thou 'kSyh dk fp=ku iz/ku fo"k; jgsA
fp=k & <ksyk ek: <ksyk ejo.k jh ckr
& tsBok&mtyh eweyns&fugkyns
& osfy fdlu :Deuh jh NksVh >ksaifM+;ka
& ukFk fpfj=k iapra=k
& :iefr cktcgknwj e: ds Vhys
chdkusj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjktk vuwiflagA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk o fo"k; & jfld fç;k] ckjgeklk] jkxjkfxuh] Ñ".kyhyk] f'kdkj] lkearh oSHko vkfnA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & eqUukyky] eqdqan] :duqíhu] vyhjtk] mLrk vklhj [kk¡A
4. çeq[k jax & ihyk jaxA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr & mxz iq:"kkÑfr] nk<+h] ew¡Nks ls ;qDr eq[k] Å¡ph f'k[kjkdkj ixM+h] iQSys gq, tkesa] ihB ij <ky
vkSj gkFk es Hkkys fy, gq, fpf=krA
6. ukjh vkÑfr & yach ukf;dk,¡] yach ukd] irys v/j] e`xu;uh] mUuo xzhokA dey leku vk¡[ksa] rax
pksyh] ?ksjnkj ?kk?kjs] Ikkjn'khZ vks<+uh ,oa eksfr;ksa ds lqlfTtr vkHkw"k.kA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & egkjktk jk;flag ds le; fpf=kr ^Hkkxor iqjk.k* xzaFk bl 'kSyh dk çkjafHkd fp=k ekuk tkrk gSA
& chdkusj fp=k'kSyh ij eqxy] tSu Ldwy ,oa nf{k.k 'kSyh dk çHkko iM+kA
& chdkusj fp=k'kSyh vke] Å¡V ,oa ?kksM+ksa ds fp=k.k eq[;r% feyrs gSA
& lkeUrh oSHko dk fp=k.k bl 'kSyh dk izeq[k vk/kjA
& chdkusj 'kSyh dks eFkaj.k o mLrk dykdkjksa us iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir fd;kA
& jk;flag ds le; mLrk vyhjktk rFkk mLrk gkfen :duqíhu eq[; fp=kdkj FksA
& chdkusj ds jktdh; laxzgky; esa teZu fp=kdkj ,-,p-ewyj }kjk fpf=kr ;FkkFkZoknh 'kSyh ds
fp=k j[ks x;sA
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 4 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
fd'kux<+ mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & jktk lkoarflag ^ukxjhnkl*
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk o fo"k; & c.kh&B.kh] pk¡nuh jkr dh laxhr xks"Bh xhr xksfoan] Hkkxoku xhr vkfn ij vk/kfjr fp=kA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & fugkypan] lwjèot eksjèot] Hkaojyky] ykMyhnkl] NksVw] vehjpan] /UukA
4. çeq[k jax & liQsn ,oa xqykchA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr & Njgjsa iq:"k] irys v/j] yach ck¡gs] yach xzhok] mUur yykV] eknd Hkko ;qDr us=k] dej es
nqiV~VkA
6. ukjh vkÑfr & dey ,oa [katu lh dkyh vk¡[ks] pki ds leku yach Hk`dqfV] yach o lqjkghnkj xnZu] nh?kZ
ukd] yacs cky] yEch ukf;dk,¡] y¡gxk] pksyh ,oa ikjn'khZ vk¡py ls lfTtrA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & bl 'kSyh dks çdk'k es ykus dk Js; fo}ku ,fjd fMDlu ,oa MkW- iQS;kt vyh dks tkrk gSA
& bl 'kSyh dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk ^ukjh lksan;Z* gSA
& ;g fp=k'kSyh dkaxM+k 'kSyh ,oa czt lkfgR; ls çHkkfor gSA
& bl fp=k'kSyh dk çeq[k fp=k ^c.kh&B.kh* gSA
& pk¡nuh jkr dh laxks"Bh&fp=kdkj vehjpUn }kjk lkaorflag ds le; cuk;k x;k fp=kA
& oslfj (ukd dk vkHkw"k.k) vuks[kk o izeq[k vkHkw"k.kA
& fcgkjh fpfUnzdk jRukoyh] jfld] jRukoyh vkSj euksjFk eatjh vkfn dkO;ksa dh lakor flag ls
jpuk dhA
& fHkfÙk fp=k.k o jkxjkfxuh fp=k.k bl 'kSyh esa fcYdqy Hkh miyC/ ugha gSA
vtesj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k fp=kdkj & pk¡n] ucyk] rS;o] jk;flag] ykyth o ukjk;.k HkkVh ,oa ,d efgyk fp=kdkj lkfgckA
2. çeq[k jax & lqgkuh jax ;kstuk (yky] ihys gjs] uhys ds lkFk cSaxuh jax dk fo'ks"k ç;ksx gksrk gSA)
3. çeq[k vkÑfr & yacs ,oa ohjksfpr xq.kksa ls ;qDr iq:"k] xksy vk¡[ks] yach tqYiQsa] ck¡dh ,oa NYysnkj ew¡NsA
4. ukjh vkÑfr & vkd"kZd efgyk,¡] yacs] ?kus ,oa dkys cky] iSuh vaxqfy;k¡] ygaxk] clsM+k ,oa vkd"kZd
vkHkw"k.kA
tSlyesj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjkoy gjjkt] v[kSflag o ewyjktA
2. çeq[k fp=k & eweyA
3. iq:"k vkÑfr & iq:"kkas ds eq[k ij nk<+h&ew¡Ns] rFkk eq[kkÑfr vkst o ohjrk ls iw.kZA
4. ukjh vkÑfr & f[kaps gq, ;kSou nhfIr ls ifjiw.kZ eq[kA
ukxkSj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k fp=k ,oa fo"k; & bl 'kSyh es tks/iqj] chdkusj] vtesj eqxy ,oa nf{k.k 'kSfy;ksa dk fefJr :i feyrk gSA
2. çeq[k jax & bl 'kSyh es cq>s gq;s jaxksa dk ç;ksx vf/d feyrk gSA
3. ukjh vkÑfr & bl 'kSyh es yach ukd] NksVh vk¡[k] piVs yykV okyh ukf;dk dk fp=k.k feyrk gSA
& ikjn'khZ os'kHkw"kk bl 'kSyh dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk gSA
4. fo'ks"k rF; & ekjokM+ 'kSyh dk nwljk izeq[k dsUnzA
& O;fDr fp=k.k dh ijEijkA
& 'kSyh dk lgh vkSj lokZf/d Lo:i ukxkSj fdys ds egyksa ds fHkfÙk fp=kksa esaA
& ukxkSj fdys esa fHkfÙk fp=kksa dh ltkoV jktk c[rflag ds le;A
<w¡<+kM+ Ldwy
jktLFkkuh fp=k'kSyh dk <w¡<+kM+ Ldwy dsoy t;iqj 'kgj rd gh lhfer ugh gS] cfYd blds vkl&ikl ds uxjksa esa Hkh foLr`r gSA
<w¡<+kM+ Ldwy dh fp=k'kSfy;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxks esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

t;iqj mi'kSyh vyoj mi'kSyh vtesj mi'kSyh mfu;kjk mi'kSyh

t;iqj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & lokbZ çrkiflagA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk & vknedn fp=k] f'kdkj] ;q¼ çlax] Ñ".k yhyk] jkxekyk] egkHkkjr] jkek;.k] xhr&xksfoan ij
vk/kfjr fp=kA
3. çeq[k fp=kdj & lkfgcjke] eksgEen 'kkg] lkfyxjke] jkethnkl] j?kqukFk] ykypan] xaxkc['kA
4. çeq[k jax & dslfj;k ihyk] gjk ,oa yky jaxA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr & psgjk lkiQ] gkFk esa ryokj] ixM+h] dqrkZ] tkek] pksxk] vaxj[kh] iVdk ,oa twrs igus gq,A
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 5 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
6. L=kh vkÑfr & cM+h eNyh tSlh vk¡[ks] yacs cky] vaMkdkj psgjk] mBh gqbZ HkkSgs] NksVk dn] pksyh] dqrkZ]
nqiV~Vk] cslj] ygaxk] dkenkj twfr;k¡] igus gq,A
7. fo'ks"k rF; & t;iqj fp=k'kSyh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk vknedn] cM+s IkksVªsV ,oa fHkfÙk fp=k.k gSA lfgcjke
fp=kdkj us bZ'ojh flag dk vknedn fp=k cuk;kA
& t;iqj 'kSyh ij ^eqxy 'kSyh* dk lokZf/d çHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
& bl fp=k'kSyh esa ihiy] cM+] ?kksM+k o e;wj ,oa uhys cknyksa dk vadu eq[; fo'ks"kr jgh gSA
& blesa pkanh] lksuk tLrk o eksfr;kas dk iz;ksxA
& vlkojh jkfxuh&t;iqj 'kSyh dk 'kcjh dk fp=k ftlesa mlds dsa'kksa] vYi diM+ksa o pUnu
ds o`{kksa dk fp=k.k
vyoj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjktk fou;flagA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & ^paMh IkkB* ,oa ^nqxkZ lIr'krh&I Ñ".k pfj=k] jkepfj=k] njckj] laxhr] ukf;dk;sa vkfnA
& ;ksxklu bl fp=k'kSyh dk lcls çeq[k fo"k; jgk gSA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & Mkypan] ukuxjke] oynso] cq¼jke] xqykevyh] lkyxkA
4. çeq[k jax & gjs] uhys ,oa lqugjs jaxksa dk ç;ksxA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr & xys esa :eky] dej rd vaxj[kk] ,oa t;iqj tSlh ixM+hA
6. ukjh vkÑfr & eNyh ds leku vk¡[ks] iku dh ihd ls lusa gksaB] deku dh rjg ruha gqbZ HkkSgs] xksy eq¡g]
fBxuk dn vkfnA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & vyoj fp=k'kSyh dh lcls çeq[k fo'ks"krk ^xf.kdkvksa ds fp=k* gSA
& ;g fp=k'kSyh bZjkuh] eqxy ,oa t;iqjh 'kSyh dk lefUor :i gSA
& bl 'kSyh es gkFkh nk¡r ij fp=k cukus ds fy, ewypan uked fp=kdkj çfl¼ gSA
& ;g 'kSyh ckMZj fp=k.k ds fy, izfl¼A
& fou;flag ds dky es lar 'ks[k lknh dh iqLrd xqfyLrka dh ikaMqfyih dks Hkkjrh; iQkjlh
'kSyh esa xqyke vyh us fp=kkafdr fd;k FkkA
vkesj mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & ekuflag ,oa fetkZ jktk t;flagA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & vkfniqjk.k] jTeukek] Hkkxor] ;'kks/j pfj=k vkfn xzaFk ,oa fcgkjh lrlbZ ij vk/kfjr fp=kA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & gqdqepan] eUukyky] iq"inÙk] eqjyhA
4. çeq[k jax & dkywl] liQsnk] fgjfep] xS:] [kM+h vkfn çkÑfrd jaxksa dk ç;ksxA
5. fo'ks"k rF; & bl 'kSyh ij ^eqxy 'kSyh* dk lokZf/d çHkko iM+k gSA
& bl 'kSyh dh le`¼ ijEijk fHkfÙkfp=kksa ds :i esa miyC/ gksrh gSA
mf.k;kjk mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & ^dfofç;k* ij vk/kfjr fp=k ckjgeklk] jktkvksa ds O;fDr fp=k ,oa vusd /kfeZd fp=kA
2. çeq[k fp=kdkj & daoyk] c[rk] /hek] ehj c['k] dk'khjke] vkfnA
3. fo'ks"k rF; t;iqj rFkk cawnh dk lefUor fp=k.kA
& doyk o c[rk us fc'kuflag ds le; lqUnj fp=k.k fd;kA
gkM+kSrh Ldwy
jktLFkku ds cw¡nh] dksVk vkSj >kykokM+ {ks=k ij pkSgkuoa'kh gkM+kvksa dk çHkqRo jgk] blfy;s ;g {ks=k gkM+kSrh {ks=k dgyk;kA gkM+krS h
Ldwy ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr fp=k mi'kSfy;k¡ vkrh gS&

(v) dksVk mi'kSyh (c) cw¡nh mi'kSyh (l) nqxkjh mi'kSyh

dksVk mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & egkjko jkeflag] egkjkoy Hkheflag çFke] egkjko 'k=kqlkyA bl 'kSyh dk lokZf/d fp=k.k
