Units and Standards

of Measurements
Instrumentation & Control
Units and Standards of Measurements
• are important factors for monitoring and control of
industrial parameters
• the quality of an industrial product depends on an
accurate and reliable units of measurement
Units of Measurements
Units of Measurement

𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡

Where:
• Numerical ratio – the number of the measure and is
given as the number of times the unit occurs in any
given amount of the same quantity
Fundamental and Derived Units
• Fundamental Unit
• one of a set of unrelated units of measurement, which
are arbitrarily defined and from which other units are
derived
• in the SI system the fundamental units are the meter,
kilogram, and second
• Derived Units
• a unit of measurement comprised of a combination of
two or more fundamental units
Absolute Units
• unit of measurement defined in terms of the basic or
fundamental units of a particular measurement
system (length, time, mass, current) and not based
on arbitrary definitions
• The committee of the British Association of Electrical
Units and Standards formulated the absolute system
of units in 1863 and decided on the centimeter and
gram as the fundamental units of length and mass
CGS System of Units
• Centimeter – Gram – Second system of units
• Formulated by the committee of the British
Association of Electrical Units and Standards
• Disadvantages of CGS system of Units
• two system of units, CGS electrostatic and CGS
electromagnetic for fundamental theoretical work and a
third (practical units) for practical engineering work
• two sets of dimensional equations for the same
quantity
MKS System of Units
• Meter – Kilogram – Second system of units was first
suggested by the Italian physicist Giorgi in 1901
• The practical units of current, voltage, energy and
power, used in electrical engineering, were
compatible with the meter – kilogram – second
system
• MKSA system of units: ampere as the fourth basic
units
Advantages of the MKS System of Units
• Its units are identical with the practical units
• Its units are the same, whether built up from the
electrostatic or electromagnetic theory
• Conversions necessary to relate the units of the
electrostatic and electromagnetic CGS systems to
those of practical system are avoided
International System (SI) of Units
Fundamental (Basic) Units
Unit Symbol Quantity
Meter m Length
Kilogram kg Mass
Second S Time
Ampere A Electric Current
Kelvin K Thermodynamic Temperature
Mole mol Amount of Substance
Candela cd Luminous Intensity
International System (SI) of Units
Supplementary Units
Unit Symbol Quantity
Radian rad Plane Angle (2D angle)
Steradian sr Solid Angle (3D angle)
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (mechanics)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Pascal Pa kg ∙ m−1 ∙ s −2 Pressure, Stress
2 −2
Joule J kg ∙ m ∙ s Energy, Work, Heat
Watt W kg ∙ m2 ∙ s −3 Power
−2
Newton N kg ∙ m ∙ s Force, Weight
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (electromagnetism)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Tesla T kg ∙ s −2 ∙ A−1 Magnetic Field
Henry H kg ∙ m2 ∙ s −2 ∙ 𝐴−2 Inductance
Coulomb C A∙s Electric Charge
Volt V kg ∙ m2 ∙ s −3 ∙ 𝐴−1 Voltage
Farad F kg −1 ∙ m−2 ∙ s 4 ∙ 𝐴2 Electric Capacitance
Siemens S kg −1 ∙ m−2 ∙ s 3 ∙ 𝐴2 Electrical Conductance
Weber Wb kg ∙ m2 ∙ s −2 ∙ 𝐴−1 Magnetic Flux
Ohm Ω kg ∙ m2 ∙ s −3 ∙ 𝐴−3 Electric Resistance
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (optics)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Lux lx cd ∙ sr ∙ m−2 Illuminance
Lumen lm cd ∙ sr Luminous Flux
Candela/m2 cd/m2 cd ∙ 𝑚−2 Luminance, Brightness
International System (SI) of Units
Derived Units (radioactivity)
Unit symbol SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Becquerel Bq s −1 Radioactivity
Gray Gy m2 ∙ s −1 Absorbed Dose
Sievert Sv m2 ∙ s −1 Equivalent Dose
Derived Units (other)
Hertz Hz s −1 Frequency
Katal kat mol ∙ s −1 Catalytic Activity
International System (SI) of Units
Other Derived Units
Unit SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Square Meter m2 Area
Cubic Meter m3 Volume
Meter per Second m/s Velocity
Radian per Second rad/s Angular Velocity
Kilogram per cubic Density
kg/m3
meter
International System (SI) of Units
Other Derived Units
Unit SI Unit Symbol Quantity
Meter per second Acceleration
m/s 2
squared
Radian per second 2 Angular Acceleration
rad/s
squared
Volt per meter V/m Electric Field Strength
Ampere per meter A/m Magnetic Field Strength
Standards of Measurements
Standard of Measurements
• In metrology (the science of measurement), a
standard is an object, system, or experiment that
bears a defined relationship to a unit of
measurement of a physical quantity
• Standards are the fundamental reference for a
system of weights and measures, against which all
other measuring devices are compared
Hierarchy of Standards

International Primary Secondary Working

Standards Standards Standards Standards
Measurement Standards
• International Standards
• Defined by international agreement
• Maintained at the International Bureau of Weight
and Measures in Paris
• Examples: British Standard Institution (BSI),
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO)
Measurement Standards
• Primary Standards
• Maintained at national standards laboratories in
different countries
• Not available for use outside the national
laboratories
• Principal function is the calibration and
verification of secondary standards
Measurement Standards
• Secondary Standards
• The basic reference standards used by
measurements and calibration in the industry
• Each industrial laboratory is responsible for its
own secondary standards, which are calibrated
and certified at national standards
Measurement Standards
• Working Standards
• The principal tools of a measurement laboratory
• Used to check and calibrate general laboratory
instruments for accuracy and performance
Standard Prefixes (IEEE Standard No. 268 A)
Multiple SI Prefix Symbol Multiple SI Prefix Symbol
1012 tera T 10−2 centi c
109 giga G 10−3 milli m
106 mega M 10−6 micro 𝜇
103 kilo K 10−9 nano n
102 hector H 10−12 pico p
10 deka da 10−15 femto f
10−1 deci d 10−18 atto a
End