Professional Documents
Culture Documents
April 2017
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION:
surpluses, many households were still not obtaining adequate amounts of food for a
healthy life. It was determined that many households did not have enough income or
resources to exchange for food to meet their food needs. This led to a shift from national
food security to a concern with the food security and nutritional status of households and
households, also provided a new perspective on the way to view the production and
In the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, researchers began to widen their perspective from
livelihoods were beginning to appear in the farming systems literature in the late 1980s.
During the 1990s until the present, there has been a shift from a material perspective
the participatory approaches that have become well integrated into the various
Thus, we can see that the sustainable livelihood approaches in vogue today build on the
experiences of the past. They are not based on dramatically new methods but utilize the
methods that have been developed over the past 20 years. These are the reasons why
the reasearcher decided to focus on the effects of the Sustainable Livelihood Programs
identify the results of the implementation of Sustainable Livelihood Program to the Living
A.) Income
B.) Economic Stability of the Family
Figure 1.1 (IPO Model) This figure shows the process that the researcher used in order
Beneficiaries.
Hypotheses:
Ho: The implementation of Sustainable Livelihood Program in the Municipal of
Ternate, Cavite has no significant effect in the Economic Stability of the beneficiaries
Family.
Ternate, Cavite. More specifically it deals with the significant effect on the Income,
The target respondents were identified after a thorough one – on – one interview
with the BUB (Bottom-Up Budgeting) Focal Person of the Municipal Government of
Ternate. After identifying the Beneficiaries, the researcher randomly selected fifty (50)
Survey method was used by the researcher for data collection and the process
was made from December to February 2016. All data gathered will be treated using mean,
Program implementation has significant effect on the Living Condition of the Beneficiaries
the Municipal Government can be encouraged to promote more programs that will aid
indigents, 4Ps members and less fortunate residents of the Municipality in starting up
will allow the target beneficiaries to appreciate the program implemented by the Municipal
Government and encourage them to prosper their respective Livelihood projects and
Definition of Terms:
which equips participants to actively contribute to production and labor markets by looking
country that shows a consistently low rate of inflation and minor variations in the output
growth
budget holders are given the opportunity to participate in the process of settling their own
determine how much is needed to achieve each of their planned objectives; these
Survey Method - sampling of individual units from a population and the associated
survey data collection techniques, such as questionnaire construction and methods for
One – on – One Interview- conversation with one person acting in the role of the
the observations in order from smallest to largest value. If there is an odd number of
observations, the median is the middle value. If there is an even number of observations,
Mode- statistical term that refers to the most frequently occurring number found in
a set of numbers. The mode is found by collecting and organizing the data in order to
count the frequency of each result. The result with the highest occurrences is the mode
of the set.
CHAPTER II
It is very difficult in the time allotted to give an overview on all of the work that has
taken place on sustainable livelihood approaches over the past several years. This study
will try to highlight some of the key issues and trends that are taking place as the approach
In the 1970s, many development practitioners were concerned about the famines
that were taking place in Africa and Asia, and a concerted effort was made to put more
resources into increasing food supplies globally. Out of this concern, the CGIAR centers
were born, and significant increases in food supplies were created through crop research.
realized that even with significant national-level surpluses, many households were still
not obtaining adequate amounts of food for a healthy life. It was determined that many
households did not have enough income or resources to exchange for food to meet their
food needs. This led to a shift from national food security to a concern with the food
security and nutritional status of households and individuals. Farming systems research,
focusing on the production activities of poor households, also provided a new perspective
In the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, researchers began to widen their perspective
from food security to a livelihood perspective. Some of the first writings on sustainable
livelihoods were beginning to appear in the farming systems literature in the late 1980s.
During the 1990s until the present, there has been a shift from a material
enhancement of peoples' capacities to secure their own livelihoods. Much of this thinking
is derived from the participatory approaches that have become well integrated into the
Thus, we can see that the sustainable livelihood approaches in vogue today build
on the experiences of the past. They are not based on dramatically new methods but
utilize the methods that have been developed over the past 20 years. This is why SLA
seems so familiar to those who have been involved in systems-oriented approaches such
Common Definitions
There are a number of definitions currently in use that a number of agencies share in
Livelihood. A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a
from the stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both
now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base (Chambers &
Conway).
and sustainable access to income and resources to meet basic needs (Frankenberger
1996).
