Temur jagodniSvili, ivane jagodniSvili,

Mmariam vardiaSili

akademiuri wera

Kkvlevisa da weris saxelmZRvanelo

Tbilisi
2008 weli

1
 wigni warmoadgens sauniversiteto saswavlo disciplinis
`akademiuri weris” saxelmZRvanelos. igi gankuTvnilia umaRlesi
ganaTlebis pirveli da meore donis – bakalavriatisa da
magistraturis –studentebisaTvis, Tumca praqtikul daxmarebas
gauwevs mecnieruli kvlevisa da samecniero funqciuri stilis
sakiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelsac.

redaqtori: profesori badri cxadaZe

recenzentebi: profesori iuza evgeniZe

profesori lado minaSvili

2
saqarTvelos enobriv _ sainformacio fondi (sesfi)

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis qarTuli enis,

literaturisa da Jurnalistikis kaTedra

Temur jagodniSili, ivane jagodniSili

Mmariam vardiaSvili

Aakademiuri wera

Kkvlevisa da weris saxelmZRvanelo

Tbilisi
2008 weli

3
 r ed aq t or isa ga n

„ akademiuri wera,“ rogorc sauniversiteto disciplina

saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi ukve mesame welia, rac
sauniversiteto saswavlo disciplinad „akademiuri wera” ikiTxeba.
saleqcio kursi axalia, TviT evropis universitetebSic xuTi aTeuli
wlis winaa aprobirebuli: 1948 wels benjamin blumma da misma
kolegebma umRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da amocanebis
gansasazRvravad fiqri saqmed aqcies da 1956 wels warmoadgines
naSromi „saganmanaTleblo miznebis taqsonomia,“ rac dRes samecniero
wreebSi blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa cnobili. terminad qceuli
sityva taqsonomia warmoSobiT berZnulia: „taqsis” ganlagebas
niSnavs, xolo „nomos”_kanons. amrigad, taqsonomia saTanado
wes_kanonebiT raimes sistemaSi moyvanaa. am sauniversiteto
swavlebis kursis mizania studentisgan mecnieruli logikuri azris
SemuSaveba_daufleba, umaRlesi safexuris misaRwevad Sefasebis
unaris ganviTareba.
am axal sauniversiteto disciplinas (Tundac boloniis
procesSi CarTviT...) „momzadebuli“ studenti da garemo sWirdeba.
winamdebare wigni cnobili mkvlevrisa da mecnieris,
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris Temur jagodniSvilisa da
mkvlevarTa jgufis skrupulozuri naSromia, maTeuli „ akademiuri
wera“ gamorCeulia da sanimuSoa studentTan muSaobiTa da
mizandasaxulobiT, am tipis saxelmZRvaneloebi dRemde faqtobriv ar
mogvepoveba. akademizmiT gamorCeuli es wigni_saxelmZRvanelo
ZiriTadad gankuTvnilia studenti magistrantebisTvis, Tumca misi
aRqma da gamoyeneba sasafuZvlod momzadebul student bakalavrsac
ar gauWirdeba. qarTul saganmanaTleblo sinamdvileSi es wigni
pirveli srulqmnili saxelmZRvaneloa, romlis xelnawerSive
gacnobam kidev ufro dagvarwmuna im azris sisworeSi, rom axal
sauniversiteto disciplinas _ „ akademiur weras“ unda kiTxulobdnen

4
gamocdili da Rrmad ganswavluli filologi mecnierebi da ara
sxva momijnave dargis specialistebi (istorikosebi,
xelovnebaTmcodneebi, filosofosebi...).
da mainc: „ akademiuri wera“ da am sauniversiteto saleqcio
kursis wakiTxva mxolod filologebis saqmec araa, am etapze mainc...
amitom movuwodebT sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikuri da humanitaruli
dargis specialistebs, Seqmnan TavianTi, „ akademiuri weris“ varianti
saxelmZRvaneloebi mag., Tu rogor aswavlidnen isini aspirantebs,
xarisxis maZieblebs, studentebs samecniero naSromis (sadiplomo,
sakurso, sakonferencio Tezisis, sagazeTo, saJurnalo, kritikuli
esesa Tu recenziis) Seqmnas. amiT isini daexmarebian Cvens qveyanas,
qarTul saganmanaTleblo_reformatorul sistemur jgufs. maTi
meToduri midgomebi, rCevebi da winadadebebi, vfiqrobT, sruli
kuTxiT warmoaCens „ akademiuri weris“ swavlebis qarTul waxnagebs.
am azris miwodeba TviT winamdebare wignis avtorTa midgomam
gvikarnaxa. aq saTanado adgili eTmoba ekonomisturi_sabuRaltro
aRricxvis masalaTa akademiur gansjas, sagadasaxado saqmis Semcvel
sailustracio magaliTebsa da nimuSebs saTanado analiziTurT.
magistranti studentebisTvis gankuTvnili „ akademiuri weris“ es
saxelmZRvanelo gamoirCeva akademizmiT, studentTan dialoguri
urTierTobiT, rCeviT, mecnieruli azris miwodebis momxibvleli da
sada, gasagebi stiliT.
nebismieri swavlis mosurne studenti am wigniT Rrmad Seicnobs
da Seimecnebs „ akademiuri weris,“ sakvlevi obieqtis
argumentirebuli esesTvis aucilebel Cvevebsa da niuansebs, damwyebi
mecnierisTvis esoden saWiro mecnieruli alRos da unarCvevebis
gamomuSavebas. wignis avtorTa saboloo misiac da mizandasaxulebac
xom esaa. es „ akademiuri wera“ didxans iqneba saqarTvelos
universitetebis studentTa megzuri da gzamkvlevi mecnieruli
gawafulobis Sedgomis gzaze.
profesori badri cxadaZe

5
 winasityvaoba

`akademiuri wera” Tavisi SinaarsiT_amocanebiT, interesTa

sferoebiT didi xnis istorias iTvlis, magram rogorc saswavlo
disciplina, axali drois pirmSoa. misi aRmoceneba mTlianad
ukavSirdeba humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi globalur
Zvras_humanitaruli codnis safuZvlad teqstis gadaqcevas. amis
safuZvelze aRmocenda `akademiuri wera”, rogorc teqstze moZRvrebis
wanamZRvrebisa da safuZvlebis Semswavleli disciplina. Ees
ramodenime garemoebam ganapiroba. erTi mizezi enaTa gramatikuli
koncefciis wiaRSia. samyaroSi arsebul bunebriv enaTa gramatikuli
principebiT Seswavlam, marTalia, am enaTa struqturis, metyvelebis
nawilTa ragvarobis warmoCenas ,gramatikuli sintaqsisa Tu
stilistikis sakiTxTa gamovlenas didad Seuwyo xeli, magram
veranairad daexmara sxva (ucxo) bunebrivi enebis
Seswavla_dauflebas.
Ggramatikuli enaTmecniereba axerxebda bunebrivi enis
struqturis warmoCenas, magram ver uzrunvelyofda enis
momxmareblisagan mis praqtikul dauflebas Tundac komunikaciis
aspeqtSi. Gbunebrivi enis gramatikuli struqturis sirTule
calkeul SemTxvevaSi am enis Seswavlis survils anelebda kidevac.
Aamitom ver uzrunvelyofda enis umTavresi _komunikaciis_funqciis
realizebas. Tu ratom, amaze komunikaciur lingvistikas moepoveba
pasuxi.
`akademiuri wera”, rogorc saswavlo disciplina, evro_amerikul
saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi Cvenma integrirebam da Tanamedrove
civilizaciis umTavresma Rirebulebebma_informaciam da komunikaciam
mogvitana. Tqma imisa, rom misi Sinaarsi, miznebi da amocanebi
CvenTvis manmade sruliad ucnobi iyo, ar iqneboda swori. `akademiuri
wera” , anu `kvleva da wera”imis codnas iZleva, rogor unda Seiqmnas
6
teqsti, Tanac miznobrivi (statia, gamokvleva, monografia, ese,...),
rogor unda moviZioT masala; rogor vimuSaoT wyaroebze da a.S. amis
gareSe, bunebrivia, teqsti, gansakuTrebiR mecnieruli, ver Seiqmneba.
Aara da kacobriobam TiTqis milionobiT pirvelxarisxovani teqstebi
uamdisciplinodac Seqmna. oRond egaa, im aucilebel codnas,
`akademiuri wera”rom iZleva, manmade ase erTad, Tavmoyrilad,
professional mkvlevarTa pirovnul gamocdilebaTa safuZvelze
euflebodnen da merme sakuTari praqtikiT srulqmnidnen. Aam
gamocdilebis dagrovebis safiZvelze Tavad xdebodnen sxvaTa
gzamkvlevni.
teqstze muSaobis sirTules moswavle adreve, ukve skolis
asakSi, awydeboda. Ees iyo meTodologiurad gaumarTlebeli da
usafuZvlod prtenziuli teqstis Seqmnis moTxovna `garCevis” an
`ganxilvis” saxelwodebiT. Ees iyo saprogramo mwerlis qmnilebaze
moswavlis subieqturi STabeWdilebebis amsaxveli teqstis Seqmnis
moTxovna. imis gamo, rom amgvari subieqturi STabeWdilebebis arc
gamoxatvis meTodika arsebobda da arc gamoxatvis Tavisufleba iyo
mainca da mainc daSvebuli, moswavleebs teqstis gacnobis Semdeg
avaldebulebdnen mavani da mavani kritikosis, literaturismcodnis
am Txzulebaze gamoTqmuli azris dazepirebas da `garCevaSi”
citatebad Setanas. Sedegi yvelasaTvis kargad aris cnobili. amJamad
viTareba Zireulad Seicvala. teqstis lingvistikam sajaro skolaSic
SeaRwia da `akademiuri weirs” elementebis formiTa da SinaarsiT
daimkvidra adgili. amasTan qarTuli enis saskolo kursis swavlebis
pragmatikuli nawilis rolic SeiTavsa, anu metyvelebis nawilebis
winadadebasa da teqstSi TavCenis ilustratoris funqciebic itvirTa.
magaliTad, bakur sulakaurisa da Tea qitoSvilis redaqciiT
gamocemul `qarTuli enisa da literaturis” saxelmZRvaneloSi,
romelic merveklaselTaTvis aris gankuTvnili, moswavlis
cnobierebisaTvis Sesaferisi_ literaturuli TamaSis-formiT aris
gaxsnili gza teqstis (bunebrivia, jer mxatvruli) sauflosaken
(b.sulakauri, T.qitoSvili, `qarTuli ena da literatura”, 8, bakur
7
sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2007).
sayuradReboa isic, rom meaTeklaselma ukve icis umartivesi
kvleviTi teqstis _ eses raoba, struqtura da flobs misi
gamoyenebis praqtikul unar_Cvevebs. `qarTli literaturis” kursis
farglebSi mwerlobis konkretuli nimuSis aRqma_gaazrebis xarisxi
konkretul Temaze eses SeqmniT mowmdeba. magaliTisaTvis T,vasaZis
mier Sedgenili saxelmZRvanelos dasaxelebac ikmarebda ( `qarTuli
literatura”,10, gamomcemloba `diogene”, Tbilisu, 2006 ).
skolis moswavles `akademiuri weirs” samyarosTan kidev ufro
aaxloebs nino SaraSeniZis mier Sedgenili `savarjiSiebis krebuli
ufrosklaselebisa da abiturientebisaRvis”, romelsac ase hqvia:
`rogor vweroT ukeTesad” (gamomcemloba `diogene”,2007 weli). Aam
krebulSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli teqstis Seqmnisa da teqstze
muSaobis sakvanZo etapebi, gaanalizebulia da meTodikurad aris
axsnili misi ZiriTadi nawilebis _ Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilis,
daskvniTi nawilis _ arsi, Sedgenis principebi, SeTavazebulia
Sesabamisi praqtikuli rCevebi.
saqarTvelos umaRles skilaSi `akademiuri wera”, rogorc
saswavlo disciplina, ufro adre gaCnda, vidre Sesabamisi
qarTulenivani saxelmZRvaneloebi Seiqmneboda. Aam garemoebam mcire
xans dabneulobac ki gamoiwvia. Tavidan leqciebis kursebi pedagogTa
pirad codna_gamocdilebas daemyara da, bunebrivia, xarisxic amiT
ganisazRvra, dRes viTareba am sferoSic icvleba. Ppraqtikulma
saWiroebam ganapiroba calkeul avtorTa saleqcio kursebis
kompiuteruli versiebis gamoCena. gaCnda saxelmZRvaneloebic.
magaliTad, l.kaWaravas, x.marwyviSvilis, l.xeCuaSvilis `akademiuri
wera damwyebTaTvis” (2007). avtorTa miTiTebiTac, igi gankuTvnilia
pirvelkurselebisaTvis, radgan aq marTlac am sagnis interesTa
sferos mxolod ramdenime sakiTxia ganxiluli, isic praqtikuli _
swavlebis meTodur miTiTebaTa_ aspeqtSi. Aaseve daibeWda l.wulaZis
`intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis magistrebisaTvis”
(2006). Aam krebulze gamoqveynda profesor b.cxadaZis recenziac
8
(gazeTi `duruji”, 2007, april-maisi).
`akademiuri weris”, rogorc saswavlo disciplinis, saWiroebas
Tavad dro cxadhyofs. Uuaxloes droSi amas daadasturebs
originaluri saxelmZRvaneloebis gamoqveyneba. swored am tendenciis
gamovlenas warmoadgens winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo, romelic
Seqmnilia, erTi mxriv, ucxouri analogebis gaTvaliswinebiT
, meore mxriv, avtorTa piradi gamocdilebis safuZvlze. mkiTxveli
SeamCnevs, rom igi did siaxloves amJRavnebs `werisa da kvevis” im
inglisur saxelmZRvanelosTan, romlis citirebac aq xSiria da
saidanac aRebulia idea da calkeul problemebTan midgomis
zogierTi meTodologiuri aspeqti. Aam masalis gadmoReba qarTul
enaze umTavresad ekuTvnis m.vardiaSils. saxelmZRvanelos calkeuli
Tavebi daamuSava iv.jagodniSvilma, xolo danarCeni Tavebi dawera,
saxelmZRvanelo konceptualurad ganasrula, qarTul
sinamdvilesTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvana, enobrivad, stilurad
gaaforma T.jagodniSvilma.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo, rogorc erT-erTi pirveli cda,
bunebrivia, ver iqneba dazRveuli xarvezebisagan. Aamitom avtorebi
didi madlierebiT miiReben yvela SeniSvnasa da survils.

9
 `akademiuri weris” sagani, amocanebi

1. `akademiuri weris” sagani

`akademiuri weris” sagani azris gagebis, damaxsovrebis, sxvaTaTvis

gagebinebisa da weris im wesebis swavlebaa, rac mTel msoflioSi
akademiuri sferos -- mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli standartiTaa dadgenili, anu savaldebulo normaa.
akademiuri weris Sinaarss sxvadasxva cnebiT gamoxataven. mas
uwodeben “kvlevasa da weras”1, “did kvlevas”, “kvlevis xelovnebas”,
“eseis organizebas”, `funqciur weras”. zog SemTxvevaSi saxels
arqmeven praqtikuli daniSnulebis sferos mixedviT, Tundac, rogor
davweroT esei2, ra aris plagiati3, rogor davweroT sadiplomo
Sroma da a.S. aseT SemTxvevebSi, bunebrivia, Cveni sagnis romelime
konkretuli nawilebia calke swavlebis sagnebad qceuli.
akademiuri wera moicavs:
 akademiuri azrovnebis swavlebas;
 akademiuri kvlevis unar-Cvevebis SeZenas;
 akademiuri weris wesebisa da maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis unar-
Cvevebis dauflebas;
 samecniero naSromis weris formebis swavlebas;
 weris, rogorc inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis, swavlebas.
yovelive es cxadyofs, rom “akademiuri weris” sagani or umTavres
sferos moicavs: pirveli, struqturul-formalisturi, samecniero
teqstis struqturirebis, teqstis nawilebis urTierTdakavSirebis
principebs, wesebs da unar-Cvevebs adgens, xolo meore _ weris
stilsa da wesebis SerCevas, kvlevis miznis Sesabamisad. es sfero,

11
ix. magaliTad, Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams,-The Graft of Research, The
University Chicalgo press, Chicago, 1995;
2
Organizing an Essay, US Writing Handouts..
3
Plagiarism: What is and how to Recognize and Avoid. Indiana University Writing Tutorial services.
http:/www.indiana.edu%ewts/pambplits/plagiarism.shtinl;
10
enis praqtikul stilistikasTan erTad, funqciuri stilistikis
codnasac emyareba. amas garda, azris miznobrivi emociuri muxtis
Sesaqmnelad ritorikuli figurebis weraSi gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT, met-naklebad, ritorikis sxva nawilis, oratoruli
xelovnebis sakiTxebsac moicavs.4 ase rom, akademiuri weris sagani
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli enis praqtikul stilistikasTn, funqciur
stilistikasa da oratorul xelovnebasTan.
pirvel yovlisa, es komponentebi gansjiTi, azrovnebiTi
procesebis ragvarobasa da qaRaldze werilobiTi dafiqsirebis
process gansazRvravs da akademizmis niSniT aerTianebs.

2. “akademizmisa”da“akademiuris” cnebaTa ganmartebisaTvis

akademizmi berZnuli warmomavlobis sityvaa, magram franguli enis

meSveobiT gavrcelda (akademisme). igi dadgenili tradiciebisa da
kanonebis mimdevrobas gamoxatavs.
mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi es cneba imave SinaarsiT
damkvidrda. akademiuri kanonikurs, sayovelTaod dadgenili wesebisa
da normebis mixedviT Seqmnil inteleqtualur produqcias aRniSnavs,
sadac iotisodena gadaxrac ki dauSvebelia. am niSniT akademiurs
uwodeben Teatrs, xelovnebis dargebSi arsebul SemoqmedebiT
gundebs (ansamblebs) da a.S. yvela SemTxvevaSi akademiuris cnebiT
mianiSneben umaRles profesiul dones, sayovelTaod dadgenil
wesebsa da normebTan maTi donis Sesabamisobas.
am gagebiT akademiuri weris cnebaSi TiTqos verc eteva misi
sagani, radgan weris garda, azrovnebisa da komunikacebis procesebis
swavlebasac moicavs.
amitomac aRniSnaven, rom akademiuri SeiZleba ewodos yvelafers,
rac umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferos ganekuTvneba.

4 amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT Tavi: samecniero naSromis stili.

11
xolo am kuTvnilebaSi gulisxmoben qcevas, sajaro gamosvlas,
metyvelebas, weras da, rac mTavaria, am yvelafris formasa da stils.
es ki niSnavs, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi
dadgenilia wesebi da tradiciebi da visac am sferoSi surs
moRvaweoba, es yvelaferi unda icodes. am niSniT “akademiuri wera”
upiratesad weriTs metyvelebasa da masTan dakavSirebul sxva
momentebs gamoyofs. akademiuri werac amitom hqvia.

3. cota ram akademiuri weris istoriidan

`akademiuri wera” axali drois pirmSoa. CvenSi igi axla

mkvidrdeba. evro-amerikul saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi ki ufro adre,
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi moikida fexi da sxvadasxva
saganmanaTleblo programaSi mtkiced daimkvidra adgili. ukve
Seqmnilia saxelmZRvaneloebi, romelTaganac, praqtikuli
sargeblobis TvalsazrisiT, araerTma moipova aRiareba. CvenSi am
mxriv axla idgmeba pirveli nabijebi, aRniSnuli ucxouri
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebisa da gaTavisebis safuZvelze. Tumca
isic imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom “akademiuri weris”
saxelmZRvanelo, Tavisi specifikurobis gamo, verc marto sxvaTa
gamocdilebis gaTavisebis safuZvelze daiwereba da verc mxolod
Sesabamisi Rrma Teoriuli ganswavlulobiT. aq umniSvnelovanes
rols Tavad saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa piradi praqtikuli
gamocdileba (praqtikuli codna) asrulebs. amitomac ar aris
SemTxveviTi-- Cveni ucxoeli kolegebic sagangebod amaxvileben
yuradRebas im garemoebaze, rom maTi saxelmZRvaneloebi mecnierul
kvlevaSi maTive piradi gamocdilebis Txrobaa. es Tavisebureba,
sxvaTa Soris, maTsave saxelmZRvaneloebis struqturasac aSkarad
etyoba, ufro swored, calkeuli sakiTxebis ganxilvis arealsa da
siRrmes, maTs uTanabrobas.
da kidev erTi detali: saxelmZRvanelos avtorTa, rogorc
12
profesional mkvlevarTa, gamocdileba marto maTs praqtikas ar
emyareba. igi did Teoriul codnasac eyrdnoba. swored Teoriuli
codna avlens mis kavSirs saswavlo disciplinasTn, romelic lamis
kacobriobis asakisaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ZvelTaganve emsaxureboda
adamianebs da romelsac “ritorika” hqvia. diax, adre kacobriobas
`akademiuri weris” samsaxurs ritorika uwevda da saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi sakmaod warmatebuladac arTmevda Tavs am amocanebs.
marTalia, “akademiuri wera” Tanamedroveobis moTxovnaTa specifikas
iTvaliswinebs da amiT gansxvavdeba kidevac Tavisi winaprisgan,
magram Teoriis aspeqtSi umTavresad mainc ritorikas emyareba. ase
rom, “akademiuri wera” ritorikis memkvidrea da maT Soris
memkvidreobiTi kavSiri imdenad mWidro da mravlmxrivia, rom kargad
daviwyebuli Zvelis warsulidan gamoxmobad unda Sefasdes.

4. akademiuri wera_ritorikis memkvidre

adamianuri cnobiereba erTgvarovnobas ver egueba. Zvelisadmi

erTgulebis miuxedavad, mas erTxel mainc auqcevs gverds. nebismier
saganze drois garkveul monakveTSia moTxovnileba. albaT, esec iyo
ritorikis “daviwyebis” mizezi. Tumca umTavres mizezs Zvel
saukuneebSi damkvidrebuli swavlebis meTodologia warmoadgenda,
rac uazro zuTxvasa da avtoritetTa mimbaZvelobas emyareboda. am
meTodologiam ritorika gansakuTrebiT daazarala _uazro
fuWsityvaobaze daiyvana.
amis gamo “akademiuri weris” codnis sferoSi, Teoriul aspeqtSi
mainc, didi sicariele Seqmna. igi sakmaod didxans rCeboda
„Seuvseblad” sxva, ritorikis tolfardi saswavlo discipliniT.
marTalia, iswavleboda logika-azrovnebis Semswavleli disciplina,
magram logikis codna weris xelovnebas maincdamainc warmatebiT ver
erwymoda, upiratesad weris praqtikul codnasa Tu unar-CvevaTa
realizebaSi.
13
 esec iyo mizezi, rom kacobriobam gaixsena Zveli ritorika da
TandaTan, etapobrivad aRudgina uflebebi, rasac gansakuTrebiT
Seuwyo xeli parlamentarizmis sayovelTao damkvidrebam,
demokratizmis principebis kacobriuli cxovrebis normad qcevam,
sainformacio epoqis dadgomam da komunikaciebis rolisa da
mniSvnelobis arnaxulma zrdam. es movlenebi adamianis moRvaweobis
lamis yvela sferos (gansakuTrebiTY inteleqtualuris) sajaroobis
maRal xarisxs saWiroebs: sajaro qcevis wesebs, sityviT gamosvlas,
komunikaciebis (verbalur Tu vizualur) xelovnebis da a.S. codnas.
am codnas ki swored ritorika Seicavs.
ritorikas aRmoaCnda ara marto sajaro qcevisa da komunikaciebis
xelovnebis swavlebis meTodebi Tu meTodologia, aramed azrovnebisa
da weriTi metyvelebis meTodebi da meTodikac. mas gansazRvruli
principebi, Sesabamisi cnebebic ki hqonda aRweril-daxasiaTebuli
(magaliTad, Tezisi, argumenti da a.S.). amitomac ritorikis reanimacia
da axal viTarebasTan misadageba-morgeba didad ar garTulebula.
amas mowmobs Tundac XX saukunis meore naxevarSi evropasa da aSS-Si
gamocemuli iseTi samecniero naSromebi Tu saxelmZRvaneloebi,
rogoricaa: v. booTis, g. kolombis, j. uiliamsis “wera da kvleva”
(1995), umberto eko “rogor davweroT sadiplomo naSromi” da sxva.
gamonaklisi arc qarTuli sinamdvile yofila. ritorika CvenSic
daiviwyes.
teqstis swavlebis funqcias TiTqos teqstologia asrulebda,
filologiisa da istoriis fakultetebze calke disciplinadac ki
iswavleboda, magram igi ufro teqstis gagebaze iyo orientirebuli
da ara Seqmnaze, anu weris swavlebaze.
weris swavleba mecnier-xelmZRvanelisa da damwyebi mkvlevris
(studentis) kerZo urTierTobaSi piradi gamocdilebis gadacemas
gulisxmobda. arsebiTad am urTierTobis Teoriuli safuZvelic
ritorika iyo da Taobidan Taobas piradi gamocdilebis formiT
gadaecemoda. aseTi zepirsityvieri ritorikis swavlebis xarisxi ki,
bunebrivia, mTlianad mecnier-xelmZRvanelis Teoriulsa da
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praqtikul codnas Seesabameboda.

5. weriTi metyveleba

adamianis metyveleba ori saxisaa _zepiri da weriTi. amdenad, wera

adamianis mier azris gamoxatvis forma da saxeobaa.
weriTi metyvelebis umTavresi niSania droiTi gamZleoba. amiT
zepirmetyveleba mas ver Seedreba.
zepiri metyveleba, weriTTan SedarebiT, ufro xnieria
(adrindelia), metyvelebis ufro bunebrivi formaa da sruliad
akmayofilebs adamianis wminda yofiTiY komunikaciebis
moTxovnilebebs. amis gamo kacobrioba Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
metyvelebis am formas iyenebda inteleqtualur sferoSic (zepiri
literaturis anu zepirsityvierebis, saerTod azrovnebis sferoSi),
ara marto inteleqtualuri produqciis Sesaqmnelad, aramed
Sesanaxadac. Tumca Senaxuls Tavis kvals amCnevda adamianis
mexsierebis uZlureba drois dinebis winaSe. igi verc itevda da verc
inaxavda zepiri formiT dagrovil informacias, rac eris kulturis
mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenda. didi mondomebis SemTxvevaSic ki
informacia iryvneboda, Sinaarsobrivi sizuste ekargeboda.
isic gairkva, rom mexsierebas informaciis daxarisxebisa da
SedarebiT mniSvnelovanis gamorCevis meqanizmi aqvs, rac
mniSvnelovanis Senaxvasa da naklebadmniSvnelovanis mexsierebidan
amoSlas ganapirobebs. dRes kacobriobam kargad icis, rom amis gamo
didad izarala, radgan zepir mexsierebas mindobili Zveli,
istoriamdeli civilizaciis, kulturis monapovarTa didi nawili
samudamod daikarga. am danakargis sidiades sxvadasxva gziT
SemorCenili da Cvenamde moRweuli naSTebis saocreba cxadyofs. ai,
am dakargvis garduvalobam da simwvavem anu zepiri inteleqtualuri
produqciis “mouxelTeblobam” miiyvana kacobrioba weris gamogonebis
aucileblobamde. weram da nawerma daarwmuna adamianebi am formiT
gadmocemuli azris daviwyebasTan brZolis warmatebaSi. nawerma
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sZlia dros, bolo mouRo informaciis dakargvas; nawerma gaxada
SesaZlebeli msoflio sainformacio bankis _civilizaciis
monapovris, kulturis ukvdavyofa.
aba, erTi wuTiT warmovidginoT, ra gvecodineboda Zveli
aRmosavleTis, egviptis, Zveli saberZneTis, romis civilizaciebze,
informacia werilobiTi teqstebiT rom ar gadmogvcemoda. SeiZleba
sulac ar gvcodnoda, vin iyvnen homerosi, platoni, aristotele,
piTagora, maTi is udidesi aRmoCenebi, romlebic dResac Tanamedrove
codnis safuZvlad rCeba. magaliTad, maTematika didad ganviTarda,
magram es mecniereba dRemde iyenebs piTagoras aRmoCenas, romelic
“piTagoras Teoremis” saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. aseTi
monapovrebis statistikasac ki ver daitevda araTu Cveni
saxelmZRvanelo, aramed bevri sxva wignic rom dagvematebina.

6. weriTi metyvelebis miznebi:

weriT, garda imisa, rom informacias samudamod vafiqsirebT,

erTdroulad ramdenime mizans vaRwevT:
 vwerT, raTa gavigoT;
 vwerT, raTa davimaxsovroT;
 vwerT, raTa viazrovnoT;
 vwerT, raTa sxvas gavagebinoT;
 vwerT, raTa sxvasTan urTierToba davamyaroT;
 vwerT, raTa sakuTari Tavi SevicnoT;
 vwerT, raTa Cveni Tavi warmovaCinoT.

vwerT, raTa gavigoT

ambis mosmena informaciis aRqma-gaazrebis sizustes

_adekvaturobas ver uzrunvelyofs ramdenime mizeziT: Tu didxans

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vismenT informacias, viRlebiT, yuradReba gvefanteba. amis mizezia
gonebis mier miRebuli informaciis Taviseburi reziumireba. igi mas
axarisxebs, mTavars mexsierebis matricaze aRbeWdavs, umniSvnelos ki
ugulebelyofs. amitomac Wirs mosmenili ambis detalebis gageba, miT
ufro maTi gaxseneba mosmenis Semdeg.
naweri azris gageba-gaTavisebas absoluturi sizustiT
uzrunvelyofs. teqstis erTxel wakiTxviT raime gaugebaric rom
darCes, ukan mibrunebiT, xelaxla wakiTxviT SeiZleba gageba.
amasTan, teqsts vkiTxulobT, magaliTad: “xSirad kn SeiZleba
miviRoT iseTi gamxsnelebidan, rogoricaa Txevadi amiaki, Tionilis
qloridi, tetrahidrofurani, acetonili, dimeTilsulfoqsidi,
gogirdis bm monoqloridi da sxv.”
Tvalis gadavlebiTac aSkaraa, rom teqsti erTi winadadebisagan
Sedgeba, magram igi agebulebiTac rTulia da informaciuladac
tevadia. am informaciis aRqma erTbaSad, erTi wakiTxviT, Zalian
gaWirdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom es teqsti mcodne mkiTxvelzea
gaTvlili (qimiaSi Cauxedavi saerTod verafers gaigebs).
pirvel etapze mkiTxvelma unda waikiTxos abreviatura “kn”.
saamisod unda gaecnos wignis bolos darTul Sesabamis saZiebels,
sadac abreviaturebia gaxsili. aq qimiis saerTo codnaze damyareba
Znelia, radgan “kn” SeiZleba aRniSnavdes “koloidur nivTierebasac”
da kidev bevrs sxva rames, Tundac, “koordinaciul naerTs”.
meore etapze yuradReba koncentrirdeba zogadad gamxsnelebisgan
garkveuli nivTierebebis miRebaze, xolo mesame etapze ukve
nivTierebaTa grZel CamonaTvalze. ase rom, mTeli winadadebis
srulfasovan (absolutur) gagebas calkeuli nivTierebis Sesaxeb,
SeiZleba cal-calke (xelaxali) wakiTxva dasWirdes.
zepiri mosmenili teqstiT informaciis aseTi etapobrivi aRqma-
gaazreba SeuZlebelia. naweri ki amis saSualebas iZleva. aSkaraa,
vwerT imisTvis, rom azri, informacia absoluturi sizustiT
gavigoT.

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vwerT, raTa davimaxsovroT
zepir Txrobas emociuri muxti axlavs. kargad gaazrebul
(gonebaSi detalurad dalagebul) ambavsac rom vyvebodeT, amis gamo
mainc raime gamovgrCeba. emocia azris (ambis) erT romelime aspeqtze
afokusirebs yuradRebas (mas wamoativtivebs moulodnelad).
weris dros am emociuri muxtis “marTvac” xerxdeba. Tu raime
gamogvrCeba, dawerili SegviZlia gadavikiTxoT da CavamatoT. es
iolad moxerxdeba, radgan xelaxali wakiTxva gonebaSi gaCenili
azris gaxsenebas iwvevs. SesaZloa, iseTi aspeqtic “gagvaxsenos”, rac
azris Camoyalibebis pirveli variantis Seqmnis dros saerTod ar
figurirebda, arada SeiZleba swored es axladgamovlenili aspeqti
iyos azris Sinaarsobrivi (informaciuli) raobis ganmsazRvreli.
aseTi Camatebebi azris (informaciis) damaxsovrebas uzrunvelyofs.
yoveli Camateba winadadebis (azris) ganmeorebiT wakiTxvas moiTxovs,
xelaxali wakiTxva ki damaxsovrebas uwyobs xels, zrdis mis
koeficients. swored imisTvisac vwerT, rom informacia
davimaxsovroT.

vwerT, raTa viazrovnoT

wera mxolod azris grafikuli gamoxatuleba ar aris. igi Tavad
azrovnebis procesia, am procesis erTi, yvelaze efeqturi formaa.
didi xania SeniSnes, rom adamiani weris dros ukeT azrovnebs. amis
mizezi isaa, rom gonebaSi gaCenili azris qaRaldze gadatana-Cawera
adamianis mier marTvadi procesia: mxolod mas aqvs mizanmimarTuli
formiT weris anu am formis gamoZebnis dro, radgan gonebaSi
gaCenili azri sxva SemTxvevaSi gaeqceva.
weris dros adamiani azrs azustebs Sinaarsobrivad, xvews misi
gamoxatvis sityvier formas (frazas, winadadebas, stils...), fiqrobs
imazec, rogor miawodos es azri mkiTxvels ukeT da cxadad.
gansja, azrovneba spontanur-asociaciuri procesia. igi
warmosaxvas emyareba. movlena-faqti gonebaSi suraT-xatovnad
wamierad gaielvebs. azrovneba saerTod, am gaelvebis daWera-
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dafiqsirebaa. weris dros azrovnebis es etapi umTavresia, azris
ZiriTadi nawilis, arsis gamovlena-dafiqsirebaa.
weris dros adamiani marto imaze ki ar fiqrobs, ra Tqvas, aramed
imazec, rogor Tqvas ukeT, anu rogor moZebnos ufro daxvewili
forma, gagebinebis rac SeiZleba maRali xarisxis misaRwevad.
amitomac ixveweba weris dros azri mravalnairad, rac TavisTavad,
azrovnebis procesia. e.i. weris dros azrovnebis procesi
erTdroulad ramdensame doneze mimdinareobs.
Tu azrs werilobiT ver vayalibebT, es imis niSania, rom
azrovnebis romeliRac doneze saqme ver gvaqvs kargad, vgulisxmobT,
gonebaSi gaelvebuli azris gonebaSive dafiqsirebis doneze, rasac,
Cveulebriv, azris moumwifeblobas vuwodebT xolme.
azris umwifroba azrovnebis process aferxebs, fiqrs gonebaSi
gaelvebul STbeWdilebebTan abrunebs, mis uwyvetobasa da logikur
Tanamimdevrobas arRvevs da SesaZloa, sulac sxva mimarTulebiT
warmarTos.
albaT, yvelas gamogvicdia msgavsi ram, Txroba dagvisrulebia da
Semdeg gagvxsenebia, rom Tavidan amogvivarda raRac mniSvnelovani da
bolomde ver vTqviT, risi Tqmac gvindoda.
weriTi metyveleba ki zepirze gacilebiT nelia da mdore.
azrovnebac amitom sagrZnoblad gaiolebulia da, rac mTavaria,
kontrols emorCileba. amitomac aris, rom weris dros ukeT
vazrovnebT.
es ki swored imis mauwyebelia, rom wera azrovnebiTi procesia.
vwerT, raTa ukeT viazrovnoT.

vwerT, raTa sxvas gavagebinoT

azrovneba Tavisi arsiT komunikaciuri movlenaa. azris gaCenis
motivacia misi gadacemaa sakuTari Tavisa da umTavresad sxvisTvis.
amdenad, azrovneba dialoguri bunebisaa. igi mudam viRacasTan
aqtiur dialogs gulisxmobs. am gagebiT monologic ki dialogia,
adamianis sakuTar TavTan saubari, msjeloba, kamaTia, anu
19
monologSic ki adamiani meore “mes” esaubreba.
aqedan gamomdinare, wera yvela viTarebaSi dialogia. es ki imas
niSnavs, rom nawers adresati hyavs da misTvis gadasacemi
informaciaa. wera sxvisTvis informaciis gadacemaa.
sxvaTa Soris, qarTul enas zedmiwevniT zustad da cxadad aqvs
daweril-dafiqsirebuli azrovnebis procesis amnairi buneba, rasac
amgvari gamoTqmac cxadyofs: “azris gaziareba”, anu sxvisTvis
ganawileba, sxvisi qceva azris moziared. amdenad, azris arsebobas
azri misi gamziareblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi eZleva. “gaziareba”
informaciis gadacemis procesis umjobes cneba-terminad unda
vaRiaroT, radgan uzustesad gamoxatavs am procesis arss.
informaciis gadacema xom am informaciis sxvis absolutur
kuTvnilebad qcevas ar gulisxmobs, aramed am sxvis moziared,
monawiled qcevas, radgan Cveni informacia, faqtobrivad, CvenTanve
rCeba.
weris procesis yvela komponenti am mTavar mizans emsaxureba,
radgan azris arsebobis pirobac da daniSnulebac esaa.
albaT, yvelas gamogvicdia: roca vwerT, uxilavad Tvalwin vinme
gvidgas. weris motivacias swored es uxilavi viRac_Cveni mkiTxveli
qmnis. azris gadmocemis, misTvis formis Ziebis procesSi amosavali
isaa, Tu rogor Sexedavs, gaigebs da Seafasebs is sxva Cvens nawers.
yvelafers im viRacis gemovnebas, azrovnebis wyobas vuqvemdebarebT,
raTa ufro zustad da advilad gaigos is, rasac Cvens nawerSi
vambobT.
werisas es viRac gamudmebiT Tavs gvadgas virtualurad da
Taviseburad megzurobs da zedamxedvelobs Cveni weriTi azrovnebis
process. amitom aris, rom drodadro vCerdebiT, wamierad ukan
vbrundebiT, vkiTxulobT jerac melanSeuSrobel striqonebs da
sxvisi TvaliT vzomavT, vafasebT. xolo roca vrwmundebiT, rom Cveni
naweri Seesabameba mis gemovnebasa da dones, weras ganvagrZobT da es
procesi weris gasrulebamde grZeldeba.
ase rom, Cveni naweriT, pirvel yovlisa, sakuTar azrs sxvas
20
vagebinebT, vawvdiT informacias, rac imdenad ekuTvnis Cvens
mkiTxvels, rom misi raobis gansazRvraSic ki monawileobs. Cvengan
mas realuri informacia misdis, romlis SefasebiTac
makontrolebeli virtualuri informacia realuri informaciis
daxvewa-dakonkretebis motivaciis saxiT gvibrundeba.

vwerT, raTa sxvasTan urTierToba davamyaroT

TavisTavad cxadia, rom mkiTxvelisTvis gamiznuli naweri masTan
urTierTobis damyarebisTvisaa saWiro. rodesac mkiTxvels naweriT
Cvens mosazrebaze raime informacias vTavazobT, amiT masTan
urTierTobas vamyarebT. mkiTxelis Sefaseba, SesaZloa, Semdeg,
naweris ganxilvis drosac movisminoT, riTac urTierTobas ufro
gavamyarebT.

vwerT, raTa sakuTari Tavi SevicnoT

adamianis amqveyniuri arseboba, saerTod, sakuTari Tavis Secnobaa.
mis cxovrebas gamudmebiT Tan sdevs kiTxvebi: ratom gavCndi am
qveyanaze? ra daniSnuleba aqvs Cems arsebobas? ras warmovadgen? ra
SemiZlia? da a.S.
weris procesSi adamiani sakuTar SesaZleblobebs avlens da
amowmebs. am unaris gamovlena-dadgeniT igi upirvelesad Tavis
gonebriv SesaZleblobebs anu sakuTar arsebobas Seicnobs.

vwerT, raTa Cveni Tavi warmovaCinoT

wera, rogorc aRvniSneT, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamovlena da
mkiTxvelisTvis wardgenaa. es procesi amavdroulad sakuTari ^Tavis,
“mes” warmoCenaa, romlis mizanic sazogadoebaSi adgilis
damkvidrebis mcdelobaa.
adamiani socialuri arsebaa. sakuTar azrs igi saTanado
socialur jgufSi (sazogadoebaSi) eZebs da masTan identificirebiT

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axorcielebs. am mizniT adamiani socialur jgufs Tavis
SesaZleblobebs sTavazobs. SeTavazebis safuZveli ki mocemul
socialur jgufSi (sazogadoebaSi) pirovnebis SesaZleblobebze
moTxovnis arsebobac aris. amitom naweri adamianis inteleqtualuri
kapitalia, romelsac socialuri jgufi iZens. amdenad, wera, rogorc
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis warmoCena, sazogadoebisTvis Tavis
wardgenaa.
wera, rogorc vxedavT, meqanikuri procesi ar aris. qvemoT imaSic
davrwmundebiT, rom gadawerac ki ar aris meqanikuri procesi, isic
Seicavs inteleqtualuri, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis elementebs.
radganac wera avtoris TviTgamoxatvaa, amdenad weris swavla
adamianis inteleqtualuri zrdisa da xvewis procesi, azrovnebis
komunikaciebis unar-Cvevebis SeZenac aris.
zemoaRniSnulis Seswavla, bunebrivia, yvelas mkvlevrad, mecnierad
ver Camoayalibebs, magram sakuTari azris Tavisuflad, efeqturad,
cxadad, gasagebad gadmocemas namdvilad aswavlis, anu kulturis
mqone pirovnebad aRzrdis.