^egkjko mEesnflag çFke* ds dky eas gqvkA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & Hkkxor iqjk.k] <ksyk&ek:] njckjh n`';]f'kdkj] gkfFk;ksa ds ;q¼] ckjgeklk] jkx jkfxfu;ka] cM+s
nsork dh gosyh vkSj ;q¼ fun'kZu bl fp=k'kSyh ds çeq[k fo"k; gSA
3. çeq[k fp=kdkj & Mkyw] yPNhjke] uwj eksgEen] j?kqukFk] gsejkt tks'kh] xksfoanjkeA
4. çeq[k jax & gYds jax] ihys ,oa uhyk jaxA
5. iq:"k vkÑfr & mUur HkkSg] cM+h nk<+h ew¡N ryokj vkSj dVkj vkfn gfFk;kjh ls ;qDr os'kHkw"kk] eksfr;ksa ls tqM+s
vkHkw"k.k igus gq,A
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 6 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
6. L=kh vkÑfr & xksy psgjk] NksVh xnZu] lqnh?kZ ukfldk] e`x ls u;u] {kh.k dfV] NksVk dn] eksVk 'kjhjA
7. fo'ks"k rF; & dksVk 'kSyh dk Lora=k vfLrRo ^egkjko jkeflag* ds le; esa LFkkfir gqvkA
& dksVk fp=k'kSyh es jkfu;ksa dks f'kdkj djrs gq;sa Hkh fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
& bl fp=k 'kSyh es fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh çeq[krk gS] ,oa ;gk¡ dh >kyk gosfy;k¡ fo'ks"k vkd"kZ.k dk
dsUnz gSA
& 1768 bZ- esa Mkywjke uked fp=kdkj ds }kjk fpf=kr jkxekyk lSV dksVk fp=kdyk dk lokZf/d
cM+k (egkjko xqeku flag ds le;)
& blesa f'kdkj n`';ksa dk vadu rFkk ukjh lkSUn;Z dk ltho fp=k.kA
cw¡nh mi'kSyh
1. çeq[k 'kkld & jko HkkoflagA cw¡nh 'kSyh ds fp=kksa dk js[kkadu ^jkolqjtuflag* ds le; gqvkA
2. çeq[k fpf=kr xzaFk ,oa fo"k; & jkx jkfxuh] ukf;dk Hksn] ½rq o.kZu] ckjgeklk] jfldfç;k] lkearh ifjos'k dk fp=kkadu]
f'kdkj] gkfFk;ksa ds ;q¼] ?kqM+nkSM+] jkxjax]efrjke ds jljkt ij vk/kfjr fp=k.k] lkearh ifjos'k
dk foLr`r fp=kkadu] o"kkZ esa ukprk eksj] isM+ksa dh Nk;k esa cSBs f'kdkjh] iQRokjksa ds ikl
fopj.k djrs izseh ;qxy A
3. çeq[k jax & gjk jaxA
4. iq:"k vkÑfr & yack iryk 'kjhj] cwM+h ew¡N] xksykdkj yykV] v:f.kek ;qDr >qdh ixfM+;k¡] ?kqVus rd yacs
ikjn'kZd tkesaA
5. L=kh vkÑfr & xksy eq[k] dey ds leku vk¡[ks] NksVh xnZu] yach ck¡gs] iryk 'kjhj] yky ,oa ikjn'kZd
pqujhA
6. fo'ks"k rF; & bl fp=k'kSyh es i'kq if{k;ksa dk fp=k.k cgqyrk ls gqvk gSA
& bl fp=k'kSyh es js[kkvksa dk lokZf/d vadu gksrk gSA
& ;g 'kSyh bZjkuh] nf{k.kh] ejkBk ,oa esokM+ 'kSyh ls çHkkfor gSA
& bl 'kSyh es eq[;r% ljksoj] dsys ,oa [ktwj ds o`{kksa dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA
& jko jruflag dks fp=kdyk izse ds dkj.k tgkaxhj us lj cqyUnjk; dh mikf/ iznku dhA
& 'k=kq'kky (N=k'kky) (1631&58) }kjk fufeZr jaxegy fHkfÙk fp=k.k ds fy, izfl¼A
& egkjko mEesnflag ds 'kklu dky esa fp=kdyk dk vR;f/d fodkl gqvkA egkjko fo'kuflag
ds le; 'ksjksa ds f'kdkj ds fp=k cusA
& fp=kdkj&lqjtu] Mkyw] vgen] jkeyky] Hkh[kjktA
nqxkjh mi'kSyh
& uSuok (cwanh) ds ikl fLFkr lhrkjke eafnj dh fp=k'kkyk es fp=kkafdr 'kSyhA
& fp=kksa es Lo.kZdye dk ç;ksx] Hkxoku jke dsfUnzr fp=k ç/kurkA
& ouLifr jax dh ç/kurk okyh 'kSyhA
& çeq[k fp=k eRL;korkj o d';ikorkjA
uksV & ,dek=k fp=k'kSyh ftlesa fp=kdkj Lo;a gh fp=k ds uhps 'kh"kZd fy[krk gS tSls&^jke
th >qyksa >qysa gSA*
o`{k fp=k'kSyh i'kq&i{kh fp=k'kSyh
dnEc & mn;iqj 'kSyh dkSvk] phy] Å¡V] ?kksMs& tks/iqj] chdkusj 'kSyh
dsyk & fd'kux<+ 'kSyh gkFkh o pdksj & mn;iqj 'kSyh
[ktwj & dksVk] cwanh 'kSyh
xk; & ukFk}kjk 'kSyh
ihiy] oV & vyoj] t;iqj 'kSyh
vke & tks/iqj] chdkusj 'kSyh eksj o ?kksM+k & t;iqj] vyoj 'kSyh

vka[kksa dh cukoV fp=k 'kSyh 'kSyh & jax

vka[ks fgj.k ds leku & ukFk}kjk 'kSyh ekjokM+] nsox<+] chdkusj & ihyk
ukFk}kjk & ihyk&gjk
vka[ks [ktu ds leku & fd'kux<+ 'kSyh
vtesj & ihyk&yky&gjk&csaxuh
vka[ks cknke ds leku & tks/iqj 'kSyh fd'kux<+ & 'osr] xqykch
Åij&uhps ds js[kk lkekarj& cwanh 'kSyh esokM+ & ihyk&yky
vka[ks eNyh ds leku & mn;iqj] t;iqj 'kSyh dksVk & ihyk&gjk&uhyk
cwanh & gjk
vka[ks deku ds leku & fd'kux<+ 'kSyh t;iqj & dslfj;k] gjk] yky
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 7 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
fp=kdyk ds fodkl gsrq dk;Zjr laLFkk,a fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
laLFkk & LFkku - d lqjthr flag pks;y (t;iqj)&jktLFkku dh igyh
fprsjk & tks/iqj efgyk fp=kdkjA
/ksjka & tks/iqj - gfjjke lksuh&pkoy ij fp=kdkjh ds fy, izfl¼A
rwfydk dykdkj ifj"kn & mn;iqj - Jh dqUnu yky feL=kh dks jktLFkku esa vk/qfud fp=kdyk
V[ke.k &28 & mn;iqj dks vkjEHk djus dk Js;A
dyko`r & t;iqj - d`".kk dukgh jktLFkkuh fp=kdkj gS ftUgsa ine iqjLdkj ls
iSx & t;iqj lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA
vk;ke & t;iqj - ukFk}kjk&JhukFk th dk ikuk lcls vf/d dykRedA
fØ,fVo vkfVZLV xzqi & t;iqj - gkM+kSrh esa 'kSy fp=kksa dks [kkstus dk dke loZiFz ke o"kZ
vadu & HkhyokM+kA 1953 esa in~e Jh MkW- fo".kq Jh/j okd.k /j us fd;kA
jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk laxzgky; - jke xksiky fot; oxhZ; & tUe&1905] ckysj (lokbZ
ek/ksiqj) A ijEijk oknh fp=kdkjA lokZf/d fiz; fo"k; ukjh
iksFkh[kkuk & t;iqj
fp=k.kA jktLFkku esa ,dy fp=k.k izn'kZuh izkjEHk djus dk
iqLrd izdk'k & tks/iqj
ljLorh Hk.Mkj & mn;iqj Js;A jktLFkku Ldwy vkVZ ds izkpk;Z jg pqdsA ineJh
tSu Hk.Mkj & tSlyesj 1984bZ-A
dksVk laxzgky; & dksVk - Hkwjflag 'ks[kkor&tUe&1914 /ksa/fy;k (chdkusj)A [kkuk
vyoj laxzgky; & vyoj cukrh L=kh] lCth rksyrh ekfyu] lkjaxh cktrs dykdkj]
yfyr dyk ds fodkl ls lacaf/r izeq[k laLFkk,a jk"VªHkDr usrk] 'kghn] Økafrdkjh] ykSg iq:"k vkfn buds
izeq[k fp=kA
yfyr dyk vdkneh &t;iqj - xkso/Zu 'ks[kkor&tUe&dkadjksyh (jktlean) Hkhyksa ds
- LFkkiuk 24 uoEcj 1957 fprsjsA esokM+h Hkhyksa dh thou 'kSyh dks fpf=kr fd;k
- dykRed xfrfof/;ksa dk lapkyu dyk izn'kZfu;ksa dk ijEijkoknh fp=kdkj FksA
vk;kstu rFkk dykdkjksa dks iQSyksf'ki iznku djuk izeq[k - lkSHkkx ey xgyksr& t;iqjA uhMA dk fprsjk dgrs gSA
dk;ZA - T;ksfr Lo:i&tks/iqj
- jktLFkku dh n`'; rFkk f'kYi dyk dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks - taxy (Inner Juwgle) budh eq[; fp=k J`a[kykA
izksRlkguA f'ko'kfDr T;ksfr Lo:i vU; fp=k J`a[kyk,aA iz;ksxoknh
- jkT; esa lkaLd`frd ,drk LFkkfir djukA fp=kdkj (Morden)A
jktLFkku Ldwy vkWiQ vkVZ ,.M ØkÝV~l& t;iqj - ijekuan pks;y&dksVk] HkSalksa dk fprsjk
- LFkkiuk &1857 - lqjthr dkSj pks;y& t;iqj] ns'k dh igyh efgyk
- t;iqj egkjktk lokbZ jkeflag AA }kjk LFkkfir rc bldk fp=kdkj ftuds fp=kksa dh izn'kZuh tkiku dh izfr"Br dyk
uke enjlk&gqujh FkkA nh/kZ iQqdksdk laxzgky; esaA ih-,u- pks;y dh iq=k oq/A
- Lora=krk ds ckn bldk uke jktLFkku Ldwy vkWiQ vkVZ ,.M - fd'ku 'kekZ&csaxq (fpÙkkSM+)A fry o jkbZA ds nkuksa ij ehjk
ØkÝV~lA dk fp=k cuk;kA
- orZeku esa ewfrZdyk rFkk fp=kdyk ls lacaf/r fMIyksek - nj&Hkjriqj] vky.kh;k¡&dksVk] cSjkB&t;iqj] rFkk pEcy ds
djok;k tkrk gSA 'kSykJ;ksa esa vkfnekuo ds fp=k feysA
tokgj dyk dsUnz&t;iqj - vkuUn dqekj&jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk dks jktiwr fp=kdyk dgrs
- LFkkiuk& 8 vizSy 1993 gSA
- mn~?kkVu &'kadj n;ky 'kekZ (rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr) - nlosa dkfyd lw=k pqf.kZ tSlyesj ds tSu Hknzlwfj xzUFk
- jktLFkku dh le`¼ dyk ijEijk ds lao/Zu yksd ekul esa Hk.Mkj esa j[ks x;s jktLFkku ds lokZf/d vk?kfu;qfZ Dro`fÙk
fc[kjh lkaLd`frd fojklr ,oa e:/jk dh vueksy /jksgj izkphu miyC/ fpf=kr xzUFkA
- lchg & eqxy izHkko ds dkj.k jktLFkkuh fp=kdyk esa
ds lja{k.k gsrqA
O;fDr fp=k cusA bl izdkj ds fp=k t;iqj 'kSyh esa lcls
vf/d cuk;s x;sA

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 8 BY lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
gLr f'kYi
jktLFkku esa ekuo lH;rk ds dky ls gh gLrf'kYi ds çek.k feyrs gS] ftuesa rhljh 'krkCnh bZ- iw- ds dykRed LrEHk 'kkfey gSA
ekuo ds fodkl dh ;k=kk ds lkFk gh jktLFkku es gLrf'kYi iQyk&iQqyk gSA bruk gh ugha] vius cgqfofo/ Lo:i ds dkj.k
jktLFkku dks gLrf'kYi dk laxzgky; dgk tk ldrk gSA çkphu ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa tSls dkyhcaxk] vkgM+ vkfn ds iqjkrkfRod
vo'ks"kks ls rRdkyhu gLrf'kYi tSls feV~Vh dh pwfM+;k¡] ikWfy'k fd;s x;s pednkj crZu] vkStkj] oL=kkHkw"k.k vkfn ij çdk'k iM+rk
gSA vkt jktLFkku ds gLrf'kYi us varjk"Vªh; Lo:i çkIr dj fy;k gSA
jktLFkku dh cqukbZ] NikbZ] jaxkbZ] tokgjkr dh dVkbZ] ehukdkjh] vkHkw"k.k fuekZ.k] ca/st] xyhpk ,oa uenk dh cqukbZ] laxejej]
gkFkhnk¡r] panu] yk[k o dk"B d dykRed dk;Z] phuh feV`Vh dk dke] /krq dh dkjhxjh] peM+sa dh twfr;k¡ o FkSys] iqLrdksa ij
dykRed ys[ku] pwfM+;k¡ fuekZ.k dk;Z] VsjkdksVk (feV~Vh ls cuh oLrq,¡ tSls ewfrZ;k¡ crZukfn) bR;kfn çfl¼ gSA jktLFkku esa çpfyr
gLrf'kYiksa dk ifjp; fuEukfdar gS&
ealwfj;k CY;w ikWVjh
dksVk ls 15 fdeh- nwj cqudjksa dk ,d xkao gS] dSFkwuA dSFkwu t;iqj esa CY;w ikWVjh fuekZ.k dh 'kq:vkr dk Js; egkjktk
ds cqudjksa us pkSdksj cqukbZ tkus okyh lknh lkM+h dks vusd jaxksa jkeflag (1835&80 bZ-) dks gSA mUgksus pwM+keu vkSj dkyw
dqEgkj dks ikWVjh dk dke lh[kus fnYyh Hkstk vkSj çf'kf{kr
