Topic : Teacher Encouraging Discourse

Disciplines : psycholinguistics

Area : film

Purpose : to find out teacher utters in the class also has a certain important impact on the
learners.

Significance : important contributions teacher encouraging through illocutionary act when

teaching in the classroom.

Research Questions : what the teacher utters in the class also has a certain important impact on the
learners.

Theorytical framework :

A classroom can be considered a communication setting, in which “spoken language is the

medium by which much teaching takes place” (Cazden, 2001, p. 2). What teacher utters in the class
also has a certain important impact on the learners, since” actions are performed through
utterances”, which are called “speech acts” (Yule, 2008, 47). Through discourse, teachers can impart
information or knowledge. Through discourse, they can build relationship and socialize with the
learners. In the same way, through discourse, teachers can attend to the affective side of the
learners in addition to the cognitive side, which has proved to be of great importance in the teaching
and learning process. It was observed that “words have power; words do affect attitudes and
behavior” Beebe, S.A., Beebe, S.J. and Redmond, M, 2011, p159). In fact, “there is evidence from a
wide variety of fields which indicates that attention to affect-related concepts is playing a very
important role in the solution to many types of problems and in the attainment of a more fulfilling
way of life” (Arnold, 2005, p xii). Specifically, it is suggested that “positive messages be
communicated in the classroom to enhance students‟ self esteem since their beliefs about their
abilities strongly influence their performance”.

What a teacher utters can be analyzed in terms of illocutionary act, the act of “producing a
meaningful linguistic expression”; illocutionary act, the act performed “via the communicativeforce
of an utterance” with certain “communicative purpose”; and locutionary act,generally known as
perlocutionary effect referring to the effect on the listener (Yule, 2008, pp.).Searle (1969: 21) states
that speech acts are the most basic part of communication. In 1976 Searle classified speech acts into
five parts, namely:
Declarative, the kind of speech act that changes the world through speech. Declarative
utterances are spoken by speakers to create new things (status, circumstances, etc.).
Example:
· Priest: I now pronounce you husband and wife.
· Boss: I'm telling you to go by the book.
In the context of conversation pages 63-64, the above boss's speech is a declarative sentence
because it gives commands to the speaker and is clarified by clause telling you.
Representative, ie the speech that binds the speaker to the truth of what is being said. The
utterances that can be categorized into representative speech acts are a statement of facts,
affirmations, conclusions, and descriptions. When using a representative speech act, the speaker
matches the utterance he or she speaks with his belief or with the facts.
· Example: The earth is round.
· Boss: This is not your private army.
In the above sentence Daziel acts as a speaker describing someone who works for Dalziel (in the
context of conversation pages 63-64).
Expressive, the type of speech acts that express something felt by the speaker. This kind of
speech reflects psychological statements and can be a statement of joy, difficulty, joy, hate, pleasure,
or misery.
Example: I'm really sorry.
Directive is a type of speech act worn to get someone else to do something. This type of
speech acts states what the speaker wants. This speech acts include orders, reservations, requests,
suggestions, etc.
· Example: Do not touch that!
· Boss: "How do I know you're lying to me, Andy?"
In the context of conversation pages 63-64, the above Boss utterances fall into the directive because
there is an implicit meaning of forbidding speakers to lie to speakers.
Commissive, the kind of speech acts understood by the speaker to bind himself to the
actions of the future.
Example: I'm going to get it right next time.

Freedom writer

Commissive
Teacher Encouraging
Representative

Directive
Expressive
Expressive