7. wera da kvleva
kvleva, farTo gagebiT, informaciis Ziebaa. werisas swored am
Ziebis Sedegebs vafiqsirebT, amave dros, vazustebT da
vakontrolebT. amitom wera da kvleva erTiani azrovnebiTi procesis
ori Semadgeneli mxare, nawilia.
adamiani ganuwyvetliv svams kiTxvebs da eZebs maTze pasuxebs.
kiTxvis dasma problemis arsebobas aTvalsaCinoebs, pasuxis
Zieba_misi gadaWris mcdelobas, xolo wera_warmoCenas, Sedegebis
mTeli am procesis aRwera-daxasiaTebis fonze.
amdenad, kvlevisa da weris procesi ganuyofelia da met_naklebad,
uwyvetic, radgan pasuxgacemuli kiTxva axal kiTxvas badebs, rac
pasuxis Ziebas, anu informaciis Sekrebas, mis dafiqsirebas, e.i. weras
saWiroebs. da ase meordeba, vidre kiTxvebi ar amoiwureba, anu
problemas srulyofili pasuxi ar gaecema.
22
 samecniero naSromis weris drosac umTavresi mamoZravebeli Zala
aRniSnuli procesia. igi Tavisi bunebiT Seqcevadi da garkveulwilad
cikluria, radgan arcTu iSviaTad irkveva, rom calkeuli sakiTxebi
dasazustebelia an gasaRrmavebeli. amitom isev Cndeba kiTxvebi, isev
ikribeba informacia, risTvisac isev uxdeba mkvlevars biblioTekaSi
mibruneba, wignebze muSaoba da a.S. ase (win da ukusvliT) iRvwis
mkvlevari, vidre samecniero naSromis saboloo varianti ar
dasruldeba.
amitom aris wera da kvleva ganuyofeli, weris unar-Cvevebis
codna ki kvlevis unar-Cvevebis codnasac niSnavs.

8. kvleva da misi mniSvneloba

ukve viciT, rom kvleva kiTxvebis dasmiTa da maTze pasuxis Ziebis
gziT informaciis mopovebaa. kvleva, rogorc aRiniSna, adamianis
genetikaSia Cadebuli, amitom misi yoveldRiurobis gamoxatulebaa.
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom adamiani ufro sxvebis mier
mopovebuli infomaciiT sargeblobs. uamisod sakuTar informacias
TiTqmis ver Seqmnis. es informacia maSinac ki sxvisi mopovebulia,
roca, erTi SexedviT, sxvaTa dauxmareblad agrovebs. aviRoT presa,
leqciebis ganrigi (cxrili), telefonis nomris gageba da a.S. es
informacia, rasac SeiZleba SemdegSi Cveni kvleva davamyaroT, sxvisi
moZiebuli, sxvisi Seqmnilia.
is, rasac nebismier sferoSi codnis SeZenas vuwodebT, sxvebis
kvleva-ZiebiT dagrovili informaciis gaazreba-gaTavisebaa.
Cven arc ki vukvirdebiT, ramdenad varT damokidebuli sxvebis
kvlevebis Sedegebze. verc imas vgrZnobT, rogor Rrmavdeba da
izrdeba es damokidebuleba. ase imitom xdeba, rom ufro informaciis
momxmareblebi varT, vidre Semqmnelebi. informirebuloba ki Cveni
arsebobis pirobaa. amitom dgas dRes mwvaved kvlevaTa Sedegebis
sandoobis problema. arakeTilsindisier, saeWvo Sedegebs
adamianebisTvis saSinel omze didi zianis motana SeuZlia, miT ufro,
rom Cveni Tanamedroveoba informaciuli eraa. swrafadganviTarebadma
23
sainformacio teqnologiebma, sistemebma, sayovelTao globalizaciis
fonze informacia yvelaze ZviradRirebul kapitalad da
saxelmwifoTa Zlierebis msazRvrelad aqcia (samxedro Zlierebaze
metad). mis safuZvelze wydeba Cveni civilizaciis globaluri
problemebi, rogoricaa kacobriobis arsebobis perspeqtivebi, omi da
mSvidoba, ekonomikuri aRmavloba da a.S.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ukve mkacr moTxovnad iqca
informaciis Seqmna-gavrcelebis eTikur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi,
saerTaSoriso standartebis dacva da sxva.
“akademiuri wera” am saerTaSoriso standartebis swavlebasac
moicavs.
ase rom, kvlevis unar-Cvevebi gvWirdeba rogorc informaciis
mosapoveblad, aseve misi sandoobis Sesamowmeblad da am kvlevis
safuZvelze axali informaciis Sesaqmnelad.

9. rogor viswavliT akademiur weras

kvlevisa da weris megzur-maswavlebeli Tavad kvleva da weraa,
magram specialuri saxelmZRvaneloc, anu akademiuri weris kursis
gavlac aucilebelia, radgan igi kvlevisa da weris meTodebisa da
meTodologiis yvela aucilebeli sakiTxis mizanmimarTul da
gegmazomier swavlebas isaxavs miznad. am sakiTxebis CamonaTvali
TavisTavad cxadyofs kursis aTvisebisTvis aucilebeli muSaobis
Sinaarss, romelsac werisa da kvlevis iseT elementebs moicavs,
rogoricaa:
 saklvelvi Temis gansazRvra;
 wyaroebze muSaoba (wyaroebis moZieba, dalageba-daxarisxeba,
monacemebis amowera-dagroveba);
 samecniero naSromis samuSao hipoTezis, gegma-monaxazis, Semdeg
detaluri gegmis Sedgena;
 Tezisis (ZiriTadi debulebis) Camoyalibeba;
 argumentebis (dasabuTebaTa) Camoyalibeba;

24
  naSromis Savi variantis Seqmna;
 naSromis saboloo variantis Seqmna;
 samecniero teqstis saxeobebisa da struqturuli erTeulebis
Seswavla;
 samecniero teqstebis gamocemaTa saxeobebis codna;
 naSromis zepiri da werilobiTi wardgena auditoriis winaSe da
a.S.
yovelive amis Seswavlas emateba xSiri wera_weris upirvelesi
maswavlebeli, radgan saxelmZRvanelo Teoriul codnas gvaZlevs da
praqtikuli savarjiSoebiT mis ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels. am
yvelafers, Tavis mxriv, safuZvels umagrebs praqtikuli
mecadineobebi, sadac diskusiebis, weriTi savarjiSoebis daxmarebiT
studenti sakuTari azris gadmocemisa Tu weriTi naSromis Seqmnis
unar-Cvevebs SeiZens.

25
 samecniero urTierTobaTa sfero: “mecniereba”,
“samecniero”, “mecnieruli”

dRes sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi “samecniero” da “mecnieruli”

moicavs zogadad inteleqtualur, azrovnebiT-SemecnebiTi saqmianobis
sferoebs, mwerlobisa da xelovnebis dargebis gamoklebiT.
didi mniSvnelobisa da kacobriuli progresis ganviTarebisTvis,
misi Rirebulebidan gamomdinare, am cnebebis Sesaxeb sul ufro
daJinebiT gvesmis termini “inteleqtualuri kapitali”, rac
upirvelesad imas niSnavs, rom mecnierul produqcias WeSmaritad
aqvs sabazro Rirebuleba da igi arc marto pirovnul interesTa
dakmayofilebas isaxavs miznad da arc oden adamianis mier sakuTari
gonebis SesaZleblobaTa zRvaris Ziebas.
adamianma sakuTari arsebobis gaazrebas, gonebiT Wvretas,
meditacias, mecniereba uwoda, mas sibrZne daarqva, xolo am
procesisadmi sakuTari damokidebuleba sibrZnis siyvaruliT
gamoxata. Sesabamisi mecnierebac Camoayaliba_filosofia, rac
berZnul enaze swored “sibrZnis siyvaruls” niSnavs.
rodis, romel konkretul epoqaSi an saxeldobr, romelma erma
moimoqmeda es sxvebze adre, saTanado wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo, amis
dadgena SeuZlebelia. Tu davakvirdebiT, mecnierebis samyaroSi,
romlis dargebsac calkeuli disciplinebis saxiT Tqveni ganswavlis
doneze ecnobiT, Zalze xSirad ama Tu im cnebis ganmartebisas Zvel
berZnul an laTinur terminebs wavawydebiT. es imas niSnavs, rom
bevri ram mecnierebis samyaroSi Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi ukve iyo
cnobili. ara mxolod es, aramed “Zvel” terminTa siWarbe da
TanamedroveobaSi maTi gamoyenebis sixSire imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom
mecnieruli samyaros saTaveebi am ori qveynis (civilizaciis)
sinamdvileSia.
Tumca Tavad mecnierul ZiebaTa wyalobiT isic kargadaa cnobili
(da amis damadasturebeli sabuTebi sul ufro metad Cndeba), rom

26
Zvelma berZnebma Tu romaelebma TavianTi mecnieruli Ziebani ufro
adrindel codnaze daafuZnes; rom maT ukve daxvdaT saocari
civilizacia (kultura, maT Soris mecniereba) da misi gaazreba-
gaTavisebis niadagze Seqmnes sakuTari. am TvalsazrisiT Zalze
gamWvirvaled Cans berZnul-romaulis winare civilizaciebi (mag.,
SuamdinareTis, Zveli aRmosavleTis).
 mecniereba: dRes “mecnierebis” cnebaSi gulisxmoben
kulturis sferos kuTvnil specialur saqmianobas, romlis mizani
garemomcveli samyaros, sazogadoebisa da adamianis Sesaxeb codnis
sistemis Seqmnaa.
Tanamedrove mecnieruli codna sabunebismetyvelo, sazogadoebriv
da humanitarul disciplinebs moicavs. mecnieruli codnis Sinaarsis
dadgenaSi didi wvlili Seitanes XX saukunis filosofiur
mimdinareobaTa (logikuri pozitivizmi, postpozitivizmi,
neoracionalizmi...) warmomadgenlebma.
mecniereba Taviseburi codnaa arcodnisa1. mecnieruli naSromis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: obieqturoba, sistemuroba, logikuri
dasabuTebuloba, specialuri samecniero enis gamoyeneba,
Teoriuloba.
mecnieruli codna sakvlev (Sesaswavl) movlenebs aRwers,
ganmartavs da prognozirebs. ase rom, mecnieruli codna, misi
ganviTareba sakiTxis (problemis) dasmasa da gadawyvetasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. problema konkretul sferoSi SemecnebiTi
warmodgenebis evoluciis Sedegia.
mecnieruli problema obieqturad mwifdeba mecnieruli codnis
wiaRSi, mkvlevarTa wreSi, rogorc am codnis matareblebSi da Tavis
gamoxatulebas iZens. isini am problemas Sesabamisi formiT
ayalibeben (formas uZebnian). Tumca zogierTi specialisti amtkicebs,
rom mecnieruli problemebi, problemuri situaciebi bunebaSi
TavisTavad, obieqturad arsebobs. mkvlevris roli ki imiT
Semoifargleba, rom es problema sazogadoebis yuradRebis areSi
1
Губман Б. Л. «Наука», в книге: Культурология, ХХ в., том II, СПБ, 1998, с.71;
27
moaqcios da amiT Tavis sakuTrebad aqcios. sxvebi miiCneven, rom
mkvlevris (mecnieris) rolis ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba, radgan
TavisTavad arsebuli problema umisod iarsebebda da veravin
“dainaxavda”, anu ver gaigebda. mkvlevari “amCnevs” mas, saaSkaraoze
gamoaqvs da problemis codnas misi aRweriTa da ganmarteba-
daxasiaTebiT codnis saxed aqcevs.
problemis gadaWra xels uwyobs empiriuli mecnierebis bazisis
anu Teoriuli warmodgenebis zrdas. mecnierebis empiriuli done
swored Teoriul gansjaTa safuZvlis Seqmnas emsaxureba. saamisod
Sesaswavl movlenas akvirdebian, zomaven, eqsperimentebs atareben,
ageben modelebs da a.S., magram faqtebis Sekreba mecnierebisaTvis
TviTmizani ar aris, radgan movlenaTa miRma (maT safarqveS) iseTi
zogadi ram imaleba, rac ganmeorebadia (erTjeradi araa) da amis
gamo asaxsneli, kanonzomierebis sibrtyezea asatan-gasaazrebeli.
amitomac mecnieruli codnis empiriuli (zedapiruli,
ioladSesamCnevi) fena yovelTvis ganzogadebisaken,-Teoriuli
srulyofisken miiswrafis.
am gzaze pirveli nabiji hipoTezis (varaudis) wamoyenebaa, im
varaudisa, romelsac swams movlenaTa Soris kanonzomieri kavSiris
arseboba da am kavSiris SesaZlo gagrZeleba. hipoTeza empiriul
masalaze mowmdeba da Teoriis statuss iZens. Teoria swored
movlenis aRweras, ganmartebasa da utyuarobas iCemebs. amitomac
mecnieruli Teoria sistemurad mowesrigebuli mTlianobaa. mas myari
struqtura aqvs, radgan iseT komponentebs emyareba, rogoricaa
sasafuZvlo (fundamenturi) cnebebi, Teoriuli sqema, axsna-
ganmartebaTa principebi, kanonebi da sistema.
mecnierebas, kulturis sxva formebis msgavsad, cocxali samyaros
wiaRSi udgas fesvebi. misi “saarsebo” garemo mTeli samyaroa
(xiluli da uxilavi), mis empiriul da Teoriul masalas emyareba da
sibrZniseuli warmodgenebiTa da codnis idealebiT sazrdoobs.
mecniereba ki, Tavis mxriv, mecnieruli codnis gaRrmaveba-srulqmnas
uwyobs xels.
28
 “mecniereba” Tavad rCeba sagangebo sakvlev problemad, romlis
seriozulobisa da masStaburobis maCvenebelia is faqtic, rom misi
arsisa Tu sxva mxareebis Sesaswavlad specialuri mecnieruli
dargic ki daarsda “mecnierebamcodneobis” saxelwodebiT1.
axla, roca cota ram gavigeT mecnierebis Sesaxeb, zogadad
(cnebaTa gaazrebis doneze) isic gavicnobieroT, ras aRniSnavs
“samecniero” da ras_“mecnieruli”. es saWiroa, radganac am cnebebs
bevri Cveni Tanamedrove xSirad sxvadasxva konteqstSi uadgilod
iSveliebs.

 samecniero urTierTobis sfero

Mmecnieruli azrovneba rTuli fenomenia. Azrovnebis procesi aq,
Cveulebriv, or mniSvnelovan etaps moicavs: komunikaciamdels da
komunikaciurs.
Kkomunikaciamdeli etapi codnis dagrovebas, Semdeg aRmoCenas da
mecnieruli siaxlis dadgenas ukavSirdeba.
Kkomunikaciis etaps ganekuTvneba mopovebuli axali codnis
sametyvelo gaformeba.
samecniero komunikaciaSi ori donea: erTia azrovnebis procesi,
meore_misi cityvieri gamoxatuleba. Mmecnieris gonebaSi jer
`azrovnebis procesia”, Semdeg `sametyvelo procesi”. mkiTxvelSi es
procesi `Sebrunebulia,” jer `sametyvelo procesia”, Semdeg
`azrovnebis procesi” (a.Ciqobava). orive done Tanabrad myofobs
abtorsa da mkiTxvelSi da uzrunvelyofs profesiul urTierTobas
mecnierTa Soris.

 samecniero naSromis mizani

Mmecnieris, mkvlevris mtkicebis, debulebis, mosazrebis

1 Tu es Tema romelime Tqvengans daainteresebs, Semdegi wignebis wakiTxvas girCevT:

 Бердяев Н. А., Смысл истории, М., 1990;
 Вебер М., Наука, как призвание и профессия, в книге: Вебер М., Избр. произведения, М., 1990;
 Пуаккаре Л., О науке, М., 1990.

29
WeSmaritebis damtkicebaa. Ees gansjiT, mtkicebiT,_ logikuri
azrovnebiT miiRweva. Llogikur azrovnebas Tavisi formebi aqvs.
Eesenia: cneba, msjeloba, daskvna.
_ cneba samecniero metyvelebis umniSvnelovanesi erTeulia. igi
sagnis niSan_Tvisebas warmoaCens. Es niSan_Tvisebebi ki ganzogadebiT
aris miRebuli. maT safuZvlad udevs mecnieruli analizi. cnebaTa
saxelebi terminebia. Yovel mecnierebas cnebaTa sakuTari sistema da
Sesabamisi terminologia aqvs. Misi codna mecnieruli komunikaciis
Seuferxebeli ganxorcielebis pirobaa.
cnebis TavCena msjelobaSi xdeba. Mmsjeloba mecnieruli
mtkicebis an uaryofis dasabuTebis formaa. Mmsjelobis Sedegi
daskvnaa.
_ msjeloba, rogorc sametyvelo forma, iq gamoiyeneba, sadac
raime sakiTxi wydeba. Aasea yvela sferoSi._ mecnierebaSic,
sazogadoebriv, sayofiero, saerTo Tu kerZo doneebze. Mmecnieri da
mkiTxveli yovelTvis enobrivad arian gamoxatulni. Enobrivi
saSualebani ki erTmniSvnelobiani, semantikurad araorazrovani da
gamWvirvalea.
_ daskvna azrovnebis formaa. cnobili msjelobidan axali
msjeloba gamomdinareobs. samecniero literaturaSi daskvnis
kultia, radgan mecnieruli naSromis arss Seadgens. Ddaskvnebi
SeiZleba an Tanmimdevrulad ganvalagoT, an Tanwyobilad, anda
kombinirebis principiT (ufro xSirad).
Cneba, msjeloba da daskvna azris TandaTan gasrulebis,
srulqmnis safexurebia. samive forma samecniero naSromis
logikur_azrobrivkompozicias qmnis da teqstis agebulebasac
gansazRvravs.

 “samecniero” da “mecnieruli”.
mecn-ier-i: Ziria c ||can, Sdr. me-cn-av-i. me-can-av-i + ier
mqoneblobis Sinaarsis gamomxatveli sufiqsi. Sdr. gamoTqma: “ Seican
30
Tavi Seni”. ase rom, mecnieri gare da Siga arsebulis Semcnobia,
sityva_forma”mecnier”-is c Ziri igivea, rac codnis c: cod-n-aSi c
Ziria, xolo _od savrcobi (Sdr.cod-in-i, mecodineba, sacodneli), _n
zmnuri fuZis kuTvnilebaa (Sdr. lod-in-i _l-od-n-a...,) codnaseuli
bolokiduri _a masdaris (zmnis upiro formis, anu sawyisis
sawarmoebeli bolosarTia). mecn fuZe safuZvlad da safanelad
daedo kidev erT axal nazmnar saxels Semecnebas. Sdr. u-i-c-i=,
codnis ar mqone, ucodinari. c Ziri Zalian sainteresoa am mxriv
(Secnobis TvalsazrisiT). Sdr. can-ob-acn-oba, ga-can-ob-aga-cn-ob-
a, u-can-ob-iucnobi. can ||cn fuZeSi warmoSobiT _an Tematuri
mawarmoebeli zmnisaa. amitomaa maTTvis saerTo c zmnuri Ziri.
mocemul cnebaTa marTebulad gamoyenebis wess qarTuli enis
gramatika gansazRvravs. am terminebis fuZea “mecnier”. pirveli
termini nawarmoebia fuZeze “sa”-TavsarTis (prefiqsis) da “o”-
bolosarTis (sufiqsis) darTviT: sa-mecnier-o.
qarTuli enis gramatika migviTiTebs, rom “sa-o” TavsarT-
bolosarTiT iwarmoeba daniSnulebis zedsarTavi saxelebi.
mkurnalisa-mkurnal-o, xelisa-xel-o.
aqedan gamomdinareobs erTaderTi daskvna: “sa-mecnier-o” mis
daniSnulebaze migvaniSnebs da raki es asea, termini “samecniero”
unda gamoviyenoT im konteqstSi, sadac ama Tu im faqtis, movlenis an
sagnis mecnierebisTvis gankuTvnilobazea saubari, anu roca is
mecnierebisTvis aris gamiznuli. termini “mecnieruli” fuZeze “-ul”
bolosarTiT (sufiqsiT) aris nawarmoebi. es sufiqsi (“ur//ul”)
sadaurobis aRmniSvnelia. magaliTad: frangifrang-uli2.
sadauroba kuTvnilebis Sinaarssac Seicavs, amdenad, cnebis
funqcionirebis Tavdapirvel garemoze miuTiTebs, e.i. Sinaarsis
ganmsazRvreli funqcionirebis garemoa. am principiT “mecnieruli”
gamoxatavs mecnierebis garemoSi arsebuls anu imas, rac mecnierebis
samyarodan momdinareobs. amitom termini “mecnieruli” unda
movimarjvoT konteqstSi, sadac mecnierebis samyaros kuTvnil (an

2 l. kvaWaZe, qarTuli ena, Tb., 1993., gv.157-158.

31
mecnierebis sferoSi kvlevagamovlil) sagansa Tu movlenazea
saubari.
marTalia, am cnebebs Soris mkveTri zRvari ar arsebobs, magram
aRniSnuli principebi usaTuod unda davicvaT. vTqvaT, roca sakvlev
Temaze mivuTiTebT, mas “samecniero Tema” unda vuwodoT, magram Tu
ukve gamokvleuli Temis aRniSvna gvinda, aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoTqma
“mecnieruli Tema” unda vixmaroT.
amgvaradve unda gamoviyenoT, magaliTad, “sainformacio sistema”.
igi jer Teoriulad aris damuSavebuli, “warmoebaSi araa CaSvebuli”,
anu jer ar muSaobs, “sainformacio” daniSnuleba aqvs. amitom aq
termini “sainformacio sistema” unda gamoviyenoT. magram rogorc ki
es sistema funqcionirebas daiwyebs, anu amoqmeddeba, “informaciuli
sistema” gaxdeba. igi “informaciul sistemad” darCeba maSinac, roca
moZveldeba, “warmoebidan moixsneba” (mis adgils, sxva sistema
daikavebs) da mecnierebis Sesabamisi dargis istoriaSi daimkvidrebs
adgils.
axla, roca termin “samecnieros” saerTo mniSvneloba gavarkvieT,
misi Sinaarsic ufro Rrmad gaviazroT, anu gavarkvioT, ra aris
samecniero da ra __ara, ras SeiZleba ewodos “samecniero” da ras
__ara.
samecniero sferos araerTi mkvlevari sabunebismetyvelo
disciplinebs, faqtebsa da monacemebze damyarebul kvlevebs
miakuTvnebda. cxadia, am TvalsazrisiT “samecnieros” sfero
usafuZvlod viwrovdeba, radgan sazogadoebriv da humanitarul
mecnierebaTa veeberTela samyaro rCeba mis gareT. sabednierod, es
Tvalsazrisi dReisaTvis uaryofilia.
amJamad “samecnieros” sfero oTxi umTavresi normiT
ganisazRvreba:

 kvlevis sagani amocnobasa da aRweras unda eqvemdebarebodes.

kvlevis sagani SeiZleba sxeulebriv-xilvadic (fizikuri) iyos da
abstraqtulic. magram misi danaxva-warmodgenac unda iyos
32
SesaZlebeli da aRwerac. magaliTad, siyvaruli, mtroba da a.S.
abstraqtuli cnebebia, magram gonebis TvaliT am grZnobebs kidevac
warmovidgenT da kidevac aRvwerT (davaxasiaTebT), anu isini sakvlevi
sagnebia.
kvlevis sagnis gansazRvra, zogierTi mkvlevris fiqriT, niSnavs
garkveuli pirobebis gamovlenas, romelTa safuZvelzedac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba kvlevis saganze im wesebiT msjeloba, romlebic
Cvenve an sxva mkvlevrebma daadgines (umberto eko).
kvlevis wesis dadgeniT sakvlevi sagnis amocnobis wesic
ganisazRvreba.
kvlevis sagnis gansazRvraSi erTi mniSvnelovani kiTxvac Cndeba:
SeiZleba Tu ara kvlevis sagani gamonagoni iyos? vTqvaT, iseTi
gamonagoni personaJi, rogoricaa cecxlismfrqveveli gveleSapi? am
SemTxvevaSi kvlevis sami gza arsebobs:
 gaviazroT gveleSapi miTosis personaJad da igi
TavisTavad iqceva kvlevis sagnad, radgan nacnobic gaxdeba da ioli
aRsawer-dasaxasiaTebelic, imitom, rom arsebobs uamravi
zepirsityvieri teqsti (Tanac araerTi eris folklorSi). Semdeg
etapze ukve is gaxdeba gasarkvevi, Tu ra Tvisebebi unda axasiaTebdes
zepirsityvierebaSi gveleSaps, rom igi gveleSapad SevicnoT;
 aqedan gamomdinare, mocemul etapze im Tvisebebis
gansazRvraa mTavari, riTacgamonagoni samyaros cecxlismfrqveveli
binadari gveleSapad Seicnoba. am mizniT gamonagoni samyaros im
pirobebs moviniSnavT, rac gveleSapis gveleSapobas ganapirobebs.
msjeloba mTlianad sakvlevi hipoTezis sferoSi gaiSleba, romlis
safuZvelze im daskvnamdec mivalT, rom gveleSaps gamonagon
samyaroSi kvlevis sagnad arsebobis realuri safuZveli aqvs;
 arsebobs mesame gzac: imTaviTve pirdapir ganvacxadoT, rom
gveleSapis realurad arsebobis sabuTebi mogvepoveba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi kvlevis sagnis gansazRvrisTvis, valdebuli viqnebiT,
warmovadginoT Sesabamisi sabuTebi (mtkicebulebebi), vTqvaT,
gveleSapis raime nawili (Zvali, frTis nawili..). Cveni simarTle
33
marTla simarTlea (anu WeSmaritebaa) Tu ara, am SemTxvevaSi gansjis
sxva sagnad iqceva. mTavaria, rom gveqneba iseTi xelCasaWidi sabuTi,
razedac SesaZlebeli iqneba msjeloba.aRniSnuli sami gza (gezi,
SesaZleblobTa) mxolod erTs cxadyofs: kvlevis sagani yovelTvis
sacnobia (mudam SeiZleba amocnoba), oRond sawyisi pirobebi unda
iyos dasaxuli, anu:
 gamokvlevaSi kvlevis saganze raime iseTi unda iTqvas,
rac adre aravis eqneba naTqvami, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sxvaTa
mier adre gamoTqmuli mosazreba unda iyos dazustebuli
axleburad gaazrebuli.
davuSvaT “SuSanikis wamebis” daweris TariRis dadgena gvinda.
saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerili gziT Tu vivliT, Cveni gamokvleva
“samecniero” ver gaxdeba, radgan masSi axali araferi iqneba.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rasac mivaRwevT, samecniero-popularul
narkvevs SevqmniT (anu: referats).
 gamokvleva sxvisTvis (mkiTxvelisTvis) unda iyos
sargeblis momtani.
es principic imas gulisxmobs, rom naSromSi uciloblad siaxle
unda iyos mocemuli, radganac sargeblianobis xarisxs swored
siaxle gansazRvravs.
mecnierebis nebismier dargSi, samwuxarod, arcTu ise cotaa
naSromi, romelTa gamoqveynebas araferi moutania. dargSi momuSave
mkvlevrebs misi mecnieruli Sedegebi arc gamouyenebiaT, xsenebiTac
ar uxsenebiaT, im “ubralo” mizezis gamo, rom isini dasamowmebel-
gasaTvaliswinebel-saxsenebels arafers Seicaven.

 gamokvlevaSi mkvlevriseuli Tvalsazrisis Semowmebis

(miReba-uaryofis mizniT)gzebi da saSualebebi unda iyos miniSnebuli.
amasTan erTad, mis safuZvelze sxvaTa mier kvlevis wamowyebis
perspeqtivebze miniSnebasac unda Seicavdes. aseTi pirobebis dacva
termin “mecnierulis” WeSmarit Sinaarss gansazRvravs.

34
 mkvlevari da mkiTxveli

kvleva dialogia. am dialogs nai_nairi aspeqti aqvs. mkvlevari

dialogSia wyaroebis avtorebTan, roca maT amuSavebs; dialogSi
imyofeba mkiTxvelTan, roca wers, radgan misTvis wers.
profesionali mkvlevari intuiciiT grZnobs, rasac mkiTxveli
misgan elis, Sesabamisad irjeba da mizansac aRwevs. damwyebma
mkvlevarma ki sagangebod unda ifiqros da izrunos sakuTari kvlevis
saboloo Sedegebze.
amboben, yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rasac sxvebisTvis akeTeb
da ara sakuTari TavisTviso. es ufro metad kvlevas exeba. mkvlevari
maSinac ki sxvaze fiqrobs da sxvisTvis irjeba, roca erTi SexedviT
(garegnulad mainc) sakuTar interesTa dasakmayofileblad iRvwis:
ganmartoebuli kiTxulobs biblioTekaSi, cdas atarebs
laboratoriaSi da a.S. Tu davfiqrdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom mkvlevari
aseT garemoSic ki ar aris marto, ar iRvwis sakuTari TavisTvis.
kiTxvis dros mas “Caesmis” wignebis avtorTa xmebi, gonebis TvaliTac
ki “xedavs” maT, ekamaTeba da a.S. igi cdis Catarebis drosac ar aris
marto: virtualur msmenel-mayurebels esaubreba, sakuTari ideis
WeSmaritebaSi darwmunebas lamobs da a.S. anu kvleva ucnauri
procesia: garedan mayurebeli TvalisTvis mkvlevari martodmyofi,
martosuli, fiqrsa da gansjaSi CaZiruli adamiania.
obivatelisaTvis_axirebuli da Jinianic ki, radganac kvlevis
procesSi warumateblobas ar egueba da dausruleblad ubrundeba
“aCemebul” problemas, vidre warmatebas ar miaRwevs.
kvlevis procesi mdumare, monologiuri Cans Soridan... magram
mxolod Soridan.
mis wiaRSi ki uamravi adamianis kamaTi “ismis”. am TvalsazrisiT
SesaZloa babilonis godolic ki gagvaxsendes. mainc visi xmebi ismis
da romlebi kamaToben?
upirvelesad mkvlevrebi; Semdeg ki _mkvlevari da misi
mkiTxvelebi.
35
 es ar unda gagvikvirdes, radgan wera, iseve rogorc kiTxva,
komunikaciis procesia, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis urTierTobas
moicavs.
dialogi, rogorc cnobilia, ormxrivi zemoqmedebis formaa. am
procesSi
erTi laparakobs, meore usmens. molaparake msmenelze zemoqmedebs.
magram, Tavis mxriv, msmenelic axdens gavlenas molaparakeze. amitom
naSromi mkiTxvelze Cvens codnasac warmoadgens. Tu mkiTxvelis
interesebs, mis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs realurad vicnobT
da vafasebT, sasurvel Sedegs mivaRwevT. Tu es warmodgena
ararealuria (gazviadebulia an piriqiT), maSin Sedegebze laparaki
zedmetia. amitom weris dawyebis win cxadad unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
vis vesaubrebiT da, Sesabamisad, isic ganvsazRvroT, rogor
vesaubroT mkiTxvels.

1. mkvlevarTa dialogi
kvlevis dros (roca mkvlevari winamorbedTa nakvlevs ecnoba,
rogorc wyaroebs) mkvlevarTa Soris iseTive dialogi (kamaTi)
“imarTeba”, rogoric sajaro paeqrobis dros, oRond virtualur
doneze. Tu mkvlevari iseT wyaros ecnoba, romelsac ramdenime
avtori hyavs, maSin kamaTis monawileTa raodenobac izrdeba (orze
metia).
am kamaTs (Tundac virtualurs) udidesi fsiqologiuri da, aqedan
gamomdinare, mecnieruli Rirebuleba aqvs, Tanac ormxrivad
keTilnayofieri.
erTi mxriv, Tqven, rogorc mkvlevari, ecnobiT wyaros avtors an
avtorebs, maTs naazrevsac afasebT da kvlevaZiebiTs niWierebas,
unarsac. raRacaSi eTanxmebiT, raRacaSi_ara. bolos maTs mecnierul
portretsac “qmniT” warmosaxvaSi da garkveul adgils akuTvnebT
gonebaSi virtualurad Seqmnil TqvenTvis nacnob mkvlevarTa
tabelrangSi.
meore mxriv, Tavad wyaro an wyaroebic zemoqmedeben mkvlevarze.
36
maTSi aRbeWdli informaciis (codnis) sirTule da mkvlevris mier
misi aRqma-gaTavisebis xarisxi (done) pirovnebis avtoritetsa da
saxels qmnis.
ase rom, mkvlevarTa “virtualuri” dialogi Tu kamaTi maTs
realur mecnierul da pirovnul renomes qmnis.
da kidev erTi aspeqti: mkvlevarTa dialogsac da kamaTsac kidev
erTi monawile hyavs. esaa maTi mkiTxveli. igi, erTi SexedviT, pasiuri
damkvirvebelia, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. kvlevis procesSi
mkiTxvelic aqtiurad monawileobs. isic qmnis mkvlevris pirovnul
renomes.
sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: winamorbedi mkvlevari memkvidrisTvis
(momdevno mkvlevrisTvis) wers; memkvidre ki _mkiTxvelisaTvis: wers
ise, rogorc, Tundac, profesionali eqimi aRuwers pacients
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas an daavadebis arss.
rogorc mkvlevrebma, Tu SeZeliT da mkiTxvels miawodeT
daskvnebi misi codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tanac saTqmeli gasagebi
gaxadeT, mkiTxveli Sesabamisad moekideba nawersac da mis avtorsac.
erTi sityviT, mkiTxveli ise gangsjiT, rogorc Tavad gansjiT mas.
Tu mkvlevari verc imas gaiazrebs srulad, ra sWirdeba mkiTxvels,
Tu naweri ver daakmayofilebs (ar upasuxebs) mis interess, maSin
kavSiri gawydeba, xolo nakvlevi fass dakargavs.
ase rom, mkiTxvelTan kavSiri (dialogi) umniSvnelovanesi momentia
da misi gaTvalsiwineba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axalbeda
mkvlevrisaTvis.
amitom rogorc ki kvlevis dawyebas ganizraxavT, upirvelesad
mkiTxvelTan dialogze ifiqreT. misi savaraudo Sinaarsi ki ase
warmoidgineT:
 ra urTierTobis damyareba gsurT mkiTxvelTan;
 ras elis mkiTxveli Tqvengan;
 vin xarT Tqven da vinaa Tqveni mkiTxveli;
 ras isurvebdiT mkvlevrisgan, mkiTxveli rom iyoT.
SeiZleba am rCevebma Rimilic ki moggvaroT da ifiqroT, _Zalian
37
kargad vici vina var da vinaa Cemi mkiTxveli, vinaa da Cemi
maswavlebelio. magram mTlad asec ar aris. studenti mkvlevris
rolSi mudam rTul viTarebaSi imyofeba. misi naweric da pirovnebac
gansxvavebul rakursSi warmoCindeba (sxva kuTxiT). misi socialuri
rolic Seicvleba da misi pedagogisac: pedagogi mkiTxvelad
gadaiqceva, studenti ki_mkvlevrad.
Tu am movlenas kargad gaicnobierebT, mkvlevrisa da mkiTxvelis
socialur rolebsac amoicnobT (romlebsac isini sakuTari Tavisa
da erTmaneTisTvis qmnian) da im urTierTobebsac, rac mkvlevarsa da
mkiTxvels Soris myardeba.

2. mkvlevari da mkiTxveli
studenturi kvlevis mizani msoflio mniSvnelobis aRmoCena ar
aris. Tqveni pedagogi kvlevas imis gamo ar gavalebT, rom amis mwvave
moTxovnileba arsebobs.
studenturi kvleva erT mizans isaxavs: kvlevis unar-Cvevebis
dauflebas mkvlevris rolis TamaSiTa da Tqveni, mkiTxvelis rolis
gacnobierebiT.
rolis TamaSi sulac ar aris swavlebis procesis trivialuri
nawili. kvlevis swavla sami gziT aris SesaZlebeli:
 sakvlev saganze arsebuli specialuri literaturis kiTxviT;
 pedagogis konsultaciebiT an sxvaTa praqtikis gacnoba-
gaTavisebiT;
 sakuTari kvleviTi praqtikiT.
yvelaze efeqturi, bunebrivia, samive saxeobis kombinirebuli
gamoyenebaa. Tumca dagveTanxmebiT, maTSi mTavari mainc mesamea, radgan
qmnadobaSi gadamwyvetia ara kiTxva, mosmena an yureba, aramed keTeba.
xolo raki kvleva socialuri aqtivobaa, kvlevis praqtika
socialuri rolis praqtikas warmoadgens.
zemoT aRiniSna, rom nawerma unda mogicvaT Tqvenc da pedagogic.
da orives Tqven_Tqveni adgili geqnebaT, Tumca ara iseTi, rogoric
Cveulebriv saauditorio urTierTobis procesSia. pedagogi gisvamT
38
kiTxvebs imis Sesamowmeblad, gaqvT Tu ara maTze pasuxi; an Tqven
mimarTavT mas SekiTxvebiT imis gamo, rom ar iciT pasuxi.
aq Tqveni rolebi Seicvleba. nawerSi mkvlevris rols itvirTavT,
pedagogs ki mkiTxvelis roli daekisreba. anu Tqven, droebiT, misi
pedagogi gaxdebiT, is ki_studenti.
am SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, unda gavarkvioT, ra moTxovnas uyenebs
mkvleari Tavs, rogor icnobierebs amocanas.
 Tavi unda warmoidginoT pirovnebad, romelmac raime
konkretul problemaze sxvebze meti icis (met informacias flobs)
da unda, rom es codna sxvebs gadasces.
 gamocdili mkvlevariviT unda moiqceT: informacia (kvlevis
Sedegebi, miRwevebisa da cdomilebaTa CaTvliT) nawerSi (proeqtSi)
amomwuravad unda waradginoT, amasTan miznis Sesabamisad saTanado
formac unda mouZebnoT.
miznis gacnobiereba imis gagebas niSnavs, Tu ratom dagvavales
statiis (proeqtis) dawera; ra unda pedagogs konkretulad, risi
swavleba surs; kvlevis aucilebel unar-Cvevebs unda daveufloT,
raTa samomavlod profesional mkvlevrebad CamovyalibdeT, Tu
davaleba amasTan erTad sxva mizansac Seicavs , Tundac, arCevnis
sisworis dafiqsirebas da kvlevis unaris Semowmebas?
 unda gaarkvioT, ra rols Seasrulebs Tqveni naweri socialur
konteqstSi: mxolod informacias miawvdis mkiTxvels, Tu
rekomendaciebsac SesTavazebs obieqturad, TavisTavad arsebuli da
Tqven mier gamokvleuli problemis gadasaWrelad; marto konkretuli
codnis Sejameba iqneba Tu problemis istoriis mimoxilva. am
sakiTxebis garkvevamde kvlevis dawyeba arc Rirs da arc SeiZleba.