vkSj vkd"kZd fMtkbuks es cquk gS rFkk lwrh /kxs ds lkFk js'keh gksus ij mUgksus t;iqj es bl gquj dh 'kq:vkr dhA ckn es
/kxs] vkSj tjh dk ç;ksx djds lkM+h dh vyx gh fMtkbu Ñikyflag 'ks[kkor us bl dyk dks ns'k&fons'k es igpku
cukbZ gSA lkM+h dk dke cqudj vius ?kj es [kM~Mh yxkdj fnykbZA CY;w ikWVjh ds fuekZ.k ds fy, igys crZuksa ij fp=kdkjh
djrs gSA igys lwr dk rkuk cquk tkrk gSA fiQj lwr ;k js'ke dh tkrh gS] fiQj bu ij ,d fo'ks"k ?kksy p<+k;k tkrk
dks pj[ks ij yisVdj yfPN;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA /kxs dh gSA ;g ?kksy gjk dk¡p] dFkhj] lkth] DokV~t Z ikmMj vkSj
ydfM+;ksa dh fxfYy;ksa ij yisVk tkrk gS] fiQj rkuk&ckuk eqYrkuh feV~Vh ls feykdj cuk;k tkrk gSA fp=kdkjh dk çk:i
rks crZuksa ij igys gh gkFk ls cuk ysrs gS] fdUrq ;fn ykbusa
Mkydj cquus dk dke fd;k tkrk gS orZeku es dksVk Mksfj;k [khpuh gks rks pkd] ij j[kdj gh ykbusa [khaph tkrh gSA CY;w
lkM+h dk fu;kZr Hkh fons'kksa es fd;k tk jgk gSA ikWVjh ds jaxksa es uhyk] gjk] efV;kyk vkSj rkEckbZ jax gh
fuekZ.k dSIlwy  fo'ks"k :i ls dke es ysrs gSA
- dksVk ds ikl dSFkwu xkao ds cqudkjksa }kjk pkSdksj cqukbZ ls fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
cukbZ tkuh okyh lknh lkM+h dks vusd jaxksa vkSj fMtkbuksa - t;iqj] dksVk] vyoj A
ls cquk tkrk gSA - t;iqj] feV~Vh ds crZuksa ij uhys jax dh jaxhu vkSj
- vlyh dksVk Mksfj;k lkM+h dh igpku oxksZa dh la[;k ls vkd"kZd fp=kdkjh dks CY;w ikWVjh dgrs gSA
gkshr gSA ;fn lkM+h esa oxksZa dh la[;k 300 gS rks mls - CY;w ikWVjh dk tUe bZjku esa ekuk tkrk gSA
- t;iqj esa CY;w ikWVjh izkjaHk djus dk Js; ekuflag izFke dks
vlyh dksVk Mksfj;k dh lkM+h ekuk tkrk gSA
gS] tcfd lokbZ jkeflag&AA ds le; bl dyk dk fodkl
- 1761 esa dksVk ds iz/kuea=kh >kyk tkfyeflag us eSlwj ds gqvkA
cqudj egewn elwfj;k dks dksVk cqyk;k vkSj ;gka gFkdj?kk - vyoj dh Mcy dV odZ dh ikWVjh dks dkxth dgk
m|ksx dh LFkkiuk dj lkM+h cquuk 'kq: fd;k] mlh ds tkrk gSA dksVk dks lqugjh Cysd ikWVjh iQwynkuksa] eVdksa
uke ij lkM+h dk uke elwfj;k lkM+h gks x;kA vkSj IysVksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA chdkusj dh ikWVjh esa yk[k
xyhps vkSj nfj;k¡ ds jaxksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
- d`iky flag 'ks[kkor&eÅ(lhdj) Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk ;qx
t;iqj vkSj Vkasd dk xyhpk m|ksx çfl¼ gSA lwr vkSj Åu ds iq:"k]CY;w ikWVjh dk tUenkrk]1974 in~eJh]1980 dykfon
rkus&ckus yxkdj ydM+h ds ywe vkSj xyhps dh cqukbZ dh lEekuA
tkrh gSA cqukbZ es ftruk ckjhd /kxk vkSj xk¡Bsa gksrh gS] xyhpk Fksok dyk
mruk gh [kwclwjr ,oa etcwr gksrk gSA t;iqj ds xyhps xgjs Fksok dyk dk¡p ij lksus dk lw{e fp=kkadu gSA dk¡p ij lksus
jax] fMtkbu vkSj f'kYi dkS'ky dh n`f"V ls çfl¼ gSA xyhpk dh vR;Ur ckjhd] deuh; ,oa dykRed dkjhxjh dks ^Fksok*
egaxk gksus ds dkj.k vktdy nfj;ksa dk çpyu vf/d gSA dgk tkrk gSA blds fy, jaxhu csfYt;e dk¡p dk ç;ksx fd;k
t;iqj vkSj chdkusj dh tsyks es nfj;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSAS tks/iqj] tkrk gSA Fksok ds fy, fp=kdkjh dk Kku vko';d gksrk gSA
vyx&vyx jaxksa ds dk¡p ij lksus dh fp=kdkjh bl dyk dk
ukxkSj] Vksad] ckM+esj] HkhyokM+k] 'kkgiqjk] dsdM+h vkSj ekyiqjk vkd"kZ.k gSA Fksok dyk es ukjh J`axkj ds vkHkw"k.k ,oa vU;
njh&fuekZ.k ds eq[; dsUnz gSA tks/iqj fty ds lkykokl xkao mi;ksxh oLrq,¡ cuk;h tkrh gSA fofHk nsoh&nsorkvksa dh çfrek,¡
dh nfj;k¡ cM+h çfl¼ gSA Hkh Fksok dyk ls vyaÑr dh tkrh gSA Fksok dyk ls vyaÑr
fuekZ.k dSIlwy  vkHkw"k.kksa dk ewY; /krq dk u gksdj dykdkj dh dyk dk
- t;iqj xyhps fuekZ.k ds fy, izfl¼ gSA gksrk gSA bl dyk es lksuk de ,oa esgur vf/d gksrh gSA
- Vksad Åuh uenksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA Fksok dyk fo'o es dsoy çrkix<+ rd gh lhfer gSA Fksok
dyk esa dkap ij lksus dk lq{e dkjhxj iUuhxj dgykrs gSA
- ukxkSj dk Vkadyk xkao nfj;ksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA ;g odZ cukus dh dyk iUuhujh dgykrh gSA t;iqj bldk
- nkSlk dk yko.k xkao Hkh nfj;ksa ds fy, izfl¼ gSA izfl¼ dsUnz gSA
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 9 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
ca/st jaxkbZ] NikbZ o ca/st ds oL=k
t;iqj dk ca/st çfl¼ gSA euilan jaxksa ds fMtkbu çkIr djus
ds fy, diM+s dks ck¡/dj fiQj jaxk tkrk gSA ca/st [kksyus ij
rjg&rjg ds fMtkbu cu tkrs gSA ;g dyk ^cka/ks vkSj jaxksa*
(Tie & Die) ds uke ls çfl¼ gSA jkT; es vusd çdkj ds
ca/st çpfyr gSA pwUnjh vkSj lkiQs ij cU/st dk dk;Z yksdfç;
gSA
fpÙkkSM+ esa tk>e dh NikbZ dh tkrh gS] tks iwjs jkT; es
çfl¼ gS ;gha xkfM+;k yksgkjks ds fy, ?kk?kjs&vks<+uh Hkh rS;kj
fd, tkrs gSA xksVs dk dke t;iqj vkSj [kaMsyk (lhdj) dk
çfl¼ gSA tjh ds dke es Hkh t;iqj dh igpku gSA
nkcw fçUV
- fpÙkkSM+x< ftys dk vkdksyk xkao nkcw fçUV ds fy,
çfl¼ gSA jaxkbZ&NikbZ es ftl LFkku ij jax ugha p<+kuk gks]
mls ybZ ;k yqxnh ls nck nsrs gSA ;gh yqxnh ;k ybZ tSlk
inkFkZ ^nkcw* dgykrk gS] D;ksfd ;g diM+s ds ml LFkku
dks nck nsrk gS] tgk¡ jax ugh p<+kuk gksrk gSA lokbZ
ek/ksiqj es ekse dk] ckyksrjk es feV~Vh dk rFkk lkaxkusj o
cx: esa xsgw¡ ds cha/.k dk nkcw yxk;k tkrk gSA
- vkdksyk es jaxkbZ&NikbZ ds fy, vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSA
Ikkuh] feV~Vh vkSj ouLifr tSls vko';drk,¡ LFkkuh; :i
ls miyC/ gS vkdksyk ds nkcw fçUV ds csM'khV] diM+k]
pwUnM+h o iQsafV;k ns'k&fons'k esa çfl¼ gSA pwUnM+h ,oa
iQsafV;k xzkeh.k {ks=kksa es ilan fd;k tkrk gSA
- okfrZd&diM+s ij ekse dh ijr p<+kdj fp=k cukus dh
dyk dkss dgrs gSA
jaxkbZ&NikbZ
- lkaxkusj esa NikbZ dk dk;Z pwuM+h] nqiV~Vk] xeNk] lkiQk]
tkte] rfd;k vkfn ij fd;k tkrk gSA lkaxkusjh NikbZ
yV~Bk ;k eyey ij dh tkrh gSA rS;kj diM+s ij fofHkÂ
fMtkbuksa dh NikbZ dh tkrh gSA bu Nis oL=kksa dks unh es
/ks;k tkrk gSA lkaxkusj ds ikl vekuh'kkg ds ukys ls
vçR;{k :i ls tqM+h fçUV esa çk;% dkyk vkSj yky nks jax
dh T;knk dke vkrs gSA lkaxkusjh fçUV dks fons'kksa es
yksdfç; cukus dk Js; eqUukyky xks;y dks gSA
- cx: (t;iqj) dh NikbZ vktdy dkiQh yksdfç; gSA ;g
fçUV lkaxkusjh fçaV dh gh rjg gS iajrq lkaxkusjh Nkis es
vkxu liQsn gksrk gS] tcfd cx: fçUV dk vkaxu gjkiu
fy, gksrk gSA cx: dh NikbZ es jklk;fud jaxksa dk ç;ksx
ugh gksrk gSA
- ckM+esj vtjd fçUV ds fy, çfl¼ gSA vtjd fçaV esa
vf/dka'k yky vkSj uhys jaxksa ls NikbZ dk;Z gksrk gSA
jaxkbZ&NikbZ dh n`f"V ls efgykvksa ds fy, tks/iqj dh
pqujh rFkk t;iqj dk ygfj;k çfl¼ gSA
dqV~Vh dk dke (t;iqj)
- dqV~Vh ds dke ds fy, t;iqj fo[;kr gSA egkjktk jkeflag
ds 'kkludky (1835&1880 bZ-) ls t;iqj es dqV~Vh dk
dke gks jgk gSA dkxt] pkd] feV~Vh iQsohdksy] xkasn vkfn
dks xykdkj o ihldj yqxnh cuk yh tkrh gSA dksbZ
vkÑfr cukus ds fy, ml oLrq ds lk¡ps ;k ekWMy es rS;kj
yqxnh dks nck dj yxk fn;k tkrk gSA lw[kus ij fiQfuf'kax
nsrs gq, ([kfM+;k ;k pkbuk Dys ls) bfPNr jax dj fn;k
tkrk gSA dqV~Vh ls pkSik;s i'kq vkSj i{kh cuk;s tkrs gSA
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 10
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- CykWd fizafVx (diM+s ij gkFk dh NikbZ)&bl fizafVx ds
fy, ckMesj] ckyksrjk] cx:] lkaxkusj] vkdksyk vkfn LFkkuksa
ds Nhik tkfr ds yksx izfl¼ gSA lkaxkusj ds Nhis uke nsoh
Nhis dgykrs gSA
- ckM+esj dk vtjd fizaV (nksuksa rjiQ ls fiaVz ) fpÙkkSM+x<+
dh tk>e NikbZ o lkaxkusj dh lkaxkusjh fiaazV ns'k&fons'k esa
izfl¼ gSA
- t;iqj ds cx: fizaV esa dkyk o yky jax fo'ks"k :i ls
iz;qDr gksrk gSA
- t;iqj dk ygfj;k o ikspek Hkh izfl¼ gSA
- dSyk'k tkxksfV;k&HkhyokM+k&DykWFk vkVZ ds tUe nkrkA
ÅLrkadyk
Å¡V dh [kky ij Lo.kZ ehukdjh vkSj equOor dk dk;Z ^ÅLrka
dyk* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl dyk dk fodkl ineJh
ls lEekfur chdkusj ds fgLlkeqíu mLrka us fd;kA ÅLrka }kjk
cukbZ xbZ dykÑfr;k¡ ns'k&fons'k esa çfl¼ gSA Å¡V dh [kky ls
cuh dqfIi;ksa ij Lo.kZ nqyZHk ehukdkjh dk dykRed dk;Z
vkd"kZd vkSj eueksg ysus okyk gksrk gSA 'khf'k;ksa] dqfIi;ksa]
vkbuksa] fMCcksa] feV~Vh dh lqjkfg;ksa ij ;g dyk mdsjh tkrh gSA
chdkusj dk ^dSey gkbM Vªsfuax lsaVj* ÅLrka dyk dk çf'k{k.k
laLFkku gSA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- Å¡V dh [kky ij lksus o pkanh dh dykRed fp=kkadu o
uDdk'kh mLrdyk ;k equOorh dgykrh gSA
- chdkusj dk mLrk ifjokj blds fy, fo'o izfl¼ gSA
- fgLlk eqíhu mLrk&nqyesjk] yq.kdjulj (chdkusj) ÅaV
dh [kky ij Lo.kZ ehukdkjh ds cstksM+ dykdkjA 1986 esa
ine~JhA
Ekhukdkjh
ToSyjh ij ehukdkjh ds fy, t;iqj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij fof'k"V
igpku j[krk gSA t;iqj es ehukdkjh dh dyk egkjktk ekuflag
çFke (1589&1614 bZ-) }kjk ykgkSj ls vkbZ xbZA ijEijkxr :i
ls lksus ij ehukdkjh ds fy, dkys] uhys] xgjs] ihys] ukjaxh
vkSj xqykch jax dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA yky jax cukus es