Different Labels For The Approach Should Not Prevent Partners From Working
Together
It is important not to get hung up on the label, that is, whether you call it SLA, HLS
or something else. When people are not familiar with the terms, labels can create
divisions, even when different agencies may be pursuing similar approaches. It is more
important to understand what are the underlying principles that govern these types of
holistic approaches.
problems and opportunities for programme activities. This holistic perspective involves
influence the livelihood options of a given population and what are the risks to which they
are exposed?
Resources. What are the various assets (financial, physical, social, human and natural)
that households and communities have access to and how are they differentiated and
are exposed to and their ability to use assets to cope with these risks.
Institutions and organizations. The institutions that operate within a given context will
civic and private-sector institutions operate in a given livelihood setting to determine their
relative strengths and weaknesses in delivering goods and services essential to secure
livelihoods. The private sector is usually left out of such analyses. A stakeholder analysis
people use to make a living and how they cope with stress. These are also referred to as
adaptive and coping strategies in the food security literature. To tailor interventions
appropriately, it is important to determine the variability that may exist across ethnic
households are in their livelihood strategies. These outcomes can be based on normative
SLA uses a wide variety of participatory tools for diagnosis, programme design and
monitoring and evaluation. Participation and empowerment are the basic tenets of the
approach.
Focused strategy
Although the SLA emphasizes holistic diagnosis, this does not mean that
appropriate avenue to pursue based on a good problem and opportunity analysis. There
are multiple entry points through which to begin programme activities. The analysis
The indicators used for monitoring and evaluation are clearly linked to the problem
analysis and the objectives. Cross-sectoral impacts that are measured are derived from
the links that are demonstrated from the holistic analysis. The project should not collect
unnecessary data that is not clearly linked to the objective or the problem analysis.
Reflective practice
Programme information systems should be set up to capture both the intended
from participatory monitoring systems and other aspects of the M&E system.
Documenting the lessons will be critical to programme improvements. One of the key
problems that implementing agencies have is allocating time and resources to document
There are a number of issues that have arisen in the application of SLP in the past
several years.
Programs design
multisector in scope. What is needed is a range of options that can be applied depending
on where the project is in the programs cycle. Ongoing projects can incorporate a
livelihood perspective during critical moments of their project cycle, such as during mid-
term reviews or evaluations to determine if other factors beyond the sector constraints
that the project is focusing on could influence the achievement of project objectives.
Entry point
Although we may be concerned with the livelihood outcomes at the micro level,
this does not mean that interventions have to be only at the micro level. Macro-level policy
changes can have a significant impact at the local level. The problem analysis should
determine at which level it makes sense to operate program activities. Similarly, the
program strategy may work with different people in the community than the group we wish
to help. If the strategy is correct, then the livelihoods of the target group we wish to support
should be improved. For example, working with merchants may assist poor farmers in
obtaining inputs more easily. It is important to monitor the distribution of benefits to make
Measuring impact
approaches are the changes that are meaningful to communities. If these changes do not
occur, then the project has not brought about the kinds of improvements that are
measures are important for targeting and allowing for cross-regional comparisons. Such
measures are critical for donors and governments that need to make resource allocation
decisions across regions or countries. Thus, both types of information need to be included
goods and services must be in place. These include government agencies, civil
organizations and the private sector. An important part of most livelihood programming
that are not able to manage risk effectively can quickly become overwhelmed, seriously
that is often overlooked in institutional strengthening efforts. Finally, much more work
SLA activities may be initiated at different levels (i.e. national, regional, local)
depending on where the greatest leverage can be achieved. For this reason, SLA
program must be able to manage partnerships at various levels. This is a different way of
operating than working with local partners only, and it may require a different set of skills.
objectives
interventions that have public benefits do not always have direct benefits for the poor.
Care must be taken to determine whether the poor are participating in project activities.