3. mkiTxveli
Kvleva upirvelesad gulisxmobs mkiTxvelis gadaqcevas Tqveni
Canafiqris Tanamonawiled. mas adgili da funqcia unda
ganusazRvroT.
Tqveni kvlevis Sedegis pirveli mkiTxveli, savaraudod, Tqveni
39
pedagogi iqneba da ise unda warudginoT naweri, rom erTi mxriv,
dainteresdes, xolo, meore mxriv, izrunos kvlevis Sedegebis
realizebaze.
amasTan, isic unda gaiTvaliswinoT (ufro swored, warmoidginoT),
rom mkiTxvelad qceuli Tqveni pedagogi, Tavis mxriv, rogorc
eqsperti, naweris (statiis) sxvadasxva aspeqtze gaamaxvilebs
yuradRebas: upirvelesad Seamowmebs citatebis sizustes, Semdgom
enobriv-stilistur mxares, anu imas, ramdenad martivad, sadad da
gasagebad werT, rogor iyenebT specialur terminologias. isic unda
gaixsenoT, rom mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, nawers sxvadasxva mizniT
ecnoba, imis mixedviT, Tu ra unda Tavad: Tqveni kvlevis Sedegebis
gamoyeneba aqvs ganzraxuli Tavis kvlevebSi, mxolod Tqveni codnis
gageba swadia, Tu imis garkveva surs, ra gansxvavebaa Tqveni sakvlevi
Temis irgvliv tradiciulad arsebul Sexedulebebsa da Tqvens
Tvalsazriss Soris.
unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkvlevarsa da mkiTxvels sxvadasxva
socialuri funqcia akisria, magram, amis miuxedavad, maTi interesebi
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT mainc emTxveva erTmaneTs. mkvlevari
mkiTxvelTan damokidebulebaSi miznad sami saxis amocanis gadaWras
isaxavs:
 mkiTxvels miaRebinos axali codna, rasac samecniero naSromSi
warudgens;
 axali codniT mkiTxvels Seacvlevinos Tavisi adrindeli
Sexeduleba sakvlev sakiTxze;
 SeZenili axali codna gamoayenebinos Tavis praqtikul
saqmianobaSi.
mkiTxvels, sazogadod, erTi survili amoZravebs: mas iseTi
masalis wakiTxva izidavs, romelic naklebad daTrgunavs, amitom
didad afasebs weris sisadaves, daxvewilobas, Tumca mTavari misTvis
azris siaxle da sicxadea. amitom kvlevisa da misi Sedegebis aRweris
procesSi amis daviwyeba ar SeiZleba. sakuTari azri ise unda
CamoayaliboT, rom mkiTxveli Tanamgzavrad gaixadoT, kvlevis
40
labirinTSi erTad unda iaroT da megzuroba gauwioT.
Tqveni naweris gacnobisas mkiTxvels upiratesad ainteresebs, ra
zegavlenas moaxdens avtoris naazrevi mis cnobierebaze, Seucvlis
Tu ara Sexedulebebs da ramdenad SeaZlebinebs gonebaSi arsebuli
problemis gadaWras. amitom igi Tqvens nawers Tavidan erTgvari
eWviT uyurebs. ipovis ki masSi rasac eZebda, Tu iseT rames aRmoaCens,
rac araTu gamousadegaria misTvis, aramed principulad miuRebelic.
es imitom, rom mkiTxveli gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, sakuTar
interesebs ukavSirebs.
es aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinoT da vidre weras daiwyebT,
mkiTxvelis inteleqtualuri donec unda gansazRvroT. Tu Tqveni
gamokvleva sazogadoebrivad aqtualuria da Seesabameba mkiTxvelis
interess, darwmunebuli iyaviT, rom naweriTac da TqveniTac
umravlesoba dainteresdeba.
Tu gamokvleva misTvis nacnobi iqneba, CaTvaleT, rom amaod
daSvrebiT. amitom seriozuli fiqria imaze saWiro, Tu rogor unda
miawodoT informacia mkiTxvels anda raSi dasWirdeba mas igi.
zemoaRniSnuli rom SevajamoT, mkiTxvelis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarma
aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi garemoebebi:
 samecniero naSromi mkiTxvelisTvis aucileblad unda
Seicavdes
siaxles. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mas ar miiRebs, bolomde ar
waikiTxavs;
 Tu mkiTxvels sakvlev problemaze araswori Sexeduleba aqvs,
mkvlevarma unda daarwmunos simcdareSi da sanacvlod Tavisi
Tvalsazrisi SesTavazos;
 Tu mkiTxvels sakvlev problemaze saerTod ar aqvs pasuxi,
mkvlevarma unda daarwmunos, rom mas swored SeTavazebul naSromSi
ipovis;
 Tu SeTavazebuli sakvlevi problema mkiTxvels aqtualurad ar
moeCvena, mkvlevari yvelanairad unda ecados mis darwmunebas Tavisi
kvlevis aqtualurobaSi;
41
  mkvlevari imisTvisac unda iyos mzad, rom yvelas ver
moawonebs naSroms,yvelaze ver moaxdens zegavlenas da sakuTari
kvlevis SedegebiT ver Seacvlevinebs ukve SemuSavebul Sexedulebas.
aseTi mkiTxveli, pirvel xanebSi mainc, ubralod unda ugulebelyos.
 mTavaria, mkvlevarma icodes, ra mizniT qmnis samecniero
naSroms, anu Tavidanve cxadad unda gvqondes warmodgenili:
 visTvis vwerT: sakuTari interesebis dasakmayofileblad, vinmes
surviliT (SekveTiT) Tu problemis aqtualurobis gamo, romelsac
Teoriuli an praqtikuli gamosavali eqneba;
 aqedan gamomdinare, isic unda gvqondes gaTvaliswinebuli, ras
vTavazobT mkiTxvels, saiT migvyavs, ra SekiTxvebze ipovis igi pasuxs
Cvens naSromSi, ras Sehmatebs mas Cveni naazrevi.
 yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki sakuTari Tavis rwmenaa anu rwmena
imisa, rom Cveni kvleva raime sargebels aucileblad moutans
mkiTxvels; Tavidan naSromi romc ar miiRos, ar gaiziaros masSi
gadmocemuli Sexedulebebi, aucileblad dadgeba dro, roca Cvens
simarTles aRiarebs.

4. damwyebi mkvlevari da samecniero xelmZRvaneli

mecnierul kvlevaSi Tqveni pirveli nabijebi samecniero
xelmZRvanelTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc bavSvi ver aidgams fexs
dauxmareblad (xelCaukideblad), ise Tqven ver iqceviT mkvlevrebad
samecniero xelmZRvanelis gareSe. pirveli nabijebi masTan erTad
unda gadadgaT, siaruli unda iswavloT.
sakvlev Temas an TviTon irCevT, an daxmarebisTvis Tqvens
profesors mimarTavT.
profesori, Cveulebriv, ori tipis Temas SemogTavazebT: an iseTs,
rac misi mecnieruli interesebis sferodanaa da Zalian kargad icis;
an iseTs, rac TviTonac zogadad icis da unda, TqvenTan erTad
Seiswavlos Rrmad da safuZvlianad.
ufro swori da pedagogiurad gamarTlebuli meore gzaa.
profesori sakvlev Temaze TqvenTan erToblivi muSaobis procesSi
42
Tavadac gaifarToebs codnas, raTa profesionaluri rCeva-darigebani
ar mogakloT. profesori meore tipis Temas im SemTxvevaSi
SemogTavazebT, Tu gendobaT da darwmunebulia Tqveni arCevnis
(kvlevis survilis) gulwrfelobaSi.
zogi profesori uars ambobs gacveTili Temebis
xelmZRvanelobaze, magram zogjer mainc daTmobs erTaderTi
mizeziT: Wirveuli studentis mosarjuleblad.
arcTu iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac profesori raime problemas
ikvlevs da informaciis mopovebaSi siZneleebs awydeba. amitom
students iseT Temas sTavazobs, rac misi didi sakvlevi problemis
masalaze (wyaroebze) iqneba damyarebuli. rodesac studenti
TemisTvis moiZiebs wyaroebs, amiT Tavis profesorsac did samsaxurs
gauwevs, radgan masalas isic gamoiyenebs. roca profesoris Tema
mravalaspeqtiania, studenti ki bevri hyavs, yovel maTgans Tavisi
Temis sxvadasxva nawilze amuSavebs.
cudia es Tu ara?
cudi aranairad ar aris, radgan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, studentebi
erTi didi Temis (problemis) qveTemebze muSaobiT uneblieT
Tavisebur korporacias Seqmnian. maT Tu ecodinebaT, rom
SeTavazebuli Tema erTi didi Temis nawilia, jer erTi, muSaobis
damatebiTi stimuli eqnebaT (raRac didis keTebaSi monawileobis
SegnebiT), meorec, maT erTmaneTSi Temaze muSaobis mimdinarobisa Tu
Sedegebis gadamowmebis saSualebac gauCndebaT, amas garda,
studentebi sakuTar naSromTa gamoqveynebasac SeZleben.
magram SesaZloa piriqiTac moxdes. pedagogma Segnebulad, ZaliT
SeaCeCos students Tema, raTa sakuTari sakvlevi problemisTvis
saWiro wyaroze amuSaos. aseT Temaze studenti uxalisod,
uinteresod imuSavebs da Sedegsac Sesabamiss miiRebs_naSromi
Sinaarsobrivad uRimRamo da citatebiT gadatvirTuli gamova.
pedagogi am wyaroebis masalas saTavisod gamoiyenebs, studentis
naSroms ki saerTod ar axsenebs, radgan masSi mosaxseniebel-
misaTiTebeli arc araferi iqneba.
43
 zogjer SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom studentTan muSaobisas
pedagogs gadaaviwydes kidevac, ra aris sakuTriv misi daxmarebis
Sedegi studentis naSromSi, ra ekuTvnis Tavad students da mere
saTavisod gamoiyenos sxvisi naSromis Sedegi.
rogor aviciloT Tavidan xifaTi?
upirvelesad samecniero xelmZRvaneli unda SevarCioT ara marto
mecnieruli kvalifikaciis (profesionalizmis) niSniT, aramed
moqalaqeobrivi poziciis, mrwamsis, pirovnuli Rirsebebis
gaTvaliswinebiTac. saWiro informaciis mopoveba
ufroskurselebisaganac SeiZleba. studentebi xom kargad icnoben
TavianT pedagogebs da zepirsityvier daxasiaTebebs “gulmodgined”
gadascemen Taobidan Taobebs.
sagulisxmoa kidev erTi momenti: studentma Tavi gaqurdulad ar
unda CaTvalos, Tu garkveuli xnis Semdeg im Temaze, romelzedac
adre imuSava, samecniero naSroms misi romelime pedagogi
gamoaqveynebs. mecnierul interesTa sferoSi es sruliad bunebrivi
movlenaa. aq mTavaria, ar dadgindes plagiatis faqti. pedagogis
mxridan aq plagiati studenturi naSromis teqstis (an misi nawilis)
misakuTrebaSi ki ar gamovlindeba, aramed faqtobrivi masalis
monacemebis gamoyenebaSi wyaros miuTiTeblad.
axla cota dawvrilebiT iseTi SemTxveva ganvixiloT, rodesac
studenti Tavad irCevs sakvlev Temas. aseT viTarebaSi is erTgvari
arCevnis winaSe dgeba. erTi mxriv, imaze fiqrobs, romeli Tema iqneba
maqsimalurad momgebiani da miaRwevs Tu ara mizans am TemiT Zalisa
da energiis (da rac mTavaria, drois!_siCqare xom lamis xasiaTis
mTavari niaSnia axalgazrdobaSi!) naklebi xarjviT.
aqedan gamomdinare, upirvelesi kiTxva, rasac aseT SemTxvevaSi
studenti Tavis Tavs dausvams, iqneba: rogori Temis arCeva sjobs?-
istoriulis, Teoriuli problematikis Semcvelisa, Tu misi
yoveldRiurobis amsaxvelis.
erudirebuli studenti, romelic mecnieruli kvlevis
“moyvarulia” da kiTxva-gaazrebis doneze mainc aris “saqmeSi
44
Caxeduli”, ufro problemur_Teoriul Temas airCevs. riskenac mas
axalgazrduli da jansaRi pativmoyvareobac (kargi gagebiT!) ubiZgebs,
radgan warmatebul mkvlevarTa saxeliTa da didebiT brwyinvalebis
magaliTebi uxvad eqneba wakiTxuli.
Tu studenti, swavlis paralelurad, aqtiurad aris CarTuli
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi (studenturi TviTmmarTvelobis,
arasamTavrobo, saqvelmoqmedo da aseTi tipis sxva organizaciebSi),
ufro Tavis muSaobasTan dakavSirebul praqtikul Temas airCevs.
orive arCevani, rasakvirvelia, gamarTlebulia da mTlianad
studentis gadasawyvetia, magram am momentSi aucileblad unda
daufiqrdes Semdeg garemoebas:
problemur-Teoriuli Temis kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, upirvelesad
imaze mouwevs fiqri, rasac yoveldRiuri yofiTi masalis samecniero
problemad gadaqceva hqvia da rac xSirad kvlevis axali meTodisa
Tu meTodologiis Seqmnasac ki iTxovs.
amas garda, arian iseTi studentebi, romlebic imitomac gaurbian
problemur-Teoriul Temebs, rom ver garkveulan, saerTod ratom
unda ikvlion, ratom unda weron gamokvlevebi da ratom unda Seqmnan
mecnieruli naSromebi. amitom sakuTari wvlilis kvlevebSi Setanis
TvalsazrisiT ufro perspeqtiulad praqtikul-gamoyenebiT Temebs
etanebian. magram aseT dros Tu students socialur-politikuri
gamocdileba aqvs da saTanado masalac moepoveba mecnieruli
ganzogadoebebisa da daskvnebisTvis, xom kargi, magram Tu araferi
aqvs_arc gamocdileba da arc masala? maSin raRa unda qnas? an ra
gamouva, Tu mainc moiwadina praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi Temis damuSaveba?
aseTi studenti bevrs verafers miaRwevs. mas uamravi Canaweri,
cnoba, statistikuri monacemebi (maT Soris cxrilebi, diagramebi)
daugrovdeba, romlebsac an TviTon “moiZiebs” naCqarevad, umokles
droSi (radgan naSromis mecnier-xelmZRvanelTan wardgenis vadiT
iqneba SezRuduli), an sxvaTagan “isesxebs”. bolos igi qaRaldis
dastebs mouyris Tavs da “gamokvlevad” waradgens samsjavroze, Tan
mecnierul kvlevebSi warmatebaze seriozuli pretenziebic eqneba.
45
 aseTi, dasta-dastad Sekruli “naSromi,” ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
sakvlevi Temis naxevarfabrikati iqneba da sargebels aravis moutans,
miTumetes, students. sxvaTa TvalSi is mxolod avantiurist-
karieristisa da xedvaSezRudulis iarliys daimsaxurebs. masTan
urTierTobis survili aRarc pedagogs eqneba da mis CamoSorebas
Seecdeba.
arada amgvari Temebis arCeva studentebSi am bolo dros
erTgvarad moduric ki gaxda. am arasasurvel tendenciebs biZgs
aZlevs ucxo garemodan SemoWrili kvlevis tradiciebi da
meTodologiebi, romlebic mecnierulis pretenzias aniWebs
statistikur-kvantitatiuri elferis iseT gigantur gamokvlevebs,
romlebsac realobasTan saerTo araferi aqvT. amis Semxedvare
studentTa erTi nawili gaurbis aseT sociologias (ufro
“sociometria” rom aris da sazogadoebis zedafenis ideologiur
safars rom warmoadgens). yvelaze samwuxaro ki am movlenaSi isaa,
rom students guli ucruvdeba mecnierul kvlevaze da mecnieruli
naSromis nacvlad qaRaldis grovebis daxvavebasa da myvirala
(dausabuTebeli) ganacxadebis keTebisken miiswrafis.
rogor aviciloT Tavidan aseTi safrTxe? upirvelesad, CvenTvis
saintereso Temebze seriozuli mecnieruli naSromebi unda vikiTxoT.
Tu praqtikul sociologiur muSaobaSi CavebmeviT, aseTi gziT
masalis mosapoveblad Sesabamisi codna da gamocdileba unda
davagrovoT da amiT ara marto naRdi, pirvelxarisxovani masalis
moZieba viswavloT, aramed maT safuZvelze mecnieruli kvleva
SevZloT.

5. samecniero problemaTa saxeobani:

axla zogadad gaviazroT, ras warmoadgens problemur-Teoriuli
Tema da ra Sinaarss Seicavs. problemuri anu Teoriuli Tema
ganyenebuli problemis Semcvelia. mecnierul pratqikaSi ki Semdegi
saxeobebia dafiqsirebuli:
 monografiuli;
46
  mimoxilviTi;
 istoriuli;
 Teoriuli.
rogorc ki studenti sakvlevi Temis damuSavebis davalebas
miiRebs, arCevnis winaSe dadgeba, imave wams iseTi mecnieruli
naSromis Seqmnaze iwyebs fiqrs, qveyanas rom SeZravs. am fiqris
fsiqologiuri motivaciac arsebobs_mas, rogorc students, sakvlev
saganSi ultraTanamedrove codna aqvs SeZenili, Tanac
sauniversiteto kurikulumebic amas Caagoneben. igi sruliad
darwmunebulia, rom unari aqvs, Seqmnas raRac axali, Seudarebeli,
jer arnaxuli da argagonili. amitom pirvel rigSi, rac SeiZleba
did Temebs etaneba.
aseT students al. WavWavaZis poeziidan romelime leqsis analizi
rom SevTavazoT, ar daakmayofilebs, ecotaveba, epataraveba am poetis
romelime SemoqmedebiTi motivis kvleva (al. WavWavaZis qarTul
romantizmSi adgilis gansazRvris mizniT), ufro didi Temac patarad
da, Tavisi SesaZleblobisTvis, Seufereblad moeCveneba (mag., aseTi:
qarTuli romantikuli mwerlobis roli XIX saukunis qarTul
literaturaSi evropeizmis damkvidrebaSi). mas ufro masStaburi
Temisaken gauwevs guli.
mtkiced unda davimaxsovroT: masStaburi Tema yovelTvis did
xifaTs Seicavs. didi Temis aweva students ki ara, sakmaod gamocdil
mkvlevarsac uWirs. xolo Tu studenti mainc daiJinebs da did Temas
SeeWideba (Tundac, evropeizmi XIX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi),
kvleviTi naSromis nacvlad qarTvel mweralTa im Txzulebebis
nusxis Sedgena gamouva, sadac evropuli azrovnebisa da
literaturuli tradiciebis kvali SeiniSneba. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi
naSromebis damweri studentebi mainc ukmayofiloni arian, radgan
fiqroben, rom maTs niWs gasaqans ar aZleven.
didi Temis damuSaveba did drosac saWiroebs, warmoudgenel
fizikur, inteleqtualur Zalisxmevas da sakmao gamocdilebas. amas
garda, damwyeb mkvlevars didi Tema sxva maxesac ugebs: misi
47
damuSaveba unaklod (raime aspeqtis, faqtis ugulebelyofis gareSe)
yovlad warmoudgenelia. amis gamo mkvlevari mkiTxvelis Setevisagan,
faqtobrivad, daucvelia.
aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, did Temas yovelTvis mcire
(konkretuli) sjobs, rac students erT mniSvnelovan upiratesobas
aniWebs: aseT naSromSi gamoyenebuli masala naklebad iqneba cnobili
misi mkiTxvelisTvis, xelmZRvanelisTvis, oponentebisTvis. sakvlevi
Tema masze ukeT aravis ecodineba da daskvnebic ufro damajerebeli
iqneba.
mcire Tema, didis msgavsad, saxeobrivad, SeiZleba iyos
monografiuli, mimoxilviTi, istoriuli da Teoriuli.

monografiuli
monografiuli iseT Temas ewodeba, romelic erTi konkretuli
sakiTxis kvlevas Seicavs. am niSniT monografia saxelmZRvanelosac
upirispirdeba, enciklopediasac da istoriuli xasiaTis
gamokvlevebsac. Tumca monografia masalis mravalferovnebas ar
gamoricxavs. mag.,, zemoaRniSnuli gagebiT, monografiuli iqneba
naSromi “buneba romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi”. magram aq Seswavlis
sagnad iqceva araerTi avtoris Txzulebebi (cnobilisac da
naklebcnobilisac), amitom aseTi Tema mkvlevrisTvis erT xifaTs
Seicavs: masalis siuxvis gamo, SeiZleba naSromis monografiuloba
dairRves, mimoxilviT nawilebad daiSalos. gamosavali aqac Temis
SekumSvaa (mag., ase: “buneba qarTvel romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi”).

mimoxilviTi
mimoxilviTi Tema raime problemis (sakiTxis) niSniT sxvadasxva
avtoris kvlevis SedegTa ganxilva-Sefasebasa da logikuri
(azrobrivi) an qronologiuri principiT dalagebas moicavs.
mimoxilviTi Temebi ufro mimzidvelia, Tumca isic
48
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mimoxilvas nebismieri saxeoba Seicavs, maT
Soris monografiulic. mimoxilva, Cveulebriv, problemis kvlevis
fons qmnis, avtoris kvlevis winaviTarebas warmoaCens. mag., Tu
nikoloz baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas monografiulad vikvlevT, es ar
gamoricxavs (piriqiT, gulisxmobs kidevac) sxva qarTveli
romantikosebis SemoqmedebaTa mimoxilvas konkretuli aspeqtebiT n.
baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis sakvlevi fonis Sesaqmnelad.

istoriuli
Temis istoriuloba maincadamainc erovnuli an saxelmwifos
istoriis sakiTxebis kvlevas ar gulisxmobs. istoriulia Tema, Tu
raime sakiTxis, problemis, mecnierebis dargis istoriaa (Casaxva-
ganviTarebis gzebi, tendenciebi) gamokvleuli.
zogierTi mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom mecnierebis calkeuli
dargebisTvis istoriuli kvleva naklebperspeqtiulia
(kompoziciisa_arqiteqturaSi, atomur reaqtorebisa_fizikaSi),
sxvebisTvis (Tundac, humanitaruli mecnierebaTaTvis) ki-piriqiT,
ufro didi Sedegebis momtania. aseTi Tvalsazrisi zogadad
dazustebas saWiroebs, radgan istoriuli (Tundac mimoxilviTi)
nawili yvela saxis kvlevaSia. istoriuli interesis sagnis
parametrebia mecnieruli dargisa.

Teoriuli
kvlevis sagania ganyenebuli problema, romelic, SesaZloa,
odesRac sxva avtorTa mier iyos nakvlevi da mecnierisTvis ucnobic,
xeluxlebelic.
damwyebi mkvlevari Teoriul kvlevas ori aspeqtiT warmarTavs: an
iseT naSroms qmnis, romelic mxolod problemis mimoxilva iqneba, an
wers sul ramdenimegverdians, romelSic ganyenebuli problemis
gadaWra iqneba SemoTavazebuli. ufro metad, am oridan damwyebi
mkvlevrebi (studentebi) meore aspeqtiT warmarTaven xolme kvlevebs.
49
magram aq, Cveulebriv, erTi samwuxaro ambavi xdeba: aseT naSromSi
nakleb (an TiTqmis mTlianad) aris gaTvaliswinebuli Teoriul
problemaze arsebuli sxva mkvlevrebis mosazrebebi. kvleva, rogorc
ityvian, nulidanaa dawyebuli. aseTi naSromebis avtorebi fiqroben,
rom maTi qmnileba didad dasafasebelia aseTi gabedulebisTvis
(Sedegis miuxedavad), radgan azris siTamamiT aRemateba kompilaciebis
avtorTa ususurobas.
aseTi naSromi, SesaZloa, marTlac Seicavdes problemis
gadawyvetas, magram es uiSviaTesi movlena iqneba, radgan Cveulebriv
aseT student-avtorebs, rogorc praqtika cxadyofs, sakmaod
bundovani warmodgena aqvT xolme sakvlev problemaze da mxolod
uzomo pativmoyvareoba amoZravebT. gamoricxuli arc studentis
geniosobaa, magram genialobis bunebidan gamomdinare (geniosi xom
dros uswrebs win, TanamedroveTaTvis Seucnobelia), misi aRiareba am
etapze ver moxerxdeba.
Tu studenti mainc Teoriul kvlevas airCevs, ganyenebul
problemas gamoikvlevs, gadaWris, Tavisi Sedegis efeqturad
warmoCenis saimedo gzas unda daadges: Teoriuli problema
istoriuli problemis saxiT unda warmoadginos, anu sakuTriv misi
gadaWris dasabuTebamde am problemis kvlevis istorias unda
gaecnos. saWiroa sxva mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebic mimoixilos
azrobriv-logikuri da qronologiuri principiT da bolos, rogorc
azris logikuri srulyofa, Tavisi Teoriuli gadawyveta
warmoadginos.
specialistebis rCeviTac, Tu students maincadamainc “ar eTmoba”
Tavisi Teoriuli naRvawi, SeuZlia istoriuli gamokvlevis bolo
Tavad warmoadginos. ase mkiTxveli ufro advilad gaigebs, ras
amtkicebs avtori, radgan winamorbedTa fonze misi naazrevi ufro
cxadad gamoCndeba.
aRniSnuli mxolod eqsperimentul kvlevebs ar exeba, radgan
Teoriuli problemis gadawyvetas win laboratoriuli
samuSaoebi_cdebi uZRvis da naSromSi, rogorc wesi, yvelaferi
50
dawvrilebiT aRiwereba. miTiTebulia aseve meTodi, kvlevis
meTodologia, xolo am fonze miRebuli Sedegis logikuroba saeWvo
aRar iqneba.
zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis azrobrivi da problemuri
sisrulisTvis erTi aspeqtic unda ganvixiloT. rogor (ra saxis)
masalaze sjobs kvlevis dafuZneba_mecnierebaSi cnobilze anu
klasikurze Tu Tanamedroveze?
marTalia, sakiTxis ase dayeneba qaTmisa da kvercxis ambavs
Camohgavs, magram rakiRa aseTi kiTxva Cndeba, pasuxic unda
arsebobdes. es miT ufro aucilebelia, rom mecnierebis zogierT
dargs igi arc ki Seexeba (gansakuTrebiT gamoyenebiTi xasiaTisas,
eqsperimentuls).
es ki bevrgan Zalian pirobiTia. magaliTad, qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi uamravi gamokvleva arsebobs vaJa_fSavelas Semoqmedebaze.
bevri naSromia vaJaologiaSic. vaJaologiuri Sromebi Tanamedrovea,
qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi adreve dawerili gamokvlevebi
ki_klasikuri. rogorc vxedavT, erT sakvlev problemaze orive saxis
masala arsebobs.
studentebs arCevis dros guli mainc Tanamedrove masalisken
miuwevT. Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerlobis tendenciebis kvlevas
ufro xalisiT hkideben xels, magaliTad, goderZi Coxelis
Txzulebebi ufro ainteresebT, vidre mose xoneli da misi
“amirandarejaniani”.
arCevani gemovnebis ambavia, gemovnebaze ki ar davoben, magram erTi
mainc kargad unda davimaxsovroT: Tanamedroveobaze wera (kvleva)
klasikurze gacilebiT Znelia.
Tanamedrove TemaSi students, rasakvirevelia, pirvel yovlisa,
wyaroTa simcire xiblavs. Tu avtoris teqstebi moixelTa, mosaZebni
marto presaSi gamoxmaurebebi (recenziebi) eqneba. amas garda, kvalis
pirveli gamvlebis saxelis mopovebac acdunebs. es garkveulwilad
marTlac asea, magram klasikur Temas TanamedrovesTan SedarebiT
mainc didi upiratesoba aqvs, gansakuTrebiT mecnieruli kvlevis
51
sawyis etapze.
klasikurSi, marTalia, xnuli ukve gavlebulia, magram kvlevis
didi gamocdilebacaa dagrovili, xolo winamorbed mkvlevarTagan
problemis gadaWraSi nacadi gzebi saqmes aiolebs. Tanamedrove
Temebis kvlevis dros ki yvelaferi piriqiTaa. presis mimoxilvebi
pirvel, saerTo STabeWdilebebs warmoaCens, rac seriozuli kvleviT,
SesaZloa, saerTod arc dadasturdes. amitom isini students didad
ver waadgeba. Tavad misi Tvalsazrisi ki moklebuli iqneba seriozul
perspeqtivebs Semdgomi kvlevis dros safuZvlis arqonis gamo da
kvlevac mZimed warimarTeba, ormagad da sammagad meti ZalisxmeviT.
klasikur Temaze samuSao, rasakvirvelia, bevrad metia.
bibliografiac gacilebiT vrceli iqneba, magram isic
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am bibliografiis didi nawili sxvis
(winamorbed mkvlevarTa) mier ukve iqneba Sesrulebuli.
amas garda, klasikur Temaze muSaoba studentisTvis sxva mxrivac
aris sasargeblo. winamorbed mkvlevarTa wera-azrovneba misTvis
magaliTi iqneba, Tu rogor unda ikvlios da weros. amasTan gaecnoba
mecnieruli kvlevis principebs, praqtikulad Seicnobs samecniero
stilis Taviseburebebis gamovlenebs sxvadasxva konteqstSi da a.S.,
Tanamedroveobis Temaze (masalaze) ki am uaRresad mniSvnelovan
saSualebas moklebuli iqneba.
STambeWdavi, Rrma kvalis gamvlebi naSromis Seqmna damwyeb
mkvlevars_students, rasakvirvelia, Tanamedroveobis Temazedac
SeuZlia, oRond aseT SemTxvevaSi specialistebi Semdeg rCevas
gvTavazoben, rasac, bunebrivia, Cvenc vuerTdebiT:
arCevis Tanamedrove Temasac iseve unda mivudgeT, rogorc Zvels,
klasikurs, xolo klasikurs_ rogorc Tanamedroves (umberto eko).

6. kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebis sferoebi

kvlevis Sedegebi
movlenebs cota win gavuswroT da davsvaT aseTi kiTxva: davuSvaT,

52
bolomde muyaiTad mivyeviT winamdebare wignis rCevebs, yvelaferi
SevasruleT da misi rekomendaciebis safuZvelze karga rigiani
gamokvlevac davwereT. ra SegvZina, ra Segvmata am faqtma?
pasuxad, upirvelesad, movismenT,__esa Tu is akademiuri xarisxio.
pragmatuli goneba imasac daamatebs: aba, sxva raRa gindao. magram
marTlac asea? marTlac nair-nairi xarisxis mosapoveblad irjeba
mkvlevarTa maZiebeli goneba? rasakvirvelia, ara! ase rom yofiliyo,
nebismieri mkvlevari molod im da imden gamokvlevas dawerda, ra da
ramdeni akademiuri xarisxis mopovebac eqneboda dasaxuli miznad
cxovrebaSi. realoba ki sul sxvas cxadyofs: WeSmariti
mkvlevrisTvis absoluturad ucxoa miRweuliT kmayofileba da
Tundac dafnis gvirgviniT Tavis damSveneba.
ukve iTqva, rom maZiebloba, Zieba, kvleva adamianis genetikaSia
kodirebuli. uxilavis xilvis, ucnobis Secnobis siamovneba da
sixaruli upirvelesi da umTavresi gancdaa adamianisTvis, radganac
igi Secnobas, TviTrealizebas enivTeba. amas sxvaze aRmatebulobis
gancdac emateba: me is vici, rac sxvam ar icis_am azris Segneba
bavSvobis asakidanve gansazRvravs adamianSi sakuTari Rirsebis
SegrZnebas da amiT sicocxlis bolomde amayobs. amas garda,
aranaklebi siamayis Semcvelia imis SegrZnebac, rom Sen Seni
gamokvleviT sakacobrio codnaSi raRac wvlili Seitane. aqedan ki,
TavisTavad, is daskvnac gamomdinareobs, rom kvlevas mravalnairi
mniSvneloba aqvs. amaTgan upirvelesi misi kerZoobiTi da
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebaa.

kvlevis Rirebuleba
kacobriuli codnis sidiade TvalsaCinod maSin warmogvidgeba,
roca siZveleTsacavebisa Tu wignTsacavebis (biblioTekebis)
saufloSi SevabijebT. mzera erTbaSad “mimoirbens” saukuneebSi
STabeWdil epoqebs, milionobiT mkvlevris nafiqr-naazrevs, nakvlevs,
gadaWril problemebs, samyaros idumalebaTa pasuxgacemul kiTxvebs.
davrwmundebiT imaSi, rom Tavidan calkeul mkvlevarTa mignebebi
53
momavalSi yvelas sakuTreba gaxda.
Tanamedrove civilizacia saerTod warmoudgenelia kvlevis
gareSe. miliardobiT Tanxa ixarjeba msoflioSi kvlevaTa
dasafinanseb;lad.
kvleva da misi Sedegebis aRwera udidesi industriaa, msoflio
industria, radgan kvleva da aRwera informaciis Seqmnaa. informacia
ki Tanamedroveobis, globalizaciis epoqis yvelaze didi kapitalia.
hegemonobas informirebulobis xarisxi da done gansazRvravs. es
yvelaze ZviradRirebuli biznesia. amitom visac kvlevis warmoeba an
sxvisi nakvlevis damajerebeli aRwera ar SeuZlia, Tanamedrove
civilizaciis geri gaxdeba.
amitom cxadia, vikvlevT imitom, rom Tavad Cveni arseboba,
cxovrebaa yoveldRiuri kvleva-Zieba. sistematurad raRacas viZiebT,
veZebT, vsvamT kiTxvebs, veZebT pasuxebs, informacias da vcdilobT
problemaTa gadaWras.
kvleviT bevri ikvlevs, magram weriT Zalian mcire nawili aRwers
nakvlevs. amis upirvelesi mizezia is faqti, rom Cveni kvlevebi
sakuTar kerZo interesebs, pirovnul miznebs efuZneba. miuxedavad
amisa, miznebis subieqturoba mainc pirobiTia da garkveulwilad,
sazogadoebrivs exmianeba. es imaSic vlindeba, rom Cveni kvleva
cariel adgilze ar warmoebs, arc TviTkmaria. igi mizez-
Sedegobrivad aris gaSlili warsulsa da momavalSi. warsulTan
Cvens kvlevebs winamorbedTa monapovrebis gamoyeneba akavSirebs,
xolo momavalTan_Cveni kvlevebis Sedegebis momavali drois,
Taobebis mkvlevarTa mier TavianT kvlevebSi gamoyenebis aucilebeli
perspeqtiva. am kavSiris safuZveli, bunebrivia, ndoba da rwmenaa.
winamorbedTa nakvlevs xom mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenebT, Tu
vendobiT da gvwams misi namdvilobis.
sxvebis aseTi sando nakvlevis gamouyeneblad sakuTari kvlevebis
“naWuWSi” CaviketebodiT. da mainc aq ndobas udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs. es imitom, rom xSirad mcdari informaciac vrceldeba da mas
sakmaod bevri endoba. aseT ndobas ki katastrofis gamowvevac
54
SeuZlia da, miuxedavad am safrTxisa, dRemde kacobrioba ndobis
wyalobiTaa aseTi morWmuli, swored Cveni kvlevebis wyalobiT aris
amgvari, xolo xval sruliad sxvanairi gaxdeba.
ukve gavarkvieT, rom kvleva urTulesi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis
sferoa da rom mkvlevarTagan, niWTan erTad, udides Zalisxmevas
iTxovs. amitom bevrma Tqvenganma, SesaZloa, uari Tqvas aseT
saqmianobaze da cxovrebis sxva gza airCios. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa,
gaemijnos kidevac winamdebare saswavlo disciplinas (“akademiur
weras”) imis gaTvalsiwinebiT, rom misi studenturi kvlevebi viwro
wrisTvis (maswavlebelisa Tu konkretuli studenturi jgufis
seminarebisTvis) iqneba gankuTvnili. amasTan es pirveli proeqtebi,
albaT, Tavisi mecnieruli Rirebulebis masStabiTac ver miipyrobs
sayovelTao (msoflio) yuradRebas.
gulacruebis mizezi, albaT, isic iqneba, rom Tqveni kvlevis
proeqtis damkveTma pedagogma, bunebrivia, icis pasuxi yvela kiTxvaze,
rac Tqven muyaiTi SromiT unda moiZioT. gulSi imasac ki gaifiqrebT,
am “wvalebas” ar sjobda, pedagogs pasuxebic moewodebina, kvlevis
processac am magaliTebiT TvalsaCinod Semacnobinebda, drosac
gvarianad dazogavdao.
Tumca ufro imaSi varT darwmunebulni, rom amgvari fiqri Tqvens
gonebaSi fesvs ver gaidgams, radgan kargad iciT swavlisa da
ganaTlebis arsi: swavla, farTo gagebiT, xom sxvisi codnis
(informaciis) gacnoba-gaTavisebaa, romlis safuZvelzedac
inteleqtualuri baza unda SeqmnaT sakuTari TavisTvis, rasac
SemdegSi gamoukvlevelis kvlevebs daafuZnebT. amitom unda
vikvlioT, raTa viswavloT kvleva da kidev.. mTeli es procesi unda
aRvweroT, vweroT...

weris mizandasaxulobaTa sxva aspeqtebi

raki imaze SevTanxmdiT, rom unda vweroT, modiT, isic
davakonkretoT, ra mizandasaxuloba SeiZleba Caidos Cvens nawerSi.
 rogorc zemoT vTqviT, upirvelesi (da umartivesi) mizezi
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imisa, Tu ra saWiroa wera, Cveni mexsierebaa. adamianis goneba
yoveldRiurad veeberTela informacias iRebs. rac ar unda
gamoirCeodes Tavisi mexsierebiT, miRebul informacias misi goneba
mainc ver imaxsovrebs, da romc daimaxsovros, uWirs misi
sistematizeba, klasificireba da a.S. am saSiSroebis Tavidan
asacileblad erTaderTi gzaa Cawera.
swored amitom aris, rom nacadi, profesionali mkvlevrebi
proeqtze muSaobas masalis CaweriT iwyeben. Canawerebis dagrovebiT
isini TvalnaTliv xedaven ra moipoves, afaseben masalis Rirseba-
naklovanebebs, asistemeben RirebulebaTa mixedviT, raTa informacia
iolad gaixsenon. amdenad, weris erT-erTi mizania informaciis
Senaxva SemdgomSi gamoyenebis mizniT. aq, albaT, adamianis mexsierebis
erTi Tvisebac unda davimaxsovroT: cnobilia, rom goneba
Tavdapirvelad lamis fotografiuli sizustiT aRibeWdavs
informacias da Semdeg awvdis mexsierebas, romelsac rTuli,_sul
cota ornawiliani meqanizmi aqvs. pirveli aqtiuria (informaciis
swrafi ukandabrunebis unariT gamoirCeva), meore_pasiuri. am nawils,
mexsierebaSi “Rrmad Camarxulobis” gamo, qvecnobiers uwodeben. es is
nawilia, romelsac informacia kidevac axsovs da arc axsovs. magram,
rogorc Cans, adamianis azrovnebis meqanizmi imgvarad muSaobs, rom
saWiroebis Jams qvecnobieri pirvel nawilSi (cnobierSi)
gadmoinacvlebs da Senaxul informacias moTxovnisamebr “miawvdis”
gonebas.
 meore mizezi werisa Cveni naazrevis mowesrigebaa: miRebuli
informaciis safuZvelze TavCenili ideebis mizez-Sedegobrivi
dalageba, kvlevis Sedegebis gamTlianeba da a.S. weris procesSi
yvela iseTi detali ikavebs kuTvnil adgils proeqtis erTian
struqturaSi, sxva viTarebaSi gonebas rom “gamorCeboda”.
informaciis sisrule iqiT iyos, wera sakuTari argumentebis
dasalageblad da sxvadasxva avtoris mosazrebebTan mimarTebis
gamosakveTad mainc dagWirdebaT. aRniSnuli kidev erTxel cxadyofs,
rom wera astimulirebs da awesrigebs (asistemebs) azrovnebas,
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gvexmareba ara marto imis gaazrebaSi, rasac vswavlobT, aramed
naswavlis mniSvnelobis SecnobaSic. anu vwerT, raTa SevicnoT;
 kidev erTi mizezi werisa vizualuri aspeqtia. qaRaldze
gadatanili (dawerili) Cveni nafiqri vizualuradac Cans, miT ufro,
Tu nawers TvalsaCinoebis masalac erTvis (cxrilebi, nair-nairi
statistikuri monacemis diagrama da a.S.). marTalia, bevri varaudobs,
rom azri gonebaSi arsebobisas ufro srulyofilia, radgan weris
procesSi raRac niuansebi ikargeba, magram zemoT ukve davinaxeT, rom
nawers erTi udavo upiratesoba mainc aqvs_azris fiqsirebis simyare.
amas garda, naweri azris ganmeorebis (retranslirebis)
TvalsazrisiTac inarCunebs Tavis Rirebulebas.
 weris saboloo produqts mkvlevari Sesabamis formas
uZebnis. kvlevis Sedegi mizandasaxulobis Sesatyvisad eseis,
referatis, statiis, gamokvlevis, monografiis da a.S. formas iZens. es
formebi kvleva-ZiebaTa tradiciebiT aris dadgenili. am formebisa da
weriTi azris gamosaxvis tradiciul saSualebaTa dacva yvela
mkvlevrisTvis savaldebuloa. amgvarma “SezRudvam” students
SesaZloa protestis grZnobac gauCinos, bunebrivad moeCvenos formis
arCevnis Tavisuflebis ufleba; rom formis dacvis aucilebloba da
pedagogisagan naswavli stiliT fiqri da kvleva mas maswavleblis
aCrdilad, epigonad Camoayalibebs, safrTxes Seuqmnis studentis
pirovnul individualobas. swavlis procesi garkveuli azriT,
rasakvirvelia, Seicavs aseTi safrTxis anarekls, magram
sxvas_arafers. swavla codnis momcemis mibaZvaa, magram es baZva
pirovnul individualobas gaqrobas ki ar uqadis, aramed swored mis
Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels, rac ufro kargad swavlob, miT ufro
kargad baZav; rac ufro kargad baZav, miT ufro Rrma ganaTlebas iZen;
rac ufro Rrma ganaTlebas iZen, miT ufro metad Sordebi
pirvelwyaros (pedagogs); rac ufro metad Sordebi pedagogs, miT
ufro didi TavisTavadobis, originalurobis ieriT aRibeWdeba Seni
azrovneba da kvleva (naweric).
kvlevis unar-Cvevebis daufleba Secvlis Tqvens azrovnebas da
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miznis miRwevis axal gzebs gaswavliT. Tqven sxvanairi gaxdebiT,
radgan sakuTari Tavis povnis gzaTa ZiebaSi sasurvel Tavisuflebas
moipovebT, romelsac WeSmariti Tavis uflebisaTvis aucilebeli
aspeqtic aZlierebs. esaa pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba.
kvleva, gansakuTrebiT wera, aZlierebs pasuxismgeblobas.
mkvlevari sxvebisaTvis-mkiTxvelTaTvis wers. marTalia, igi Tavis
naazrevs gadmoscems, magram cdilobs weros is (imaze weros) , rasac
misgan mkiTxveli elis.
ai, kidev ratomaa aucilebeli weraSi standartebis (gegma, forma)
dacva. standartul formaSi moqceul Tqveni kvlevis Sedegs
mkiTxveli ufro iolad aRiqvams. sxvebisTvis wera mkvlevarsac
aiZulebs daxvewos da xelmisawvdomi gaxados Tavisi naweri.
standartuli formebis dauflebiT mkvlevari sxvaTa nakvlevsac
ukeTesad Cawvdeba.
zemoaRniSnuli, vfiqrobT, damajereblad cxadyofs, rom kvlevis
Sedegebis werilobiTi gadmocema, azrovnebis sxva formebTan
SedarebiT, ufro srulyofilia.