t;iqj ds ehukdkj dq'ky gSA ehukdkjh dk dk;Z ewY;oku]
v¼ZewY;oku jRuksa rFkk lksus&pkanh ds vkHkw"k.kksa ij fd;k tkrk
gSA ehukdkjh esa iQwy&iÙkh] eksj vkfn dk vadu çk;% fd;k
tkrk gSA lksus ds vkHkw"k.kksa ds vfrfjDr pk¡nh ds f[kykSuksa o
vkHkw"k.kksa ij Hkh ehukdkjh dh tkrh gSA ukFk}kjk Hkh ehukdkjh
dk çfl¼ dsUnz gSA dksVk ds jsrokyh {ks=k es dkap ij fofHkÂ
jaxksa ls ehukdjh dk dke fd;k tkrk gSA chdkusj vkSj çrkix<+
es Hkh ;g dke n{krk ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
ihry ij ehukdkjh
- ihry dh f?klkbZ] ikWfy'k vkSj ml ij dykRed ehukdkjh
dk dk;Z t;iqj o vyoj esa fd;k tkrk gSA
- tks/iqj esa ikuh dks B.Mk j[kus gsrq cknyk uked dykRed
crZu cuk;k tkrk gS] tks tLrs ls fufeZr gksrs gSaA bu ij
diM+s ;k peM+s dh ijr p<kbZ tkrh gSA [kwclwjr jaxksa rFkk
fMtkbuksa esa cus cknys cM+s lqanj gksrs gSA
BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- t;iqj es laxejej ij ehukdkjh dk dke gksrk gSA
- dkxt tSls irys iRFkj ij ehukdkjh djus ds fy,
chdkusj ds ehukdkj izfl¼ gSA
yk[k dk dke
lokbZ ek/ksiqj] y{e.kx<+ (lhdj) o bUnzx<+ (cwUnh) ydM+h
ds f[kykSus o vU; oLrqvksa ij yk[k ds dke ds fy, çfl¼
gSA yk[k ls pwfM+;k¡] pwM+s] i'kq&i{kh] isfUlysa] iSu] dk¡p tM+sa
yk[k ds f[kykSus] fcfN;k vkfn rS;kj fd, tkrs gSA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- jktLFkku esa yk[k dh pwfM+;ksa dk dke t;iqj] fg.MkSu ,oa
djkSyh esa gksrk gSA yk[k dh pwfM+;k ekssdM+h dgykrh gSA
- yk[k ds vkHkw"k.kksa] f[kykSuksa vkSj dykRed oLrqvksa dk
fuekZ.k t;iqj o mn;iqj esa vf/d ls vf/d gksrk gSA
- t;iqj ,oa tks/iqj esa yk[k ls fofHkUu izdkj dh ltkoVh
phtsa] f[kykSaus] ewfrZ;ka] vaxwBh xys dk gkj] >qeds] xqynLrs
vkfn cuk;s tkrs gSA lokZf/d t;iqjA
peM+s dk dk;Z
- dykRed lyek flrkjksa vkSj d'khnkdkjh ds mRd`"V dk;Z
vkSj gYdsiu ds fy, izfl¼ t;iqj vkSj tks/iqj dh ukxjh
vkSj ekStfM+;ka twfr;ka izfl¼ gSA
- Hkhueky vkSj tkykSj dh d'khnkdkjh twfr;ka iwjs jktLFkku
esa izfl¼ gSA Hkjriqj dh uncnZ rglhy dh twfr;ka Hkh
izfl¼ gSA
- cM+ (ukxkSj) es cuus okyh d'khnk;qDr twfr;ksa dh ,d
ifj;kstuk la;qDr jk"Vª la?k }kjk ;w-,u-Mh-ih- ds lg;ksx ls
pykbZ tk jgh gSA
VsjkdksVk
iDdh feV~Vh dk mi;ksx djds ewfrZ;k¡ vkfn cukus dh dyk dks
VsjkdksVk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA yksd nsorkvksa dh iwtk ds
lkFk&lkFk feV~Vh ds f[kykSus o ewfrZ;k¡ cukus dk dke iwjs çns'k
es o"kksZ ls py jgk gSA ukFk}kjk ds ikl fLFkr eksyy s k xkao bl
dyk dk çeq[k dsUnz cuk gqvk gSA blh çdkj gjth xkao
(tkykSj) ds dqEgkj ekekth ds ?kksM+s cukrs gSA eksysyk rFkk
gjth nksuksa gh LFkkuksa es dqEgkj feV~Vh eas x/s dh yhn feykdj
ewfrZ;k¡ cukrs gS o mUgsa rki ij idkrs gSA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- feV~Vh dh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj crZu dks vkx esa idkdj cukus dh
dyk dks VsjkdksVk dgrs gSA jktlean esa lokZf/d A
- VsjkdksVk dh ewfrZ;ka cukus esa jktlean ftys dh ukFk}kjk
rglhy dk eksysyk xkao izfl¼ gSA
- feV~Vh ds f[kykSus] xqynLrs] xeys rFkk i'kq&if{k;ksa dh
dykd`fr;ksa ds dke ds fy, ukxkSj ftys dk cuwjkorka xkoa
izfl¼ gSA
- jaxegy ls LohMu dh iqjkosrk Jherh gUukfjM+ dks ,d
feV~Vh dk dVksjk feyk gS tks orZeku esa LohMu ds
laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr gSA
- uksg (Hkjriqj) esa ,d feV~Vh dk <Ddu feyk gS] ftlds
eè; Hkkx ij ,d i{kh dh vkd`fr cuh gS ,slk leqps
Hkkjr esa dgha miyC/ ughaA
ekyo uxj (Vksad) esa 'kqaxdkyhu [kfM;k feV~Vh ls
fufeZr nsoh dk iQyd feykA
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
ewfrZdyk
- jktLFkku esa O;ofLFkr <ax ls ewfrZdyk dk fodkl
ekS;Zdky ls vkjEHkA
- Maqxjiqj laxzgky; esa xqIrksrj dkyhu 'kSo ewfrZ;ksa dk
ckgqY;A
- vFkZwuk (ckalokM+k) ewfrZ;ksa dk izeq[k dsUnz 11 oha &12 oha
'krkCnh esa ijekj oa'k dh jkt/kuhA
- vkHkkusjh (nkSlk) xqIr dkyhu ewfrZa;k feyhA
- ewfrZdyk ds vkjfEHkd fodkl dk dsUnz&Hkjriqj
- eè;fedk (fpÙkkSM+) ewfrZdyk dk mUur dsUnz FkkA
- lu~ 1933 bZ- Hkjriqj ds uksg esa tk[k ckck (;{k izfrek)
dh fo'kky ewfrZ feyhA
- u`R; x.ks'k ewfrZ (uhyd.B) vyoj esa [kM+s x.ks'k eqfrZ
dksVk esa ckt.kk x.ks'k ewfrZ fljksgh esa gsjEc x.kifr ('ksjij
lokj) chdkusj esa LFkkfir gSA
- freux<+ (djkSyh) f'kYi dyk o ewfrZdyk dh n`f"V ls
leqg LFkyA
- iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ka cukus ds fy, Mwaxjiqj o ryokM+k
(ckalokM+k) esa lkseiqjk tkfr ds ewfrZdkj izfl¼ gSA ;gka
dh vf/drj ewfrZ;ka ikjsok iRFkj ls curh gSA
- iRFkj ds dykRed f[kykSus cukus esa xfy;kdksV (Mwaxjiqj)
izfl¼ gSA
- vyoj ftys dk Fkkukxkth Hkh ewfrZ f'kYi dk izfl¼ dsUnz
gSA
laxejej dh ewfrZ;ka
- laxejej dh ewfrZ;kas vkSj dykd`fr;ksa ds fy, t;iqj ds
fy, izfl¼ gSA
- laxejej ij ehukdkjh dk dke t;iqj esa gksrk gSA
- laxejej ij iPphdkjh dk dk;Z HkhyokM+k esa gksrk gSA
- laxejej dk izeq[k dsUnz edjkuk gSA
- t;iqj ds vfrfjDr vyoj ds fudV fd'kksjh xzke esa Hkh
laxejej dh ewfrZ;ka curh gSA
gkFkh nkar dh oLrq,a
- gkFkh nkar ds f[kykSus] ewfrZ;k ,oa vusd dykRed oLrq,a
jkT; esa t;qij] mn;iqj] Hkjriqj] esM+krk vkSj ikyh esa cukbZ
tkrh gSA
- tks/iqj esa gkFkh nkar ls fufeZr dkyh] gjh vkSj yky
/kfj;ksa dh pqfM+;ka ,oa vkHkw"k.k cuk;s tkrws gSA mn;iqj o
ikyh esa Hkh gkFkh nkar dh pqfM+;ka curh gSA
- jktLFkku esa jktiwr efgykvksa dks fookg ds le; gkFkh
nkar ls cuk pqM+k iguk, tkus dh izFkk gSA
- t;iqj fLFkr vkesj egy ds lqxkg eafnj esa panu ds
fdokM+ksa ij gkFkh nkar dh iPphdkjh dk dke 17 oha
'krkCnh dk ekuk tkrk gSA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- tM+kbZ&t;iqj dherh vkSj v¼Z&dherh iRFkjksa dh dVkbZ
vkSj tM+kbZ ds fy, çfl¼ gSA ;gk¡ uxks dh dVkbZ o tM+kbZ
ij eqxy vkSj jktiwr 'kSyh dk çHkko gSA vf/drj tM+kbZ
dk dke eqfLye tkfr ds dkjhxjks ds gkFk esa gSA budk
dkS'ky ç'kaluh; gSA
11 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
- cknys& tks/iqj ds ikuh Hkjus ds crZu tks eSVy ds cus uke LFkku
gksrs gS vkSj ftu ij diM+s ;k peM+s dh ijr p<+kbZ tkrh isijes'kh (dqV~Vh dk uke) t;iqj
gS] cknys dgykrs gSA [kwclwjr jaxks vkSj fMtkbu es cus ehukdkjh ,ao dqanu t;iqj
cknys vkd"kZd gksrs gSA ygfj;k o ikspek t;iqj
- iQrfxjh& iQkSykn dh oLrqvksa ij lksus ds irys rkjksa dh iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ka t;iqj
tM+kbZ dks iQrfxjh dgykrh gSA ;g nfe'd ls iatkc ykbZ dksiQrfxfj o rgfu'kka t;iqj
xbZ vkSj iatkc ls ekuflag izFke bls t;iqj yk;sA t;qij o iko jtkbZ t;iqj
vyoj dh dksiQrfxjh izfl¼ gSA [ksl pkSewa (t;qij)
- rgfu'kk ds dke esa iQkSykn dh oLrqvksa ij fMtkbu dks CY;w ikWVjh usoVk&lkaxkusj (t;iqj)
xgjk [kksn dj mlesa iryk rkj Hkj fn;k tkrk gSA peM+s dh ekstfM;k tks/iqj] t;iqj] ukxkSj
- lksus vkHkw"k.kksa esa dherh iRFkjksa dh tM+kbZ dh dyk dqanu xyhps t;iqj] chdkusj
dgykrh gSA t;iqj dh dqanu dyk izfl¼ gSA lqugjh VSjkdksVk chdkusj
- isij eS'kh ;k dqV~Vh& dkxt dh yqxnh cukdj mlls ikiM+] Hkqft;k chdkusj
dykRed oLrq, cukuk isij eS'kh ;k dqV~Vh dgykrk gSA mLrkdyk ukxkSj
- rkjd'kh& ukFk}kjk esa pkanh ds ckjhd rkjksa ls fofHkUu nfj;k Vkadyk (ukxkSj)
vkHkw"k.k ,oa dykRed oLrq,a cukbZ tkrh gSA ;g dyk ukan.ks (?kk?kjs ij Nkih iQM+) HkhyokM+k
rkjd'kh dgykrh gSA iQM+ fp=k.k 'kkgiqjk (HkhyokM+k)
- fejj odZ& ckM+esj esa diM+s ij 'kh'ks dh NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa jedM+k xfy;kdksV (Mwaxjiqj)
dks flyus dk dke fd;k tkrk gS] ;g fejj odZ dgykrk Åuh dacy tSlyesj
gSA Åuh cjM+h o yksbZ tSlyesj
- dBiqryh dk dk;Z mn;iqj esa fd;k tkrk gSa [kslys ysVk (tkykSj)
- chdkusj dk ukiklj Åuh yksbZ ds fy, izfl¼ gSA vtj[k o eyhj fiazV ckM+esj
- jkT; esa gLrf'kYi dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, pkj f'kYi xzkeksa Fksok dyk izrkix<+
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA igyk f'kYi xzke mn;iqj esa cuk;k ydM+h dh dkaoM+ cLlh (fpÙkksM+x<+)
x;kA nwljk f'kYi xzke iky (tks/iqj) esa cuk;k x;k] tkte fizaV vkdksyk (fpÙkkSM+x<+)
rhljk f'kYi xzke 2002 esa iq"dj esa rFkk pkSFkk f'kYi xzke elwfj;k o dksVK Mkfj;k dSFkwu(dksVk) o ekaxjksy
2003&04 esa lokbZ ek/ksiqj esa cuk;k x;k gSA cknyk o eksBM+s tks/iqj
- HkhyokM+k esa dkalh ds crZu o C;koj esa lw?kuh ulokj eyey o tkVk eFkkfu;ka (tks/iqj)
curh gSA xjkfl;ksa dh iQkax (vks<+uh) lkstr (ikyh)
- la;qDr jk"Vª la?k fodkl dk;ZØe rFkk [kknh o xzkeks|ksx lw?kuh ulokj C;koj
vk;ksx ds iz;klksa ls lkaxkusj (t;iqj) esa gLrf'kYi fiNokbZ;k¡ ukFk}kjk
dkxt jk"Vªh; laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA rkjda'kh ds tsoj ukFk}kjk
- gLrf'kfYi;ksa dks muds mRiknksa dk iwjk ewY; fey lds feV~Vh ds f[kykSus eksysyk (ukFk}kjk)
blds fy, tks/iqj esa jkT; dk igyk vjcu gkV xksVk fdukjh [k.Msyk (lhdkj)
LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA ispodZ o pVkiVh 'ks[kkokVh