If the poor are not involved, then consideration must be given to opportunities for including
additional components that address the livelihood needs of the poor. These needs may
(GGACC), launched the BUB Program in 2012. The BUB aims to empower civil society
organizations (CSOs) including people’s organizations (POs) to engage and make the
devolution” to the local government for service delivery. BUB mandates an annual
participatory planning process where municipal or city governments known as LGUs and
CSOs jointly identify priority poverty reduction projects based on the local needs. The
priority projects are to be within a pre-determined budget ceiling for each LGU, which is
calculated based on the number of poor households in each LGU. The prioritized projects
are consolidated into Local Poverty Reduction Action Plans (LPRAPs). The projects can
be identified on a relatively open basis as per the BUB menu of programs. LGUs are also
allowed to propose a project of their own outside the menu. Once the LPRAPs are
approved, the projects listed in the LPRAPs are included in the subsequent fiscal year
budget of each of the 15 participating line agencies known as the National Government
Agencies (NGAs). BUB is funded from within the existing NGA budget and complemented
The BUB program oversight is provided by five national agencies which include:
overall policy guidance and addresses any major program implementation issues. A
Technical Working Group (TWG) composed of officials from the five agencies is
responsible for technical and policy oversight of the Program. The TWG serves as the
main focal point for the World Bank’s assistance for BUB. A Program Management Office
A total of 15 NGAs are participating in the BUB Program, and allocate budget for the
prioritized projects that fall under their respective sectors. Actual implementation of the
projects is undertaken either by the NGA Regional Offices (ROs) or the LGUs. LGUs that
meet specific local governance criteria along with financing, administrative, and technical
requirements are allowed to implement the projects using funding disbursed to them from
the concerned sector NGAs. For LGUs that do not meet the requirements, the identified
METHODOLOGY
Research Design:
The study applied the Inductive Method of Research where the researcher
collected data based from the survey results from the target population to be able to
program to the income, economic stability, and community where the target respondent
live
The Inductive Method Approach is also known as inductive reasoning, it starts with
the observations and theories are proposed towards the end of the research process as
a result of observations. Inductive research “involves the search for pattern from
observation and the development of explanations – theories – for those patterns through
beginning of the research and the researcher is free in terms of altering the direction for
of Interior And Local Government in partnership with the Local Government of Ternate.
Sustainable Livelihood Program through a one – on – one interview with the Bottom – up
Llagas. From the list obtained random selection was applied to the population to be able
to select one hundred (100) respondents that will sure as the target population.
The data – collection method applied were first, one – on – one interview with the
Magno Llagas.
One – on – one Interview is defined as is a conversation where questions are asked and
answers are given. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one
conversation with one person acting in the role of the interviewer and the other in the role
of the interviewee. The interviewer asks questions, the interviewee responds, with
test concepts, reflect attitude of people, establish the level of customer satisfaction,
To proceed with the study, first the researcher submitted an appointment request
with Mr Carlo Magno Llagas (seen as Annex A) with an attached Interview Questions
Forms as seen as Annex B. The form was drafted and its approval was sought from the
researcher’s adviser.
After the request has been scheduled the researcher proceeded with the interview.
After the pertinent information has been collected, the researcher proceeded with
randomly selecting target population from each list obtained totalling to 100 respondents.
After which, the target population were to undergo survey method. A survey form was
drafted and was submitted for approval to the research adviser. The approved survey
form was attached as annex C. The survey form includes questions that require the
Each survey form has five questions to collect the responses of the target population
After the survey have been completed, the results were tallied and statistical treatment
For preliminary statistical treatment, the researcher used weighted mean. This
was used to measure the respondents’ assessment. It was computed by multiplying the
value in the groups by appropriate weight factors and the products were summed up and
divided by the total number of respondents. This was used to answer the four specific
Where:
X= Weighted Mean
F= Weight of each item
N= the total number of respondents
The data were interpreted using the Five-Point Likert Scale as the criteria. It served as
the basis for the interpretation of the data. The concept boundary of role was used as well
humbly request for an appointment schedule for a one – on – one interview with you as
Attached here to in the interview form that I will be using in its conduct, Rest
assured that all the data collected will be applied as foundation of the research study and
A. Personal Information
Name:
Position:
(If possible, can you provide me references about the BUB Program)
the Municipality?
(If possible, can you provide me a copy of the project proposal for each
Program)
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