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 Temis Zieba

1. samecniero interesebi, Temebi, problemebi, sakiTxebi

interesi saerTo raime Temis, sakiTxis, problemis Rrma

gaazrebis, gaTavisebis safuZvelze Cndeba. igi sabolood konkretdeba
da Temis, sakiTxis, problemis formasa da Sinaarss iZens.
konkretuli sagnis (saswavlo disciplinis) Seswavlisas
aucileblad Cndeba interesi (an interesebi), rac bolos Temad
(Temebad) Camoiqneba. interesTa mravalmxrivoba niWieri
(inteleqtualuri) adamianebis xvedria. niWier students gamudmebiT
utrialebs TavSi araerTi Tema, Zalac Seswevs maTi kvlevisa, magram
Temebis simravle warmosaxvasac Zalumad amuSavebs. warmosaxva
meocnebeobis mZlavri impulsicaa, magram garkveulwilad xels
uSlis mizanswrafulobas, erT (konkretul) Temaze fiqris
koncentrirebas. TemaTa simravle zogjer gulacruebis sababic xdeba.
Temis aRmoCena kvleva-Ziebis rTul procesSi pirveli nabijia.
kvleva ar aris Temis migneba da mis irgvliv informaciis moZieba.
muSaoba, miznisken swrafva swored amis Semdeg iwyeba. mizani ki,
rasakvirvelia, iseTi naSromis Seqmnaa, riTac mkiTxveli
dainteresdeba da waikiTxavs, kerZoobiTTan erTad, sazogadoebrivi
Rirebuleba eqneba.
informaciis moZieba da Tavmoyra kvlevaSi TviTmizani ar aris.
mTavari moZiebuli informaciis gamoyenebaa im kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad, rac Temaze muSaobisas gauCndeba mkvlevars. mkiTxvelic
misgan am kiTxvebze pasuxs (miseulis, rac imavdroulad
mkiTxvelisTvis aris) moelis.
es momenti kvlevaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. nacadi,
profesionali mkvlevrebisTvis kargad aris cnobili situacia, rasac
“masalaSi Cakargva” hqvia. es is situaciaa, roca mkvlevari SerCeuli
Temis irgvliv keTilsindisierad moiZiebs masalas, es masala ki

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raodenobrivad Zalian uxvi, amasTan iseTi STambeWdavi aRmoCndeba,
rom mkvlevari sakuTari miznis Sesabamisad mis fokusirebas axdens,
“masalaSi iZireba” da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi moZiebuli masalis
(informaciis) statistad, xolo misi naSromi statistikur krebulad
iqceva.
garegnulad es vlindeba naSromSi citatebis (sxvaTa
gamonaTqvamebis, mosazrebebis....) keTilsindisier gadmocemaSi. avtori
(mkvlevari) ki citatebs Soris ususuri, umzeo komentarebiT “Cans”.
mkvlevari Tavis amocanas gansxvavebulad unda xedavdes. misi
mizani konkretul kiTxvaze konkretuli pasuxis gacema ki ar unda
iyos, aramed kiTxvis dasma da im problemis gadaWra, romelic
sxvebisTvis mougvarebeli, Znelad mosagvarebeli an rTulad
aRsaqmelia.
marTalia, studenturi Tema ver iqneba amgvari saxis (ukve
cnobili problemis gadaWris mcdeloba iqneba), magram swavla
gadaWrili problemis Tqvenmier gadaWraze gadis.
Tavidan (sawyis etapze), SesaZloa, gaWirdeT arCeul TemaSi
sazogadoebisaTvis aqtualuri problemis gamoZebna, magram es siZnele
unda gadalaxoT, unda ecadoT. sxvagvarad verasodes gaxdebiT
mkvlevari.
Temis SerCeva fiqrisa da Ziebis (gansjis) sami etapisgan Sedgeba:
 Temis SerCeva (gamoZebna);
 SekiTxvis dasma;
 pasuxis mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba.
sakvlevi Temis SesarCevi procesi ki Semdeg momentebs Seicavs:
 sakuTari interesebis sferos povnas, gacnobierebas;
 interesebis dakonkretebas realur Temamde;
 arCeuli Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gamovlenas, TiToeulze
kiTxvis dasmiT;
 sakuTari proeqtis arsis (umTavresi azris), saWiroebis
(vargisianobis) gansazRvras.

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2. interesidan Temamde
zemoT ukve gaviazreT, rom interesi raime problemis, sakiTxis
gacnoba-gaazrebis, amocnobis, garkvevis survili da am survilis
gamoxatulebaa. amdenad, farTo gagebiT ramis interesia, Tumca
interesidan Temamde, anu interesis Temad dakonkretebamde gonebrivi
Sromis (fiqris, gansjis) garkveuli gzaa gawolili. am gzis gavlas
gamoucnobis wvdomis survili “gvaiZulebs”. am dros interesi
statiis, gamokvlevis (Tundac wignis) moculobiT konturebs iZens.
mkvlevrisTvis yvelaze didi bedniereba Temis arCevnis
Tavisuflebaa. aseT viTarebaSi imas irCevs, rac yvelaze metad
ainteresebs. amdenad Tema aseT dros sanukvari miswrafebebis
realizebis siamovnebas hgvris, xazs usvams gonebrivi mowifulobisa
da inteleqtualuri potenciis arsebobas, xolo imis Segneba, rom ase
Tavisuflad arCeuli Tema SeiZleba iqces kvlevis sagnad da
sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebac hqondes (daainteresos mkiTxveli), mas
sakuTari Rirsebis Segnebasac uviTarebs; Tavs miakuTvnebs im
adamianebs, romlebsac sazogadoebrivad aqtualuri problemis
danaxva, gasagneba (Temad qceva) kvleva da pasuxis povna ZaluZT,
iseTi pasuxisa, rogoric mis garda veravis mouxerxebia.
rogor moviqceviT aseT SemTxvevaSi? anu rogor movawesrigoT
(davalagoT) Cveni interesebi ise, rom maTi “dakonkretebiT” kvleviT
Temamde mivideT?
Tavidan unda furcelze CamovweroT Cveni yvelaze mwveli oTxi-
xuTi (SesaZloa metic) interesi. kargad davakvirdeT, vifiqroT,
maTgan romeli ufro aqtualuri da mosaxelTebelia, “dasaZlevia”.
ra dagvexmareba am TavisTavad arcTu martiv procesSi?
 upirvelesad Cveni umTavresi wigni. mas unda mivaSuroT, Cvens
saxelmZRvaneloSi unda CavixedoT, oRond rac SeiZleba uaxles
saxelmZRvaneloSi. ratom? imitom, rom interesebis gzamkvlevi (da
garkveulwilad pasuxis Semcveli, aseTi saxelmZRvaneloa, radgan
masSi Cveni interesebis sagnis irgvliv yvela uaxlesi miRwevaa
Tavmoyrili da aRweril-daxasiaTebuli. Tu intereso ufro zogadia
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(farTo), iseTi, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi araa dakonkretebuli, maSin
sxvadasxva sacnobaro literaturas unda mivmarToT, iseTebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, enciklopediebi. sxvadasxva tipis leqsikonebi,
sagnobriv-problemuri perioduli gamocemebi da a.S.
yuradRebiT unda aTvalieroT Tqveni interesis Sesatyvisi
sakiTxebis anotaciebi, sarCevebi. advili SesaZlebelia ukve am etapze
waawydeT TqvenTvis saintereso Temas.
 aRZruli interesis dakmayofilebis meore, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani wyaro Tqveni pedagogia. studentebi xom sxvadasxva
specialobis Sesaval kursebs swavlobT! pedagogs mimarTeT. igi
aucileblad dagisaxelebT TqvenTvis saWiro literaturas, sadac
aucileblad iqneba ganxiluli Tqveni interesis sferos Sesabamisi
sakiTxebi. gaecaniT, daukvirdiT. Tqveni interesi erTi mxriv,
gaRrmavdeba (SinaarsiT aivseba), meore mxriv, konkretul saxes SeiZens
da Temadac SeiZleba gadaiqces.
 Tqveni interesebis dakmayofilebis wyarod, SesaZloa, Tqvenive
Tanakurseli an, ubralod, nacnobi studentebic gamogadgnen. aq
saukeTeso saSualebaa saubari, azrTa gacvla-gamocvla. ase Zalian
swrafad gamoikveTeba TqvenTvis saintereso Tema.
interesis dasakmayofileblad Temis ZiebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia
erTi, arc ise umniSvnelo, fsiqologiuri faqtori:
ar unda SegacbunoT arcodnam. gaxsovdeT, “arcodna arcodvaao.”
es andaza, bunebrivia, SemTxveviT ar dabadebula Cveni xalxis
cnobierebaSi. am andazis SegonebaSi maZiebeli gonebis gaTamameba-
waxalisebis Zlieri muxtia Cadebuli. unda sZlioT sakuTar
morcxvobas (da usafuZvlo ampartavnobas), Tamamad gauziareT azri
Tanatolebs, dasviT SekiTxvebi da eZebeT pasuxebi. gaxsovdeT, rom
Tqven studenti anu codnis maZiebeli brZandebiT. amitom eZieT es
codna, miT ufro Tqvens saswavlebelSi_universitetSi, romelic
swored imitom arsebobs, rom aq yvela (pedagogic, studentic, sxvac,
magaliTad, universitetis TanamSromeli) valdebulia erTmaneTs
gamocdileba gauziaros an daexmaros codnis SeZenaSi.
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3. Temis dakonkreteba (farTo Temidan viwro Temamde)
aq dakonkreteba ar niSnavs mravalaspeqtiani (mravalsakiTxiani)
Temis erT (mono) aspeqtianamde dayvanas, rogorc amas zogierTi
specialisti fiqrobs, vinc xels hkidebs “akademiuri weris”
saxelmZRvanelos “weras”.
es imitom, rom Tema TavisTavad erTeulebrivi bunebisaa
(monoTematuria, monologuria) da am viTarebas verc is cvlis, Tuki
masSi Tundac aTeulobiT aspeqti an sakiTxi iCens Tavs.
vTqvaT, studenti Tavidan dainteresda romantizmiT, rogorc
movleniT. es iqneba misi saerTo, zogadi interesi, rasac
tradiciulad midrekilebas vuwodebdiT xolme. es imitom, rom
romantizmi farTo gagebiT msoflmxedvelobiTi movlenaa, xolo
rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba, romantikulis, romantizmis
gamovlena_ TavCenis erTi mxarea.
amitom Tu studentis interesma romantizmis arsis, mwerlobaSi
TavCenis, amasTan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gamovlenis TaviseburebaTa
Ziebis survilze gadainacvla, es iqneba interesis kidev ufro
dakonkreteba (codnis gaRrmavebis safuZvelze). am interesis meti
dakonkreteba iqneba erTi romelime qveynis romantizmis arCevani,
kidev ufro meti_erTi qveynis romantikosTagan erTi konkretuli
romantikosi mwerlis Semoqmedebis Seswavlis survili. Tumca es
donec interesis dakonkreteba iqneba da ara interesis Temad
gadaqceva.
ukve vTqviT, aqac gavimeoroT, rom interess Temad moculobiTi
da siRrmiseuli parametrebi gadaaqcevs, magram maT Soris sxvaobis
niSans ver dasvams.
interesi Temad maSin iqceva, roca ideis, survilis sferodan
gamova, anu roca interesi Cvens gonebaSi momwifdeba, azrobriv
konturebs “SeiZens”. roca qaRaldze weris survili gagviCndeba
daweras daviwyebT, ai, maSin gadava interesi TemaSi.

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 amitom im sqemiT, romelic, erTi SexedviT interesTa
dakonkretebas gviCvenebs da Temis dakonkretebac unda mohyves, aseTi
“logika” SegvrCeba Tu Cven davrCebiT mis tyveobaSi):
konkretulad romelime romantikosis Semoqmedeba ukve Tema
iqneba, magram es iqneba didi (farTo) Tema, studentisTvis
“Seuferebeli” (“dauZlevelis” gagebiT). am Temis dakonkreteba
(daviwroeba) ki misi Semoqmedebidan konkretuli sakiTxis gamoyofiT
moxerxdeba. vTqvaT, bunebis asaxvis sakiTxi, an patriotizmi da a.S.
magram aris ki SeTavazebeli Temebi konkretuli (viwro)? gana am
e.w. viwro TemebSi ar gamoiyofa kidev ufro konkretuli sakiTxebi?
aq mTavari am sakiTxebis (kiTxvebis) danaxva-dasmaa. maT gaCenas
Tqveni codnis donec ganapirobebs da ara marto interesi.
 sakiTxis dayeneba: interesidan Temamde, Semdeg farTo Temidan
mizandasaxulobamde (daviwroebamde) im SemTxvevaSia upriani, roca
students am interesTa gaCenamde am sferoSi ukve wakiTxuli aqvs
raRac da kvlavac kiTxulobs, iRrmavebs codnas. interess Temad
(farTo iqneba, Tu viwro) Tqveni codna gadaaqcevs da ara interesis
sferos Seviwroeba.
kidev erTi arsebiTi momenti: interesis gadaqcevas Temad da
Temis daviwroebas Tavad studentis (mkvlevris) mizani gansazRvravs.
SesaZloa, mkvlevars, mag., romantizmis konteqstSi sulac erTi
romelime mwerlis adgilis gansazRvra ainteresebs. am SemTxvevaSi
misi e.w. viwro Tema mTlianad am mwerlis Semoqmedeba unda gaxdes,
radgan romelime (erTi) konkretuli sakiTxis gamoyofiT da
gamokvleviT mizans ver miaRwevs. marTalia, am Temis damuSaveba
uamravi sakiTxis kvlevas aiZulebs, magram isini TavisTavad viwro
Temebi ki ar iqneba, aramed Temis sakiTxebi.
Temas Tqveni interesi gansazRvravs, xolo mis sifarTove-siviwroves
_is kiTxvebi, romlebsac es interesi gaaCens Tqvensave gonebaSi.
Tu aseTi kiTxvebi ar (an, didi survilis miuxedavad, ver)
giCndebaT, es mxolod Tqveni interesis efemerulobas cxadyofs.
adamiani intuiciurad bevrs iseTs SeigrZnobs, razedac Soreuli
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warmodgena aqvs, magram aseT warmodgenaTa interesad qcevas codna
(anu bevri kiTxva) sWirdeba.
specialuri literaturis wakiTxva, gaazreba bunebrivad gagiCenT
kiTxvebs, Tanac erTsa da ors ki ara, aramed imdens, rom sawyis
etapze TavSi yvelaferi agerevaT da maT dalageba-“mowesrigebas”
didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba. esec meti wakiTxviT moxerxdeba (anu
Tqvenive codnis gaRrmavebis wyalobiT).
damwyeb mkvlevrebs specialistebi interesebis
dasabuTeba_dakonkretebis, Temad qcevisaTvis aucilebeli (gonebaSi
TavCenili) kiTxvebis mowesrigebis strategias sTavazoben, rac
gamoixateba kiTxvebis oTxi mimarTulebiT dalagebaSi:
 ra aris Tema, romeli didi Temis nawilia da Tavad ra
nawilebs (sakiTxebs, aspeqtebs) Seicavs;
 rogoria Seni Temis Seswavlis istoria: vin da ra doziT
gamoikvlia.
 ra sakiTxebi iCens Tavs masSi.
 ra mecnieruli (an praqtikuli) Rurebuleba eqneba kvlevis
Sedegebs. ramdenad gaaRrmavebs mocemul konkretul sferoSi
arsebul codnas.
Tu am oTxi mimarTulebiT daukvirdebiT Tqvens Temas, araerTi
kiTxva gagiCndebaT, xolo es kiTxvebi Tavad Temasac gamoavlens da
daakonkretebs (daaviwroebs) kidevac.
ityvian: konkretuli magaliTi yvelaze naTel gansjaze ufro
cxadiao. aRniSnulis cxadsayofad Cvenc konkretul magaliTs
mivmarToT: mag., dagvainteresa krwanisis omma.
zemoaRniSnuli pirveli mimarTulebis doneze gaviazroT:
 romeli didi Temis nawilia es faqti?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda mivmarToT, upirvelesad,
istoriul dros: rodis moxda es brZola, am kiTxvaze pasuxis Zieba
obieqturad XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifoebriv-
politikur ambebTan migviyvans, _ gvaiZulebs saqarTvelos
ukanaskneli didi mefis erekle meoris epoqis detalur gacnobas,
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dadgindeba, rom krwanisis omi mefe erekle politikuri orientaciis-
_evropisken miswrafebis sawinaaRmdego logikuri reaqcia iyo iranis
mxridan. isic gairkva, rom es omi ar iyo iranis mxridan erTaderTi;
rom manamdec erekle meores da mamamiss Teimuraz meores cotaTi
adre sxva araerTi omis (brZolebis) gadatana mouxdaT iranisa da
misi damqaSebis - kavkasiaSi sokoebiviT momravlebuli
saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis - saxanoebis mmarTvelTa winaaRmdeg.
am did_patara omebma lamis orass gadaaWarba, romelTagan erekle
meore mxolod ramdenimeSi damarcxda, xolo krwanisis omi, misi
bolo damarcxeba iyo.
amiT dadgindeba, rom krwanisis omis Tema ufro didi Temis
nawilia da es didi Temaa qarTl-kaxeTis brZola saxelmwifoebriobis
SenarCunebisaTvis XVIII saukuneSi.
 Cveni interesi amis Semdeg Tavad krwanisis omisken unda
mivmarToT: unda gavarkvioT, konkretulad ra gaxda am omis mizezi,
ra movlenebi uZRoda win, ra konkretul mizans isaxavda iranis
mmarTveli aRa-maxmad-xani, ris miRwevas lamobda, vin iyo misi
mokavSire, ratom miemxrnen isini aRa-maxman-xans da ratom ganudga
zogierTi maTgani, manamde rom mefe erekles momxrebodnen da misi
ymadnaficebi iyvnen; rodis da sad gaimarTa krwanisis omi. es
kiTxvebi warmodgenas Segviqmnis ukve konkretul Temaze - krwanisis
omze da gagviTvalsaCinoebs Temis nawilebs.
 krwanisis omis, rogorc sakvlevi Temis, meore mimarTulebiT
gaazrebis mcdeloba iseT kiTxvebs wamoWris, rogoricaa: ra aris
cnobili saqarTvelos istoriaSi krwanisis omis Sesaxeb, vin da ra
Semogvinaxa am faqtze zepir Tu werilobiT matianeebSi, vin, romelma
istorikosma Seiswavla da ra azri ganaviTara, ramdenad piruTvnelia
(obieqturia) maTi mosazrebani, rogor Seicvala am istoriuli faqtis
mkvlevarTa Sexedulebebi drois msvlelobis Sesabamisad; krwanisis
omis ra aspeqtebze ufro gamaxvilda yuradReba da ra moeqca
daviwyebis CrdilSi. amiT isic dadgindeba, Tu ra aris sakvlevi Cveni

66
Tanamedroveobis poziciidan. es ki kidev ufro daakonkretebs Cvens
interesebs da gamokveTs Temas:
 Cveni Temis zemoaRniSnuli mimarTulebebidan mesamis doneze
gaazreba aseT kiTxvebsac dabadebs:
ra adgili daikava krwanisis omma saqarTvelos istoriaSi; ra
Sedegi gamoiRo saerTod Cveni qveynisTvis da konkretulad erekle
meorisTvis; rogori iyo qarTvelTa saomari taqtika da iyo Tu ara
marcxi am taqtikis Sedegi, Tu es marcxi sxva faqtebma ganapiroba;
ratom gaxda krwanisis omi da misi Sedegebi umwvavesi diskusiis
(gansjis) sagani krwanisis omis Semdegdroindel saqarTveloSi,
gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rac imaSi gamovlinda,
rom istorikosTa garda, am Temaze araerTma qarTvelma mweralma
(poetma) Seqmna mxatvruli nawarmoebebi; ra miiCnia am omSi marcxis
mizezad qarTulma sazogadoebrivma azrma da a.S.
 meoTxe mimarTulebis doneze ukve SevZlebT krwanisis omis
istoriuli mniSvnelobis gaazrebas: aRmovaCenT, rom wina sami
mimarTulebis doneze dasmuli da, rac mTavaria, pasuxgaucemeli
kiTxvebis aspeqtSi Tu warvmarTavT kvlevas, Cveni naSromi am
gaxmaurebuli istoriuli faqtis arcTu umniSvnelo Sevseba-
dazusteba iqneba. es dazusteba xels Seuwyobs misi gaazrebis
safuZvlianobas. rac saboloo jamSi gansazRvravs Cveni naSromis
mecnierul siaxles da Rirebulebas. es ki TavisTavad kvlevis
gamarTleba iqneba.
axla Tu Tvals gadavavlebT samive mimarTulebiT dasmul
kiTxvebs, imasac aRmovaCenT, rom sxva kiTxvebic gaCndeba, romlebic
aseve vrcel pasuxebs `iTxovs~. daamateT isinic da gansazRvreT,
maTgan romeli ufro ipyrobs Tqvens yuradRebas, romeli ufro
saWiroebs kvlevas da romelze ufro SeZlebT pasuxis gacemas,
amasTan romeli ufro iqneba mniSvnelovani saerTod krwanisis omis
didi Temis SeswavlaSi, Tu SeZlebT aseTi kiTxvis gamoyofas, unda
miviCnioT, rom warmatebiT gaarTviT Tavi Temis Ziebis amocanas. es,
TavisTavad, didi wingadadgmuli nabijia. ukve iciT, risi gageba
67
gsurT. amitom mzad xarT arCeuli Temis irgvliv monacemebis
Sesagroveblad.
Tqveni Temis mniSvnelobis gaazrebaSi SemoTavazebul sam
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema dagexmarebaT:
 raze wer?
 ra ici Seni Temis Sesaxeb, anu ra kiTxva dasvi?
 ratom eZeb pasuxs kiTxvaze, risi gageba (codna) ginda?
Tu kargad gaviazrebT imas, razedac vsaubrobdiT, davrwmundebiT,
rom kvleviT saqmianobaSi pirveli mniSvnelovani nabijia Temis
gansazRvra, meorea - arCevnis mizezis gaazreba-gacnobiereba, mesame -
imis gansazRvra, Tu ra mecnieruli mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens Temas.
unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom kvlevis dawyebis etapze aRniSnul
kiTxvebze mTlad naTeli (cxadi) pasuxebi ar geqnebaT (aman arc unda
dagabnioT), magram aseTi pasuxebi aucileblad unda gamoZebnoT, Tu
Tqveni kvlevis warmatebuloba gafiqrebT. sxvagvarad kvlevis
efeqturoba warmoudgenelia.
oTxi mimarTulebiT dasmuli kiTxvebis wyalobiT realurad
gagviCnda Temis gamoZebnis SesaZlebloba. manamde erTi sakiTxi unda
gadavwyvitoT. unda movuZebnoT axsna (dasabuTeba) imas, ratom da
riT iqneba SerCeuli Tema mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli TavisTavad,
obieqturad, ara marto CvenTvis, aramed sxvebisaTvis, -
sazogadoebisaTvis. Tu mas aseTi mniSvneloba eqneba, maSin Cveni
kiTxva TavisTavad (obieqturad) problemuri (problemis Semcvleli)
yofila da ara mxolod Cveni cnobiswadilis dakmayofilebis
Jinianoba. anu unda gavarkvioT: Seicavs Tu ara gamoZebnili Tema
problemas. arsebobs Tu ara misi dasmis safuZveli. sqematurad Temis
Ziebisa da gamovlena-dazustebis process aseTi saxe eqneba:

68
 Cveni Cveni interesis
interesis didi ambavi, safuZvelze
obieqti movlena gaCenili kiTxvebi

dabadebuli kiTxvebis
azrobrivi (mizez-
Sedegobrivi) mowesrigeba

CvenTvis saintereso kiTxva-Temis

kiTxvis SerCeva, an mniSvnelobis (Se)kiTxvidan
Temis moZebna (didi gaazreba: problemas problemaze
Temis daviwroeba) Seicvas Tu ara. gadasvla

maSasadame, wyaroebze muSaobis dawyebamde unda gaviazroT da

varaudis doneze mainc unda ganvsazRvroT Seicavs Tu ara Cveni
arCeuli Tema problemas1.
kvlevis es etapi ara marto Tqveni momavali naSromis daxvewis
winapirobaa, aramed Tqveni pirovnebisac (rogorc mkvlevrisa). es
etapi mkvlevrad gayalibebT, aucilebel Cvevebs gZenT, radgan ukeT
iciT, ratom hkidebT xels kvlevas da risi gageba gindaT. amiT ki
imasac icnobierebT, rom Tqveni kvleva ubralo cnobiswadilis
dakmayofileba ar aris; iciT, rom mas TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs.
swored amis Segnebam unda gaqcioT namdvil mkvlevrad. adamianis

1
zogierTi specialisti damwyeb mkvlevars am etapze Temis problemurobis
gansazRvras kvlevis saboloo Sedegis gaazrebiT urCevs. sakiTxis ase dayeneba,
vfiqrobT, safuZvelSive arasworia. kvlevis sawyis etapze imis gansazRvra, ra
Sedegs miviRebT (anu rogori iqneba Cveni kiTxvis pasuxi?!), araTu rTuli, aramed
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. es kargad ician profesionalma mkvlevrebma, gansakuTrebiT
maT, visi kvlevebic eqsperimentebs emyareba. aq pirdapiri Sedegis (kiTxvaze pasuxis
aspeqtSi) miReba imdenad rTulia, rom ara marto kvlevis sawyis etapze, aramed sxva
doneebzec kvlevis uaryofiTi Sedegic (anu imedgacrueba) ki Sedegad,
WeSmaritebisken svlis `xelSemwyobad” miiCneva. uSedegoba eqsperimentisa kvlevis
gzis (gezis) dakonkretebas, dazustebas uwyobs xels. eqsperimentis uSedegoba
cxadyofs, rom mkvlevarma sxva gza unda airCios. araiSviaTad marcxi
(warumatebloba) aris momavali warmatebis impulsica da mizezic.
69
amqveyniuri arseboba, cxovrebis azri gana imis rwmenas ar emyareba,
rom viRacas sWirdeba?
Tumca aRniSnuli main kvleviTi muSaobis erTi mxarea. vTqvaT,
raime did TemaSi moviZieT konkretuli kiTxvis Sesabamisi Tema,
gavicnobiereT isic, rom misi kvleva Rirs, radgan Seicavs
gadasawyvet problemas. es TavisTavad pirveli didi warmatebaa,
magram jerjerobiT Cvens Tavze Cveni gamarjvebaa da es imitom, rom
Cveni kvlevis mniSvnelobaSi Cvenive kvlevis Tanamonawile _Cveni
mkiTxvelic unda davarwmunoT.
ukve cxadad Cagvesmis Tqveni replika: am sawyis etapze, roca Tavad
mxolod gonebaSi (warmosaxvaSi) gvaqvs es gaazrebuli, Sedegs Tavad
ver vxedavT da mkiTxveli rogorRa davarwmunoT? es bolosTvis unda
gadavdoT, kvlevas rom davasrulebT. mkiTxveli Cveni kvlevis Sedegs
waikiTxavs da mis mniSvnelobas maSin Seafasebso. es asea, magram amaze
Tu kvlevis sawyis etapzeve ar ifiqreT, araferi gamova. kvleva ise
unda warmarToT, rom mkiTxveli daarwmunoT: sakiTxi, romelsac
Tqven ikvlevT, misTvisac sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani. rogor
SevZloT es? imiT, rom Tqveni migneba, aRmoCena TvalsaCinoebad
aqcioT. aRweroT es migneba. amis gakeTeba, rasakvirvelia, Zalian
Znelia da gamocdil mkvlevrebsac uWirT, magram aucilebelia,
radgan Tqveni kvleviTi muSaobis warmatebis pirobaa.
davuSvaT, Zalian saintereso kiTxva davsviT, gaveciT pasuxi,
magram Tu es kiTxva marto Cven gvaRelvebda, pasuxic mxolod
CvenTvis iqneba saintereso da Rirebuli. gvinda Tu ara, aseTi kiTxva-
pasuxi im wvrilman, utilitarul kiTxvebisgan verafriT iqneba
gansxvavebuli, nebismieri adamiani yoveldRiurad rom `eomeba~,
wyvets, anu pasuxs uZebnis (an vera).
Cveni pasuxi kiTxvaze ubralo pasuxi ki ar unda iyos, aramed
problemis gadawyveta, Tanac sazogadoebisTvis aqtualuri
problemisa.

70
 problema im gagebiT ki ar unda iyos aqtualuri, rom sxvebma
Cvenze ukeT ician igi, aramed imiT, rom misi Cveuli gadawyveta
maTTvisac aranakleb saWiro da mniSvnelovania.
Cveni msjelobidan, is daskvnac SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom am
sawyis etapze didi mniSvneloba hqonia kiTxvis problemad qcevas.. es
ki mTlianad Tqvenzea damokidebuli. Tumca es rom SevZloT, jer
imaSi unda gaverkveT, ra aris Tavad problema, ras veZaxiT
problemas, rogoria misi Sinaarsi, an struqtura.
 ras ewodeba problema?
problema berZnuli sityvaa da amocanas, davalebas niSnavs.
TanamedroveobaSi damkvidrebuli farTo gagebiT, problema aris
Teoriuli an praqtikuli sakiTxi, romelic gadawyvetas, gamoZiebas,
gamokvlevas saWiroebs.
problemas saerTod specifikuri struqtura aqvs, yovelTvis ori
nawilisgan Sedgeba:
gviTvalsaCinoebs raime faqtis an movlenis konkretul viTarebas ;
cxadyofs arasasurveli Sedegis arsebobas, ris gamoc es Sedegi,
rogorc mocemuli realoba, Sesacvlelia.
 praqtikuli problema
Tavad sityva praqtikuli (berZnuli - saqmiani, aqtiuri),
gamocdilebis, unaris SesaZeni muSaoba cxadyofs, rom igulisxmeba
codna-gamocdilebis, unaris SesaZenad gaweuli muSaoba. magram am
akademiur gansazRvrebas erTi dazusteba sWirdeba: praqtikul
problemas Tavad adamianis fizikur-sxeulebrivi arseboba, realuri
yofa (adamianuri cxovreba) wamoWris. adamiani Tavad, winaswar,
mizanmimarTulad ar eZebs, ar avlens, ar wamoWris. praqtikuli
problema obieqturad, Cvengan damoukideblad, iCens Tavs da Cven,
rogorc ityvian, post faqtum gviwevs misi gadaWra2.

2
zogi avtori praqtikul problemas da sakvlev problemebs im niSniT ganasxvavebs, rom praqtikuli
realur samyaroSi warmoiSveba, sakvlevi - adamianis gonebaSi. es azri dazustebas im mxrivac saWiroebs,
rom praqtikuli problema(gamocdilebis safuZvelze) SesaZloa adamianis gonebaSic daibados, ubralod
yofiTi praqtikis logikiT adamianma gonebiT daaswros problemis TavCenas, vidre igi karze
mogvikakunebs, manamde iwinaswarmetyvelos misi gaCena da saTanado zomebic miiRos.

71
 adamiani yofaSi yoveldRe dgas aseTi problemebis winaSe da uwevs
maTi gadawyveta. winaswar icis, Tu ra Sedegs moutans aseT
problemaTa gadauwyvetloba, icis Sedegis simZimeca da usiamovnebis
xarisxic. igi iZulebulia gadaWras aseTi praqtikuli problema.
Tumca aq isic unda iTqvas, rom arc praqtikuli problemis
gadawyveta gamoricxavs kvlevas.
rogorc ki Cven winaSe praqtikuli (yofiTi) problema wamoiWreba,
Cveulebriv Tavs kiTxvas davusvamT: ratom moxda, rac moxda; ra
vuSveloT, rogor davaRwioT Tavi, ra gzas davadgeT? - veZebT pasuxs,
anu viwyebT Ziebas, kvlevas. anu praqtikuli problema droebiT
sakvlev problemad gveqceva. Tavad kvlevis procesi ki am SemTxvevaSi
imazea damokidebuli, ra viciT da ra ar viciT problemis Sesaxeb.
sqematurad aseTi problemis kvlevis procesi ase gamoiyureba:

Ppraqtikuli sakvlevi sakiTxi sakvlevi problema

problema

kvleviT praqtikuli problemis gadaWra

miRebuli
pasuxi

Tqmulis TvalsaCinoebisTvis yofiTi magaliTi moviSvelioT:

 praqtikuli problema: mobiluri telefonis muSaobis
Cveulebrivi reJimi dairRva, mal-male iTiSeba (`jdeba~).
 sakvlevi sakiTxi:
rogor unda davadgino mizezi?
 sakvlevi problema:
unda movZebno axlomdebare momsaxurebis centri. am mizniT
Cavixedo cnobarSi, an davreko cnobaTa biuroSi.
 kvlevis Sedegi:
dadginda momsaxurebis centri.
 praqtikuli problemis gadaWra:
mimaqvs mobiluri telefoni centrSi, sadac dadgindeba misi
arasrulfasovani muSaobis mizezi.
72
 ai, aseTia Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi praqtikuli problemis
TavCenisa da maTi gadaWris mcdelobaTa modeli. aSkara aq erTi
momentic aris: praqtikuli problemac da misi gadawyvetac
kerZoobiTi Rirebulebisaa, erTi adamianisTvis aris mniSvnelovani.
sicxadisaTvis isev konkretul magaliTs mivmarTavT:
 mogividaT eleqtroenergiis sagadasaxado qviTari. Tqven winaSe
praqtikuli problema dadga, radgan igi yofaSi arsebuli realuri,
obieqturi movlenaa _ daxarjul eleqtroenergiaze arsebobs
gansazRvruli gadasaxadi. am problemas TqvenTvis aseve realuri
zaralis moyeneba SeuZlia, magaliTad, gageTiSebaT deni.
amitom am praqtikuli problemis gadaWras misi orelementiani
struqturis gaazrebiT unda miudgeT:
 viTareba, romelic mogvarebas iTxovs;
 sazRauri (safrTxe), romelic mis gadauWrelobas mohyveba.
axla am nawilebis Sesabamisad gaviazroT:
 viTareba:Lar gavanaRde qviTari (ar gadavixade).
 sazRauri: SeiZleba gamiTiSon deni, davrCe sibneleSi.
amave logikiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros praqtikuli problemis
gadaWris sargebeli, magaliTad:
 viTareba: gadavixadeT gadasaxadi (gavanaRdeT qviTari),
Tanac moTxovnil vadaSi.
 sargebeli: ar gagveTiSa deni. RamRamobiT ganvagrZeT
muSaoba. mogveca gamokvlevis droze dasrulebis SesaZlebloba. igi
daTqmul vadaSi warvudgineT damkveTs. miviReT sasurveli honorari,
romelmac bevrad gadaaWarba gadasaxadis odenobas.
axla ufro rTuli praqtikuli problemis gadaWris modelic
ganvixiloT:
universitetSi swavlis safasuri gaZvirda, gadasaxadi sul ufro
matulobs.
bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: ra xdeba? ra Seicvala? amis gasarkvevad,
pirvel rigSi, davakvirdeT akademiur personals da SevudaroT maTi
mdgomareoba fasis gazrdis momentamde da mas Semdeg.
73
 davadgineT: imata kadrebis gadinebam. sxva araferi Secvlila.
amitom axla upirvelesad is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris amis mizezi
da movZebnoT gamosavali. mizezi dabali anazRaureba da pedagogiuri
moRvaweobis umotivaciobaa.
gamosavali cxadia: Sromis anazRaurebis amaRlebiT da sxva
pirobebis (moraluris) gaumjobesebiT SevqmnaT motivacia, anu
gamovikvlioT, rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba.
unda SevudgeT Seqmnili situaciis analizs. amis safuZvelze
gavarkvevT:
swavlis safasuri gaZvirda imis gamo, rom pedagogebi ver xedaven
sakuTar interesTa perspeqtivas, Sua saswavlo welsac ki Tavs
anebeben samsaxurs.
universitetis xelmZRvanelobas amis gamo axali kadrebis
momzadeba sWirdeba. es ki TavisTavad did xarjebs iwvevs, Tanac imaze
mets, vidre arsebuli akademiuri personalis stimulirebisTvis
iqneboda sakmarisi.
amiT gamoikveTeba fasebis zrdis (rogorc praqtikuli problemis)
gadaWrisTvis aucilebeli sakvlevi problema:
ra unda gakeTdes, rom universitetSi davamagroT akademiuri
personali: amaRldes SromiTi motivacia, raTa aRmoifxvras kadrebis
gadineba.
ai, ase: vidre universitetSi swavlis safasuris zrdas
(gadasaxadis gaZvirebis) praqtikul problemas gadavwyvetdeT, manamde
akademiuri personalis SromiTi motivaciis amaRlebis sakvlevi
problema unda gamovikvlioT. amiT ki universitetSi swavlis
gaZvirebis praqtikuli problemac gadawydeba.
axla wina magaliTisgan am modelis gansxvavebasac mivaqcioT
yuradReba:
praqtikuli problemis wina magaliTi mTlianad subieqtur-
kerZoobiTi iyo: - erT adamians Seexeboda da gadawyvetac mxolod
masze iyo damokidebuli. am meore magaliTSi ki praqtikuli
problemis gadaWra sxvebzec aris damokidebuli.
74
 amitom aucilebelia am sxvebis darwmunebac. amas im SemTxvevaSi
SevZlebT, Tu davarwmunebT, rom Cveni kvleva pirvel rigSi maTTvis
aris mniSvnelovani.
am mizniT pirvel magaliTSi sulac ar aris saWiro Cveni kvlevis
aRwera, am (meore) magaliTSi ki es aucilebelia.
axla, roca ukve gavarkvieT, ra aris praqtikuli problema da
rogoria misi Sinaarsi, isic gavarkvioT, ra aris Teoriuli
problema, romelic Tavidan bolomde gamosakvlevia. am mizniT ki isev
problemis ori saxeobis Sedareba da maT Soris arsebul msgavseba-
gansxvavebaTa dadgena mogviwevs.