- FkM+k&;g Hkh fdlh e`r O;fDr dh Le`fr esa cuk;k tkrk dkxth VSjkdksVk vyoj
gSA bl rjg ds Lekjd esa e`r O;fDr dh fu;fer iwtk ikB dBiqrfy;ka mn;iqj
dh O;oLFkk gksrh gS] mls O;fDr dks nso;ksfu esa ekuk tkrk i'kq&if{k;ksa dh dykd`fr cw&ujkoark (ukxkSj)
gSA xksYMu isafVx dqpkeu ,oa eksjBk (ukxkSj)
- ikuh ds cM+s laxzg d{k dks >kyjk dgrs gSA blesa ikuh
dk"B ij dykRed f'kYi tsBkuk (Mwaxjiqj)
laxzfgr gksrk gS] tks ckoM+huqek gksrk gSA
- rSrhl djksM+ nsorkvksa dh lky (e.MkSj] tks/iqj) dk d'khnk;qDr twfr;ka cMw (ukxkSj)
fuekZ.k egkjktk vthrflag ds le; ,d gh pV~Vku dks vykxhyk dkjhxjh chdkusj
dkVdj fd;k x;k bls ohjksa dh lky Hkh dgrs gSA eyey rulq[k]eFkkfu;k] (tks/iqj)
iRFkj ewfrZdyk ryokM+k (ckalokM+k)
panu (ey;kfxjh)
dh yM+dh ij [kqnkbZ pq:

fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 12 BY lat; xqIrk

jktLFkku fo'ks"k
yksddyk
ik"kk.k;qxhu ekuo us f'kdkj ds fy, iRFkj ds gfFk;kj cuk;s]
mlds ckn mlus feV~Vh ds crZu] f[kykSus] euds] bZVsa] rk¡cs dh
dqYgkfM;k¡ vkfn vkiuh t:jr ,oa jkstejkZ ds midj.kksa dk
fuekZ.k fd;kA fcuk fdlh e'khu ;k uD'ksa ds 'kq: fd;s x;s ;s
dk;Z dsoy mlds n{k gkFkksa dk gh deky FkkA pkanh ds vkgr
flDds tks fcuk fdlh uki&tks[k ds cus] ds çek.k gesa feyrs
gSA clUrx<+ dh dkaL; çfrek jktLFkku es /krq ds dke dh
çkphure çek.k le>h tkrh gSA fojkV uxj ds ckS¼ pSR; es
ekS;Zdky ds NCchl ydM+h ds LrEHk yxs gq, Fks] tks jktLFkku
es ydM+h dk çkphure dke FkkA ;s lc jktLFkku es
gLrdykvksa dh çkphurk lkfcr djrs gSA
orZeku es jktLFkku es diM+s dh cqukbZ] iRFkj dh ewfrZ;k¡]
tokgjkr dh dVkbZ] ehukdkjh] pk¡nh ds vkHkw"k.k] ca/st] gkFkh
nk¡r o pUnu dh dqVkbZ] ydM+h dh dkjhxjh] xyhpk cqukbZ]
ihry o /krq dh dkjhxjh] feV~Vh ds crZu] yk[k dk dke]
peM+sa dh twfr;k¡] fp=kdyk vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa es gLrdykvksa dk
dk;Z gksrk gSA
iV fp=k ;k iQM+
- HkhyokM+k ftys dk 'kkgiqjk dLck jktLFkku dh ijaijkxr
yksd fp=kdyk ^iQM+* ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fo[;kr gSA
- 2006 es iQM+ fp=kdkj Jhyky tks'kh in~eJh ls uokts tk
pqds gSA tks'kh us 'kkgiqjk dh iQM+ fp=kdyk dks orZeku es
ubZ igpku nh gSA
- eksVs lwrh diM+sa (jstk) ij xsgw¡ ;k pkoy ds ekaM esa xkasn
feykdj dyiQ ij ik¡p ;k lkr jaxksa ls cuh iQM+ xzkeh.kksa ds
ljyre fooj.kkRed] Øec¼ dFku dk lqanj çrhd gSA
- ekuokÑfr;k¡] iq'k&i{kh] çÑfr fp=k.k vkfn dk la;kstu dj
muesa jax Hkjk tkrk gSA loZçFke flUnwjh jax 'kjhj es] fiQj gjk
o yky jax diM+ksa esa] Hkwjk jax okLrq fuekZ.k esa ,oa vafre
js[kk,¡ dkys jax ls dh tkrh gSA
- fp=k la;kstu esa çeq[k vkÑfr dks lcls cM+k cukdj ç/kurk
nh tkrh gSA vU; vkÑfr;k¡ mlds vuqikr esa NksVh cukbZ
tkrh gSA NksVh vkÑfr;k¡ xfr'khy ,oa thoar fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
- lHkh psgjksa ij rh[kh] yEch ukd] cM+h chtuqek vk¡[ksa] NksVk
ekFkk] nksgjh BqM~Mh] eqM+h gqbZ iryh ew¡Nsa gksrh gSA
- jaxksa dk çrhdkRed ç;ksx HkkokfHkO;fDr esa lgk;d gS&
nsfo;k¡ uhyh] nso yky] jk{kl dkys] lk/q liQsn ;k ihys jax
ls cuk;s tkrs gSA flUnwjh o yky jax 'kkS;Z o ohjrk ds |ksrd
gSA
- iQM+ ukxkSj] chdkusj] tSlyesj vkfn {ks=k ds jktiwr] xqtZj]
tkV] dqaHkdkj] cykbZ vkfn tkfr;ks ds pkj.k o Hkksikas ds fy,
thfodksiktZu dk lk/u gSA bl dyk dks thfor j[kus vkSj
yksdfç; cukus esa fp=kdjksa ds lkFk&lkFk Hkksiksa dh Hkh
Hkwfedk gSA
- Hkksis iQM+ dks ydM+h ij yisV dj xkao&xkao tkdj ikjaifjd
oL=kksa esa jko.kgRFkk ;k tarj ok| ;a=k dh /qu ds lkFk dne
fFkjdkrs gq, okpu djrs gSA
- bl ijaijk es yksd ukV~;] xk;u] oknu] ekSf[kd lkfgR;]
fp=kdyk o yksd/eZ dk vn~Hkqr laxe fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- jktLFkku esa fp=kksa ds ekè;e ls dFkk dgus dh fo/k dks
iQM+ dgk tkrk gSA iQM+ fp=k.k diM+s ;k dSuokl ij fd;k
tkrk gSA
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
- iQM+ ckpus okys Hkksik dgykrs gSA iQM+ dks Hkksik ;qxy
feydj xkrs gSA ikcwth o nsoukjk;.k dh iQM+ izfl¼ gSA
- HkhyokM+k ftys esa fLFkkr 'kkgiqjk iQM+ ;k iQM+ isafVx dk
iz/ku dk;Z LFky gSA blesa eq[;r% yky o gjk jax dke gkrk
gSA
- 'kkgiqjk dk tks'kh ifjokj iQM+ isfVax esa ikjaxr gS ukFk}kjk esa
d`".k izfrek ds ihNs nhokjksa ij yxk;s tkus okys diM+s ij
Jh d`".k dh yhykvksa dk fp=k.k fd;k tkrk gSA izfrek ds
ihNs yxkus ds dkj.k ;s fiNokb;ka dgykrh gSA
ikus
jktLFkku es fofHk ioZ] R;ksgkjksa ,oa ekaxfyd voljksa ij
dkxt ij cus nsoh&nsorkvksa ds fp=kksa dks çfr"Bkfir fd;k tkrk
gS] ftUgsa ^ikus* dgk tkrk gSA x.ks'kth] y{ehth] jkensoth]
xksxkth] Jo.k dqekj] rstkth] jke] Ñ".k] f'ko] f'ko&ikoZrh]
/eZjkt bR;kfn ds ikus 'kqHk voljksa ij ç;qDr fd, tkrs gSA ;s
ikus lLrs gksrs gS] ftUgsa xzkeh.k [kjhndj le;uqlkj ç;qÙkQ djrs
gSA ikuksa dks lkekU; dkxt ij iksLVj jaxksa dk ç;ksx djrs gq,
rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ?kj esa lq[k&le`f¼ o fookg ds volj ij
x.ks'kth ds ikus dk ç;ksx djrs gSA nhikoyh ij y{ehth dk
ikuk ç;ksx es yk;k tkrk gSA ikuksa es xqykch] yky] dkys jax
dk eq[;r% ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dk"B dyk (dkoM+ o csok.k)
jktLFkku esa [kkrh ;k lqFkkj tkfr ds yksx ydM+h dk dk;Z
djus es fl¼gLr gksrs gSA ;s ydM+h dk ?kjsyw lkeku]
dBiqrfy;k¡] iwtu lkexzh j[kus] ekaxfyd voljks ij dke esa
vkus okyh oLrq,¡ o f[kykSus cukrs gSA fpÙkkSM+ ftys dk ^cLlh*
xkao ydM+h dh dykRed oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, çfl¼ gSA
cLlh eksj pkSiM+k ( Ükàxkj nku)] cktksV] x.kxkSj] fgaMkSy ,oa
yksd ukV~;ksa esa ç;qDr fofHk oLrq,¡& [kkaMk] ryokj] eq[kkSVs]
foeku ,oa dkoM+ (eafnjuqek vkdkj) fuekZ.k ds fy, çfl¼ gSA
buesa dkoM+ lcls dykRed gksrh gSA dkoM+ ,d eafnjuqek
dk"B dykÑfr gksrh gSA ftlesa dbZ }kj cus gksrs gSA lHkh }kjksa
ij fp=k vafdr jgrs gSA dFkkokpu ds lkFk&lkFk dkoM+ ds }kj
[kqyrs tkrs gSA lHkh }kj [kqy tkus ij jke&y{e.k o lhrk dh
ewfrZ;k¡ nf'kZr gksrh gSA dkoM+ iwjh yky jax tkrh gS o mlds
Åij dkys jax ls ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dks fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
dkoM+ esa eq[;r% jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Ñ".k&yhyk ls
lacaf/r ?kVukvksa dk fp=k.k gksrk gSA
cLlh ds dk"B dykdkj ^csok.k* cukus es Hkh fuiq.k gSA
^csok.k* Hkh ,d dk"B eafnj gksrk gS] tks lkeus ls [kqyk vkSj
rhu vksj ls can gksrk gSA vuUr prqnZ'kh o >wyuk ,dkn'kh ij
jke] Ñ".k o fo".kq ds NksVs foxzg dks csok.k esa fojkteku
djds mudk tqywl fudkyk tkrk gSA csok.k fuekZ.k ,oa bu ij
ydM+h dh [kqnkbZ dykRed gksrh gSA
fuekZ.k dSIlwy 
- fpÙkkSM+x<+ ds cLlh xkao esa ydM+h dh dykRed oLrq,a
cukbZ tkrh gSA
- Mwaxjiqj dk tsBkuk xkao ydM+h ij dykRed f'kYi ds fy,
izfl¼ gSA
- tks/iqj ds iky f'kYi xzke esa jktfldksa dh lgk;rk ls oqM
lhtfu&Iyk.V yxk;k x;k gSA
13 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
ek.M.kk
^ek.M.kk* ls rkRi;Z vyaÑr djus ls gSA ek.M.ks ?kj dh nsgjh]
pkS[kV] vkaxu] pcwrjk] pkSd] iwtu LFky] nhokjksa vkfn dks
vayÑr djus ds fy, cuk;s tkrs gSA xsgw¡] pwus ;k [kfM+;k ls
xkscj fyih lrg ij fofHk vlojksa ij vyx&vyx ek.M.ks
cuk;s tkrs gSA fookg ds volj ij x.ks'kth] y{eh th ds iSj]
LofLrd vkfn 'kqHk çrhdksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkekU; fnukas esa
xyhpk] eksj&eksjuh] xeys] xfy;k¡] cUnuokj] cPps ds tUe ij
xyhpk] iQwy] LofLrd] j{kk ca/u ij Jo.k dqekj] x.kxkSj ij
feBkbZ] ?ksoj] ygfj;k] rht ij Hkh ?ksoj] ygfj;k] pkSd iQwy]
gksyh vkSj nhikoyh ij pax] <iQ] <ksyd] LofLrd] lw;]Z
pUnzek] nhid] Fkkyh] Ikku] lqikjh] feBkb;k¡ vkfn ek.M.ks cuk;s
tkrs gSA
ek.M.ks vR;Ur ljy] vewÙkZ o T;kferh; 'kSyh dk lqanj
lfEeJ.k gSA o`Ùk oxZ vkfn T;kferh; vkdkjksa es fcanq] vkM+h]
frjNh js[kkvksa ls vkyadkfjd :i çnku djrs gSA budk mís';
vyaÑr djuk rks gSa gh blds lkFk gh ;s fL=k;ksa ds ân; es
fNih Hkkoukvks] Hk; o vkdka{kkvksa dks Hkh n'kkZrs gSA
lka>h
lka>h Jk¼ i{k eas cukbZ tkrh gSA dq¡okjh yM+fd;k¡ liQsnh ls
iqrh fnokjksa ij xkscj ls vkdkj mdsjrh gSA rFkk lk¡>h dks ekrk
ikoZrh ekudj vPNs ?kj] oj ds fy, dkeuk djrh gSA çFke
fnu ls nl fnu rd ,d ;k nks çrhd gh çfrfnu cuk, tkrs
gS] fdarq vafre ik¡p fnuks es cM+s vkdkjksa es lk¡>h cukbZ tkrh gS]
ftls la>~;k dksV dgrs gSA jktLFkku es çR;sd txg lk¡>h ds
Øe es varj jgrk gSA dbZ txg igys fnu lw;Z] pUnzek] rkjs]
nwljs fnu ik¡p iQwy] rhljs fnu ia[kh] pkSFks fnu gkFkh lokj]
ik¡posa fnu pkSiM+] NBs fnu LofLrd] lkrosa fnu ?ksoj] vkBos
fnu <ksyd ;k uxkM+s] uosa fnu cUnuokj o nlosa fnu [ktwj dk
isM+ cuk;k tkrk gSA vafre ik¡p fnu dh la>~;kdksV esa
chpks&chp lka>h ekrk cM+s vkdkj dh o pkjksa vksj ekuo]
i'kq&i{kh vkÑfr;k¡ cukbZ tkrh gSA dgha&dgha ik¡p iNsVk]
NcM+h] ?kM+k] dy'k] eksj&eksjuh] lh<+h] guqeku] Fkky] nksuk]
iQsuh] ?ksoj] tysch Hkh cukbZ tkrh gSA ;s dsoy vyadj.k gSA
budk dksbZ [kkl egRo ugha gSA budk vkdkj tM+ o xfrghu