4. praqtikuli problema da Teoriuli problema: ra

sxvaobaa maT Soris?
Uukve viciT, rom praqtikuli problema Cveni survilis gareSe,
obieqturad iCens Tavs da imis gamo, rom raRac gadawyvetis
saWiroebas Seicavs, am saWiroebis kvlevasac gulisxmobs. amis
miuxedavad, misi gadawyvetis Sedegi pirwmindad praqtikulia _
materialuri, yofiTi.
- Teoriuli problema adamianis gonebaSi Cndeba. misi gaCenis
mizezi arasruli codnaa, misi amoucnobi aspeqtebis Secnoba-
gaazrebis wyurvili. rac mTavaria: Teoriuli problema realobaSi
ramis Secvlis gziT ki ar gadaiWreba, aramed raRacis SeswavliT,
misi ukeT gageba-gaazrebiT. misi Sedegi isev inteleqtualuri sferos
(gonebis sferos) kuTvnilebad rCeba3.
Teoriul problemas praqtikulis magvari struqtura aqvs, Tumca
sxvaoba mainc SeiniSneba da aqac ori momenti iCens Tavs:
viTarebis mxriv: Teoriuli problemis sawyisi viTareba imis
erTgvari versiaa, rac ar viciT an ar gvesmis.
aq imazea saubari, risi codna an gageba gvinda.

3
Tumca es garemoeba ar gamoricxavs imas, rom Teoriuli problemis kvlevis Sedegi
SemdgomSi praqtikuli problemis gadaWris saSualeba (gza, xidi, xelSemwyobi
faqtori da a.S.) gaxdes.

75
 sazRauris mxriv: gansxvaveba ufro Znelad aRsaqmelia. Teoriuli
kvlevis Sedegi, rogorc wesi, realuri sargeblianobis an zianis
mxriv, SesaZloa, myisierad ar gamovlindes. magaliTad,
TiTqos araferi dauSavdeba qveyanas, Tu ar gvecodineba, ratom
aris nikoloz baraTaSvili qarTuli romantizmis yvelaze didi
warmomadgeneli, magram Tu es ar gvecodineba, maSin ver gavigebT
nikoloz baraTaSvilis poeturi azrovnebis bevr aspeqts da ver
ganvsazRvravT mis adgils qarTul romantikul poeziaSi.
Teoriuli problemis gadaWris dros unda SeZloT imis Cveneba,
rom erTi sakiTxis ucodinrobas ufro meti da ufro mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis arcodna mohyveba.
naTqvamis meti sicxadisTvis isev magaliTi moviSvelioT:
vTqvaT, mecnierebma gamoikvlies kibos problema, daadgines misi
gaCenis mizezebi da mkurnalobis efeqturi meTodi. kibos
mkurnalobis problemis gadaWra, bunebrivia, amiT ver moxerxdeba.
aucilebeli iqneba, kvlevis Sedegebis praqtikaSi danergva, anu
praqtikuli gamoyeneba - samkurnalo saSualebaTa damzadeba da
avadmyofis mkurnaloba.
rogorc vxedavT, Teoriul doneze problemis kvlevas sxva
mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo praqtikul sferoSi _ sxva.
Teoriuli problema Tavisi Sedegebis mixedviT ori saxisaa: `wminda
Teoriuli~ da `gamoyenebiTi~.

5. `wminda~ Teoriuli problema

`wminda~ mecnieruli problemis kvlevis sagani gonebriv
inteleqtualuria da mosalodneli Sedegic Teoriul-
konceptualuria. es Sedegi codnis gaRrmavebaa da sxva araferi.
 `gamoyenebiTia~ iseTi Teoriuli problema, romlis gadaWris
(kvlevis) Sedegs didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
magaliTad, Tu astronomiaSi romelime varskvlavis speqtruli
gamosaxulebis Taviseburebas gamovikvlevT, Sedegad mxolod codnas
gaviRrmavebT da sxva analogiur sakiTxTa kvlevebSi gamoviyenebT.
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wminda praqtikuli Rirebuleba (yofaSi gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT)
mas ar eqneba. aseTi problema mkiTxvelisTvisac mxolod codnis
gaRrmaveba iqneba da gamokvlevis Sedegebs am mizniT gaecnoba.
magram Tu varskvlavis speqtruli gamosaxvis Taviseburebas
adamianis organizmze misi zemoqmedebis garkvevis mizniT
gamovikvlevT, problema gamoyenebiTi xasiaTis iqneba da mkiTxvelic
kvlevis Sedegebs praqtikuli sargeblianobis WrilSi gaecnoba.
problemis raobaze saubari erTi arcTu umniSvnelo sakiTxis
ganxilviT unda gavasruloT - unda gavavloT zRvari problemasa da
sakiTxs Soris.
ra aris problema, zemoT ukve davadgineT. axla is gavarkvioT, ra
aris sakiTxi.
sakiTxi konkretuli kiTxvaa. misi niSani swored konkretikaa.
problema, rogorc wesi, uamrav sakiTxs Seicavs, ariTmetikis enaze
sakiTxi problemis erTi erTeulia. sakiTxi ar Seicavs sakiTxebs. igi
dauSleli erTeulia, Tumca azrobrivad Sekruli da TviTkmari.
gamoucdeli mkvlevrebi araiSviaTad sakiTxs TemasTan aigiveben. es
aRreva, erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa uwyinrad mogveCvenos, magram es ase
araa: aseTi aRrevis savalaloba cxadi im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca
mkvlevari wyaroebisa da masalis Ziebas iwyebs. mas `aviwydeba~
sakiTxis konkretuloba, veRar arkvevs, ra saxis masala unda eZios
(anu rogor SemosazRvros masalis Ziebis areali). imaze gacilebiT
met wyaros da masalas uyris Tavs, vidre konkretuli kvlevis
sakiTxi saWiroebs. Semdeg `ver eleva~ am moZiebul masalas, `iZireba~
masSi. vizualurad da azrobrivad es imaSi vlindeba, rom misi
gamokvleva citatebis formiT motanili masalis (sxvaTa _
winamorbed mkvlevarTa gamonaTqvam-mosazrebaTa) grovaa, Tavad
mkvlevari ki am uxv da vrcel citatebs Soris `CarTuli~ erT an
orwinadadebiani komentarebiT aris xolme warmodgenili Tavis
`naSromSi~.

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mkiTxveli aseT naSroms, bunebrivia, ar miiRebs, radgan ver dainaxavs
sakvlev sakiTxs, kvlevis mcdelobas da, rogorc ityvian, aseTi
opusis kiTxviT dros dakargavs, amaod daSvreba.

6. samecniero Temis Zieba

rogorc ki gonebaSi kvlevis konkretul amocanebs (Temas)
CamoayalibebT, misi realizebisTvis Tqvns yovel gadasadgmel nabijs
gaicnobierebT, mTavari, rac unda gaakeToT, kvlevis dagegmvaa.
dagegmva arc ise ioli saqmea da pirvelad swored misi sirTule
SegafiqrianebT. Tumca fiqrianobasa da iWvianobasac advilad
daZlevT, Tu Semdeg rCevas gaiTvaliswinebT:
 yvelaferi SekiTxvebis dasmiTa da maTze mcire SeniSvna-
STabeWdilebebis dafiqsirebiT daiwyeT.
amorCeuli Temis irgvliv bevri unda ikiTxoT specialuri
literatura da wyaroebi, gzadagza yovel SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT,
mcire SeniSvnebi unda ”CainiSnoT”.es problemasac dagikonkretebT da
kvlevis aTvlis wertilsac gapovninebT. gaicnobierebT, problemis
kvlevaSi ra konkretul doneze dgaxarT da misi gadawyvetisTvis
saiT da rogor unda iaroT. marTalia, ase gacnobierebiT meti
muSaoba gamogivaT, vidre Tqveni konkretuli proeqti (Tema)
saWiroebs, magram codnac meti dagigrovdebaT da kvlevis unaric. es
yvelaferi Tqvens sxva kvlevebSic gamoiRebs keTil nayofs.
kvlevis dawyebis momentSi aucilebelia:
 SearCioT iseTi realuri Tema, rom sakmarisi informaciis
mopoveba SeZloT;
 Temis specifikidan gamomdinare, dasvaT iseTi kiTxvebi,
romelTa pasuxebi problemas mizez-Sedegobrivad gadagaWrevineben;
 Tavi mouyaroT im monacemebs, romlebic pasuxebs gagaceminebT
Tqven mier dasmul kiTxvebze. roca aseT monacemebs Tavs mouyriT,
maT argumentebis formas miscemT da sqemas (monaxazs) SeadgenT.
es pirveli sqema-monaxazi kvelevaSi Tqveni pirveli warmateba da
gzamkvlevi iqneba. igi ar iqneba Tqveni konkretuli Temis zusti
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Sesatyvisi. pirvel yovlisa, informaciulad iqneba gacilebiT didi
yvela parametriT, magram es nu daganaRvlianebT. Tamamad daaxarisxeT
moZiebuli informacia, Tavidan es erTi statiis an gamokvlevis ki
ara, erTbaSad ramdenime Temis masalaad mogeCvenebaT. magram roca
kargad gaaanalizebT, aRmoaCenT, rom umetesoba swored Tqveni Temis
sxvadasxva nawilis martivi SeniSvnebi iqneba.
is, rac moiZieT da aRmoaCineT, garegnulad danawevrebuli
faqtebi iqneba da imaze unda ifiqroT, rogor daukavSiroT isini
erTmaneTs. rogorc ki logikurad daalagebT moZiebul masalas
(moZiebul wyaroTa konspeqtebs, Tvalsazrisebs, mecnierul skolaTa
Teoriul monacemebs, erTmaneTis Semavsebel cnobebs,
urTierTsapirispiro mosazrebebs da a.S.), xelT ukve patara
`namuSevari” SegrCebaT. amis Semdeg kidev ufro mniSvnelovani da
rTuli momenti dgeba:
aRmovaCenT, rom SevimuSaveT sakvlevi Temis konspeqti da saWiroa
misi xorcSesxma, anu unda gadavideT Cveni argumentebis
formulirebaze. magram arc am argumentebis moZieba gagviiolebs
saqmes, radgan swored im momentSi, roca aseT argumentebs moviZiebT,
aRmovaCenT, rom samtkici sabuTebi daskvnisTvis sakmarisi araa.
saWiroa biblioTekaSi dabruneba axali sabuTebis, masalis
mosaZieblad. es miznisaken iseT svlas Camogavs, roca yovel
wingadadgmul or nabijs erTi ukangadadgmuli mosdevs, magram aq
verafers gaawyobT. aseTia kvlevis rTuli, eWvebiani, magram mainc
uimedobis Zlevisa da gamarjvebis buneba.

jgufuri wera
kvleva inteleqtualuri Sromaa. igi fiqrs, gansjas, aRqma-
gaazrebas emyareba. adamianis gonebis muSaobis es aspeqtebi uaRresad
individualuria, radgan bunebaSi ori erTgvari garegnobis bevri
adamiani arsebobs, magram ori erTgvari fsiqikisa da azrovnebisa jer
ar dabadebula. Tumca am garemoebas xeli arasodes SeuSlia erT
konkretul problemaze ramdenime adamianis erToblivi (jgufuri)
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muSaobisTvis. metic, arcTu iSviaTad ufro warmatebuli swored
jgufuri kvleva gamomdgara. es studenturi kvleviTi muSaobisTvis
mravali TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulic kia. upirvelesad ki imiT, rom
jgufuri muSaobis viTarebaSi TanamoazreTa mxardamWeri Tanadgoma
mkvlevars im siTamames uviTarebs, rac sasicocxlod aucilebelia
sakuTari “mes” sapovnelad, pirovnebis Camosayalibeblad.
gaiTvaliswineT es da scadeT jgufurad wera. am mizniT SearCieT
Tanamoazreebi, waikiTxeT erTi konkretuli Temis Semcveli
erTmaneTis variantebi. sxvaTa mier SemCneul-gaazrebuli niuansebi
gamokvleuli problemis im aspeqtebs gagiTvalsaCinoebT, rac Tqveni
codnis farglebs miRma iyo darCenili. amiT ki, bunebrivia,
xelSesaxebad gaRrmavdeba Tqveni codna (informirebulobis
sivrculi da siRrmiseuli parametrebi).
amave mizniT, nurc imas moeridebiT, Tu jgufurad dagevalebaT,
vTqvaT, statiis dawera. gaiTvaliswineT mkvlevarTa jgufs meti
informacia aqvs, vidre erT mkvlevars. Tumca isic unda gaxsovdeT,
rom am upiratesobis gamosayeneblad jgufma Tavisi muSaoba
gonivrulad unda warmarTos.
jgufuri kvlevis warmatebis “saidumlos” sami gasaRebi
 azrTa zepiri urTierTcvla, erTad azrovneba da fiqri.
jgufuri werisTvis, pirvel yovlisa, kvlevis gegmis SeTanxmebaa.
aucilebeli. SeTanxmebis erTaderTi gza dialogi, saerTod saubari,
azrTa urTierTgacvlaa. amisaTvis regularuli da intensiuri
Sexvedrebia saWiro. Sexvedrebis gamarTvamde ki unda darwmundeT,
rom Tqveni jgufis wevrebisgan im SemoTavazebebs miiRebT, romlebsac
eliT da romlebic momaval kvlevaSi gamogadgebaT.
jgufma isic unda gansazRvros, ras elis misgan mkiTxveli, aseve
dagegmos TiToeuli wevris is TiToeuli nabiji, romlebic miznis
miRwevaSi daexmareba. jgufis yvela wevrma zustad unda icodes, vin
ras akeTebs da rodis.

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 rac ufro mets isaubrebT, gauziarebT azrs erTmaneTs, miT ufro
mtkiced CamoyalibdebiT Tanamoazreebad da miT ufro iolad dawerT
Temas.
 urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebaTa Sejereba
azrTa gaziareba aucilebelia, magram Sedegi sxvadasxvagvaria.
amitom imis imeds nu iqoniebT, rom azrTa gaziareba jgufis wevrebs
Soris srul erTsulovnebas daamyarebs. calkeul detalebze azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba yovelTvis darCeba. mniSvnelovani mTavarSi Tanxmobaa.

 sakuTari Tavis gundis liderad gadaqceva.

jgufs aucileblad unda hyavdes winamZRoli, gezis mimcemi.
kvleviTi samuSao sxvadasxva nawilisgan Sedgeba, kvlevis procesSi
Tavs iCens dabrkolebebi, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. am yvelaferis
mosawesrigeblad, dasalageblad, kvlevis erTi mimarTulebiT
gansagrZobad aucilebelia lideris angariSgasawevi zegavlena. mis
gadawyvetilebas jgufis danarCeni wevrebi unda daeTanxmon.

gunduri muSaoba
gunduri muSaoba Sromatevadi da rTulia, gansakuTrebiT egoisti
adamianisTvis. Tumca gacilebiT Sedegiania.
gunduri muSaobis safuZveli Tanamoazreobaa. gundi jgufis
konkretuli problemis erTiani xedvisa da misi gadawyvetis
survilis safuZvelze SeiZleba Camoyalibdes. mTavari jgufuri
muSaobisas ideuri erTianoba da ganuyoflobaa.
gunduri muSaobis principebi:
gundi (jgufi) konkretuli problemis kvlevaSi erTsa da imave
wyaros ikvlevs (ecnoba, aanalizebs). amitom wyaros Seswavla am dros
ufro Rrma da mravalaspeqtiania. magaliTad, jgufi ikvlevs ilia
WavWavaZis “kacia adamians?!” jgufis erTma wevra SeiZleba ikvlios
batonymobis kritikis aspeqtebi. amis Sesabamisad yuradReba
gaamaxvilos nawarmoebSi asaxuli sazogadoebrivi yofis,

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sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis aspeqtebze, socialuri klasebis
(fenebis) warmomadgenelTa urTierTmimarTebaze;
jgufis meore wevrma Seiswavlos socialuri uTanasworobis
gavlena adamianis cnobierebaze, fsiqikasa da moqalaqeobriv
poziciaze;
mesame wevrma, SesaZloa, mxatvruli sinamdvilis xatvis
mwerliseuli manera gamoikvlios da a.S.
jgufis wevrma sakuTari kvlevis Sedegebi SesaZloa
damoukideblad gaasrulos da damasrulebel etapze Tavmoyrili
kvlevis Sedegebi gaaerTianos erTi problemis doneze - ilia
WavWavaZis “kacia adamianis?!” (vTqvaT) ganxilva.” jgufis yoveli
wevris kvlevis Sedegi am “ganxilvis” Semadgeneli konkretuli
aspeqti iqneba. magram aseT SemTxvevaSic jgufis wevrTa Soris sruli
ndoba da erTmaneTis kvlevis Sedegebis aRiarebaa aucilebeli.
sxvagvarad kvlevis proeqtis gasrulebaze laparakic ki zedmeti
iqneba.
meore gza (principi) erToblivi proeqtis erToblivi kvleva, anu:
problemis rig-rigobiT Seswavlaa.
jgufis TiToeuli wevri aseT SemTxvevaSi rig-rigobiT qmnis
ubralo Savad (bolomde detalurad daumuSavebel) proeqts. yvela
variantis, jgufuri ganxilvis safuZvelze damamTavrebel etapze
dgeba saerTo teqsti. rasakvirvelia, TiToeuli wevri aRiarebs
erTmaneTis kvlevis perspeqtivebs.
SesaZloa, isec moxdes, rom kvlevis sxvadasxva safexurze
jgufis wevrebma sxvadasxva stratega gamoiyenon. mag., dagegmvis
etapze mxardamxar imuSaon, vidre sakvlevi problemis arss ar
gamokveTen.meore etapze_wyaroebis moZiebisa da damuSavebisas daiyon
da monacemebi cal-calke agrovon. specialistebi erTxmad aRniSnaven
amgvari muSaobis efeqturobas.

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 wyaroebi _ Zieba da damuSaveba

axla, roca ukve ganvsazRvreT Cveni sakvlevi problema, jeri misi

wyaroebis moZiebasa da maTze muSaobaze midga. Tumca erTi “magram” am
etapzec gvaqvs gadasalaxi: wyaros raoba da Sinaarsi unda
gaviazroT.

1. wyaro: akademiur kvlevaSi wyaros uwodeben raime informaciis

Semcvel werilobiT sabuTs. am sabuTebSi moiazreba sxvadasxva saxis
naweri (iseTebi, romlebic oficialurad daregistrirebulia
siZveleTsacavebsa Tu wignsacavebSi, upiratesad biblioTekebSi da
a.S.), wignebi, perioduli samecniero krebulebi, gazeTebi, Jurnalebi
da sxva.

wyaros tipebi:
Rirebulebisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT wyaroebi sam jgufad
iyofa: pirveladi, meoreuli da mesameuli.

 pirveladi wyaro:
pirvelad wyaros ganekuTvneba adamianis mier gare sinamdvileze,
realur movlenebze dakvirvebiT, an sakuTari warmosaxviT Seqmnili,
garkveuli Rirebulebis mqone dokumentebi, literaturuli,
istoriuli, mxatvruli, sxva saxis masala. aseT masalas artefaqts
uwodeben.
 meoreuli wyaro:
meoreuli wyaros, rogorc saxelwodeba cxadyofs, iseTi masala
ganekuTvneba, romelic pirveladi wyaros Sedegebze dayrdnobiT aris
Seqmnili. aseT wyaroebs Seadgens umTavresad samecniero naSromebi.
maT mkvlevari iseve ver auvlis gverds, rogorc pirvelwyaroebs.
meoreuli wyaro imaSi gvexmareba, rom gavarkvioT, ra aris Cvenamde
gakeTebuli (Seswavlili, gamokvleuli) Cveni sakvlevi problemis

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irgvliv (raTa davadginoT CvenTvis saintereso problemis kvlevis
istoria), ra aris iseTi, rac gaamyarebs Cvens mecnierul kvlevas an
piriqiT, rac ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens Tvalsazriss.
mag., raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb mivuTiTebT romelime mkvlevris
naSroms, romelime argumentis gasamyareblad, es naSromi CvenTvis
meoreuli wyaro iqneba. magram Tu Cven am mecnieris mecnierul
naRvaws vswavlobT, maSin igive naSromi CvenTvis pirveladi wyaro
gaxdeba.

 mesameuli wyaro
mesameul wyaros iseTi masala warmoadgens, sadac codnis
romelime sferoSi mopovebuli Sedegebia Tavmoyrili, Sejamebuli da
popularulad gadmocemuli. maT, Cveulebriv, enciklopediuri
xasiaTis wyaroebi miekuTvneba.
Mmesameuliwyaroebi gankuTvnili farTo
mkiTxvelisazogadoebisTvis (araspecialistebisTvis), an damwyebi
mkvlevrebisTvis (visac jer zogadi suraTis gaazreba esaWiroeba).
kvlevis ufro seriozul (Rrma) doneze mesameuli wyaroebi aRar
gamoiyeneba.

2. wyaroebis moZieba
Tu Cveni Tema saswavlo gamiznulobisaa, wyaro upirvelesad
akademiur gamocemebSiunda veZeboT (wignebSi an samecniero
krebulebSi). wignis kiTxvis dros yuradRebiT movekidoT sqolioebs
(wignis gverdis bolos miTiTebul literaturas). iq aucileblad
wavawydebiT CvenTvis saintereso wyaroebs. es wyaros Ziebis imdenad
bunebrivi da gavrcelebuli formaa, rom samecniero wreebSi aseTi
gamoTqmac ki aris damkvidrebuli: “wigni wigns gvapovninebso”.
wyaros Ziebis meore gza mesameuli wyaroebis gacnobaa. esaa
zogadi Tu dargobrivi enciklopediebis, bibliografiuli
literaturis kiTxva, Tematuri katalogebis gacnoba. am yvelafris
moZieba biblioTekaSi xdeba. Tumca ukanasknel xans wyaroTa Ziebis
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kidev erTi, Zalze efeqturi gzac gaCnda. esaa interneti. internetSi
informaciis moZiebis SesaZleboba ganusazRvrelad didia. amasTan,
arsebobs internetenciklopediebic (magaliTad, britanika, vikipedia).

biblioTeka
biblioTeka berZnuli sityvaa da wignsacavs niSnavs. biblioTeka
amuzogadesi ganmartebis doneze TanamedroveobaSi sxvadasxva
Sinaarss Seicavs.
 biblioTeka_beWduri Tu xelnaweri masalis krebuli (mag.,
“msoflio literaturis biblioTeka”, wignebis ramdenime aTeuli
tomisgan Semdgari krebulia, romelSic warmodgenilia msoflioSi
cnobili mwerlebis saukeTeso qmnilebebi). aseTi krebulebi,
Cveulebriv, erTi raime principiT iqmneba: mag., mxatvruli
literaturis Janrebis, Tematikis da a.S. niSnebiT.
 biblioTeka_wignebis Sesanaxi Senoba (sawyobi).
 biblioTeka_dawesebuleba, romelic emsaxureba beWduri
gamocemebiTa da xelnaweri masaliT.
biblioTeka, Tqvens cnobierebaSi ufro mesame ganmartebiT aris
gaSinaarsianebuli. bunebrivia, am cnebis pirveli gagebis faqtebic
cnobilia TqvenTvis (ufro metad) da meorisac (ufro naklebad).
magram isic unda daimaxsovroT, rom am mesame TvalsazrisiTac
(biblioTeka-dawesebuleba) biblioTekebi sxvadasxva saxisaa. am
sxvadasxvaobas ki maTi daniSnuleba gansazRvravs. arsebobs
farToprofiliani da viwroprofiliani biblioTekebi.
farTopofiliani is biblioTekebia, romlebSic Tavmoyrilia
adamianuri codnis mravali sferos wignebi, Jurnalebi, sxvadasxva
perioduli beWduri gamocemebi da xelnaweri masalebia.
aseTi biblioTekiT, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis nair_nair
sferoTa warmomadgenlebi sargebloben. maTi wignadi fondic
aTeulaTasobiT, aseulaTasobiT da milionobiT erTeuls Seicavs.
TbilisSi aseTia saqarTvelos parlamentis biblioTeka. mas uwin
sajaro biblioTeka erqva da es saxeli mas xalxSi dRemde SemorCa.
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 viwroprofiliani biblioTekebi adamianuri codnis konkretuli
monaTesave sferoebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelzea orientirebuli.
magaliTad, TbilisSi aseTi yvelaze didi biblioTeka iyo e.
miqelaZis saxelobis samecniero-teqnikuri biblioTeka, sadac
sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikis dargebis wignebi da perioduli
beWduri gamocemebi iyo Tavmoyrili.
msgavsi dargobrivi biblioTekebi aqvs yvela samecniero da
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas, instituts, skolas,
muzeums, Teatrs da a.S.
wignadi fondis sisrulis TvalsazrisiT dargobrivi biblioTekebic
sxvadasxvanairad iwodeba. codnis sferos “amomwuravi” wignadi
fondis mqone biblioTekebs “fundamentur biblioTekebsac” uwodeben.
zogierTi biblioTeka, mkiTxvelis simravlisa da vrcel
teritoriaze maTi ganTavsebis gamo, calke filialebs qmnis.
magaliTad, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia ramdenime aTeul
samecniero-kvleviT dawesebulebas (institutebs, samecniero centrebs
da sxva) aerTianebs. es samecniero dawesebulebebi teritoriulad
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSia ganlagebuli. mecnieruli kvlevis
xelSewyobis mizniT yvelas Tav-Tavisi biblioTeka aqvs, magram isini
mecnierebaTa akademiis saTavo biblioTekis filialebia. saTavo
biblioTekas ki “centraluri samecniero biblioTeka” ewodeba.
aseTi struqturis biblioTekebi arsebobs did umaRles
saswavleblebSic. aq erTi_centraluri biblioTeka_sauniversitetoa,
mTel universitets emsaxureba. mas fakultetebze calke
filialebi_e.w. “saseminaro biblioTekebi” aqvs.
“saseminaro biblioTekebSi” iseTi wignebia Tavmoyrili, romlebic
saswavlo procesSi yoveldRiurad gamoiyeneba.
meore tipis biblioTekis klasikuri nimuSi saqarTveloSi iyo e.w.
“wignis palataa”, sadac Cvens qveyanaSi (an Cvens qveyanaze) gamocemuli
yvela saxis beWduri produqcia inaxeba. Tqven TiTqmis yvela tipis
biblioTekiT SegiZliaT sargebloba, radgan samecniero wignebi
yvela biblioTekaSi arsebobs. vestibiulSi Tqvens yuradRebas
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miipyrobs patar-patara ujrebad dayofili yuTebi. TiToeul ujras
anbanis romelime aso akravs “firniSnad”. es yvela biblioTekis
savizito baraTebi_katalogebia.

katalogi
katalogi berZnuli sityvaa da zogadad niSnavs sias, sagnebis
nusxas(wignebis, ferweruli tiloebis da a.S.). es sia Sedgenilia
TiToeuli sagnis moZebnis gaadvilebis principiT. biblioTekebSi am
principis Sesabamisad Sedgenili katalogebi ramdenime tips qmnis.
struqturulad yvela katalogi erTnairadaa mowyobili:
ujrebian yuTebSi konkretuli ujra konkretuli asoTia
datvifruli. ujraSi Cawyobilia baraTebi_gansazRvruli zomis
qaRaldis furclebi. am baraTebze ki wyaroebis dasaxelebebia
Cawerili. yvelgan asea, yvela tipis katalogSi. Cveulebriv,
praqpikaSi sami tipis katalogi gamoiyeneba.
 anbanuri katalogi:
anbanur katalogSi wigni misi avtoris gvaris mixedviT aris
dafiqsirebuli. Tu TqvenTvis saWiro wignis avtori cnobilia,
anbanuri katalogis is ujra unda gamoaRoT, romelsac TqvenTvis
saintereso avtoris gvaris sawyisi aso aweria. vTqvaT, avtoris
gvaria bagrationi. Tqven anbanuri katalogis im ujras unda
mimarToT, romelsac aso “b” aweria.
 sagnobrivi katalogi:
sagnobrivi katalogi wyaros moZebnaSi maSin gvexmareba, roca
wignis avtori,an kvlevis Temis irgvliv konkretuli wigni ar viciT.
Roca viciT Tema, sagnobriv katalogSi movZebniT im asoTi
aRniSnul ujras, riTac saZiebeli sakiTxi iwyeba. mag., veZebT
noqalaqevis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalas. sagnobriv katalogSi
jer movZebniT “a” asoTi daniSnul ujras, vnaxavT arqeologias,
Semdeg mivyvebiT anbans da movZebniT noqalaqevis arqeologias, sadac
mis irgvliv arsebuli wignebis saxelwodebebia Cawerili. movZebniT
CvenTvis saWiro wigns da specialur blankze, romelsac iqve,
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biblioTekarisgan miviRebT, amoviwerT Semdeg monacemebs: avtoris
gvar-saxels, wignis saxelwodebasa da saregistracio nomers. Semdeg
saTanado adgilas miawerT Tqvens (rogorc mkiTxvelis) gvar-saxels,
Tqveni bileTis (yvela mkiTxvels Tavisi_“mkiTxvelis bileTi” aqvs.
sxvagvarad biblioTekiT sargebloba akrZalulia) nomers da wignis
gamoweris TariRs. aseTnairad Sevsebul baraTs CaabarebT
biblioTekars. SekveTa Caigzavneba wignsacavSi, sadac specialistebi
wigns moZebnian da garkveul droSi wigni Tqvens samuSao magidaze
gaCndeba.
 periodikis (periodul gamocemaTa) katalogi.
aseTi tipis katalogebSi perioduli beWduri gamocemebia “anbanze”
dalagebuli. esaa samecniero Jurnalebi, almanaxebi (saerTod,
Jurnal-gazeTebic).. Tu viciT, romel JurnalSia dabeWdili CvenTvis
saintereso statia (viciT Jurnalis saxelwodeba, gamocemis weli,
nomeri), zemoT aRwerili wesiT katalogSi anbanuri rigiT movZebniT
mas da saWiro wyarosac “movixelTebT”.
garda aRniSnuli katalogebisa, Tanamedrove tipis did
biblioTekebSi wyaros moZiebisa da masze muSaobis sxva formac
arsebobs. esaa sacnobaro literaturis “didi da Ria
katalogebi”_samkixvelo darbazebis Taroebi da karadebi, sadac
enciklopediuri Sinaarsis gamocemebi, leqsikonebi, anotirebuli
bibliografiuli krebulebi awyvia. Ria es pirobiTi katalogi
imitomaa, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ar dagWirdebaT “gamowera” anu
katalogebSi moZebna, Sesabamisi baraTis Sevseba da lodini, rodis
gaCndeba Tqvens magidaze. mixvalT, gamoaRebT karadas da xels
mohkidebT wigns. esaa da es.
erTi kia: sacnobaro literaturiT sageblobis dros unda
gaxsovdeT, rom gaumarTlebelia. sacnobaro literaturis didi xniT
“gaCereba”. jer erTi imitom, rom aseTi literatura yvelaze
intensiuri sargeblobisaa. amitomac awyvia aseTi wignebi Riad
karadebis Taroebze, mkvlevars arcTu iSviaTad xSir-xSirad uwevs
Caxedva; meorec_kvleviTi muSaobis enaze sacnobaro literatura
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sworedac rom “CaxedvisTvisaa” gamiznuli. “Caxedva” am SemTxvevaSi
gulisxmobs Zalian mokle informaciis moZiebas mis dazustebis
mizniT (mag., romelime ucxo sityvis, terminis, faqtis TariRis da
a.S.). amas ki Zalian cota dro sWirdeba (SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma es iqve,
karadasTan mdgomaremac gaakeTos, gadaSalos wigni, Caxedos, saWiro
informacia ipovnos da wigni isev Taroze dados). yovel SemTxvevaSi,
samuSao magidaze usargeblod ar unda daidos.
did biblioTekebSi (magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekaSi) aseTi
swrafi sargeblobis sxva formac arsebobs. garkveul qvedanayofebSi
Tavmoyrilia codnis konkretuli sferos (Tematikis) literatura da
wyaroebi (magaliTad, aseTia mxareTmcodneobis ganyofileba), sadac
mkiTxvels biblioTekaris dauxmareblad SeuZlia ara marto
enciklopedia-leqsikonebiT sargebloba, aramed periodikiTac (iseTi
unikaluri Jurnal gazeTebiTac ki, rogoricaa “iveria”, “droeba” da
sxva).
katalogebTan urTierToba arc ise iolia. aris SemTxvevebi,
roca yvela wesis dacviT vmuSaobT katalogze, viciT, rom CvenTvis
saWiro wigni namdvilad aris biblioTekaSi (SesaZloa, sxva dros
sxva mizniT gvisargeblia kidevac: mogviZebnia, wagvikiTxavs), magram
ver vpoulobT. aseT SemTxvevaSi daxmarebisTvis biblioTekars unda
mivmarToT. igi problemas uswrafesad gadagiWriT_sasurvel wigns
uceb mogiZebniT.
profesionali biblioTekaris garda, wyaros moZebnaSi dargis
cnobili specialisti-eqspertic dagexmarebaT. mecnierul muSaobaSi
aseTi formac sakmaod gavrcelebulia da misi simyare profesiuli
eTikis dauwereli kodeqsiTaa ganpirobebuli. arc erTi aseTi
eqsperti ar getyviT uars daxmarebaze. oRond vidre aseT eqsperts
mimarTavT, winaswar kargad unda moemzadoT: unda daazustoT, ra
gindaT da ratom. amomwuravi informacia erTjeradi kontaqtiT unda
moipovoT. gaxsovdeT, wigns (rogorc wyaros) ramdenjerac gindaT,
imdenjer miubrundebiT informaciis Sesavsebad Tu dasazusteblad

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(Tumca es Zvirfasi samuSao drois uyairaTo xarjva iqneba), adamians
ki erTsa da imaveze mravalgzis ver SeawuxebT, mogeridebaT.
arsebobs wyaros mopovebis kidev erTi gza da saSualeba: esaa
Tavad adamiani, misi codna es codna ar utoldeba cxovrebiseul
praqtikul gamocdilebas. es tradiciuli, TaobaTa mier dagrovebuli
codnaa da zepiri arseboba misi bunebrivi formaa. esaa warsulis
(istoriis) ambebis mexsierebiT Semonaxva, tradiciebis, wes-Cvevebis,
adaT-wesebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis ritualuri da Sinaarsobrivi
aspeqtebis, TaobaTa mier zepirad SeTxzuli miTebis, zRaprebis,
andaza-gamocanebis, Tqmuleba-legendebis da a.S. codna, rasac
eTnologia, eTnografia, folkloristika Seiswavlis.
cxadia, rom aseTi zepiri wyaroebi mecnierebis konkretuli
dargebisaTvisaa Sedegiani. magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi isinic
warmatebiT gamoiyeneba.

wyaroTa damuSaveba
wyaroebze muSaoba rTuli azrovnebiTi procesia, igi ar
daiyvaneba
informaciis meqanikur Tavmoyra-dagrovebaze. wyaroebis gamoyenebis
vargisianobas da efeqturobas ori principi gansazRvravs:
 sizuste;
 kritikuli gaazreba-Sefaseba
wyaroebze marto imisTvis ar muSaobT, rom mxolod
faqtebi da monacemebi daagrovoT, Semdeg Tqvens gamokvlevaSi
meqanikurad CayaroT da amiT mkiTxvelis winaSe Tavi moiwonoT:
SexedeT, ramdeni wigni wamikiTxavs, rogori nakiTxi da ganaTlebuli
varo. aseTi “naSromi” axals veravis verafers SesZens da ara marto
avtoris amaod garjas daadasturebs, aramed mis uniWobasac
cxadyofs. erTaderTi Rirseba (Tu ki amis Ziebas Zalian moviwadinebT)
is iqneba, rasac bibliografiuli Rirebuleba eqneba.