gksrk gS] fdarq buesa fHkfÙk fp=k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ fufgr gksrh gSA
xksnuk
fdlh rh[ks vkStkj ls 'kjhj dh Åijh peM+h [kksndj mlesa
dkyk jax Hkjus ls peM+h esa iDdk fu'kku cu tkrk gS] ftls
xksnuk dgk tkrk gSA vghj] xqokjh] xwtj] jsckjh] pkaxy] lkalh]
HkkaHkh] dlkbZ] cutkjk] [kVhd] dkycsfy;k vkfn tkfr;ksa dh
efgyk,¡ xksnuk xqnokus es vf/d :fp j[krh gSA iwoZ es ccwy
dk dk¡Vk ;k lqbZ dk ç;ksx xksnus ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA
orZeku es fctyh ds vkStkj }kjk xksnuk [kqnok;k tkrk gSA buesa
dkys jax ds fy, dks;yk] jk[k] tyh gqbZ ydM+h ;k dkfy[k
dks vkd ds iÙkksa ds jl ;k fry ds rsy ds lkFk feykdj
peM+h es Hkjrs gSA
xksnuk lkSan;Z ds lkFk va/fo'oklksa ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA ekuk
tkrk gS fd vuxqnk 'kjhj vlqjf{kr gksrk gSA xzkeh.k fL=k;k¡ psgjs
ij lkSan;Z ds fy, ekFksa] Hkoksa] ukd ds vkl&ikl] BksM+h] xky]
xknZu o vk¡[kksa ds nksuks vksj js[kkvksa o fcanqvksa ds }kjk fofHkÂ
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
vyadj.k cuokrh gSA Nkrh] xnZu] ihB] isV] dwYgsa] tka?k] Vk¡x]
V[kus] ckgsa] dykbZ] gFksyh ds ihNs vaxqfy;ksa ij Hkh fofHkÂ
vyadj.k cuok;sa tkrs gSA xksnus ds vyadj.k tkfr fo'ks"k
o :fp ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSA dqN fL=k;k¡ xksnus es dsoy fp=k
xqnokrh gS rks dqN dsoy ukeA (xzkeh.k {ks=kksa es xksnuk xqnokdj
nsg lTtk djuk ,d ijaijk cu xbZ gSA)
fHkfÙk&fp=k.k
- pstkjs&Hkou fuekZ.k esa layXu f'kfYi;ksa dks dgk tkrk gS tks
izk;% fHkfÙk fp=k.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrs gSA izk;% dqEgkj tkfr
dsA
- fHkfÙk fp=k.k dk dk;Z lokZf/d 'ks[kkoVh {ks=k esa] ftlesa yksd
thou dh >kadh lokZf/d ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
- vkWiu vkVZ xSyjh &'kS[kkoVh dks
- fj;klrksa esa fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh n`f"V ls dksVk&cqUnh {ks=k
lokZf/d fodflr jgkA
- fHkfÙk ij lkSUn;Z vkSj l`tu dh n`f"V ls fd;k gqvk ukuk:ih
vradj.k fHkfÙk fp=k.k dgykrk gSA
- fj;klrksa esa fHkfÙk fpf=k.k ds eq[; fo"k; rRdkyhu jktlh
oSHkoiw.kZ thou] egfiQy] m|ku] fogkj] jfuokl] izseyhyk]
/kfeZd fp=k] f'kdkj o ;q¼ ds n`';] yksd nsorkvksa ,oa
izsek[;kuksa ,oa ukf;dkvksa dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa dk fp=k.k rFkk
jk/kd`".k dh yhyk,a jgh gSA
- 'ks[kkoVh ds fHkfÙk fp=kksa esa yksd thou dh >kadh lokZf/d
ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
- 'ks[kkoVh ds uoyx<+] fpM+kok] jkex<+ iQrsgiqj] ljnkj 'kgj]
eaMkok vkfn fHkfÙk fp=k.k ds izeq[k dsUnzA
- nsodh unu 'kekZ&vyojA ekLVj vkWiQ uspj ,.M fyfoax
vkWCtsDV~l ds uke ls izfl¼A i'kqi{kh fp=k.k ,oa fHkfÙk
fp=k.k esa fo'ks"k [;kfrA ijEijkoknh fp=kdkj FksA
- tksxhnkl dh Nrjh (mn;iqjokVh)& fHkfÙk fp=kkadu ijEijk
dk izkphure mnkgj.k]fp=kdkj nsokA
fHkfÙk fp=k.k dh izeq[k fof/;k¡ &
ÚsLdksa cquksa %& rkth iyLrj dh gqbZ ue fHkfÙk ij fd;k
x;k fp=k.kA jktLFkku esa bl i¼fr dks vjk;'kk ;k
vkykxhyk dgrs gSA 'ks[kkoVh esa vjk;'kk dks i.kk dgrs gSA
ÚkLdksa lsdks fp=k.k%& bl fof/k esa iyLrj dh xbZ feV~Vh
dks iw.kZ :i ls lw[kus ds ckn fp=k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
- 'ks[kkoVh ds fHkfÙk fp=k.k esa dRFkbZ] uhys o xqykch jax dh
iz/kurk gSA fp=kdkj ckyqjke] pstkjk] t;nso] rulq[kA
cy[kkrh ckyks dh yV dk ,d vksj vadu L=kh fp=k.k esa
'ks[kkoVh dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSA
- fHkfÙk rS;kj djus gsrq jkgksyh dk pwuk vjkb'kh fp=k.k ds fy,
loksZRRke ekuk tkrk gSA vdcj vkSj tgkaxhj dh fHkfÙk fp=k
dyk esa :fp] mUgha ds le; vkykxhyk i¼fr bVyh ls
Hkkjr vkbZA
- eFkSjuk dyk& bl dyk esa /kfeZd LFkkuksa ,oa ikSjkf.kd
dFkkvksa ij vk/kfjr fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa ds vkd"kZd fHkfÙk
fp=k] bZlj] x.kxkSj vkfn dk fuekZ.k dj bUgsa vkd"kZd jaxksa ls
ltk;k tkrk gSA chdkusj {ks=k esa eFkSjuk dyk vf/d izpfyr
gSA
14 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
jktLFkku esa laxhr
/qzin 'kSyh&/ziqn dh pkj eq[; /kjk,sa ekuh tkrh gS&
- xksgjkok.kh&rkulsu dh xk;u 'kSyh tks Lokeh gfjnkl ls
lacaf/r gSA
- Mkxqj ok.kh&;g Mkax {ks=k (djkSyh) ds fuoklh czt pan
dh ok.kh (izorZd) cgjke [kka Mkxj us izfl¼ fnykbZA
- uksgjok.kh&bls uksgj (guqekux<+) ds fuoklh Jhpan dh
ijEijk ekuh tkrh gSA
- [k.Mkj ok.kh&[k.Mkj (lokbZ ek/kiqj) ds lEeksgu flag
blds izorZd ekus tkrs] rkulsu dh iq=kh ljLorh dk
fookg lEeksgu flag ds iq=k feJhflag lsA
laxhr ?kjkus ,oa dykdkj
- t;iqj ?kjkuk&tUenkrk&eujax (Hkwir [kka) [;ky xk;u
'kSyh dk ?kjkukA eksgEen vyh [kka dksBh okys us izflf¼
fnyokbZ (eujax) ds iksrs) eujax fnYyh ?kjkus ds izorZd
lnkjax ds iq=kA
- ifV;kyk ?kjkuk&izorZd iQrsg vyh ,oa vyh c['k
(vkfy;k&iQrw) bls t;iqj dk mi?kjkuk dgrsA
- esokrh ?kjkuk&mLrkn ?kX?ks [kka izorZd (tks/iqj ds
jkT;kf{kr) bls Xokfy;j ?kjkus dh 'kk[kk Hkh ekurs gSA
tljkt blh ?kjkus ls lacf/r gSA tks/iqj egkjktk
tlaorflag ds njckjh xk;dA
- vYykfn;k [kka ?kjkuk&izorZd t;iqj ds vYykfn;k [kkaA
fd'kksj veks.kdj blh ?kjkus dh izfl¼ xkf;dA
- vrjkSyh ?kjkuk&izorZd lkgc [kkaA t;iqj ?kjkus dh 'kk[kkA
:ykus okys iQdhj ds uke ls izfl¼ ekurksy [kka bl ?kjkus
ds izfl¼ laxhrKA
- Mkxj ?kjkuk& izorZd cgjke [kka MkxjA jkeflag I ds
njckjh xk;dA tgh:íhu ,oa iQS;ktqíhu Mkxj] ?kjkus ds
izfl¼ /zqinA xk;d bUgksus /zqin es tqxycanh dh ijEijk
LFkkfir dj /zqin dks u;k :i fn;kA
- lksfu;k ?kjkuk (t;iqj)&izorZd lwjrlsu (rkulsu ds
iq=k)
- mn;'kadj&ewy fuoklh&mn;iqjA dRFkd ,oa csys urZdA
jk/k d`".k o fgUnw eSfjt nks u`R;ukfVdk,a fy[kh bUnz u`R;
dh jpuk dh tks vR;f/d izfl¼ gqvkA
- jfo'kadj&mn;iqjA mn;'kadj ds NksVs HkkbZA fo'o izfl¼
flrkj okndA vesfjdk dk izfl¼ laxhr iqjLdkj xzseh
iqjLdkj izkIr dj pqds gSA
- i-fo'o eksgu HkV~V&t;iqj ds fo'o izfl¼ flrkj okndA
xkSjhEek uked ubZ jksx dk fodkl fd;kA 1994 bZ- esa
Lisfu'k fxVkj oknd jkbZdqMj ds lkFk tqxy canh dj
dkWEisDV fMLd A Meeting by the River ij izfl¼ xzseh
iqjLdkj feykA ia- fo'oeksgu HkV~V us if'peh fxVkj esa 14
rkj tksM+dj bls eksgu ok.kh dk :i fn;k tks oh.kk ljksn
,oa flrkj dk lfe{k.kA bUgs vesfjdk ds eSjhyS.M jkT;
dh ekud ukxfjdrk nh xbZ gSA
- mek 'kekZ&t;iqjA izfl¼ dRFkd u`R;kaxukA
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
- Jh nqxkZ yky&t;iqjA t;iqj 'kSyh ds dRFkd dykdkjA
1990 esa in~e Jh iznku fd;k x;kA
- if.Mr ckcwyky&t;iqjA dRFkd dykdkj (laxhr) jke
tks'kh] uojax] cwan tks cu xbZ eksrh] rwiQku vkSj fn;kA
>ud ik;y ckts] vkfn fiQYeksa esa dk;Z fd;kA
- izsj.kk Jhekyh&ckalokM+k izfl¼ dRFkd dykdkjA laxhr
ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj (2010)A
- dksey dksBkjh&diklu (fpÙkkSM+) ns'k ds 'kh"kZ Lrj ds
yksddyk eeZKA :ik;u laLFkku] cks:nk (tks/iqj) ds
funs'kd jgsA 1983 in~e Jh 2003 in~eHkw"k.k rFkk 2004 esa
jktLFkku dk izFke jko lhgk iqjLdkj iznku fd;k x;kA
jktLFkku ds izeq[k yksd ok|
yksd ok|ksa ds pkj izdkj gS&
& /u ok|
& vou/ ok|
& lqf"kj ok|
& rr~ ok|
/uok|
os ok| tks /krq ls fufeZr gksrs gS ftudks vkil esa Vdjkdj ;k
M.Ms dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkrk gSA /u ok| ;a=k dgykrs gSA
- ?kqa?k:&ihiy ;k dkals ds xksy ok|A yksd urZdksa ;k
dykdkjksa dk fiz; ok| ;a=k u`R; djrs le; iSjksa esa cka/k
tkrk gSA
- djrky&ukjn eqfu dk ok| ;a=kA ;qXe lktA nks pkSdksj
ydM+h ds VqdM+ksa ds chp esa ihry dh NksVh&NksVh xksy
r'rfj;k¡ yxh jgrh gSA lk/q lar Hktuksa ds le; ctkrs gS
ckM+esj o ikyh ftyksa esa xSj u`R; esa iz;ksxA
- je>kSy&yksd urZdksa ds ikoksa esa cka/h tkus okyh ?kq?k:vksa
dh iV~Vh gksyh ds volj ij gksus okys u`R;] mRlo rFkk
xSj u`R;ksa esa bldk iz;ksx mn;iqj ftys esa Hkhy pØkdkj
u`R;ksa esa bldk iz;ksx djrs gSA xkSM+okM+ {ks=k ds yksd urZd
lej u`R; djrs le; ctkrs gSA
- ysfte&xjkfl;k tkfr ds yksxksa dk ok|&;g ckal dk
/uq"kkdkj VqdM+k gksrk gS] ftuds lkFk yxh tathj esa
NksVh&NksVh xksykdkj ifÙk;k¡ gksrh gS] ftlds fgykus ij
>u>ukgV dh èofu fudyrhA
- ?k.Vk (?kfM+;ky)& ihry ;k vU; /krq dk xksykdkj ok|
ftls Mksjh ls yVdkdj gFkksM+s ;k blds vUnj yVds gq,
M.Ms ls pksV dj ctk;k tkrk gSA iz;ksx vf/drj eafnjksa esa
fd;k tkrk gSA
- Jhe.My&jktLFkku ds yksd ok|ksa esa cgqr iqjkuk yksd
ok|A [kM+s >kMuqek bl ok| es pkan dh rjg ds xksy&xksy
NksVs&cM+s Vadksjs yVdrs gq, jgrsA
- oknu oSokfgd voljksa ijA rjax ok| (nks iryh MaMh ls
ctk;k tkrk)
- >kyj&dkalsa ;k rkacs dh eksVh pØkdkj IysV (r'rjh)
eafnj esa vkjrh ds le; oknu fd;k tkrk gSA
- fpeVk&yksgs dh nks iryh ifV~Vdkvksa ls cukA lk/q yksxksa
dk ok|A
15 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
- eathjk&ihry ;k dkals ls fufeZr dVksjh uqek ok|A ;qXe
lktA Mqaxjiqj {ks=k dk izfl¼ ok|A rsjgrkyh u`R; esa iz;ksxA
HkfDr dhrZu esa iz;ksxA
- >ka>&eathjs dh cM+h vkd`frA 'ks[kkoVh dk izfl¼ ok|A
'ks[kkoVh esa dPNh ?kksM+h u`R; esa iz;ksxA cM+s <ksay o rklk