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 informaciis mopoveba-Tavmoyris mizani sakuTari codnis
gaRrmavebaa sxvisi codnis gaTavisebis gziT. es informaciis
Sejerebis safuZvelze sakuTari azris gamotanas niSnavs.
miuxedavad amisa, wyaroebze muSaobis sawyis etapze informaciis
did raodenobas Tavs mainc ver davaRwevT. Tavidan yvela winamorbedi
mkvlevris gacnoba da maTi naSromebis gaazreba mogviwevs. ase rom,
wyaroebis damuSaveba urTulesi procesia. aq qmediTia e.w.
gamoxSirvis meTodi, rac wyaroebis dazustebis gziT raodenobriv
Semcirebas gulisxmobs.
Tavidan swrafi kiTxviT yvela winaswar SerCeul wyaros unda
gavecnoT. amis safuZvelze gamovyoT, Cveni azriT, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani wyaroebi.
amis Semdeg unda gadavideT SerCeuli wyaroebis saguldagulo
kiTxvaze, wakiTxulis gaazrebaze (Tundac meored da mesamed
wakiTxvis xarjze), winamorbedi mkvlevris argumentebis Sefasebaze.
sawyis etapze yvela wyaros vecnobiT, vkiTxulobT, CvenTvis
saintereso da Rirebul masalas (monacemebs, faqtebs, mosazrebebs)
baraTebze viwerT, xolo Semdeg am baraTebs yvela monacemis
msgavseba-gansxvavebis mixedviT vajgufebT.
aseTi baraTis Sedgenis raime savaldebulo formati ar
arsebobs (individualuria), magram principi ki gansazRvruli da
yvelasTvis aucilebelia. am princips safuZvlad bibliografiuli
monacemebis nusxa da maTi Sedgenis wesebi qmnis:

wyaros monacemebis baraTi

wyaros bibliografiuli monacemebi saSualo zomis (10X15sm. an
15X20sm.) qaRaldze-baraTze unda CaviweroT. bibliografiul
monacemebs Seadgens:
 wyaros avtoris vinaoba, saxelwodeba, gamocemis weli,
gamomcemloba, gverdi (iwereba baraTis marcxena kuTxeSi);

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  gamonaTqvamis, Tvalsazrisis Semcveli teqsti (winadadeba(ebi),
gamoTqma (baraTis centralur nawilebSi, brWyalebSi Casmuli, imis
dasamaxsovreblad, rom es sxvisi azria da ara Tqveni);
 kodirebuli (sakvanZo) sityva(ebi) imis dasafiqsireblad, Tu
risTvis (Tqveni ra mosazrebis argumentirebisTvis) gWirdebaT wyaro
(es monacemi baraTis zeda kuTxis marjvena mxares iwereba).
baraTze Cveulebriv, unda Caiweros Semdegi monacemebic (isini
Cvens gamokvlevaSi SeniSvnebis werisa da bibliografiis
SedgenisaTvis dagvWirdeba):
_ wignis (wyaros) avtori;
_ tomis nomeri (Tu igi tomeulis nawilia_romelime tomi);
_ gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba;
_ Tu wyaro romelime samecniero krebulSia dabeWdili, unda
mivuTiToT gverdebi (romel gverdze iwyeba da romel gverdze
mTavrdeba);
_ meramdene gamocemaa;
_ gamocemis adgili (qalaqi);
_ gamocemis weli;
_ internetwyaros unda mivuweroT vebgverdis misamarTi da masalis
amoRebis TariRi.
wyaroze muSaobaSi mTavaria sizuste. Ees ki wyaros kritikul
gaazreba-Sefasebasac saWiroebs. gansakuTrebiT safrTxiloa iseT
pirvelwyaroze muSaoba, romelic TavisTavad (Tqveni interesis miRma)
meoreulia, meoreuli wyarodan iRebT. aq ori gamosavali arsebobs.
erTi: unda moZebnoT pirvelwyaro, gaecnoT da ise miuTiToT; meore:
Tu pirvelwyaro miuwvdomelia, maSin is wyaro (meoreuli) unda
miuTiToT, saidanac imowmebT.
amas garda, Seuryevel WeSmaritebad ar unda miviRoT
winamorbedi mkvlevris mosazreba an wyaros mtkicebuleba. unda
SevudaroT am sakiTxze sxva mkvlevarTa mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebs.
amis safuZvelze gamovitanoT daskvna.

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 rodesac wyaroSi arsebul ideas Cvens argumentad davsaxavT,
am ideis mamtkicebel argumentebsac unda davukvirdeT; unda
davrwmundeT, ramdenad safuZvliania isini, ramdenad eWvSeutanladaa
dasabuTebuli. aseT argumentebs Soris CvenTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani unda gamovarCioT.
roca aseT arguments gamovarCevT, axla imas unda davukvirdeT,
am wyarosTvis es argumenti mTavaria Tu meorexarisxovani (damxmare).
es imisaTvis aris saWiro, rom azris aqcentireba, konteqsts gareSe,
Tavad am azrs ucvlis Sinaarss. amas garda gasaTvaliswinebelia
kidev erTi momenti:
wyaroSi savaraudod Tqmuli mosazreba ar unda “gavasaRoT”
uryev argumentad. Tundac avtoritetuli mkvlevris mier gamoTqmuli
varaudis uryev WeSmaritebad gamocxadeba, rbilad rom vTqvaT,
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Cagvayenebs.
Zalian xSirad wyaroze muSaobisas aseT viTarebasac
gadavawydebiT: Cveni pirvelwyaros avtoris naSromSi warmodgenilia
polemika sxva mkvlevarTan (vinc Cveni pirvelwyaros wyaroa). maTi
Tvalsazrisebi erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT, erTis azri meores ar
unda mivaweroT.
SeiZleba iseT viTarebasac gadavawydeT, roca Cvens wyaroSi
Cveni wyaros avtorisa da kidev sxva mkvlevris mosazrebebi
erTmaneTs emTxveva. gauazreblad arc am SemTxvevaSi unda
gamovitanoT daskvna. aq is unda warmovaCinoT, Tu ratom emTxveva
erTmaneTs maTi mosazrebebi. erTnair argumentebs emyarebian isini Tu
ara, an rogor avsebs es argumentebi erTmaneTs.
wyaroebze muSaobisas arc iseTi SemTxvevaa iSviaTi, roca,
vTqvaT, or wyaroSi urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli.
Tanac es gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi sxvadasxva faqtzea damyarebuli,
an saerTo faqtebi sxvadasxvanairad aqvT gaazrebuli. es niSnavs, rom
am mkvlevrebs gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT.
aseT SemTxvevaSi keTilsindisierad unda gavaanalizoT orive
mxaris argumentebi da Cveni arCevani amis safuZvelze movaxdinoT.
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 kvleva maZiebeli gonebis xvedria. unda eZiebdeT da
poebdeT_asea SemosazRvruli adamianis arsobrivi maqsima. kvleva
gaazrebul kiTxvasa da masalis kritikul gaazrebas emyareba. kvleva
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis analizi da WeSmaritebis Ziebaa.
WeSmariteba ki avtoritetebzedac maRla dgas da mis umaRles
araferia.
rogor, ra principiT vikiTxoT wignebi_Cveni samecniero kvlevis
umTavresi wyaroebi _ rogor amoviweroT CvenTvis saWiro masala.
wignis kiTxvis da wignidan informaciis moZiebis unar_Cvevebi,
marTalia, ukve saSualo skolidan gaqvT, magram samecniero kvlevebSi
am process Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. wigni samecniero kvlevebSi
umTavresi wyaroa. am mniSvnelobas igi mecnierebis iseT dargebSic
inarCunebs, sadac kvlevis umTavresi forma eqsperimentia.
eqsperimentis Sedegebi aRwera-ganzogadebis bolos mainc samecniero
naSromad_wignad iqceva, rogorc problemis Teoriuli gadawyveta.
mecnierul kvlevebSi wignebi or kategoriad iyofa:
 arsebobs wignebi, romelTa Sesaxebac weren (pirveladi
wyaroebi);
 aris wignebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac weren (meoreuli wyaroebi);
mag., Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis (kanonebis teqstebis)
krebuli da mecnierul _kritikuli wignebi, romlebSic Seswavlilia
am Zeglebis sxvadasxva aspeqti. rogor, ra TanamimdevrobiT vikiTxoT
aRniSnuli kategoriebis wignebi. jer teqstebs gavecnoT, mere
mecnierul-kritikul literaturas, Tu piriqiT?
zogierTi mkvlevari aseT rCevas gvTavazobs:
Tavidan ori-sami zogadi xasiaTis mecnierul-kritikuli wigni
wavikiTxoT, raTa Cveni kvlevaZiebiTi interesebis foni gavicnoT;
gaviazroT, ra viTarebaa CvenTvis saintereso problemis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT; problemis ra aspeqtebia gamokvleuli da ra doneze;
ra aqtualuri aspeqtebia gadauWreli; rogoraa moazrebuli maTi
gadaWris perspeqtivebi; rogor Seesabameba es yvelaferi Cvens xedvasa
da varaudebs. amis Semdeg ki uSualod kvlevis sagnis teqstebi
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wavikiTxoT. e.i. jer mecnierul-kritikul literaturas gavecnoT,
Semdeg pirveladi wyaros teqsts.
Aam SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mainc mkvlevris fsiqologiaa, anu is,
adamianTa romel fsiqologiur tips ganekuTvneba mkvlevari. aseTi
tipi ki oria: monoTematuri da poliTematuri (saxelwodeba,
pirobiTia, magram Cveni azriT, mainc met_naklebad Sinaarsis sworad
warmomCenia):
 monoTematuri adamianebi gulmodgined erT Temaze muSaoben.
vidre mas ar gaasruleben, xels sxvas ver hkideben, radgan maTi
goneba mTlianad am erTzea koncentrirebuli.
 poliTematurebis stiqia erTbaSad yvelafris keTebaa. maT guli
erTze ver uCerdebaT, xedva da aRqma saganTa da movlenaTa mTels
speqtrs moicavs, vizualurad sinTezirebulia. isini mets xedaven,
vidre monoTematurni. garegnulad foriaqa adamianebis STabeWdilebas
axdenen, uTavbolod erTidan meore saqmis keTebaze rom gadadian da
guls verafers udeben. sinamdvileSi ki es yvelaferi maTi fsiqikis,
azrovnebis meqanizmis gamovlenaa, niWis Taviseburebas rom vuwodebT.
es bunebrivi kanonzomiereba samecniero kvlevis sferoSic
moqmedebs.
Aase rom, sakvlevi problemis pirvelad da meoreul wyaroebze
muSaobis Tanamimdevroba mkvlevris fsiqologiur tipze da misi
Teoriuli da informaciulobis garkveulobis xarisxzea
damokidebuli.
erTi kia: wyaroebi ukve bibliografiaze muSaobisas unda
vikiTxoT. amasTan, uTuod unda gaviTvaliswinoT ori momenti:
bibliografiis Sedgenisas imTaviTve unda ganvacalkevoT Teoriuli,
pirveladi da meoreuli wyaroebi da maTi bibliografiebi cal-calke
SevadginoT. meorec, yvela tipis wignebi Tanamimdevrulad wavikiTxoT
da davamuSaoT.
Tumca cxovrebaSi xSirad kvleva moulodnelad dagegmilisgan
gansxvavebuladac warimarTeba. amis mizezi ki swored wigni gaxdeba
xolme.
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 mkvlevari, rogorc ki bibliografiis sias Camowers da
ramdenime wigns xelT igdebs, mizanmimarTulad iwyebs kiTxvas da
damuSavebas. zogjer romelime wigni ise gaitacebs, rom
bibliografiac am wignidan “gamoucxveba” xolme, radgan aq waawydeba
misi interesis wyaroTa umetesobas. saerTodac bibliografia
wignebis (statiebis) kiTxvis kvalobaze mdidrdeba da ivseba.
TqvenTvis wyaros mniSvnelobis mqone wignsac xom aqvs Tavisi
wyaroebi? ratom ar gamogadgebaT isini wyaroebad. wignze
muSaobis ori tradiciuli gza arsebobs.
 erTi wignze pirdapiri gagebiT, muSaobas gulisxmobs. aseT
dros wignis kiTxvisas saintereso adgilebs sxvadasxvagvarad
moviniSnavT: striqonebs qveS xazs gavusvamT an saintereso
winadadebebsa Tu abzacs sxvadasxva feris markerebiT gamovarCevT,
gverdiT, mindorze ki winaswar SemuSavebul aRniSvnas davurTavT im
mizniT, rom samuSao gegmis, hipoTeza-saZieblis konkretul
sakiTxTan mimarTeba davafiqsiroT. Cvens gegmas xom samuSao
hipoTeza-saZieblis struqtura aqvs, sadac naSromis savaraudo
nawilebi, Tavebi, qveTavebia gamoyofili. am yvelafers Tu raime
niSnebiT (kodebiT) aRvniSnavT, wyaros damuSavebis dros gvecodineba
romel nawilTan TavTan Tu qveTavTan iqneba dakavSirebuli wyaroSi
moniSnuli informacia (winadadeba, abzaci). SemdegSi, Cveni naSromis
teqstze muSaobas rom daviwyebT, wignSi moniSnul informacias Cvens
naSromSi iolad movuZebniT adgils.
am gzas SegviZlia maSin mivmarToT, roca wigni Cveni sakuTrebaa.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, nu moeridebiT wignis xazgasma-moniSvnebiT
aWrelebas. nu daujerebT im moarul azrs, rom wigns mofrTxileba
unda da misi amgvarad “xelyofa” ar SeiZlebao. xazgasma-moniSvnebiT
“aWrelebuli” wigni, yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Tavad amiT xdeba
uZvirfasesi wyaro. uamravi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba imisa, Tu ra
didi mecnieruli mniSvneloba SeuZenia aseT wigns did pirovnebaTa
_sazogado moRvaweTa, xelovanTa, mecnierTa_SemoqmedebiTi

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memkvidreobis SeswavlaSi, sadac ubralo miniSnebas zogjer didi
azris mtkicebaSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens.
xazgasmebi wigns amdidrebs. xazgasma-moniSvnebi wignSi
asaxulisadmi Tqvens interesebs cxadyofs. amasTan (da rac yvelaze
mTavaria) drois Semdeg wignTan mibrunebis Taviseburi impulsic
aris. xazgasma Tvalis gadavlebas gaiZulebT. Ees ki odesRac
nafiqralze fiqrs aRZravs, fiqri ukve gamokvleuli problemis
gonebaSi gacoxleba-gadaazrebas iwvevs, rac Tavis mxriv, ara marto
gamokvleulis kidev erTxel Sejerebas ganapirobebs, aramed
gagrZeleba-gaRrmavebas da egeb axal kvlevebsac misces biZgi. aseTi
ram mecnieruli kvlevebisTvis ucxo ar aris.
erTi kia: xazgasma-moniSvnebi gonivrulad unda movaxdinoT,
mxolod is gavxazoT da is moviniSnoT, rac aucileblad gvWirdeba,
kerZod:
 Tu wignis erT gverdze sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxva xasiaTis
cnobebia mocemuli, sxvadasxva feris markeriT unda movniSnoT;
 unda mivuTiToT (kodebiT, pirobiTi niSnebiT) informaciis
mniSvnelobis xarisxi. mag., mniSvnelovania mTeli abzaci. SegviZlia
marjvniv CamovusvaT vertikaluri xazi pirobiTi aRniSvniT: “Z.
mniSv.” (“Zalian mniSvnelovani”) an “cit” (citatad gamosayenebeli).
ase unda moviniSnoT yvela is adgili, romlebsac merme
mivubrundebiT. pirveli wakiTxvis dros, arcTu iSviaTad, zogierTi
adgilibundovnad mogveCveneba, azrs bolomde ver CavwvdebiT. es
Cveulebrivi movlenaa, ar aris niWierebis sazomi. aseTi adgili
Sesabamisad unda moviniSnoT (mag., ase: “wasak.”=”wasakiTxi”) da mTel
wigns rom davamuSavebT, Semdeg mivubrundeT.
rogor unda vimuSaoT iseT wignze, romelic Cveni sakuTrebaa,
magram iSviaTi, Zvirfasi gamocemaa da xazgasma-moniSvnebiT
asaWreleblad ar gvemeteba? Tanamedrove teqnikis daxmarebiT es
problemac iolad gadawydeba: qseroaslis gadaRebiT. Tumca ukeTesia
mokle Sinaarsis calke rveulSi amowera, magram es mZime,
Sromatevadi saqmea da miuxedavad misi didi sargeblianobisa,
97
amJamad naklebad iyeneben am tradiciul meTods, qseroasls
amjobineben. qseroasli Cveni yoveldRiurobis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxda. misi didi efeqtianobac cxadia. mecnierul kvlevebSi
qseroaslebs swori da gonivruli gamoyeneba sWirdeba. qseroasls
erTi cduneba axlavs. adamians imis gancdas uCens, rom rac masSi
sweria, gadaRebisTanave wakiTxuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs. am azrs
adamianebi ise SeeCvivnen, rom “qseroaslebis mTebs” qmnian, magram Sig
naklebad ixedebian da saTanado drois Semdeg SigCauxedavad
iSoreben Tavidan. amitom qseroaslebi iseve unda wavikiTxoT da
davamuSaoT, rogorc wignebi.
Tu Tqveni sakvlevi problema iseT xelmiuwvdomel wyaroebs
(wignebs) ukavSirdeba, romlebic moculobiT didia, qseroaslebis
gadaRebac SeuZlebelia, es imis niSania, rom problema saTqveno araa
da Tavi unda daaneboT.
 meore gzas maSin unda davadgeT, roca wigni Cveni sakuTreba ar
aris: biblioTekisaa, an naTxovaria da gadaxazva-moniSvnebiT ver
avaWrelebT. am SemTxvevaSi wignebi unda davakonspeqtoT. am mxriv,
saukeTeso saSualebaabaraT-konspeqtebis keTeba.
baraTi-konspeqti gansxvavdeba bibliografiuli baraTisgan.
bibliografiuli baraTi wyaros mosaZebn cnobebs Seicavs,
xolo baraT-konspeqti wyaros konceptualur codnas moicavs da
Sesabamisad, zomebiTac didia (mag., moswavlis rveulis furclis
naxevars).
baraT-konspeqtSi SeaqvT wyaros mokle anotacia; citirebisTvis
saWiro sakvanZo adgilebi; mkvlevris dakvirvebaTa reziumeebi, wyaros
gacnobis niadagze mkvlevris gonebaSi gaCenili ideebi, mosazrebebi;
monacemebi, romlebsac mkvlevari am wyaros, sxva, analogiur
wyaroebTan Sedareba-SepirispirebiT miiRebs. erTi sityviT, baraT-
konspeqtze wyaros damuSavebisas TavCenili nebismieri interesis
dafiqsireba SegviZlia. amis Sesabamisad baraT-konspeqtebi
Sinaarsobrivad sxvadasxvanairia. da es nairferovneba umTavresad
mkvlevris mexsierebazea damokidebuli. zogs yvelaferis Cawera
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sWirdeba, sxvas miniSnebac hyofnis. mTavaria teqstis gaazreba-
gaTavisebis sisrule, imis gaTavliswineba, ra dagvWirdeba
citatisaTvis, ra _ parafrazirebisTvis da a.S.
upirvelesad keTdeba Tematuri baraT-konspeqtebi. am baraTebze
Tematur informaciebs viwerT da logikuri TanamimdevrobiT
valagebT (vajgufebT). Tu samecniero naSromi “medalionebis”
principisaa, e.i. Tu Tqveni naSromis calkeuli Tavi calkeul
pirovnebas Seexeba, aseT SemTxvevaSi Tematuris nacvlad saxelobiTi
baraT-konspeqtebi iqmneba.Tu naSromi Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, baraT-
konspeqtebSi umTavresad magaliTebi Seitaneba.
rac Seexeba baraT-konspeqtis saerTo saxeobebs, isini aseTia:
_ problemis hipoTeza-saZieblis punqtebisa da qvepunqtebis
urTierTdamakavSirebeli baraTebi;
_problemuri baraTebi (sadac Seitaneba sxvaTagan nasesxebi
mosazrebebi);
_ mokarnaxe baraTebi. aq Seitaneba wyaros miniSnul teqstze
mkvlevris mier TavCenili SeniSvnebi, damatebebi, miniSnebani_ra
mimarTulebiT SeiZleba mosazrebis ganviTareba-gaRmaveba.
_ wyaroTa (wignebis, statiebis) reziumirebuli Sinaarsebis
baraTebi;
_ Tematuri baraTebi;
_ saxelobiTi baraTebi;
_ magaliTebisa da citatebis baraTebi;
Tavad baraTkonspeqti ki sasurvelia aseTi zogadi sqemis mixedviT
SevadginoT:
 TavSi mivuTiToT wyaros (wignis, statiis) saerTo monacemebi
(avtoris gvari, saxeli, gamocemis adgili, weli da a.S.);
 cnobebi avtorze (Tu igi mecnierul samyaroSi naklebad aris
cnobili);
 wyaros teqstis reziume (mokle Sinaarsi ganxiluli sakiTxebis,
problemis CvenebiT);

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  vrceli amonaridebi. citirebisTvis gankuTvnili teqsti
aucileblad brWyalebSi da gverdis miTiTebiT amoiwereba. amiT
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba citata da parafrazi;
 mkvlevris STabeWdilebebi da dakvirvebebi.
aseTi STabeWdileba-dakvirvebebi baraT-konspeqtis TavSic SeiZleba
iyos, SuaSic, boloSic, oRond, bunebrivia, Sesabamisi grafikuli
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT gamoirCeva (gancalkevdeba);
 miTiTebebi sakvlevi problemis anu Cveni samecniero naSromis
samuSao gegmis romel punqts ukavSirdeba. Tu mTlianad sakvlev
problemas ukavSirdeba, bunebrivia, Sesabamisi pirobiTi niSniT
aRiniSneba.
baraT-konspeqtebis erTi Rirseba isicaa, rom masSi Tavmoyrili
informaciis gamoyeneba mecnieruli kvlevis nebismier etapzea
mosaxerxebeli. mag., gavasruleT samecniero naSromi, ukve
gadaTeTrebaze unda gadavideT, gadavaTvaliereT Cveni kartoTeka da
aRmovaCineT gamouyenebeli saintereso baraTi-konspeqti, davrwmundiT,
rom raRac mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa. rogor unda moviqceT? baraT-
konspeqti saSualebas gvaZlevs:
 movZebnoT Cveni naSromis teqstSi saTanado adgili da
CavamatoT;
 saWirod aRar miviCnioT da gverdze gadavdoT;
 CavitanoT teqstqveSa (an teqstmiRma) SeniSvnaSi da amiT
mkiTxvels vaCvenoT, rom sakiTxs vicnobT, magram mocemul etapze
misi ganxilva mizanSewonilad ar vcaniT.
baraT-konspeqts ama Tu im TvalsazrisiT kapitaldabandebasac
uwodeben, radgan momavalSi SesaZloa sxva Temaze muSaobisTvis
gamogvadges. wyaroebze muSaoba rTuli, xangrZlivi da friad
Sromatevadi procesia. sirTules aq wyaroSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsis
gaazreba-gaTaviseba qmnis.
marTalia, wyaroTa umetesoba TqvenTvis ase Tu ise (Tundac
interesTa doneze) nacnobia, daaxloebiT isic iciT winaswar (wyaros
saTauris mixedviT), razea saubari masSi, magram yvela wyaro
100
Sinaarsobrivad erTnairad ver aRiqmeba. amis mizezi, erTi mxriv,
ganxilul sakiTxTa azrobrivi sirTulea, meore mxriv, wyaros
avtoris azrobrivi manera, kvlevaZiebiTi sistema, stili _ simZime,
RvarWniloba. amis gamo arcTu iSviaTad azris gamosatanad wyaros
erTjeradi, undac saguldagulo wakiTxva sakmarisi ar aris.
wyaroebze muSaobis xangrZlivoba, upirvelesad, maTi simravliT
aris ganpirobebuli, amasTan karga dros calkeuli wyaros kiTxva-
damuSavebac saWiroebs xolme, imitom, rom didia moculobiT.
wyaros gacnoba-damuSaveba Sromatevadi ki im “ubralo” mizezis
“bralia”, rom maTi wakiTxva garTobas ar gulisxmobs. wakiTxvis
mizania axali, manamde ucnobi informaciis (codnis) gaTaviseba, anu
axali codnis sakuTar codnad qceva (ara daswavla, anu imis
damaxsovreba, ras da rogor ambobs wyaros avtori, aramed sakuTari
azris bunebriv nawilad qceva). es ki, cxadia, mkvlevris
inteleqtualur momwifebas moicavs. wyaroebze muSaobis dawyebamde
mkvlevarma sakvlevi sakiTxi gacilebiT cudad icis, vidre _-
dasrulebisas. es muSaoba, amdenad, ganswavlis procesic aris.
rogor gamoviyenoT wyaroebze muSaobis dro racionalurad? Rogor
gamovarCioT uamrav wyaroTagan mTavari da meorexarisxovani, raTa
mTeli Cveni Zalisxmeva am mTavari wyaroebisaken mivmarToT? yvela
wyaros saguldagulo gacnoba-wakiTxva ara marto Zvirfas dros
wagvarTmevs, aramed dagvabnevs, gadagvqancavs; zRva masalaSi
CavikargebiT,Yradgan iseTi wyaroebis damuSavebac mogvixdeba, rac
saWiro ar aRmoCndeba. gamosavali am SemTxvevaSi swrafi kiTxvis
unar-Cvevebis dauflebaSia.
ra aris, swrafi kiTxva? swrafi kiTxva wyaroSi mTavaris,
ZiriTadis, arsebiTis swrafad migneba da wakiTxvaa.. am mizniT ki
upirvelesad wyaros struqturas da geografias unda gavecnoT,
Semdeg-azrobriv sakvanZo adgilebs, sakiTxebs, problemebs,
argumentebs. amasTan wakiTxvis drosve SeniSvna-Canawerebi gaakeToT
da wyaro droebiT gverdze gadadoT. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom es

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wyaro SemdegSi (Tqveni kvlevis romelime etapze) ar dagWirdeT da
xelaxla ar waikiTxoT, ufro dawvrilebiT da saguldagulod.
swrafad wakiTxva ramdenime etaps, safexurs Seicavs. esenia:
_ wyaros geografiis gacnoba.
Tu wyaro wignia, vkiTxulobT winasityvaobis TiTo winadadebas
yoveli abzacidan; Semdeg vecnobiT sarCevs, Tavebis, qveTavebis,
sarCevSi gatanili sxva nawilebis nusxas; terminebis, saxelTa,
sakvanZo gamoTqmaT saZieblebs (Tu wignSi aseTi saZieblebi
moipoveba). bolos vecnobiT bibliografias_wignis geografiis erT
saintereso mxares. viwerT gamorCeul TariRebs.
Tu Cveni wyaro statiaa, maSin upirvelesad mis daskvnas vecnobiT,
Semdeg vaTvalierebT gverdebs, veZebT sakiTxebisa da qvesakiTxebis
dasaTaurebebs, Tu aseTi ram statias aqvs. bolos vecnobiT
bibliografias.
_ argumentis arsis gacnoba
am mizniT upurvelesad winasityvaobis bolo paragrafebi
(abzacebi) da daskvna unda wavikiTxoT. am adgilebSi aucileblad
mivagnebT problemasac da mis gadawyvetasac.
_ wyaros problemisa da misi gadawyvetis identificireba sakuTar
TezisTan
am etapze imas varkvevT, ramdenad Seesabameba wyaros argumentebi,
daskvna sakvlev problemaze SemuSavebul Cvens mosazrebas, Teziss.
Tu msgavseba gamoiricxa, wyaros gverdze gadavdebT, wyaroSi veZebT
mTavari azris gamomxatvel sakvanZo adgils.
gavarjiSebuli Tvali aseT adgils uceb aRmoaCens, radgan
sakvanZo azris Semcveli adgilebi tradiciulad iseTi wyobis
winadadebebiT aris gamoxatuli, romlebic ase iwyeba: “pirvel rigSi”,
“meored..”, “mesamed..” da a.S.
_ Temebis saidentifikacio masalebis povna
Tu sakvlevi problemis Sesaxeb ukve mogepovebaT SeniSvna-
Canawerebi, maSin wyaros bibliografiuli informaciis nusxa
SeadgineT. es nusxa (sia) Tqvens SeniSvnebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT
102
dagexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi, Rirs Tu ara am wyaros dawvrilebiT
damuSaveba.
_ paragrafebis (abzacebis) daTvaliereba.
Tu wina oTxi etapis miTiTebebiT mainc ver daadgineT wyaros
gamosadegoba, maSin paragrafebs unda gaadevnoT Tvali,
gansakuTrebiT pirveli, meore da bolo winadadebebs unda gaecnoT
dakvirvebiT. rogorc ki zemoT aRniSnuli xuTi etapidan erT-erTi
dagarwmunebT wyaros saWiroebaSi, SemdegSi ufro guldasmiTa da
dawvrilebiT wakiTxva-damuSavebis mizniT, wyaro gverdze unda
gadadoT.
swrafad wakiTxvis SemoTavazebuli meTodika didad
dagexmarebaT weris strategiis SemuSavebaSi.

3. wyaroebis damowmeba
wyaroebis damowmeba wminda teqnikuri sakiTxia. amis miuxedavad,
mas samecniero kvlevebSi TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan
samecniero naSromis struqturirebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.
farTo gagebiT wyaroebis damowmebis proncipebi da wesebi
naSromis samecniero aparatis sisrulesa da srulfasovnebas
gansazRvravs. es rac Seexeba wminda teqnikur mxares. Tumca igi
mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis am erTi SexedviT martiv (meqanikur) aspeqts
inteleqtualuri Sromis goniT-azrovnebiT procesebzec axdens
Tavisebur zegavlenas: xels uwyobs muSaobis sistemurobas,
kvlevaZiebiTi kulturis srulqmnas. mas erTgvari fsiqologiuri
regulatoris funqciac aqvs, radgan mecnieruli kvlevis umTavresi
principis-sandoobis kontrolis iaraRsac warmoadgens.
mkvlevarma icis, rom misi sityva maSinaa damajerebeli, roca
yoveli sabuTi (argumenti) wyaroebzea damyarebuli, rac mTavaria,
nebismier dros SeuZlia Seamowmos am wyaroebis namdvilobac da
kompetenturobac. TavisTavad mkvlevarmac kargad icis, rom
mkiTxvels es SeuZlia (dainteresebuli mkiTxveli amas Cveulebriv

103
akeTebs kidec) da amitom, rogorc ityvian, Tavs zedmetis uflebas
ver miscems, rac ar unda didi iyos cduneba.
am sakiTxisadmi gamorCeuli yuradReba im mxrivac gvmarTebs,
rom sabWour sivrceSi, mecnierul ZiebaTa praqtikaSi Taviseburi
standartebi iyo damkvidrebuli. ver vityviT, rom isini mowyvetili
iyvnen garesamyaros, piriqiT, saerTaSoriso mecnieruli kvlevebis
tradiciebs emyarebodnen, magram ZiriTadad erTi (iSviaTad, ori-sami)
standarti gamoiyeneboda (rac Cikagos standartis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili).
dRes dasavlur (evro-amerikul) samecniero sivrceSi
integrireba axali standartebis codna-sargeblobas gvavaldebulebs.
Cveni wignis wina Tavidan unda gavixsenoT, rom samecniero
naSromi ramdenime tipis wyaros efuZneba:
pirvelad wyaros, anu im werilobiT Tu sxva saxis informacias,
romelsac vikvlevT;
meoreul wyaros, anu sakvlevi problemis adreuli Seswavlis
Sedegebis amsaxvel samecniero naSromebs.
viciT, rom arsebobs mesameuli wyaroebi, romlebic arsiT
meoreul wyaroebs waagavs.
wyaroTa TiToeuli tipis damowmeba Taviseburi wesiT xdeba.

ras niSnavs wyaros damowmeba?

wyaros damowmebas, miTiTebas, dokumentirebas (inglisuri
referencing, citing, documenting) uwodeben.
wyaros miTiTebiT mkvlevari mkiTxvels akvalianebs, uCvenebs saidan
moaqvs faqtebi, monacemebi citatebisa Tu perifrazebis formiT. amiT
ara marto mecnieruli informaciis sandoobis sakiTxi wydeba, aramed
sisavsisac, radgan wyaroTa aRnusxva-miTiTebiT ufro sruli
warmodgena gveqmneba mecnierebis CvenTvis saintereso sferoSi
dagrovili codnis, mimdinare kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb.
dReisaTvis mecnierebaSi wyaroTa damowmebis sayovelTaod
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aRiarebuli standartebi (wesebi) moqmedebs. maTi erToblioba
sistemebs qmnis. sxvadasxva mecnierebis sferoSi gansxvavebuli
sistemebia miRebuli. maT wyaroTa miTiTebis anu dokumentirebis
stils uwodeben.
humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi damkvidrebulia MLA sistema
anu stili;
 istoriis mecnierebebSi-“Cikagos” stili;
 socialur mecnierebebSi-APA stili.
am standartebis garda maTgan niuansobrivad gansxvavebuli
sistemebic arsebobs. aseTi stilebi umTavresad calkeul
gamomcemlobebs, samecniero Jurnalebisa Tu perioduli gamocemebis
redaqciebs aqvT. Tumca wyaroTa miTiTebis stilTa simravle
aranairad ar zRudavs maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis sazRvrebs da
principulad “ucxo” mecnierebaTa sferoebisTvisac misaRebia.

wyaroTa miTiTebis principebi:

wyaroebis damowmebis stiluri mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, wyaros
miTiTebis procesi ori ZiriTadi principisagan Sedgeba:
 Sida teqsturi damowmeba (miTiTeba);
 sruli bibliografiuli informacia.
Sida teqsturi damowmeba wyaroTa miTiTebis ufro tradiciuli
principia da samecniero naSromis teqstze pirdapir aris mibmuli, _
teqstSia CarTuli. amis gamo igi Cveulebriv moklea, raTa ar
daarRvios naSromis teqstis mTlianoba.
Sida teqsturi miTiTebis grafikuli formebia:
 cifruli;
 frCxilebSi avtoris miTiTebiT;
 frCxilebSi avtoris, wyaros gamocemis wlisa da
damowmebuli gverdis miTiTebiT.
 cifruli:
aRniSnuli problema pirvelad iv. javaxiSvilma Seiswavla [1].

105
  frCxilebSi avtoris miTiTebiT:
“nisli fiqria mTebisa, imaT kacobis niSani” (vaJa).

 frCxilebSi avtoris, wyaros gamocemis wlisa da gverdis

miTiTebiT:
“erTi enis gramatika ver iqneba meore enis gramatikis Targmani: “erTi
qalaqis gegmis mixedviT ver davaTvalierebT (ver gavecnobiT)
meores.” (arn. Ciqobava, 1968, 010).

sruli bibliografiuli informacia

Sida teqsturi damowmeba sruli bibliografiuli informaciis
nawilia, wyaroa, sruli bibliografia ki misi nawili, wyaro.
mkTxveli Sida teqsturi damowmebis meSveobiT swored srul
bibliografiaSi adgens wyaros zust misamarTs.
bibliografiuli informacia moicavs cnobebs imis Taobaze, Tu sad,
rodis, romelma gamomcemlobam gamosca wyaro (wigni, samecniero
krebuli, monografia da a.S.)
es bibliografiuli informacia, rogorc wesi, ganTavsebulia
wignis gverdis qveda nawilSi (ZiriTadi teqstisagan gamoyofilia
mokle uwyveti xaziT), an samecniero naSromis (wignis, statiis,..)
bolos.
gverdis bolos bibliografiis ganTavsebis adgils sqolios
uwodeben (berZnuli sityvaa-scholion da niSnavs: SeniSvnas,
ganmartebas, damatebiT teqsts).
Sida teqsturi damowmeba da sruli bibliografiuli informacia
erTmaneTze numeraciis principiTac aris mibmuli. Tu Sida teqsturi
damowmeba numerirebulia (numeraciis principiTaa Sesrulebuli),
maSin bibliografiac imave numeraciiT aris gawyobili. Tu Sida
teqsturi damowmeba avtoris gvar-saxelis princips emyareba,
bibliografia anbanzea dalagebuli-avtoris gvaris pirveli asos
mixedviT.
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  sqolio
sqolio gverdis boloSi darTuli informaciaa: ganmarteba-
avtoris, wyaros miTiTeba, an ZiriTadi teqstis dazusteba, rasac
Cveulebriv SeniSvna hqvia. SeniSvnaSi aTavseben iseT damatebiT
informacias, an komentars, romelsac ZiriTad teqstSi ver eZebneba
adgili moculobis an saTqmelidan gadaxvevis xifaTis gamo.
SeniSvnebi didis moculobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba naSromis
konkretuli Tavis, qveTavis an paragrafis...bolosac ganTavsdes.
ase rom, SeniSvnas ramdenime funqcia aqvs. igi miuTiTebs:
_ citatis wyaroze;
_ mkvlevris mosazrebis ganmamtkicebel damatebiT wyaroze;
_ mkvlevrisa da sxva avtoris paralelur adgilebze (aseT
SemTxvevaSi
SeniSvnis dasawyisSi weren: “cfr.” an “Sdr.” da miuTiTeben
msgavs pasaJze);
_ SeniSvna adasturebs ZiriTad teqstSi gamoTqmul azrs, am mizniT
Seicavs iseT citatasac,-damatebiT arguments, romlis Casma ZiriTad
teqstSi mizanSeuwonelia, radgan saTqmelidan gadaxvevas iwvevs;
_ SeniSvnaSi ganivrcoba (Rrmavdeba) ZiriTadi teqstis azri: aq
SeiZleba iyos viwro polemikac ZiriTadi teqstis raime
debulebasTan, an azris ganviTarebis koncefcia. aseTi informaciis
SeniSvnaSi ganTavseba, bunebrivia, ZiriTadi teqstis gantvirTvaa.
_ SeniSvnaSi SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi teqstis raime ideis koreqtireba.
roca mkvlevari darwmunebulia sakuTari mosazrebis sisworeSi,
magram sxvisgan mainc varaudobs oponirebas, sakuTar azrs azustebs,
xvews, “SeniSvna-dazustebis”, “SeniSvna-polemikis” formebiT.
_ SeniSvna gamoiyeneba ucxoenovani sityvebis, frazebis Targmanis
misaTiTeblad (aseT dros ZiriTad teqstSi ucxoenovani fraza
Tavsdeba, SeniSvna-sqolioSi-Targmani, an piriqiT);
SeniSvnebi erTiani principiT ganlagdeba samecniero naSromSi.
sqolioSi yovel gverds SeniSvnebis calke numeracia axlavs, Tumca
SeiZleba erTiani numeraciac (gansakuTrebiT erTi Tavis farglebSi).
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gvqondes. Tu naSroms SeniSvnebi aseTi wesiT aqvs darTuli, sruli
bibliografia anbanis principiT unda gaiwyos.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wyaroTa damowmebis sxvadasxva princips
gamoviyenebT, (Sida teqstur miTiTebas avtoris gvariT, wliT da
sqolios gverdebs boloebSi), bibliografia Sida teqsturi
damowmebis cifrebis Sesabamisad unda davalagoT, romelTa mixedviT
mkiTxveli wyaros am cifrebiT (nomrebiT) dauwyebs Zebnas.

wyaros damowmeba, romlesac erTze meti avtori hyavs:

Tu wyaros ori avtori hyavs, Sida teqstur miTiTebaSi orive
unda warmovaCinoT (mag., k. kekeliZe da al. baramiZe, 1963). Tu naSroms
orze meti avtori hyavs, mxolod pirvel (mTavar) avtors vuTiTebT,
Semdeg vwerT “da sxv.” (et al), magaliTad: iv. javaxiSvili da sxv.,
1928;
am SemTxvevaSi principuli mniSvneloba aqvs avtorTa
Tanamimdevrobis dacvas. maTi gvarebis gadaadgileba ar SeiZleba. win
yovelTvis mTavari avtoris gvari iwereba da aseve vimowmebT.
 uavtoro (anu sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa statiebis Semcveli)
wignebis damowmeba:
Tu wigni statiebis krebulia (an saxelmZRvaneloa, romelsac
avtorebi ki ara hyavs, aramed Semdgenlebi), unda mivuTiToT wignis
gamomcemeli organizacia, an gamomcemloba (mag. saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universiteti-(stu) an gamomcemloba “teqnikuri
universiteti”). Tu wigns arc aseTi monacemebi gaaCnia, maSin mxolod
wignis saTauri unda mivuTiToT (mag., “ilias krebuli”).
msgavsi principiT unda davimowmoT internetidan moZiebuli
wyaroebi.