ds oknu ds lkFk iz;ksxA
- MkafM;k&?kqej] xSj] xhnM+] rFkk xjck u`R; esa iz;ksxA
- [kM+rky&ydM+h ds NksVs&NksVs fpdus ,oa irys VqdM+ksa ls
cukA ckM+esj&tSlyesj ds yaxk&ekaxf.k;kjksa dk izeq[k ok|A
jksfgM+k ;k [kSj dh ydM+h ls cukA [kM+rky dk tknwxj
lnhd [kk¡ fejlh (>kaiyh] ckM+esj) vU; dykdkj&xkth
[kk¡A
- Hkjuh&feV~Vh ds HkVds ds ladjs eqag ij dkals dh IysV
<addj nks MafM;ksa dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkus okyk ok|A
jktLFkku ds iwohZ {ks=k (vyoj Hkjriqj) esa liZ ds dkVs
gq, dk yksd nsorkvksa ds ;gka bykt djrs le; ctk;k
tkrkA
- ?kM+k&NksVs eqag dh feV~Vh dk ?kM+kA iQwad ekjdj rFkk pksV
nsdj ctk;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g lqf"kj ok| dk :i HkhA
ckM+esj tSlyesj esa HkfDr laxhr ds le;A
- ?kqjkfy;kS&ikap N% vaxqy yEch ckal dh [kiPph los cuk
gqvk ok|] ftlds ,d vksj Nhydj eq[k ij /kxk cka/
fn;k tkrk gSA bls nkarksa dks chp nckdj /kxs dks <hy o
ruko nsdj ctk;k tkrkA dkycsfy;k o xjkfl;k tkfr dk
izeq[k ok|A
vou/ ok|
- ,sls ok| tks peM+s ls e<+dj cuk;k tkrk gS] ftls gkFk ;k
M.Ms dh lgk;rk ls ctk;k tkrkA
- pax&ydM+h dk cuk xksy ok|A jktLFkku dk vR;Ur
yksdfiz; ok| gksyh ds fnuksa esa ctkrsA 'ks[kkoVh {ks=k esa
pax u`R; ds le;A
- ?ksjk&pax] MiQ vkfn ok|ksa ds vkdkj dkA v"V Hkqtkdj A
esokM+ {ks=k ds eqLyekuksa dk izeq[k ok|A
- MiQ (<i)&yksgs ds xksys ?ksjs ij cdjs dh [kky p<+kdj
gksyh ds volj ijA
- dksVks >kykokM {ks=k esa fo'ks"k :i ls ctk;k tkrk gSA
- [katjh&<i dk y?kq vkdkjA vke dh ydM+h ls cukA
- izpyu dkycsfy;ka o tksfx;kssa esaA fuxZq.kh Hktu&xhrksa esaA
- uxkM+k&leku vkdkj ds yksgs ds nks dVksjhuqek ik=kksa dk
ok|A esokM+ esa ukFk}kjk dk uxkM+k izfl¼A HkSal dh [kky ls
e<+k tkrkA ekaxfyd voljksa] mRloksa vkfn le;A ckM+esj
o 'ks[kkoVh esa xSj rFkk xhnM+ yksd u`R;ksa ds le;A
jkefd'ku lksaydh (iq"dj] vtesj) izfl¼ uxkM+k oknd
tks fiNys 50 o"kksZa ls dwpkeuh [;ky ukV ~; esa
uxkM+k ctk jgs gSA
- nekek (Vked@ce@cao) &yksd ok| esa lcls cM+kA
uxkM+k dh vkd`fr lkA
- ;q¼ ds volj ij fo'ks"kRk% vyoj&Hkjriqj] lokbZ ek/ksiqj
esa yksdfiz;A
- ukScr&,d NksVh uxkM+h o nwljk cM+k uxkM+k tks izk;%
'kgukbZ ds lkFk ctk;k tkrkA cM+s uxkM+s dks uj o NksVs dks
eknkA iz;ksx eafnjks esa o jktk egkjktkvksa ds egyksa esaA
- rklk (rk'kk) & feV~vh ;k yksgs ds piVs dVksjksa ij cdjs
dh [kky ea<djA xys esa yVdkdj nks iryh MafM;ksa ls
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
ctk;k tkrk gSA eqfLye leqnk; esa rkft;k fudkrs le;
vf/drj ctk;k tkrk gSA ijkruqek ok| ;a=kA
- <ksayd&vke] 'kh'ke] lkxoku] uhe] tkequ vkfn dh
ydM+h ls cuk ok| ;a=kA
- ikcwth ds ekVs&feV~Vh ds nks cM+s crZuksa ds eq[k ij [kky
fpidkdj jLlh ls cka/dj ;g ok| ctk;k tkrkA
- <ksay&izkphu ok|A ekaxfyd ok|A Fkkyh o ckafd;k ds lkFk
ctkrsA yksd u`R;ksa esa vf/d izpyu ,d Hkkx uj o ,d
Hkkx eknk dgykrk A
- Ms:&vke dh ydM+h ls cukA Me: dk cM+k :iA ydM+h
dh MaMh dh lgk;rk ls ctkrsA Hkhy o xksxkth ds Hkksis
cktrsA
- ekany&e`nax dh vkd`fr dk feV~Vh ls cuk yksd ok|A
eq[;r% vkfnokfl;ksa dk ok|A eksysyk xkao (jktlean) esa
cuk;k tkrkA xojh u`R; esa ctkrsA fgj.k o cdjs dh [kky
e<+h tkrh ftls tkS ds vkVs ls fpidkrsA gls f'ko ikoZrh
dk ok| ekurs gSA
- e`nax ;k i[kkot&chtk] lqikjh vkSj cM+ ds isM+ ds rus
lsA jkoy] HkokbZ tkfr ukp esa ctkrs gSA /kfeZd LFkyksa ij
ctk;k tkrk gSA
- Me:&Hkxoku f'ko dk ok| enkjh yksx vf/dj iz;ksxA
NksVs :i ls Mqx&Mqxh dgrsA
- ?kkSalk&vke ;k iQkjl dh ydM+h ds ?kjs ij HkSal dh
[kkyl e<dj cuk;k tkrk gSA ydM+h dsa eksVs M.Mksa ls
ctk;k tkrk nqxZ o cMs eafnjksa esaA
- <kd&Ms: ds leku] ok| tks mlls dqN cM+k gksrk gS ,oa
xqtj tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk iSjksa ij j[kdj ctk;k tkrkA
dksVk] cwanh ,oa >kykokM+ {ks=kksa esa yksdfiz;A
- dej&yksgs dh píj dks xksy dj peM+s ls e<+dj cuk;k
x;k ok|A tks vyoj] Hkjriqj {ks=k esa 3&4 O;fDr;ksa }kjk
mlds pkjksa vkSj [kMs gksdj nksuksa gkFkksa esa MaMksa dh lgk;rk
ls ctk;k tkrk gSA
lqf"kj ok|
- tks ok| iQwad dj ctk, tkrs gS] mUgsa lqf"kj ok| dgrs gSA
- ckalqjh &;g ok| ckal dh ufydk ls fufeZr gksus ds dkj.k
bl ok| dk uke ckalqjh iM+kA ikap Nsn okyh ckalqjh dks
ikoykA N% Nsn okyh :ykA ;g vR;Ur izkphu ok| gSA
oSfnd lkfgR;] ½Xosn] mifu"kn] iqjk.k esa mYys[kA
gfjizlkn pkSjfl;k izfl¼ ckalqjh oknd gSA
- vyxkstk&jktLFkku dk jkT; ok|A lqikjh dh uyh dk cuk
ok| (ikfdLrku] ls ydM+h eaxkrs) ;qXe lktA eh.kk
vkfnokfl;ksa o xzkeh.kksa esa fo'ks"k izpyuA
- tSlyesj] tks/iqj] ckM+esj] chdkusj] lokbZ ek/ksiqj] VksadA
t;iqj ds in~eiqjk xkao ds izfl¼ dykdkj jkeukFk pkS/jh
ukd ls ctkrsA ohj rstkth dh thou xkFkk] fMXxhiqjh dk
jktk] <ksyk ek: u`R; HkokbZ u`R; esa iz;ksxA pjokgksa dk
[kkunkuh ok| ;a=kA
- 'kgukbZ (uiQhjh)&lqf"kj ok|ksa es loZJs"BA lqjhyk o
ekaxfyd ok|A 'kh'ke ;k lkxoku dh ydM+h ls fufeZr
blesa 8 NsnA uxkM+ksa dh laxr esa ctkrsA fcfLEYyk [kak
izeq[k 'kgukbZ okndA bls lqUnjh dgrsA pkan eksgEen [kka
(t;iqj)
- esokM+ dh ekaxhckbZ izfl¼ 'kgukbZ oknd o ekaM xkf;dkA
- uM+&dxkSj o`{k dh ydM+h lsA ea'kd dh vkd`frA pjokgksa
o Hkksiksa dh izeq[k ok|A dj.kk Hkhy izfl¼ okndA
16 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
- iwaxh (chu)&NksVh ykSdh ds rqEcs ls cuh gksrh gSA rqEcs ds
fupys fgLls esa Nsndj nks ufy;ka yxkbZ tkrhA dkycsfy;ka
dk ok|
- e'kd&cdjh dh iwjh [kky ls cksjs ;k xqCckjs dh rjg dk
ok| ;a=kA dka[k esa nckdj ctkrsA HkS:th ds Hkksis iz;ksx esa
ysrs gSA vyoj] lokbZ ek/ksiqj esa fo'ks"k yksdfiz;A
- ckafd;k&ihry dk oØdkj ok| ;a=kA ljxjksa dk [kkunkuh
ok| 'kknh voljksa ij iz;ksaxA
- Hkwaxy (j.kHksjh)&esokM+ ds HkkokbZ;ksa dh izeq[k ok| HkokbZ
ukV~; ls iwoZ ctk;k tkrk gSA xkao esa [ksy 'kq: djus ls
igys turk dks ,df=kr djus ds fy, rFkk ;q¼ 'kq: djus
ls iwoZ ctkrsA
- lrkjk&vyxkstk] ckalwjh 'kgukbZ dk lefUor ok|A ckalqjh
dsj dh ydM+h ls cukbZ tkrh (lrkjk dh) ;qXe izR;sd esa
N%&N% Nsn tSlyesj ckM+esj ds tutkfr ds yksx xM+fj,
es?koky vkSj eqfLye cktrs A
- eksjpax &yksgs dk cuk NksVk ok|A gksBks ds chp j[kdj
ctkrs jsfxLrkuh {ks=k esa izpfyr yaxk xk;d bls lkjaxh o
lrkjk dh laxr esA
- uksV blesa rkj yxs gksus ds dkj.k rr~ ok| dk :i ekuk
tkrk gSA
- dkj.kk&rqjgh ls feyrk ok|;a=k ihry dk 7&8 iQhV yEck
ok|A izkphu dky esa j.k{ks=k o jkT; njckjksa esaA lcls
yEck ok| ;a=kA rqjgh ihry dh cuhA nqxksZ o ;q¼ LFkyksa esa
iz;ksx vkd`fr fpye dh rjgA
- yEckbZ 4&5 iQhV eè;dky es ;g ok| ;a=kA
- ukxiQ.kh&ihry dh likZdkj uyh ls cukA eafnjksa o lk/q
lU;kflvksa }kjk iz;ksxA
- eqjyk (eqjyh)&;g iqaxh dk ifj"d`r :i tks uyhnkj rqEcs
ds uhps pkSM+s okys Hkkx esa nks ckal dh ufy;ka iQalkdj
cuk;k tkrk gSA ,d uyh ls èofu nwljh ls LojA
ckM+esj&tSlyesj esa yxk tkfr esa yksdfiz;A
- lhaxk&fgj.k] ckjgflaxk ;k HkSlk ds lhax ls cuk ;g ok|
gksBksa ij j[kdj daB ls mRiUu èofu ls ctk;k tkrk gS
tksfx;ksa esa yksdfiz;A
- lqjukbZ&'kgukbZ ls feyrk tqyrk ok|A 'kh'ke] lkxoku dh
ydM+h ls fufeZrA <ksyh o yaxk tkfr }kjk fookg o
ekaxfyd voljksa ij ctk;k tkus okyk ok|A bls yDdk]
uiQhjh o VksVks dgrsA
- ?kqjkfy;k¡&bls 5&vaxqy ckal dh [kiph ls cuk;k tkrk gSA
bls xjkfl;k dkycsfy;k o vU; vkfnoklh tkfr;ksa dh
fo'ks"kdj efgyk;sa ctkrh gSA
- dksVM+k {ks=k ds vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk bls ckal dk cktk dgrs
gSA
rr~ ok|
- ftu ok|ksa esa rkjksa ds }kjk Lojksa dh mRifRrA budks xt]
vaxqfy;ksa ;k fetjkiQ dh lgk;rk ls ctkrs gSA
- lkjaxh&rr~ ok|ksa ls loZJs"BA lkxoku rFkk jksfgM+s dh
ydM+h lsA oknu xt dh lgk;rk ls ctkrsA bles a9 rkjA
oknu iM+ ds le;A ikcwth Mwaxjth] tokgjth ds Hkksis
cktrsA
- tUrj&oh.kk dk izkjfEHkd :iA vkd`fr oh.kk tSlh oknu
xys esa yVdkdj [kM+s gksdjA oknu cxM+kor dh dFkk
dgus okys xqtj HkksisA ukxkSj] vtesj] HkhyokM+k esAa esokM+
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
{ks=k esa izpyu vf/d jktLFkku esa xqtj Hkksiksa dk izpfyr
ok|A blesa pkj rkjA
- dek;pk&'kh'ke] vke ;k jksfgM+k dh ydM+h ls cuk;k
tkrkA lkajxh ds leku yksd ok|A jsfxLrku esa ekaxf.k;kj
tkfr ds is'ksoj xk;d ctkrs gSA ukFkiaFkh lk/q Hkh Hkr`gZ fj
,oa xksihpan dh dFkk ds xhr ds lkFk ctkrs gSA bZjkuh
ok| izeq[k dykdkj&lkdj [kkaA
- Hkiax&dVs gq, rwcs ls cuk ftlds ,d fljs ij peM+k e<+k
tkrk gSA Me: dh vkd`fr ls feyrk ok| ;a=k izeq[k
oknd &tgwj [kka esokrh (Hkiax dk tknwxj) mej iQk:[k
esokrh vU; dykdkj vyoj ftys ds tksxh tkfr ds yksx
Hkiax ok| ;a=k ds lkFk ik.Mqu dM+k] jktk Hkr`gfj] Hkxr
iwj.key] ghjk jka>k ,oa xksikihj dh yksd dFkk,a xkrsA
- rUnwjk%& bls ^os.kksa dgrsA pkj rkjA dkeM+ tkfr ds yksxksa
}kjk iz;ksxA
pkSrkjk dgrsA fetjkc ls ctkrsA
- jckt%& dek;ps dh vkd`fr dk@lkjaxh dh vkd`fr dkA
vaxqfy;ksa ds uk[kwuksa ls oknuA ekjokM+ ds jkoy tkfr ds
yksx ^jEer yksd ukV~;* esa
- esokM+ ds {ks=k dh jko rFkk HkkV theu }kjk ctk;k tkrk
gSA lkr rkjA ikcwth dh yksd xkFkk xkus okys uk;d ;k
Hkhy* tkfr ds yksxksa }kjk
- jckc%& lkjaxh ds izdkj dk ok|A vyoj] Vksad {ks=kA
- blesa 5 rkjA esoksa ds HkkVksa dk izeq[k ok|A
- fpdkjk%& dSj dh ydM+h ls cus bl ok| dk ,d fljk
I;kys ds vkdkj dk blesa 3 rkjA oknu eq[;r% xjfl;k
tutkfr ds Hkksiksa }kjkA
- vyoj&Hkjriqj {ks=k esa tksfx;ksa }kjk ikSjkf.kd vk[;kuksa ;k
yksd xkFkkvksa ds xk;u ds lkFkA xjkfl;ksa rFkk vyoj ds
esoksa esa izpfyr
- xwtjh%& jko.k gRFkk ls NksVk] jko.k gRFkk dh vkd`fr dkA
ikap rkjA
- lqfjUnk%& jksfgM+s dh ydM+h ls fufeZrA iz;ksx ekjokM+ ds
yksd dykdkj] fo'ks"kdj yaxk tkfr ds yksxks }kjkA xk;u
ds lkFk ugha ctkrsA
- jktLFkku laxhr ukV; vdkneh dk izrhd ^fpUg*A
- nqdkdks%& Hkhy tkfr }kjk nhikoyh ijA cSBdj o ?kqVuksa
ds chp nckdj ctkrsA
- lwjte.My%& nks&<kbZ iQqV yEck ;g ok| if'peh
jktLFkku esaA ydM+h ds r[rs ij rkj dls gksrsA izkphu ok|
;a=k] izkphu dky esa bls dksfdyk oh.kk dgrs FksA
- viax%& Hkiax dh vkd`fr dk A Hkhy o xjkfl;k tutkfr
}kjk ctk;k tkrk gSA
vkfnokfl;ksa ds yksd ok|
- rkjih%& lq[kh ykSdh ls fufeZrA fookg ds volj ijA
- dFkkSM+h tutkfr esa izpfyrA
- ikojh%& ckalqjh dh vkd`fr dk lk<+s rhu iQhV yackA
- Fkkyhlj%& ihry dh Fkkyh lsA uojkf=k esa o e`rd ds
vafre laLdkj ds ckn HkfDr xhr xkrs le;A
- Vkijk%& lk<ssa <kbZ] iQhV yacs ckal ls cuk ok| ;a=k
izsrck/k fuokj.k vkSj uojkf=k ds volj ij ctk;k tkrk
gSA
- [kks[kjk vkSj xksfj;k
17 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k
yksd xhr
- iko.kk&fookg ds ckn nkekn ds fy, xk, tkus okys xhrA
- lhB.ks&fookg lekjksg esa [kq'kh o vkuUn ds fy, xk, tkrs
bUgs xkyh xhr dgrs gSA
- tyks (tyky)&o/q i{k dh L=kh;ksa }kjk tc oj dh
ckjkr dk Msjk ns[kus tkrs le;A
- dke.k&oj dks tknw Vksus ls cpkus gsrq
- fpjeh&fpjeh ds ikS/s dks lacksf/r dj cky xzke o/q }kjk
vius HkkbZ o firk dh izrh{kk ds le; dh euksn'kk dk
fp=k.kA
- fcNwM+ksa&gkM+kSrh {ks=k dk yksdfiz; xhrA ^^eS rks ejh gksrh
jkt] [kk x;ks csjh chNwM+ks**A
- dslfj;k ckye&ifr dh izrh{kk djrh gqbZ ukjh dh fojg
O;FkkA ;g jtokM+h xhrA
- thjks&jktLFkku dk izfl¼ yksd xhr ftlesa iRuh vius
ifr ls thjk ugha cksus dk vuqjks/ djrhA
- lqi.kk&fojguh ds Loiu ls laca/h xhrA
- iaNhM+k&gkM+kSrh o <q<+kM+ {ks=k esa esyksa ds volj ij xk;k
tkrk gSA
- eksfj;k (lxkbZ) & ;g tksd xhr ml ;qorh dh euksn'kk
dks fpf=kr djrk gSA ftldk laca/ rks fuf'pr gks pqdk gS
ysfdu fookg esa nsjh gSA
- lqoafV;k&Hkhyuh fL=kh }kjk izns'k x, ifr dks bl xhr ds
}kjk lans'k Hkstk tkrk gSA
- dykyh&ohj jl iz/ku xhr] esokM+ {ks=k esa izfl¼
- xksjacan &Å¡V dk J`axkj o.kZu xhrA
^^xk;ka pjkorh xksjcan xqafFk;ksa]
HkSL;ka pjkorh iks;ks Egkjk jkt]
Egksjksa xksjcan ywEckyksa**
jktLFkku dk yksd fiz; xhrA
- yko.kh&fiz;re }kjk viuh izsfedk dks cqykus ds volj
ij yksdxhr xk;k tkrk gSA jktLFkku esa eksj èot lsÅ
laeu izfl¼ ykof.k;k¡A HkjFkjh Hkh ,d yko.khA
- >ksjkok&tSlyesj ftys esa ifr ds ijns'k tkus ijA ;g
izsfedk ds fo;ksx esa xk;k tkus okyk] xhr gSA
- ewey&tSlyesj esa vfrizfl¼ Jàxkfjd yksd xhr] ftlesa
ewey dk u[kfld o.kZuA ^^EgkjS cjlkys jh ewey gkykSuh
,¡ vkyhts js ns'k**A
- <ksykek:&fljksgh dk xhr
- rstkxhr&fdlkuksa dk izsjd xhr
- fgpdh&fdlh dks ;kn esa] xk;k tkrk gS vyoj&esokr dk
yksdfiz; xhrA
- nqiV~Vk&'kknh ds volj ij nwYys dh lkfy;ksa }kjk xk,
tkus okyk xhrA
- ihiyh&'ks[kkoVh ] chdkusj rFkk ekjokM+ ds dqN Hkkxksa esa
rht ds R;kSgkj ls dqN fnu iwoZA
- gjtl&jktLFkkuh efgykvksa }kjk xk,] tkus okys lxq.k
HkfDr yksd xhrA
- jfl;k&czt] Hkjriqj] /kSyiqj {ks=k esa izfl¼ gSA
- ejkafl;s&ekjokM+ {ks=k esa izHkko'kkyh O;fDr dh e`R;q ij
xk;s tkus okys ân; HksM+h ekfeZd yksdxhrA tSls&jruxk.kk
ekfeZd xhrA
- iVsY;k] chfN;ka] ykyj&igkM+h {ks=kksa ds eq[; xhr
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj
jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
- gelhBksa&Hkhy L=kh vkSj iq:"k }kjk lkFk feydj xk;k tkus
okyk izfl¼ yksd xhrA
- vksY;w¡&fdlh dh ;kn esa csVh dk fonkbZ ds le; ^^daoj
ckbZ jh vksY;w¡ vkoS vks jkt**
- bZ.Mks.kh&ikuh Hkjus tkrh efgykvksa }kjk ^Egkjh lok yk[k
jh ywe xe xbZA baMks.kh*A
- dkxk&ukf;dk }kjk dkS, dks lEcksf/r djds vius fiz;re
ds vkus dk 'kxqu euk;k tkrk gSA
^^mM+&mM+ js Egkjk dkyk js dkxyk]
tn Egkjk fioth ?kj vkoS**A
- dktfy;ksa&;g ,d J`axkj iz/ku xhrA gksyh ds volj ij
pax ds lkFk xk;k tkrkA
^^dkty Hkfj;ksa dwaiyksa dksbZ
/j;ksa iyax v/ chp dksjks dktfy;ksaA**
- dqjtk¡&fiz;re dks lans'k fHktokus ls lacaf/r xhrA
- ?kksM+h&ckjkr dh fudklh ij ?kksM+h xkrs gSA ^^?kksM+h Egkjh
pUnzeq[kh lh] bUnzyksd lw¡ vkbZ vks jkt**
- tPpk@gksyj&ckyd ds tUeksRlo ij ^gksyj tk;k us gqbZ
nS c/kbZ Fks Egkjk oa'k cnk;ks js vycsyh tPpk*A
- iSi;ks&;g nkEi; izse vkn'kZ dks n'kkuZ okyk xhr] ftlesa
izs;lh vius fiz;re ls miou esa vkdj feyus dk vuqjks/
djrh gSA
^Hkaoj ckaxk esa vkT;ks th] ,th EgkjkA
uktwd tho ?kcjkosa] iiS;k cksY;ks thAA*
- c/ok &'kqHk dk;Z lEiUu gksus ij A
- ekaxhckbZ &esokM+ fuoklhA dslfj;k ckye vkvks uh i/kjks
Egkjks ns'k loZizFke xk;kA ekaM xkf;dkA
- Lo- Jherh xojh nsoh&chdkusj fuoklhA ekaM xkf;dkA
fookg tks/iqj fuoklh eksguyky ds lkFkA tks/iqj egkjktk
mEesnflag }kjk lEekfurA 1986 laxhr ukVd vdkneh dk
loksZPp iqjLdkj rFkk jk"Vªifr Jh vkj-osadV jeu }kjk
rkezi=k iznkuA jktLFkku dh e: dksfdykA
- cUuks csxe&t;ijqA ekaM xkf;dkA ekrk tkSgj ckbZ t;iqj
njckj dh izfl¼ ekaM xkf;dk ,ao u`R;kaxku
- tehyk ckbZ&tks/iqjA izfl¼ yksd xhr xkf;dA
- vYykg ftYYkkg ckbZ&chdkusjA ekaM xkf;dk 1987 yanu
ds vYcVZ gkWy esa xkf;dh dh Nki NksM+hA 1982 in~e Jh
jktLFkku JhA 29 fnlEcj 2003 dks Hkkjr ljdkj us 5 :
dk Mkd fVdV tkjhA
- xojh nsoh&ikyh] ekaM xkf;dkA
- gj dk fgaMksyk&o`¼ dh e`R;q ij xk;k tkus okyk xhrA
- dks;yM+h&dU;k i{k dks fL=k;ksa }kjk dU;k dh fonkbZ ds
le;A
- :ihM+ks] >kyks] >waVf.k;ksa&jktLFkkuh yksd xhrA
- eha>j&dUgS;kyky lsfB;k bl xhr ds jpf;rkA
- Hk.krsa&jktLFkku esa Je djrs le; Fkdku dks nwj djus gsrq
xk;s tkus okys xhrA
- xkMwykW] dwdMykS] ?kw?kjh&yksd xhrA
- fc.ktkjk&fc.ktkjk yksx fc.kt djrs le; cSyksa ij lkeku
ykndj ys tkrs Fks bls ckyqn dgk tkrk FkkA
^pe&pe peds pwanM+h fc.ktkjk jsA
dksbZ FkksM+ks lks EgkjS lkeh uky js fc.ktkjk jSAA
18 BY lat; xqIrk
jktLFkku fo'ks"k jktLFkku& dyk,a] fp=kdyk,a vkSj gLrf'kYiA
yksd dykdkj jktLFkku ds dyk laLFkku
lkdj deky [kkW%& dyk laLFkku LFkkiuk
o"kZ
& tUe&gehjk (tSlyesj)] Hkokuh ukV~;'kkyk 1921
& dek;pk ds tknwxjA (>kykokM+)
& dsUnzh; laxhr ukVd vdkneh us 1990&91bZ- esa ^yksd
laxhr iqjLdkj] iznku fd;kA jktLFkku izkP; 1950
fo|k izfr"Bku
isis [kkWa%& (tks/iqj)
& tUe& gehjk (tSlyesj)A Hkkjrh; yksd dyk 1952
& lkdj [kkWa ds NksVs HkkbZA e.My
& chu vkSj 'kguksbZ ds izfl¼ okndA
& lqj.kkbZ dk tknwxj dgrs gSA jktLFkku lkfgR; 1958
jkefd'ku lksyadh %& vdkneh (mn;iqj)
& iq"dj] vtesj fuoklh
& dqpkeuh [;ky ds izeq[k uxkM+k okndA
:ik;u laLFkku 1960
& 1976 jktLFkku laxhr ukV; vdkneh iqjLdkjA (cks:ank] tks/iqj)
& 1992 jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vdkneh vokMZA
pkWan eksgEen [kku%&
yksd laLd`fr 'kks/ 1964
& t;iqjA laLFkku (pw:)
& fo[;kr 'kgukbZ okndA mnwZ vdkneh 1979
& lu~ 1974 esa cuh ^e`x r`".kk* fiQYe dh 'kwfVax t;iqj ds (t;iqj)
jkex<+ >hy ds vkl&ikl ds {ks=k esa gqbZ] ml fiQYe dh jktLFkku Hkk"kk] 1983
lkfgR; o laLd`fr
vnkdkjk ;ksfxrk ckyh us tks eqtjk xk;k FkkA mlds laxhr vdkneh
esa pkWan eksgEen [kka us 'kgukbZ ij laxhr dh FkhA (chdkusj)
ia- tldj.k xksLokeh&chdkusj iz[;kr flrkj okndA
iq:"kksÙke nkl&ukFk}kjk (jktlaen) izfl¼ i[kkot okndA
jktLFkku czt Hkk"kk 1986
ln~nhd [kk¡ ekxf.k;kj&tUe&>kaiyh(ckM+esj)[kM+rky dsA vdkneh (t;iqj)
fofy;e tSEl&chdkusjA izfl¼ cSM ekLVjA
tokgj dyk dsUnz 1993
(t;iqj)
fp=k'kkyk (cwanh) & fp=kdyk laxgz ky;] egkjktk
ia- >kcjey 'kks/ 2000
laLFkku (t;iqj)
fuekZ.k IAS t;iqj 19
vU; rF;
'kk;d Hkokuh flag }kjk
fufeZr] ;g vkWisjk 'kSyh ij
vk/kfjr gSA
ns'k dk lcls cM+k ik.Mqfyfi
HkaMkj fLFkr gSA
bl laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dk
eq[; mís'; yksd dykvksa o
dBiqfy;ksa ds 'kks/ los{Z k.k
izf'k{k.k dk izlkj djuk gSA
mís';&lkfgRdkjksa o
lkfgfR;d xfrfof/;ksa dks
laj{k.k iznku djukA bldh
ekfld if=kdk e/qefr gSA
jktLFkku ds yksd xhrksa]
dFkkvksa ,oa Hkk"kkvksa dh
ijEijkxr [kkst dj mldk
ladyu dj jgh gSA
bls uxj Jh Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA
u[kfyLrku uke =kSekfld
if=kdk dk izdk'ku djrh gsa
;g vdkneh izo`fr;ksa dh
tkudkjh (lkfgfR;d lkexzh
rFkk lekpkj cqfyVsu) iznku
djus gsrq tkxrh tksr uked
ekfld if=kdk dk izdk'ku
djrh gSA
;g czt 'krny uked
=kSekfld if=kdk dk izdk'ku
djrh gSA
dykdkjksa dks izksRlkgu nsuk]
dyk /jksgj dk lja{k.k
djukA
mEesnflag ds 'kkludky esa
fufeZr jaxhu fp=k (cwanh
fp=kdyk] dykd`fr;ka o
feu,Pkj isafVax dk lxzag gSA)
i=kdkfjrk esa 'kks/ ds fy,
BY lat; xqIrk