meoreuli da mesameuli wyaroebis damowmeba.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca raime informaciis pirvelwyaroze xeli
ar migviwvdeba da iZulebuli varT sxvis mier damowmebuliT
visargebloT, es sxva avtori unda davimowmoT, oRond aRvniSnoT,
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rom pirvelwyaros misi naSromis mixedviT mivuTiTebT. magaliTad,
leonti mrovelis “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” gamoTqmuli azri
damowmebuli aqvs ivane javaxiSvils wignSi “qarTveli eris istoria”.
Cven leonti mrovelis “qarTlis cxovreba,” raRac mizeziT (an Sin ar
gvqonda, an biblioTekaSi im momentSi ar aRmoCnda da misT.), xelT
ver vigdeT, amitom iZulebuli varT leonti mrovelis azri iv.
javaxiSvilis naSromis mixedviT davimowmoT. teqstualurad da
grafikulad es ase unda ganvaxorcieloT:
leonti mroveli, IXs, wignidan: iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris
istoria, I, 1928.

sruli bibliografiuli informaciis nusxis Sedgena:

sruli bibligrafia aucilebelia naSromSi gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis erTianobaSi gasaazreblad. aq isic aris
gasaTvalsiwinebeli, rom igi ufro srul cnobebs Seicavs, mag., roca
ZiriTad teqstSi ucxoenovani wyaroebis citirebas vaxdenT, sqolioSi
mxolod originals vuTiTebT, bibliografiaSi ki Targmanic emateba
(rasakvirvelia, Tuki arsebobs).
saerTod, bibliografiis Sedgena-gaformebis erTiani sistema ar
arsebobs. dRes msoflioSi xuTi aseTi sistemaa gavrcelebuli. imis
Sesabamisad, Tu romeli ufro mosaxerxebelia, zogi sistema (Tundac,
amerikuli) saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobisaa, zogi (mag., germanuli)
ufro konkretulad, erTi qveynis farglebSia miRebuli. Tumca isic
unda iTqvas, rom gansxvaveba am sistemebs Soris Zalian umniSvneloa,
principul xasiaTs ar atarebs, Seexeba mxolod bibliografiis
nusxaSi wyaros monacemebis warmoCenis vizualur mxares, (monacemTa
gansxvavebuli SriftebiT gaformebas). amitom praqtikul gamoyenebas
es gansxvavebani principulad xels ver uSlis.
aRniSnulis garda, sxvaobas (da amiT mTlianad sistemis
arasasurvelobas) ganapirobebs monacemTa Sesaxeb informaciuli
simwire. mag., erT amerikul sistemaSi araa cxadad gamoyofili wignis
saTauri da a.S.
109
 amitom am xuTive sistemis sruli aRwera-daxasiaTeba aq
gaumarTleblad migvaCnia. detalurad ki bibliografiis Sedgenis
principebs sayovelTaod miRebuli sistemebis magaliTze cxadvyoT.

stili:
1. bibliografia iwyeba axali gverdidan. mas aseTi saTauri ukeTdeba:
_ “gamoyenebuli literatura” an:
_ “gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura” an:
_ “bibliografia;”
2. bibliografia lagdeba anbanis rigze. avtorebis, gamomcemlebis an
saTaurebis mixedviT.
3. pirveli striqoni gverdis marcxena kididan unda daiweros, sxva
danarCeni Seweulad erTi abzacis tol manZilze;
4. striqonebi erTmaneTisagan ori intervaliT unda iyos
daSorebuli;
5. veb-gverdis gadatana striqonidan striqonze gadatanis niSnis
gareSe xdeba radgan gadatanis niSani-“-“ internetSi sxva
datvirTvas atarebs da misamarTis aRrevas gamoiwvevs;
6. avtoris gvar-saxeli Cveulebrivi SriftiT iwereba, naSromis
saTauri-gansxvavebuli (muqi), an xazgasmuli SriftiT;
7. krebulSi dabeWdili statia ase aisaxeba: jer statiis avtoris
gvari, Semdeg statiis saTauri (brWyalebSi), Semdeg iwereba sityva
“krebulSi”, Semdeg am krebulis saTauri, romelic muqi an
xazgasmuli SriftiT iwereba;
8. konferenciis, kongresis, simpoziumis masalebSi dabeWdili
moxseneba bibliografiaSi ase SeaqvT: jer moxsenebis avtoris
gvari, Semdeg moxsenebis saTauri (brWyalebSi), Semdeg samecniero
forumis Catarebis adgili (qveyana, qalaqi, maspinZeli
organizacia), Semdeg TariRi, muqi an xazgasmuli SriftiT, Semdeg
masalebis gamocemis adgili da TariRi (Cveulebrivi SriftiT);
9. JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiis biobliografiaSi asaxva aseTia:
jer avtoris gvari (Cveulebrivi SriftiT), Semdeg statiis saTauri
110
 (brWyalebSi), Semdeg Jurnalis dasaxeleba (muqi an xazgasmuli
SriftiT), Jurnalis nomeri, gamocemis adgili, weli (Cveulebrivi
SriftiT).
axla vnaxoT am stilis yvela tipis bibliografiuli
erTeulebis magaliTebi:
1. erTi avtoris wigni:
baxtaZe m.: erisTaobis instituti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2003
2. erTze meti avtoris wigni:
kekeliZe k., baramiZe a.: Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb.,
1989

3. samecniero krebulSi dabeWdili statia:

Rlonti r.: ”himnografiuli elementi arCilis SemoqmedebaSi”,
krebulSi: literaturuli Ziebani, t. XXV, Tb., 2004.
4. konfrenciis masalebSi dabeWdili moxseneba:
Ciqovani m., “mijaWvuli amirani”, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis folkloris sakoordinacio sabWos Tbilisis
respublikuri konferenciis masalebi, 1956, 20-25 oqtomberi,
Tbilisi, 1957.
5. samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia:
kotetiSvili v.: “qarTuli poeturi folklori”, Jurn. “mnaTobi”,
#4-5, 1927
6. gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statia:
javaxiSvili mix.: “Cven da Cveni Teatri”, gaz. “cnobis furceli”,
1903, 4-5 noemberi.
7. on-lainis wyaro:
Flax, Rosabel. Guidelines for Teaching Mathematics K-12. Topeka: Kansas
Department of Education, 1979. Database on-line. Available from Dialog, ERIC, ED
178312
8. sadisertacio naSromi:
arabuli g.: “fSav-xevsuruli satrfialo leqsi”, sadisertacio
naSromi filol. mecn. kandidatis samecniero xarisxis

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 mosapoveblad, Tb., 1971
9. veb-gverdis damowmeba:
Peterson, S. L. The Life of Martin Luther. 2002. 24 Jan. 2005
<http://www.susanlynnpeterson.com/luther/home.html>
damowmebis “Cikagos” stili:
gavixsenoT: es stili gamoiyeneba istoriisa da humanitarul
mecnierebaTa zogierT dargSi. principi: danomrili sqolios miTiTeba
gverdis an statiis bolos (wignSi konkretuli Tavis bolos).
sqolioSi, wyaros dasaxelebis garda, Caitaneba SeniSvna, komentari.
magaliTebi: Sida teqsturi damowmeba:
Cveni warsulis macne, - werda m.javaxiSvili, - erovnuli
TavisuflebisaTvis Tavganwirvis dausrulebeli moTxrobaa.
sqolioSi vwerT:
3. m.javaxiSvili: ras mogvitans sabediswero talRa, gaz.
”saqarTvelo”, #70, 1917.
bibliografis nusxaSi ki ase formdeba:
javaxiSvili m., ras mogvitans sabediswero talRa, gaz. ”saqarTvelo”,
#70, 1917
“Cikagos” stilis principebi:
1. inomreba sqolio, bibliografia-ara.
2. sqolios gaformeba: avtoris saxeli, mere-gvari, bibliografiaSi-
jer gvari, merme saxeli;
3. naSromis saTauri iwereba gansxvavebuli SriftiT;
4. bibliografiuli erTeulis gaformeba erTi an erT_naxevari
intervaliT xdeba, erTeulebi ki erTmaneTisagan ori intervaliT
aris daSorebuli;
5. wyaros pirveladi damowmebisas mieTiTeba gamomcemloba, weli da
gverdi;
6. imave wyaros ganmeorebiT miTiTebisas iwereba mxolod avtoris
gvari, Semoklebuli saTauri da gverdis nomeri;
7. erTi da imave wyaros miyolebiT damowmebisas iwereba “iqve”
(laTinuri Ibid)

112
 da gverdis nomeri.
8. bibliografiis nusxaSi SeiZleba im literaturis miTiTebac,
romelic sqolioebSi araa damowmebuli, magram sakvlev problemas
raime aspeqtiT ukavSirdeba.
aris sapirispiro SemTxvevebic: zogjer sqolioSi miTiTebulia
iseTi wigni (naSromi), romelsac sakvlev TemasTan Soreuli
kavSiri aqvs. damowmeba meaTexarisxovani cnobis fiqsirebisaTvis
xdeba. aseTi wyaro SesaZlebelia arc SevitanoT bibliografiis
nusxaSi.
9. bibliografia erTgvarovani da specializebuli unda iyos
mecnierebis konkretul sferoSi.
10. bibliografia, rac SeiZleba, Tanamedrove unda iyos, mecnierebis
ukanasknel miRwevebs unda warmoaCendes.
SeniSvnebsa da bibliografiaze saubari saWiro miTiTebiT gvinda
davasruloT: mecnieruli kvlevebis praqtikaSi erTi arasasiamovno
faqtia dafiqsirebuli. zogierTi mkvlevari (Segnebulad) “xunZlavs”
naSroms sqolioebiT da beravs bibliografias, Tavisi naSromis
mecnieruli wonis gazrdisa da sakuTari nakiTxobis demonstrirebis
mizniT. gvaxsovdes, rom arasaWiro cnobebiT, wyaroebiT naSromi
arafers igebs. piriqiT, gadatvirTvis gamo mZimdeba. amitom aseTi
mavne Cvevisagan Tavi, rac SeiZleba, Sors unda daviWiroT.

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 samecniero naSromis gegmis Sedgena

1. mosamzadebeli stadia
Zvel berZnebs SeuniSnavT_nebismier saqmeSi yvelaze Zneli
dawyebaao. es azri met damajereblobas inteleqtualur, SemoqmedebiT
sferoSi iZens. kvleva sixaruliTa da winaaRmdegobebiT savse
SemoqmedebiTi procesia. mas Tan sdevs imedisa da iWvis, rwmenisa da
imedgacruebis, xelCaqnevisa da TviTrealizebis JiniT ukanmibrunebis
urTierTmonacvle procesebi.
kvleva, Sedegebis miuxedavad, bolomde Seucnobel azrovnebiT
procesad rCeba. aq warmatebis pirobad, bunebrivia, ganaTleba, codna
da gamocdileba gvevlineba. Tumca mecnierebaSi arc iseTi
SemTxvevebia iSviaTi, roca didi aRmoCenis safuZveli intuicia,
gonebis ucabedi gamonaTeba gamxdara.
gonebis gamonaTebas vuwodebT tvinis moulodnel aRgznebas,
romlis drosac azri ibadeba. damwyebi mkvlevari ara marto misTvis
saintereso da aqtualur problemebze poulobs pasuxs, aramed
SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis kulturasac iZens. am sferoSi warmatebis
sawindaria mecnieruli kvlevis “anbanTTeoretikis” anu ZiriTadi
wesebisa da unar-Cvevebis daufleba. am wesebis Tanaxmad ki, kvlevis
dawyebamde aucilebelia Semdeg garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba:
 ratom viwyebT kvlevas, rogor da ranairad gagviCnda kvlevis
survili;
 rogor davarqvaT saxeli am survils, anu rogor vaqcioT igi
sakvlev Temad;
 sad da rogor moviZioT informacia Temis Sesaxeb;
 rogor davakonkretoT Tema da ranairad ganvsazRvroT misi
saxelwodeba.
am sakiTxebis ubraloeba moCvenebiTia da ar unda gvacdunos,
aqaoda skolaSi gana erTi da ori Tema dagviweriao. saskolo
gamocdileba amjerad warmatebis sawindari veraferiT iqneba.

114
 Temis SerCeva da kvlevis safuZvlis Seqmna urTulesi procesia.
profesionalma mkvlevrebma kargad ician, rom Temis migneba lamis
saqmis naxevaria. misi povna kvlevis Sedegis mkrTal aTinaTsac ki
Seicavs. swored es aTinaTi asazrdoebs Seucnoblis Secnobis Jins,
romelic mkvlevars idumalebisken ezideba. amitom kvlevis
mosamzadebeli stadiis umTavresi problema sakvlevi Temis
gansazRvra da misi Sinaarsis gaazreba-gaTavisebaa. mxolod amis
Semdeg SeiZleba fiqri Temaze muSaobis sxva aucilebel mxareebsa da
etapebze.

2. samecniero naSromis gegmis Sinaarsobriv-problemuri

aspeqtebi
mecnieruli kvlevis procesi Tavidan (dasawyisSi) saWiro masalis
dagrovebas emyareba. masalis gauazrebeli da uTavbolo Tavmoyra ki
ara, gaazrebuli da gegmazomieri dalagebaa. naSromic, kvlevis
saboloo produqti, gegmis mixedviT unda Sesruldes, daiweros.
sawyis etapze mkvlevars, SesaZloa, bolomde arc hqondes
gaazrebuli ras eZebs. mxolod zogadad icodes, ranairi masala
sWirdeba, sad moiZios da rogor gamoiyenos. Tumca weris dawyebis
sruli safuZveli arc masalis (Tundac amomwuravi) Tavmoyraa, mas
mizanmimarTuli dalageba-daxarisxeba mohyveba.
mkvlevari miznis Sesabamisad anawilebs masalas, yovel wyaros im
nawilSi uZebnis adgils, saidanac maqsimalur sargebels Seitans
samecniero naSromSi. wyaroebis amgvarma ganawilebam, SesaZloa,
Tavdapirveli Canafiqris Secvlac ki gamoiwvios, radgan masalis
Ziebis procesSi SeiZleba igi axal problemas waawydes, an naSromis
konceptualuri Sinaarsi sul sxvagvarad gaiazros da,
misdauneburad, moulodnelad kvlevis gezic Secvalos.
asea Tu ise, nebismier viTarebaSi yvela mkvlevari muSaobas Tavisi
momavali naSromis struqturis konturis SeqmniT iwyebs.
gegmis Sedgenis dros mkvlevari, Cveulebriv, arsebul
gamocdilebas iSveliebs, gegmis gavrcelebul da nacad formas
115
iyenebs. es nabiji Semdegi garemoebiTaa ganpirobebuli: jer erTi,
yoveli axali samecniero naSromis proeqtirebisTvis axali formis
gamogoneba ar aris saWiro da meorec, nacadi, “tradiciuli”
formatiT mkiTxvels ukeT gaagebinebs saTqmels. am azris
naTelyofisTvis aseTi banaluri situaciebis gaxsenebac ki ikmarebda:
magaliTad, Jurnalistma kargad icis, rom Tavis masalas win
nacnobi informacia unda warumZRvaros (erTi-ori winadadebiT), raTa
mkiTxvelma uceb gaigos da gadawyvitos, waikiTxos Tu ara bolomde
masala.
buRalters dadgenili formis saaudito teqsti cxadad mianiSnebs,
sad, ra monacemi unda moiZios (an Casvas aseTi teqstis Sedgenis
dros). eqTanma winaswar icis, ra Cauweros pacients “avadmyofobis
istoriaSi”, raTa eqimi uceb gaerkves saqmis viTarebaSi.
marTalia, bevri mkvlevari miseuli Temis, ideis, xedvis ukeT
warmoCenis mizniT gegmis originalur formebsac qmnis, magram gegmis
tradiciuli tipebis (formebis) gamoyeneba mainc gamarTlebulia. ase
naSromis struqturirebac iolia da mkiTxvelsac uadvildeba
wakiTxva da aRqma.
samecniero naSromis gegmis Sedgenis pirveli safexuri samuSao
hipoTezis gamokveTa-gaTavisebaa.
 samuSao hipoTeza:
samuSao hipoTezis Seqmna kvleva-Ziebis sazRvrebis dasadgenad
aris saWiro. muSaobis dros, marTalia, es parametrebi araerTxel
Seicvleba_gafarTovdeba, gaRrmavdeba, an piriqiT, Seviwrovdeba,
magram misi Seqmna, rogorc amosavali wertilisa, aucilebelia.
mTavari isaa, rom samuSao hipoTezis Seqmnis procesi
gadajaWvulia samecniero naSromis gegmasTan, ufro sworad gaSlili
anu detaluri gegmis SedgenasTan da arsebiTad misi Tanamdevia. ase
rom, detaluri gegmis Sedgena TavisTavad saintereso SemoqmedebiTi,
kvlevaZiebiTi procesia, radgan misi yoveli nawilis (struqturuli
elementis) raobis, savaraudo teqstSi maTi urTierTmimarTebebis
damyareba, faqtobrivad, MmTlianad naSromis konceptualur-
116
virtualuri Sinaarsis dadgenaa, ris gareSec kvlevis Semdgomi
etapebi warmatebuli ver iqneba. mTel am rTul process ki win
samuSao gegmis Sedgena uZRvis.
 samuSao gegma:
samuSao gegmas sacnobaro saZieblis forma aqvs. yovel elements
mokle, ramdenimewinadadebiani reziumeebi miewereba. amiT mkvlevars
imis gaazreba uadvildeba, risi keTebac unda.
samuSao gegmis Sedgena nebismieri kombinaciiT SeiZleba, magram
erTi ram ucvlelia da savaldebulo_ rogorc wesi, igi sami
ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: saTauris, Sesavlisa da Sinaarsisgan.
 saTauri:
aq laparakia momavali samecniero naSromis samuSao saTaurze
da ara oficialurad amorCeulze, an imaze, naSroms saboloo
gadamuSavebis Semdeg rom daerqmeva.
saTauric, rogorc samecniero teqstis sxva nawilebi, kvlevis
sxvadasxva doneze icvleba da zustdeba, xolo Tavdapirveli
varianti_samuSao saTauri, Cveulebriv, qvesaTaurSi gadainacvlebs
xolme. amitom saTaurs Tavidan, rogorc wesi, Zalian zogadi forma
aqvs. magaliTisTvis davasaxeloT aseTi pirobiTi Tema: “erekle
meoris saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri TvalTaxedva”. namdvili Tema
(kvlevis sagani) iqneba: “aRmosavleTTan_iran_TurqeTTan _erekle
meoris gamijvnisa da evropisken xedvis dasamtkiceblad 1783 wlis
georgievskis traqtatisa da 1789 wlis “siyvarulis traqtatis”
samarTlebriv-politikuri analizi; erekle II-isadmi qarTl-kaxeTis
samefosTan imereTis samefos gaerTianebis Taobaze SeTavazebul
winadadebaze uaris gamo wayenebuli istoriuli braldebis moxsnisa
da saqarTvelos federaciul principebze gaerTianebis faqtis
damtkiceba, rac erekle II-is saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri
TvalTaxedvis gansazRvris mniSvnelovani faqtebia”.
aseTi saTauri migvaniSnebs, rom gamokveTilia interesis sfero da
masSi gamoyenebuli raRac konkretuli seqtori. fokusirebulia
problema_rogor unda dadgindes, rom erekle meore ar iyo
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gulgrili saqarTvelos gaerTianebisadmi da rom uaris Tqma
imereTis SeerTebaze ojaxur-klanuri interesebiT ar iyo
motivirebuli; rom arc georgievskis traqtati iyo qveynis
damoukideblobaze nebayoflobiTi xelis aReba da rom igi mxolod
samxedro-politikuri kavSiris dadebad moiazreboda; rom erekle II
1789 wlis “siyvarulis traqtatiT”, faqtobrivad, gaaerTiana qarTl-
kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebi,
gaaerTiana federaciis principiT.
ai, ase msxvildeba samuSao saTauri sakvlev problemamde da
ayalibebs samuSao gegmis xerxemals (uzogades sqemas). e.i. samuSao
saTauri gegmis zogadi sqemis gamokveTas uwyobs xels.
mas Semdeg, rac zogadi saTauridan realuri problema
gamoikveTeba, ukve kvlevis mTeli procesis savaraudo etapebi
dadgindeba. yovel etaps ukve konkretuli Sinaarsi miecema da
samuSao gegmis konkretul struqturul erTeuls miebmeba. magaliTad
ase:
_ wyaroebis momoxilva;
_ istoriuli movlenebisa da faqtebis qronika;
_ 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis muxlobrivi Sinaarsis
gamovlena-gaazreba;
_ georgievskis traqtatis praqtikuli realizebis ambebis Sinaarsi
(traqtatis muxlebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis darRvevebi
ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan);
_ 1789 wlis “siyvarulis traqtatis” muxlobrivi Sinaarsi;
_ “siyvarulis traqtatis” praqtikuli ganuxorcieleblobis
sagareo da saSinao mizezebi;
_ georgievskisa da “siyvarulis” traqtatebis SedarebiTi analizi
da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri
TvalTaxedvis gamovlenaze;
_ daskvna.
samuSao gegmis es magaliTi Tundac am Temis gegmis erTi
variantia, radgan igi sxvanairadac SeiZleba aigos. mniSvnelovani
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moTxovna, rac aseT gegmas waeyeneba, isaa, rom igi ubralo sqemaze
gacilebiT vrceli unda iyos.
SesaZlebelia aseTi gegmis ufro gaSlilad (striqonebis CagdebiT-
gamotovebiT) Camowerac, TiToeuli Tavis qveS qveTavebisa da
qvepunqtebis misawerad, muSaobis procesSi rom gagviCndeba.
aseTi damatebebi nebismierad SeiZleba. Semdeg zedmets, arasaWiros
ioladve amovSliT. ase, TandaTanobiT, mivalT samecniero naSromis
gaSlili (detaluri) gegmis SedgenasTan.
arsebobs gaSlili gegmis Sedgenis meore gzac: Tavidanve
saZiebeli, problemuri gegmis Seqmna, romelic naSromis struqturas
winaswar arsebuli (savaldebulo) principebiT gansazRvravs.
mkvlevarma icis es principebi, Camowers maT furcelze da Tavis
saanalizo masalas (monacemebs) miusadagebs, miuwers. es principebia:
 problemis dasma;
 winamorbedTa gamocdileba-wvlilis gadmocema;
 mkvlevris hipoTeza (Tezisi);
 mkvlevris mier mopovebuli monacemebis dalageba;
 mkvlevris monacemebis analizi;
 hipoTezis (Tezisis) dasabuTeba;
 daskvna: mopovebuli Sedegebis Sejameba da kvlevis
perspeqtivebis warmoCena.
damwyebi mkvlevrisTvis, bunebrivia, xelsayreli ufro es meore
gzaa, radgan moZiebuli masalis, monacemebis struqturireba da
samecniero naSromze muSaoba gacilebiT gauadvildeba.

samuSao Sesavali (fsevdoSesavali):

“samuSao” hipoTezaze da amiT erTdroulad detalur gegmaze
muSaobis Semdegi etapia “samuSao” Sesavalze muSaoba. am etapze
ganisazRvreba Sesavlis punqtebi, romlebic, faqtobrivad, samuSao
hipoTezis safuZvlianobas gansazRvravs. aq aRiniSneba, ra
gamoikvlies winamorbedma mkvlevarebma, ra darCa sakvlev problemaSi

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gadauWreli, ratom darCa, mizezi faqtebis ukmarisoba iyo Tu
ararseboba da a.S. amnair SesavalSi amis Semdeg dawvrilebiT
aRiniSneba, ra iqneba Seswavlili naSromis TiToeul TavSi. e.i.
arsebiTad momavali samecniero naSromis mTeli struqtura
warmoCindeba.
es, arsebiTad, fsevdoSesavali iqneba, radgan kvlevis sxvadasxva
etapze mniSvnelovnad Seicvleba. aseT Sesavals erTi funqcia aqvs:
igi mkvlevars exmareba hipoTezis (Tezisis) wamoyeneba-gamokveTaSi,
misi elementebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis principebis gansazRvraSi,
kvlevis erTiani jaWvis SeqmnaSi, romelic SemdgomSi calkeuli
rgolebis damatebiT dagrZeldeba, magram arasodes gawydeba.
Tu aseTi fsevdoSesavali ar gamogvdis, unda davfiqrdeT: es imis
niSani iqneba, rom bolomde ara gvaqvs gaazrebuli, rogor unda
daviwyoT kvleva.

Sinaarsi:
samuSao hipoTezis mesame aucilebeli nawilis, Sinaarsis Sedgena
logikur kanonzomierebas emyareba. logikis principi (es
kanonzomiereba) samecniero naSromis xasiaTzea damokidebuli.
magaliTad, istoriuli xasiaTis naSromebSi, Cveulebriv,
qronologiuri, mizez-Sedegobrivi an sivrcobrivi principebi
gamoiyeneba. mecnierebis sxva dargebSi Sedegebs gvaZlevs sruliad
sxva principebi. magaliTad, maTematikur logikaSi deduqciis
principia xelsayreli (jer Teoria, Semdeg misi gamoyeneba
konkretul magaliTebze); eqperimentul kvlevebSi, piriqiT, induqciis
principia saWiro (kerZodan zogadisaken svla), radgan eqsperimentebis
konkretuli Sedegebis (rogorc kerZo SemTxvevebis) aRwera maTi
ganzogadebiT qmnis zogadi, Teoriuli Sedegebis gamovlenis pirobas.
damwyebma mkvlevarma SeiZleba Tavisi sakvlevi problemis msgavsi
sxva mkvlevris naSromis meTodika gamoiyenos.
samuSao hipoTezis Sinaarsobrivi (ZiriTadi) nawili Cveulebriv
abzacebad, qveTavebad da Tavebad iyofa, mag., ase:
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 1. mTavari Tema;
pirvelxarisxovani qveTavi;
meorexarisxovani qveTavi;
2. mTavari Temis ganvrcoba;
pirveli aspeqtis ganviTareba;
meore aspeqtis ganviTareba;
rodesac samuSao hipoTeza anu gaSlili gegma-saZiebeli mzad
gveqneba, moZiebul masalas (wyaroTa monacemebs) am gegmis konkretul
punqtebs mivamagrebT (davukavSirebT). amiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
momavali erTiani teqstis nawilebis ara marto azrobrivi, aramed
vizualuri gaazrebac. amis Semdeg Sesasrulebeli darCeba teqstis
nawilebis erTmaneTTan logikurad dakavSireba Sidateqstobrivi
miTiTebiT.
Sidateqstobrivi miTiTeba azrobrivad aerTianebs, struqturulad
ki erTmaneTTan akavSirebs kerZosa da zogads, Tundac, raime
movlenis sxvadasxva aspeqts. samecniero naSromSi aseTi
Sidateqstobrivi miTiTebis siWarbe kargi organizebis maCvenebelia.
maTi ararseboba ki, Cveulebriv, imis niSania, rom naSromis teqstis
nawilebi rusi meigavis, krilovis erTi igavis personaJebis msgavsad,
tvirTs (aq: azrs) sxvadasxva mxares eqaCebian da gansxvavebulad
metyveleben.
samecniero naSromis detalur gegmaSi grafikuladac unda aisaxos
teqstis yvela struqturuli erTeuli: nawili, Tavi, qveTavi, qve-
qveTavi, paragrafi. vizualuri aRqmis gaadvilebis mizniT yvela
erTiani principiT unda dainomros, mag., aseTnairad:
saTauri:
I: am niSnis gamoyeneba im SemTxvevaSia mizanSewonili, roca
naSroms rTuli struqtura aqvs, saxeldobr, nawili, Tavebi, qveTavebi
da a.S. magaliTad:
I. nawili VII
1. pirveli Tavis aRniSvna;
1.1 pirveli Tavis pirveli qveTavis aRniSvna;
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 1.1.1. pirveli Tavis pirveli qveTavis pirveli qve-qveTavis
aRniSvna;
2. meore Tavis aRniSvna da a.S.
naSromis gamosacemad mzadebis dros, misi teqnikuri gaformebisas
teqstis yvela struqturuli erTeulis saTaurebi Sesabamisi
SriftebiT gamoixateba.

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 samecniero naSromis monaxazis Sedgena

1. rodis unda daviwyoT wera:

weris dawyeba warmoudgenlad rTulia. zogjer gveCveneba, rom
moZiebuli wyaroebidan amowerili masala, Canawerebi, winamorbed
mkvlevarTa naazrevi CvenTvis miuwvdomel samyaroSia, ucxo sivrceSi;
amasTan TiTqos Cvens sakvlev Temaze zepirad yvelafris Tqma
SegviZlia, weriT ki ver vwerT.
amitom wamierad aseTi azric gagvirbens, rom kvleva da wera
saerTod araa Cveni saqme. damwyebma mkvlevarma am Secbunebas unda
sZlios. aseTi gancda mxolod saTqmelis moumwifeblobis gamovlena
iqneba da ara weris uunarobis niSani. Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi
amaSi weris unaric TamaSobs Tavis rols.
saerTod, weris unari Txrobis niWTanaa dakavSirebuli. Txroba-
mosmenis moTxovnileba rom adamianuri xasiaTis arsebiTi niSania,
amas Cveni bavSvobac gagvaxsenebs-ambis Txroba-mosmenis is
kategoriuli survili, ris gareSec daZineba erTob Wirda.
Tanamedrove yofaSi es tradicia adreul asakSive wydeba. esec
aris imis mizezi, rom axalgazrdebis erT nawils naklebad exerxeba
fantazireba-abstragireba-Txroba. mecnieruli kvleva ki swored am
unars emyareba, bunebrivia, ara marto zepiri Txroba, aramed werac.
nebismieri ambis Txroba imave struqturas Seicavs, rasac
samecniero naSromi. am struqturis nawilebia: Sesavali, ZiriTadi
ambavi da daskvna.
weris procesSi gansakuTrebiT rTuli dawyebaa. Tu sityva ar
gvemorCileba, isev Cvens Canawerebs unda mivubrundeT. Tu CanawerebSi
SeniSvnebic gvaqvs miwerili, saqme bevrad gagviadvildeba, Tu maTs
gaRrmaveba-ganvrcobas mivyofT xels. ase, TandaTan, SeniSvna
komentarebSi da kvlevaSi gadaizrdeba. marTalia, am gziT svla
sakvlevi problemis calkeuli nawilis wera gamogviva, magram
nawilebi mTelamdec migviyvans-Temis kvlevaSic gadaizrdeba.

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 specialistebi damwyeb mkvlevrebs weris dawyebis Taobaze aseT
rCevas sTavazoben _werisTvis mzadyofnis Sesamowmeblad Tavs aseTi
kiTxvebi dausviTo:
 ra aris kvlevis sagani (anu ra sakiTxs ikvlevT)?
 rogoria am kiTxvis savaraudo pasuxi?
 ra sabuTebi mogvepoveba am pasuxis dasasabuTeblad?
 ra debulebebis wamoyenebas apirebT, romlebsac Tqveni
varaudiT mkiTxveli miiRebs?
 ra winaaRmdegobebi gelodebaT? maTgan romlis daZlevas
SeZlebT da romlebia, Tqveni azriT, dauZleveli?
weris dawyebis dros aucilebelia yvela am kiTxvaze
mogepovebodeT pasuxi. mTavaria daiwyoT wera. sabuTebi, ganmartebebi
TandaTan gaCndeba, radgan isini Tqvens gonebaSi ukve iarsebebs da
gansjis moTxovnisamebr goneba aucileblad mogawvdiT.
 ramdenime rCeva damwyeb mkvlevrebs:
- Tu ori wyaros, an ori mkvlevris mosazrebis, ori movlenis,
faqtis SedarebiTi analizi gaqvT ganzraxuli, aucilebeli ar aris
naSromis or nawilad gayofa-erT nawilSi erTis gansaxilvelad,
meoreSi-meorisa.
- naSromi ar unda aqcioT sxva avtorTa gamokvlevebis
Sinaarsebis Tqveneul Txrobad. wyaroebisadmi sakuTari
damokidebuleba gamoxateT da isini amis mixedviT daalageT.
naSromSi yvela wyaro ar “CayaroT”, iseTebi gamoarCieT, romlebic
Tqveni problemis gadaWraSi dagexmarebaT.
- Tu Tqveni sakvlevi problemis irgvliv ori gansxvavebuli
(Tundac avtoritetuli!) mosazreba arsebobs, aucilebeli ar aris
maTi cal-calke dawvrilebiT ganxilva. ZiriTadad yuradReba Tqvens
problemas dauTmeT.
- naSromi gamokvleva unda iyos da ara Txroba kvlevaze, anu ar
aris saWiro imis moyola, ras miakvlieT, ra da rogor aRmoaCineT,
romelma ra STabeWdileba moaxdina Tqvenze da a.S.

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monaxazis Seqmnis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi
monaxazis Seqmna naSromis detaluri gegmis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSia advili, radgan am procesis winapiroba mosazrebis,
savaraudo pasuxis da am pasuxis sisworis damadasturebel
mtkicebulebaTa arsebobaa.
amas garda, gasaTvaliswinebelia im garantiebis arseboba, rom
mkiTxveli naSroms avtoris argumentebis gacnobamde aRiqvams da
gaiazrebs. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is mosalodneli winaaRmdegobanic,
romelTa daZlevac moxerxdeba da imaTic, rac gadaulaxavi darCeba.
monaxazis struqturas, bunebrivia, samecniero naSromis tipic
gansazRvravs. raodenobrivi analizis Semcveli samecniero naSromi
avtoris mokle-mokle interpretaciebs saWiroebs. magram Tu naSromi
pirvelwyaroebis mimoxilvas da amiT kvlevis winare viTarebis
saerTo suraTis Seqmnas moiTxovs, sadac (rac mTavaria!) es saerTo
pirvelwyaroebi konceptualur analizSi, interpretaciebsa Tu
gansja-SefasebebSia CarTuli, SesaZloa monaxazis Sedgenamde avtors
sakvlevi problemis sruli gagebac ki ar gaaCndes. aseT SemTxvevaSi
avtors swored monaxazis Sedgena exmareba analizSi,
interpretaciebsa Tu gansja-SefasebaSi.
aseTi gaurkvevlobis SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari cota ukan unda
dabrundes, kidev erTxel daufiqrdes ra kavSirSia misi argumentebi
miseul mTavar kiTxvasTan. Tu es kavSiri dainaxa, igi werisaTvis
mzad aris, anu mzadaa monaxazis SedgenisaTvis, radgan sakmao
argumentebi gaaCnia Tavisi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebisaTvis.
bevri gamocdili mkvlevari pirveladi monaxazis keTebisas
mxolod pirvelwyaroebs ajamebs da dasawyisze fiqrobs. man Zalian
kargad icis, rom am monaxazs bolo variantTan saerTo TiTqmis
araferi eqneba da am pirveladi variantidan imas da imdens amoyris,
ramdenic dasWirdeba. amitom monaxazis Sedgenas naadrevadac ki
iwyebs. kargia es Tu ara, veravin daasabuTebs, magram igi erT xifaTs
ki namdvilad Seicavs: aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari romelime detalma,
aspeqtma SesaZloa ise gaitacos, rom monaxazis Seqmna ZiebaSi
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gadaezardos. amasobaSi naSromis Cabarebis vadam (dedlainma_bolo
vadam) mouswros da iZulebuli gaxados pirveladi monaxazi bolo
variantad waradginos. amiT ki naSromi, faqtobrivad, daumuSavebeli
darCes.
winaswari monaxazi iseTi detalebis aRmoCenaSi exmareba
mkvlevars, razec arc ufiqria.
pirveladi monaxazi kargi (mosawoni) rom gamogvivides,
seriozulad unda movekidoT gegmis Sedgenas. aq mkvlevris muSaobis
gegmierobazea laparaki, rac am muSaobas mizanmimarTuls xdis da
warmatebis albaTobas zrdis da ara samecniero naSromis saerTo,
detalur gegmaze. es muSaoba ramdenime princips moicavs. erT-erTia
 davalebis gameoreba:
damwyeb mkvlevars sakvlev Temaze muSaobaSi is principebi
gadaaqvs, rasac saSinao da saklaso davalebis Sesrulebis dros
iyenebda..
 meore principi wyaroebis Sejamebaa.
wyaroebi mkvlevris umTavresi dasayrdenia im gagebiTac, rom
wyaroTa Sejereba-Sejameba yvelaze cxadad avlens imas, Tu ra rCeba
gasakeTebeli, anu ra sakiTxi rCeba sakvlevi. amasTan dakavSirebiT
ramdenime rCevac gvinda mogawodoT:
wyaroebze sabiblioTeko etapze muSaobis procesSi umTavresad
reziumeebsa da citatebs agrovebT. unda eridoT monaxazis Sedgenis
doneze naSromis konturis mxolod citatebsa da reziumeebze
damyarebas. aseTi sifrTxile gansakuTrebiT maSin unda gamoiCinoT,
roca naSromis pirvel nawils-problemis warmomavlobis monaxazs
adgenT, anu sakiTxis (problemis) istorias moiniSnavT.
es yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo momentia da “daliandageba”
(guilting) hqvia. mkvlevari am dros erTad akowiwebs wyaroebidan
amokrefil citatebs. citatebis simravle ki, rogorc wesi, Zalian
cota adgils utovebs mas Tavisi originaluri mosazrebebis
Casamateblad. aseTi naSromi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, arSemdgari
mecnieruli naSromia, radgan mkvlevrisagan swored sakvlevi
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sakiTxis axlebur xedva-gaazrebas moelian. ar SeiZleba, rom
mkvlevarma es Tavisi xedva-gaazreba maincadamainc naSromis bolos,
isic sul raRac oriode winadadebiT gamoxatos.
 mecnierul kvlevebSi xazgasmiT sxvisi dakvirvebebi ar unda
aRvnusxoT da citatebi ar unda vimeoroT. naSromis yvela nawilSi
aSkarad unda Candes avtoris wvlili. avtorma ise unda SearCios da
daalagos Tavisi dakvirvebebi, rom sakuTari analizi ukeT
warmoCndes, dakvirveba ki dasabuTebad unda gamoiyenos da ara
analizis nacvlad.
 laboratoriul kvlevebSi miRebuli Sedegebi laboratoriuli
samuSaos (muSaobis) aRweraSi ar unda aiTqvifos. mkvlevris wvlili
ki muSaobis meTodis warmoCena-daxasiaTebaSi unda aisaxos.

naSromis ageba (struqturireba) monacemTa mixedviT

naSromis ageba sakvlevi problemis, monacemebis (wyaroebis),
argumentebis (mtkiceba-dasabuTebis) mizanmimarTul dalageba-
SekavSirebas emsaxureba. aq mTavari isaa, risi Tqma surs mkvlevars. am
etapze aseTi sakiTxi TiTqos aRarc unda dadges, magram roca
yvelanair masalas SevkrebT, erTbaSad ramdenime aspeqti iCens
Tavs, romlebic kvlevis sruliad sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
warmarTvis perspeqtivebs warmoaCens.
mag., sakvlev problemad avirCieT socialuri da erovnuli
ideebis asaxvis Taviseburebani iliasa da akakis SemoqmedebaSi.
moviZieT wyaroebi, yvelanairi damxmare masala da davdeqiT Cveni
naSromis agebulebis (struqturis) gansazRvris problemis winaSe.
kvleva SeiZleba ramdenime mimarTulebiT warimarTos (ramdenime
struqtura avirCioT):
_ iliac da akakic sayovelTaod cnobili mwerlebi da publicistebi
arian. amitom SegviZlia naSromis pirvel nawilSi vikvlioT ilias
Semoqmedeba, meore nawilSi-akakisa. jer erTTan warmovaCinoT
socialurisa da erovnulis problematika da urTierTmimarTeba,
Semdeg meoresTan, xolo bolos-III nawilSi SedarebiT-
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SepirispirebiTi analiziT gamovavlinoT saerTo tendenciebi. aseTi
struqtura saintereso iqneba iseTi mkiTxvelisTvis, visac
konkretulad an ilias Semoqmedeba ainteresebs, an akakisa. magram
aseTi struqtura sabolood mainc ar ivargebs, radgan iliasa da
akakis Sesaxeb cal-calke imdenia dawerili, rom marto sakiTxis
istoriebi Cakargavs Cvens dakvirvebebsa da mosazrebebs wyaroebSi,
gaafermkrTalebs Cvens wvlils, radgan mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom didi
Temis fonze Cven mxolod Cveni kvlevis mecnieruli mniSvnelobis
gazviadeba gvamoZravebs.
_ meore principis mixedviT naSromis pirvel nawilSi socialuri
problematika vikvlioT iliasa da akakis SemoqmedebaSi, meore
nawilSi erovnuli problematika orive mwerlis nawerebSi, xolo
mesame nawilSi_ Sedareba-SepirispirebiT saerTo tendenciebi
gamovavlinoT.
SesaZloa sxva mimarTulebac gamovyoT. maaliTad., socialurisa
da erovnuli problematikis prioritetulobis problema. aseT
SemTxvevaSi imis kvleva mogviwevs, Tu ra niSnebi gansazRvravs
prioritetulobas, ra sazogadoebrivi (obieqturi) da pirovnuli
(subieqturi) faqtorebi ganapirobebs (an ar ganapirobebs)
prioritetulobas da sxva.
amitom vidre pirvel monaxazs CamovayalibebT, kvlevis
savaraudo mimarTulebebi unda gamovavlinoT, wavivarjiSoT. merme,
roca erTs, ukve adreve mofiqrebuls, gavyvebiT, sxva potenciuri
mimarTulebebis gaTvaliswineba imaSi dagvexmareba, rom Cveni
Tvalsazrisi mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro misaRebi gavxadoT. unda
davadginoT, ra aspeqtSi iqneba kvleva ufro saintereso da ufro
sasargeblo iyos mkiTxvelisaTvis.

samecniero naSromis ageba Txrobis principiT

sakiTxis kvlevis istoriis gadmocema (Txroba) samecniero
naSromis erT-erTi nawilia, magram ara umTavresi. amitom mas
naSromSi sxvaze didi adgili ar unda davuTmoT. mkiTxvels naklebad
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ainteresebs sakiTxis istoriis detaluri Txroba: ra daxvda
mkvlevars Seswavlil-gamokvleuli, roca sakiTxis kvleva daisaxa
miznad; rogor Sekriba monacemebi, ra problemebi gadaWra maT
Sesakrebad; ra sakiTxebi iyo SeumCneveli da rogor aRmoaCina es da
a. S. Tu amgvar frazeologias davukvirdebiT da aRmovaCenT, rom
aseTi gamoTqmebiT mkiTxvels sul ramdenime cnobas vawvdiT,
umTavresad Tqveni muSaobis ambavs uyvebiT, xolo sakvlev
problemaze araferia Tqmuli, gamova, rom problema jer ar aris
momwifebuli. amitom yvelaferi, rac Tqveni argumentebis aRqmaSi
mkiTxvels xels SeuSlis, zedmetad unda miviCnioT da daunaneblad
ukuvagdoT, amiT Tavidan uamrav problemas avicilebT.

monaxazis Sedgena
monaxazma rom Cveni momavali kvlevis savaraudo aspeqti,
detali, nawili moicvas, misi gegmac unda SevadginoT. aseTi gegmis
SedgenaSi iseTive teqnologia gvexmareba, rac naSromis ZiriTadi,
detaluri gegmis SemuSavebis dros. oRond es teqnologia kvlevis
sxvadsxva doneze sxvadasxva siRmeebsa da sivrceebs swvdeba. amitom
ar unda gagikvirdeT, Tu Cvens msjelobebSi Cveni saxelmZRvanelos
sxavadasxva nawilSi msgavs Temebs aRmovaCenT. es ar iqneba
ganmeoreba, anu msgavseba. es, bunebrivia, pedagogikur interesebs
isaxavs miznad, raTa mecnieruli kvlevis yoveli etapis arsi da
Tavisebureba TqvenTvis bolomde iyos gasagebi.

mTavari azris adgili

monaxazis gegmis SedgenaSi pirvel rigSi mTavari azris
sityvieri formulirebis problemaa gadasawyveti. mTavar azrs cxadi
da sada sityvieri forma unda movuZebnoT. Semdeg unda
gadavwyvitoT, sad ganvaTavsoT es fraza. saamisod ori gza arsebobs:
 movaTavsoT Sesavlis bolos (bolo winadadebaSi), raTa
mkiTxvelma iolad ipovos da mixvdes, saiT vupirebT sakvlevi Temis
gezs wayvanas;
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samuSao Sesavlis Sedgena
kvleviT naSromSi Sesavali yvelaze rTuli da problemuri
nawilia. mkvelvarTa umetesobas misi Camoyalibeba uWirs.
arc Tu iSviaTad srulfasovan Sesavals mkvlevari naSromis
dasrulebis Semdeg wers. ratom xdeba ase? am kiTxvaze pasuxi
Sesavlis raobisa da funqciis Rrmad gaazrebas iTxovs.
Sesavali naSromis is nawilia, sadac dasmulia kvlevis mTavari
Temis kiTxva, gamokveTilia problema da rac mTavaria:-sakiTxis,
problemis dasmisa da misi gamokvlevis obieqturi saWiroeba.
mkvlevari Tavis mkiTxvels uCvenebs da usabuTebs, rom sakiTxi,
romlis gadawyvetasac eZRvneba misi naSromi, dgas mecnierebis winaSe;
romlis gadawyveta Tavad mecnierebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobiTa da
misi ganviTarebis aucileblobiT aris ganpirobebuli. amas garda,
mkvlevari warmoaCens am sakiTxis gadaWris konceptualur meqanizms
(meTodologias, meTodebs, midgomas) da savaraudo Sedegs.
Tu wina nawilebis (sakiTxis dasma, misi gadaWris gza)
formulireba iolia, rTuli da bolomde daukonkretebelia Sesavlis
es bolo nawili_savaraudo Sedegi. igi mTeli sisavsiT kvlevis
dasasruls konkretdeba. mkvlevari kvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg
ubrundeba Sesavals da mis bolo nawils bolos wers. magram es
sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom Sesavali mTlianad kvlevis dasrulebis
Semdeg davweroT. Sesavlis pirveli ori nawili, piriqiT, kvlevis
dawyebamde unda CamovayaliboT, roca naSromis pirvel variantze
vmuSaobT, anu Savad vwerT. am ori nawilis dawera aucilebelic ki
aris, radgan isini gansazRvraven swored kvleva-Ziebis gezs
(mimarTulebas), meTodologias. kvlevis damasrulebel etapze
Sesavlis es nawilebic dazustdeba da daixveweba, magram pirveli
variantis Seqmna ki aucilebelia.

problemis winamZRvarTa pirobebis gansazRvra

Sesavlis Tavdapirveli variantis Seqmnis Semdeg is sakiTxebi unda
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CamovweroT, romlebic naSromSi iqneba ganxilul-gaanalizebuli. es
aucilebelia, radganac mkiTxvelma winaswar unda icodes, Tu gindaT,
rom Tqveni msjeloba misTvis gasagebi iyos.
mkvlevars erTi xifaTi aqac elis. amitom gasaTvalsiwinebelia
aseTi momenti:
bevri mkvlevari Sromis am nawilSi, (romelsac, Cveulebriv,
sakvlevi sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria ewodeba) Zalian dawvrilebiT
ayalibebs problemas, warmoaCens terminologias, mimoixilavs
arsebul samecniero literaturas, adgens sakuTari kvlevis
sazRvrebs. es yvelaferi saWiroa, magram aucilebelia zomierebis
dacva. zedmeti detalizacia aq mkvlevars vnebs: mkvlevari da misi
problema ikargeba, rogorc ityvian mkvlevari “masalaSi iZireba”.
sakiTxis istoriis mimoxilva (samecniero literaturisa da zogadi
sakiTxebisa) arc siRrmiT da arc raodenobrivad ar unda sWarbobdes
Tavad sakvlevi problemis ganxilva-analizsa da gadawyvetas.

saerTo monaxazis Seqmna

sakvlevi problemis Seswavlis procesSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
gamudmebiT mkiTxveli unda “gedgeT” Tvalwin, mis yvela “moTxovnas”
da yvela aspeqts unda pasuxobdeT. amiT unda gansazRvroT Tqveni
weris ritmi da manera. am Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba imasac
gulisxmobs, ra TanamimdevrobiT unda miawodoT mkiTxvels
moZiebuli informaciebi, sakuTari sabuTebi (argumentebi). mecnierul
kvleva-ZiebaTa praqtikam tradiciulad am procesis ramdenime
principi (modeli) daafiqsira.
 erTi principia nacnobidan ucnobisaken anu Zvelidan axlisken
svla. es aRiarebulia saukeTeso principad imitom, rom:
igi codnis TandaTan gaRrmaveba-srulqmnas emsaxureba. adamianis
goneba axlis, ucnobis aRqma-gaazrebas Taviseburad eurCeba, miT
ufro maSin, rodesac es axali moculobrivad didia, Tanac ramdenime
etaps, nawils Seicavs. garda amisa, nacnob informaciaze axlis
damateba gonebas ar Zabavs da am axlis SeTvisebas safuZveli ukve
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Semzadebuli aqvs. axals aseT viTarebaSi goneba Zvelis irgvliv
fiqrisa da gansjis gagrZelebad aRiqvams. amitom inteleqtualuri
danakargi (axlis vergagebis procentuli odenoba) minimumamde
mcirdeba, an saerTod qreba. amitom sjobs kvleva mkiTxvelisTvis
viTomda imis “SexsenebiT” daiwyoT, rac man kargad icis. amiT imasac
miaRwevT, rom mkiTxvelsac Tanamoazred aqcevT da igi bolomde
gagyvebaT kvleva-Ziebis labirinTebSi.
 meore principia mokledan vrcelisken, anu martividan
rTulisken svla. am principis Sesaxebac daaxloebiT igive unda
iTqvas, rac pirvelze. misi mizanic mkiTxvelisTvis saqmis gaiolebaa.
martivs, mokled gamoTqmul azrs adaminis goneba ufro iolad
aRiqvams, vidre vrcelsa da rTuls. amitom argumentebis (sabuTebis,
faqtebis) dalagebis dros es garemoeba aucileblad unda
gaiTvaliswinoT: jer martivi (mokle) miawodoT mkiTxvels, Semdeg
vrceli da rTuli, Tanac am vrcelsa da rTulze TandaTan
gadaxvideT, yvelaze vrceli da rTuli ki boloSi moaqcioT.
 mesame principis Tanaxmad jer is argumentebi unda SesTavazoT
mkiTxvels, romlebic sakamaTos arafers (an TiTqmis arafers)
Seicavs, Semdeg iseTebi, romlebic ara Tu sakamaTonia, aramed cxare
kamaTsac ki gamoiwvevs. Tumca mecnieruli kvleva-ZiebiTi praqtika
iseT SemTxvevebsac mravlad icnobs, roca es sami principi erTmaneTs
ewinaaRmdegeba. xdeba xolme, rom rTuli araa sakamaTo (an nakleb
sakamaToa) anda Zveli (nacnobi) amavdroulad axalsa da ucnobze
rTulia. amis gaTvaliswinebiT specialistebi naSromis argumentebiT
agebis (konstruirebis) sxva principebsac gvTavazoben. esenia:
 qronologiuri principi;
 logikuri principi;
 saziarosa da sawinaaRmdegos principi.
_ qronologiuri principi sabuTebis (faqtebis) kvlevis sferoSi
(mecnierebis dargSi) gamovlena-TavCenis droiTi qronotopis dacvas
gulisxmobs. mkiTxvels jer is unda gaacnoT, rac adre iyo
Seswavlili, Semdeg is faqtebi (sabuTebi), rac gvian gamovlinda.
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_ logikuri principi aq gulisxmobs movlenebisa da faqtebis
(sabuTebis anu argumentebis) mizez-Sedegobrivi dialeqtikuri
TanmimdevrobiT dalagebas. arsi am principisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
nebismieri faqti (movlena) misi winare movlenis (faqtis) Sedegia da
misi momdevno movlenis (faqtis) mizezi. anu mizezi iwvevs Sedegs,
Sedegi xdeba axlis mizezi da ase miiwevs win dialeqtikurad
mecnieruli azri. Tu am princips moimarjvebT kvlevaSi, maSin
sabuTebi (argumentebi) aseTi, erTmaneTisagan logikuri
gamomdinareobis, principiT unda daalagoT.
_ saziarosa da sawinaaRmdegos principi gulisxmobs sabuTebis
dalagebaSi Semdegi Tanamimdevrobis dacvas:
mkiTxvels jer imas vawvdiT, rac CvenTvisac da misTvisac
erTnairad misaRebia, gasaziarebelia, mere iseT sabuTebs, rasac an
Znelad gaiziarebs. pirveli SemTxveva meoris winapirobaa. meore ki-
Cveni mTavari mizania. amitom pirvel SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa raRac
wvrilmanze Tvalic ki davxuWoT, davTmoT (mkiTxvels amiT
movaCvenoT, rom arc Tu cota saziaroc gvaqvs). samagierod meore
nawilSi gamoviCinoT principuloba da “vaiZuloT” miuRebeli,
gaiziaros da aRiaros.
masalis SerCeva.
sakvlevi Temis pirveli monaxazis (pirveli variantis)
konstruirebis dros upirvelesad masalis SerCeva-daxarisxeba-
dakonkretebis amocana dgeba.
sawer magidaze, Cveulebriv, zRva masala gigrovdebaT. pirveli
monaxazis Seqmnisas aRmoaCenT, rom moZiebuli masalidan saTanado
raodenoba Tqvens TemaSi ver xvdeba. imis gancda giCndebaT, rom
Sroma wyalSi CageyaraT, dro dakargeT. amasTan es masala
gadasayreladac ar gemetebaT, radgan fiqrobT, rom igi Tqvens
argumentebs met damarwmuneblobas matebs da codnasac ukeT
warmoaCens.
nu dainanebT aseT masalas, Tamamad ukuyareT, magram sanagveSi
nuki CayriT, ganze gadadeT, SeinaxeT. isini sxva dros Tqveni Temis
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(an sxva Temis) analogiur sakiTxze muSaobisas aucileblad
gamogadgebaT. amasTan, erTi fsiqologiuri (ufro ki, albaT,
inteleqtualuri) faqtoric gaiTvaliswineT: rac ufro karg
Rirebul da met masalas “gadayriT”, miT ukeTesi masala dagrCebaT,
amdenad, es Tqveni naSromis mecnieruli Rirsebis maCvenebeli iqneba.

meoreuli monaxazis Seqmna, anu Savad weris stiluri

aspeqtebi
mecnieruli kvlevis es etapi naSromis enobriv-stilistikur
damuSavebasac moicavs. am etaps zogi specialisti samecniero
naSromis Savi piris werasTan akavSirebs da naSromis enobriv-
stilistikur xvewaze dahyavs. amave mizniT aseTive samuSaos Catareba
aucilebelia naSromis saboloo versiis damuSavebis (gadaTeTrebis)
drosac.
Cven im specialistebis azri ufro marTebulad migvaCnia, vinc
enobrivi problemis mogvarebas samecniero naSromze muSaobis calke
etapad moiazrebs. es samuSao, ubralod, enobriv-stilistikuri
damuSaveba-sworebas ki ar moicavs, aramed samecniero naSromisTvis,
misi konkretuli miznebis Sesabamisi stilis gansazRvra-amorCevasac.
stilis gansazRvra umniSvnelovanesi etapia. stilma Tqveni azri
ara marto samecniero stilis normaTa TvalsazrisiT unda gamarTos,
aramed Txrobis manera, azrobriv-emociuri muxti, azrovnebis ritmi,
mkiTxvelisadmi grZnoba-ganwyobilebac unda gadmosces. es yvelaferi
grafikulad, winadadebis wyobaSi unda gamovlindes. stilis
gamarTuloba xom winadadebaTa wyobis metnakleb erTgvarovnobaSic
unda gamoixatos. da raki es asea, aba warmoidgineT, ramdenad
gamarTlebuli iqneba saubari oden enobriv-stilistikur sworeba-
xvewaze. amgvari midgoma, sakiTxis gaumarTlebeli gamartivebaa,
radgan aseTi sworeba-xvewiT mxolod enobrivi (gramatikuli)
sisworis miRweva SeiZleba da ara stilis sicxadisa, sisworisa Tu
sxva.

134
 amitom samecniero naSromis stilis gansazRvra mniSvnelovani
momentia. igi monaxazis keTebis etapzeve unda gadawydes, vidre
samecniro naSromis pirveli variantis _ Savi piris weras
daviwyebdeT.
stilis gansazRvra (arCeva) ioli ar aris, miT ufro damwyebi
mkvlevrisTvis, vinc stilis idumalebebs pirveli naSromis Seqmnis
wesebTan erTad unda swvdes.
weraSi, sazogadod, yvelaze Zneli mosaZebni pirveli sityva da
pirveli winadadebaa. igi SesaZloa uceb, sul iolad moadges
adamians pirze, xanac did xans aZebninos Tavi. gamocdilma
mkvlevrebmac kargad ician es. amis gamo arcTu iSviaTad aseTi
pirveli sityva da winadadeba samecniero naSromis dasrulebis
Semdeg upoviaT.
rogor unda moiqces damwyebi mkvlevari, Tanac kvlevis am
adreul-monaxazis Sedgenis_etapze? ubralod, ar unda ifiqros aseT
sityvasa da winadadebaze.
unda dafiqrdes, ra azri Camouyalibda im problemaze, risi
kvlevac ganuzraxavs da pirdapir daiwyos: problema esa da es me ase
mesmis da Seudges weras, problemis arsi gadmosces, Semdeg
monaxazisaTvis momzadebul wyaroebs gadaxedos da daukvirdes, ra
informaciebs Seicaven isini, dasvas kiTxvebi da Seecados upasuxos...
da es yvelaferi weros, weros.. es xom pirveli monaxazia, kvlevis is
etapi, roca naSromis ConCxi unda Seiqmnas da odnav SesamCnevi
xorcic miematos, srul sxeulebriobas ki Semdeg, pirveli (Savi)
variantis weris dros SeiZens.
am etapze sruliad bunebrivia sxvaTa sityvebiTa da
gamonaTqvamebiT moxibluloba. damwyeb mkvlevars eCveneba, rom is,
risi Tqmac unda, nawilobriv, misTvis saintereso problemis sxva
niuansTan dakavSirebiT, lamazad da azrianad romelime mis
winamorbed mkvlevars ukve naTqvami aqvs. grZnobs, rom ase
mimzidvelad Tavad ver ityvis da mibaZvas iwyebs. es mibaZva calkeuli
Sesityvebebis, frazebis dasesxebaSi vlindeba. amaSi araferia
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dasaZraxi. Tumca erT xifaTs ki Seicavs. es xifaTi plagiatia, sxvisi
azris miTviseba, Tumca damwyebma mkvlevarma es jer ar icis. amitom
misi naSromis pirveli monaxazi ufro wyaroebidan moyvanili
citatebis, sxvaTa mosazrebebis Txrobisa da sxvaTagan nasesxebi
frazebiT gamoxatuli sakuTari dakvirvebebis ariTmetikuli jamia. aq
damwyebi mkvlevris Tqmuls sxvisi sWarbobs, magram am etapze es
mosaTmenia.
damwyebi mkvlevari yovelTvis endoba avtoritetul kolegas,
imeorebs mis sityvebs da ise intensiurad, rom avtorsac aRar
axsenebs. es plagiatia, magram xSirad avtoritetuli azri
mkvlevrisTvis mZlavri argumentis rols asrulebs. rogor
gamoiyenos es sxvisi azri ise, rom plagiatoba ar
dabraldes?_problema martivad wydeba, avtoritetis sityvebi
brWyalebSi unda Casvas da miuTiTos, rom es azri mavan mkvlevars
ekuTvnis.
im SemTxvevaSi rogorRa moiqces, roca romelime avtoritetis
azri ise aqvs gaTavisebuli, rom avtori aRarc ki axsovs da merme,
gvian irkveva, rom es azri masze gacilebiT adre sxvas aqvs
gamoTqmuli? mecnierebaSi azris gamoxatvis droiT qronotops didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. prioritets qronologia adgens. esa Tu is azri
imisi kuTvnilebaa, vinc ufro adre gamoTqvams mas.
plagiatis xifaTi didia iseT SemTxvevaSic, roca mkvlevari
cnobilsa da gavrcelebul azrs imowmebs da iTavisebs. aseTi azri
codnis Cveulebrivi wyaroa. mas yvela iyenebs. miuxedavad amisa, Tu
naSromSi saTanado aRniSvnis (miTiTebis gareSe) gamoviyenebT,
plagiatis faqts SevqmniT.
plagiati imdenad rTuli, seriozuli movlenaa da misi Tavidan
acilebis iseTi qmediTi saSualebebi arsebobs, rom sagangebo
ganxilvas saWiroebs. am ganxilvas Cveni saxelmZRvanelos calke
TavSi gTavazobT.

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“Savad weris” stiluri nairsaxeobani
specialistebi Savad werisas gansxvavebuli stilebis arsebobas
afiqsireben.
erTs swraf, daulagebel, uTavbolo, naCqarev stils uwodeben. aseT
weras cneba “uwignuri” Seesatyviseba.
uwignuri wera azris maqsimaluri sizustiT da siswrafiT
dafiqsirebas emsaxureba. am dros mkvlevari stilze ar fiqrobs.
misTvis mTavaria gonebaSi gaCenili azris “dawera” da qaRaldze
dafiqsireba. amas mecnierul-SemoqmedebiTi procesis bunebac
amarTlebs. es pricesi ki imgvaria, rom azri (mosazreba, Sexeduleba)
gonebaSi ise “ moulodnelad” Cndeba, ise wamierad fiqsirdeba, rom
Tu saswrafod ar Caiwere, gaqreba da veRar gaixseneb.
aseTi-swrafi, uwignuri _ weris dros mkvlevari arc stilze
fiqrobs, arc elementarul marTlweraze, arc azrovnebiTi procesis
logikur mTlianobaze. Tu azrobrivad waiforxila (azrovnebis Zafi
gauwyda), CainiSnavs am wamieri Seyovnebis mizezs da ganagrZobs weras,
imis Rrma rwmeniT, rom Sav nawers Semdeg daubrundeba da
Casamatebels Caamatebs, dasazustebels ki-daazustebs, stils daxvews,
sityvebsa da gamoTqmebs SearCevs, izrunebs Sesavalze, sqolioebze,
bibliografiaze, saZiebelze, anu saerTod, srulyofil samecniero
aparaturaze.
_ Savad weris meore stils “nel, sufTa weras” uwodeben.
sufTa wera aq daxvewil-uSecdomo, stilistikurad gamarTul,
Sesabamisi samecniero aparaturis darTviT gasrulebul weras
niSnavs.
sufTa wera sazogadod weriTi metyvelebis kulturaSi, imdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi dawyebiT
skolebSi calke disciplinis saxiT iswavleboda. igi asoebis
gamokveTilad werasTan erTad uSecdomod weris moTxovnasac
moicavda (ar SeiZleboda asoebis, sityvebis nawerSi gadaxazva,
gramatikulad damaxinjeba da a.S.). ufro Soreul saukuneebSi aseTive
gamiznulobis kaligrafistuli skolebic arsebobda, sadac
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xelnawerTa gadamwerebs amzadebdnen (imis gamo, rom kacobriobas
wignis beWdvis kultura ar gaaCnda). ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, sufTa
wera kacobriuli civilizaciis ZvelTaZveli moTxovnaa da igi
Zvalsa da rbilSi gvaqvs gamjdari imis miuxedavad, rom ukansknel
dros, samwuxarod, es kargi tradicia erTgvarad daviwyebas mieca.
“akademiuri weris” saswavlo kursi sufTa weraSi zogadad swrafi,
uwignuri stilis sapirispiro stils gulisxmobs. es stili ar
gamoricxavs emociur-impulsur azrovnebas, mozRvavebuli
informaciis uswrafesi werilobiTi fiqsirebis saWiroebas. sufTa
weris stiliT weren dinji, Sinagani azrovnebiTi kontroliT
momuSave mkvlevrebi, “asjer gazome da erTxel gaWeris” principi
Zvalsa da rbilSi rom aqvT gamjdari.
aseTi mkvlevrebi ara marto azrs xvewen da gonebaSi
dakonkretebuli gadaaqvT qaRaldze, aramed yovel frazas, TiToeul
sityvas ukvirdebian da arCeven. amis gamo maTi naweri “gadaTeTrebas”
(saboloo variantis Seqmnas) TiTqmis ar saWiroebs. SeniSvna-
sqolioebsac uCenen adgils, bibliografiasac da saerTod
samecniero aparturasac. kargia es Tu ara?
zogierTi specialisti fiqrobs, rom pirveli stilia umjobesi.
sufTa weris stils isini imiT iwuneben, rom igi TiTqos zRudavs
mkvlevris SemoqmedebiT-mecnieruli muSaobis Tavisuflebas.
miuTiTeben: Tu muSaobisas raime axali aspeqti gaCnda, sxva kuTxiT
SexedeT sakvlev sakiTxs, naSromis mTliani gadamuSaveba mogiwevT,
rac teqnikur sirTuleebsac SegiqmniT.
TiTqos sufTa (neli) weris dros, roca yvela azri
erTmaneTTan mizez-Sedegobrivad ukve mWidrod aris gadabmuli, erTi
detalis Secvlac ki mTeli gamokvlevis struqturis ngrevas
gamoiwvevs. vfiqrobT, aseTi mosazrebis kategoriuloba eWs iwvevs.
jer erTi, sufTa (nel) weras, swrafisgan (uwignurisgan) ara erTi
Rirseba gamoarCevs; meorec, Camateba, dazusteba sufTa weris drosac
iolad mosaxrexebelia. saamisod umartivesi teqnikis codnac
sakmarisia. magaliTad, raimes Camateba gaxda aucilebeli. Camatebis
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adgili SeiZleba raime niSniT (Tundac *-iT) moviniSnoT, Casamatebeli
teqsti (sityva, fraza, abzaci, sulac mTeli gverdi, an gverdebi)
amave niSniT aRvbeWdoT, mivaweroT, rom esaa CanarTi ama da am
gverdze, mSvidad da dinjad ganvagrZoT wera.
meorec: Tu iseTi radikaluri cvlileba moiTxova sakvlevi
sakiTxisadmi Cvenma axleburma Sexedvam, rom mTeli arqiteqtonikis
Secvla gaxda saWiro, es imis niSani iqneba, rom manamde araswori
gziT mivdiodiT da aseTi cvlileba Sinagani kmayofilebiT unda
miviRoT. Tanac, aseTi Zireuli cvla gamoricxuli arc swrafi
(uwignuri) weris SemTxvevaSia, radgan amis saWiroeba SesaZloa Savi
naweris “gadaTeTrebis” (saboloo variantze muSaobis drosac)
warmoiSvas. oRond egaa, rom sufTa (neli) weris stili samecniero-
kvleviTi muSaobis did praqtikul gamocdilebas moiTxovs. aseTi
stili aTeulobiT wlebis manZilze uyalibdebaT niWier,avtoritetul
mkvlevrebs.
damwyebi mkvlevrebisTvis ki, umjobesi Savad weris pirveli
stili-swrafi weraa.
Savad weris orive stili mainc erTnairad misaRebia da arCevani
mkvlevris azrovnebis maneraze, weriTi muSaobis Cvevebzea
damokidebuli.
weriTi muSaobis Cvevebi ki nebismierma mkvlevarma Tavad unda
gamoimuSaos.

weriTi muSaobis praqtikuli aspeqtebi

weriTa urTulesi azrovnebiT-SemoqmedebiTi procesia. igi
adamianisagan sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis absolutur
koncentrirebas iTxovs. xelisSemSlelad am dros, SeiZleba erTi
SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo yofiTi detalic ki iqces (xmauri,
ganaTeba, sawer-kalami, saweri magidis forma, ganTavsebis adgli da
sxva). mayureblisTvis SesaZloa aseTi xelSeSlebi imdenad
absurduli iyos, rom Rimilic ki gamoiwvios, magram sakuTar Tavze

139
rom gamocdiT, dagveTanxmebiT: am procesSi yvelaferi mnivnelovania,
samuSao oTaxis karis uecari gaWrialebac ki!
SemoTavazebuli rekomedaciebi, umTavresad Tqvens
individualur samuSao garemos Seexeba, Torem biblioTekebis
samkiTxvelo darbazebSi TiTqmis yvelaferi gaTvalswinebulia.
 saweri magida _ oTaxSi iseT adgilas unda daidgas, rom
sinaTle an pirdapir winidan gcemdeT, an marcxnidan. aseT dros
saweri furceli sruladaa ganaTebuli (sxva SemTxvevaSi ki naweris
danaxvas Tqvenive xelis Crdilic ki efareba). amave mizeziT marcxena
kuTxeSi unda idges magidis gasanaTebeli lampac. misi naTeba zemodan
qvemoT unda iyos momarTuli. amasTan manaTobeli speqtri sawer
magidas ar unda scildebodes.
 skami sawer magidasTan axlos, gemovnebis Sesabamisad, unda
miudgaT, oRond ise, rom maqsimalurad SeamciroT zedmeti Tavwaxra.
igi, jer erTi, swraf daRlilobas iwvevs da meorec-mavnea
janmrTelobisaTvis.
 didi mniSvneloba aqvs sawer-kalams. igi zomiTac, woniTac unda
moirgoT, Tqveni TiTebis bunebrivi danamati_gagrZeleba unda iyos.
kalmis zedmeti simsubuqe Tu simZime xels male Rlis, radgan
diskomfortis SegrZneba damatebiT fsiqologiur da biologiur
daZabulobas iwvevs. am mizeziT ara erT saxelovan mwerals
aRuniSnavs, rom maT hqoniaT sayvareli sawer-kalmebi. is faqtic
daufiqsirebiaT, rom roca weris dros xeli daRliaT, kalami
SeucvliaT, “sayvarel” kalams maTSi dasvenebis iluzia gamouwvevia
da axali energiiT Sedgomian weras. amitom nu daatanT Tavs Zalas da
nu isargeblebT uxeiro (tuSis, melnis) kalmiT, romelic ar
gemorCilebaT, msxvili burTula aqvs, an melans wyvetilad
(araTanabrad) gvawvdis. aseTi diskomfortic uadgilod gvaRizianebs
da gvifantavs yuradRebas. igive iTqmis sawer qaRaldzedac. uxarisxo
(an zedmetad priala) qaRaldi abrkolebs weris process da
diskomforts iwvevs.

140
 da kidev erTi ucnauroba, risganac TviT nacadi, profesionali
mkvlevrebic ki ar arian dazRveulebi..
aris SemTxvevebi, roca mkvlevari ganewyoba muSaobisTvis, yvela
wesis dacviT gaawyobs sawer magidas, miujdeba, axlos daiwyobs
wyaroebs, moZiebul masalebs, moemzadeba sawerad da.. weras ver
iwyebs. zis gabruebuli, azrebdafantuli.. TiTqos icis, ra unda
weros, fraza TiTqos enis wverze adgas, magram.. mainc araferi
gamosdis.. rogor moviqceT?
Tu droTi ara varT SezRuduli, weras mcire xniT Tavi unda
davaneboT. ratom? imitom, rom yvelaferze metad is ganwyoba,
gonebiT--azrovnebiTi gancdis is momenti gvesaWiroeba, rasac
ganwyoba-aRmafrena hqvia. erTic da meorec ki Cvengan damoukideblad
modis, maSin dagvikravs Tavs, roca moesurveba. xolo Tu droSi varT
SezRuduli, naSromi daTqmul vadaze unda warvadginoT, maSin
TavisTvis Zalis dataneba mogviwevs. rogor moviqceT?
aviRoT Cveni naSromis ukve damuSavebuli, wina nawili,
gadavikiTxoT da davukvirdeT, ra gviweria, ra mosazreba
CamovayalibeT, ra mosdevs mas Cveni gegmis mixedviT. Cveni naweris
xelaxali wakiTxva-gaazreba, SeumCnevlad, daabrunebs gonebas kvleva-
Ziebis samyaroSi da azrovnebaSi gagvicocxlebs im process, rac
droebiTi Sesvenebis gamo Sewyvetili iyo. rogorc ki es procesi
aRdgeba, werasac ganvaaxlebT..…
vTqvaT aseTi mosazreba gvaqvs dafiqsirebuli Cveni momavali
naSromis wina nawilSi:
“bolo dros xSirad mesmis reklama binis dacvasTan
dakavSirebiT”.
dakvirvebiT vkiTxulobT frazas, vfiqrobT:
ra sabuTebi maqvs imis samtkiceblad, rom reklama binis dacvis
Taobaze xSirad mesmis?
ai, erTi sabuTi:
_ teleekranidan Zalian xSirad mesmis: “Tu gindaT, rom Tqveni bina
daculi iyos, mogvmarTeT Cven..”
141
2. Tu binis dacvis Taobaze reklama ase xSiria, maSasadame, qalaqSi
binis qurdoba gaxSirda.
ra sabuTi maqvs amis samtkiceblad?
_ veZebT Sesabamis faqtebs da viwyebT aRwera-daxasiaTebas, analizs,
weras.. anu Cven ukve davZlieT “krizisi”, Cven ukve vwerT!

142
kvleva-Ziebis azrovnebiTi procesisa da meqanizmebis
safuZvlebi

rodesac Tavs movuyriT yvelanair masalas _ wyaroebs,

monacemebs _ magida amonawerebiT, baraTebiT, qseroaslebiT agvevseba
da am masalis mizanmimarTuli dalagebis, erTianobaSi gaazrebisa da
gegma_monaxazis Sedgenis dro dadgeba.
am dros sakvlevi Temis arsi jer cxadad araa gamokveTili,
ufro asociaciuri mosazrebebi gveZaleba, Tumca ukve gvaqvs
daukonkretebeli kiTxvebi. amitom masalis daxarisxeba-dalageba unda
daviwyoT. daxarisxebis principi ki Tqveni azrovnebis, logikaa,
romelic konkretulobas kiTxva- pasuxis mizez-Sedegis azrobriv
struqturaze fiqriT iZens.
amitom masala aRniSnuli principiT mokle Canawerebis saxiT
azrobrivi logikiT unda davalagoT. Tqvens TiToeul kiTxvas
Tqvenive savaraudo pasuxis monaxazi da misi damasabuTebeli
moZiebuli wyaro unda miuerToT. amiT pirveli, erTob sqematuri
Tanamimdevrobac gagiCndebaT.
mag., kiTxva A-s miusadagebT Tqveni savaraudo pasuxis monaxazs,
amas daumatebT amonawers wyarodan, rac am pasuxis monaxazs
gaumyarebs safuZvels, analogiurad daalagebT, B, C, D, da a.S.
kiTxvebs.
SegviZliaT baraTi-konspeqtebi sakvanZo sityva-winadadebebis
logikuri TanamimdevrobiTac daalagoT. aseTi gziT gamoaSkaravdeba
kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. es sakiTxebi da maTze moZebnili
pasuxebis monaxazebi gaxdeba Cveni naSromis struqturis safuZveli.
pasuxebis dalageba uzrunvelyofs mTavar debulebas_Teziss. ase rom,
mTavari debuleba am logikiT iqneba swored pasuxi Tqvens mTavar
kiTxvaze, anu im kiTxvaze, romelmac kvlevis survili aRgiZraT.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es pasuxi iqneba Tqveni naSromi. amitom
naSromis gegma am pasuxis myar dasabuTebas unda daeqvemdebaros. es

143
ki TavisTavad imasac cxadyobs, rom kvleva dasabuTebas, sabuTebis
Zebnas emyareba.
am gzaze ki yvelaze rTuli dawyeba. mkvlevars, miT ufro
damwyebs, wminda teqnikuris garda, fsiqologiuri faqtoric
Trgunavs, amuxruWebs. mkvlevari zRapris personaJiviT sabediswero
gzajvaredinze imyofeba. man icis, rom unda gaarRvios raRac,
sxvisgan ukve dadgenili da axali Tqvas. Tumca sirTule imaSia, rom
am axlis arsebobas am etapze igi ufro grZnobs, vidre xedavs. imasac
grZnobs, rom es axali mxolod masSia, mis gonebaSi; TiTqos isic
icis, rac hqvia, ras warmoadgens, saxeli ki mainc ver daurqmevia.
amitom winamorbed mkvlevarTa naazrevis zewolas cxadad, mZimed da
mtkivneulad ganicdis. am zewolis garRvevis pirvel cdaSi sakuTari
azris umwifarobis, sisustis gancda Trgunavs, tanjavs da awvalebs.
am damTrgunvelobas ki mkvlevari adamianis genetikaSi Cadebuli
qmnadobis kodiT Zlevs, radgan, sabednierod, es qmnadobis kodi
genetikurad optimistur-SeteviTia. da rac mTavaria, misi Semtevoba
zewolis simZimis pirdapirproporciulia. swored amis wyalobiT
xerxdeba garRveva siaxleSi, tradiciulis, Zvelis daZleva da axlis
Seqmna-damkvidreba.
es garemoeba kargad unda gavicnobieroT da sakuTari sisustis
SegrZnebam qedi ar unda mogvaxrevinos winamorbed mkvlevarTa winaSe,
far-xmali ar unda dagvayrevinos, pirveli, Tundac susti, iWvnarevi
nabiji kvlevisken aucileblad unda gadavdgaT. gana Cveni pirveli
fexisgadadgma aseTive susti, iWviani da ridian-krZalviani ar iyo?
amitom am sawyis, magram sabediswero etapze Cveni umTavresi
amocana gonivruli siTamamis gacnobiereba da wyaroTa informaciebze
damyarebiT maTi damTrgunvelobis daZlevaa.
masalas Tu zemoaRniSnuli principebiT davalagebT, amiT Cveni
momavali naSromis pirvel konturs SevqmniT. amis Semdeg am konturSi
gamovyofT mTavar kiTxvas, romelic sakvlevi problemis arss, Tqveni
hipoTezis Sinaarss gamoxatavs. am kiTxvas movaqcevT gansjis centrSi
da fiqrs misi dasabuTebis Ziebisken warvmarTavT.
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1. Tezisi:
axla oriode sityva imazedac unda vTqvaT, ris dasabuTebasac
vcdilobT kvlevisas. esaa Cveni kiTxvis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli
mosazreba, ufro zustad, debuleba. aseT debulebas, Cveulebriv,
Tezisi ewodeba.
Tezisi, maSasadme, iseTi debulebaa, romlis
namdvilobas,_WeSmaritebas dasabuTeba sWirdeba. dasabuTebis
logikur sabuTs ki- argumenti. Tezisi da argumenti mecnieruli
kvlevis umTavresi samSeneblo masalaa.
Tezisi yvelaze srulyofilad asaxavs mkvlevris niWierebas,
miRwevebs, kvlevaSi Setanil wvlils.
Tezisi sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes, unda iyos:
 Sinaarsobrivad_arsebiTi;
 azrobrivad_originaluri:
 formalurad_konkretuli.
 Tezisis arseboba niSnavs, mkiTxvelSi interesis unda
aReZvras, aucileblad unda dabados kiTxva_ratom?
magaliTad, naSromi ase daviwyeT: “Cvens naSromSi SeviswavleT
XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebis qarTuli poezia da galaktion
tabiZis roli misi Taviseburebis gansazRvraSi.” amgvari winadadeba
mkiTxvels interess naklebad aRuZravs, radgan ar Seicavs
kiTxvas_ratom? Seiswavle da RmerTma Segargoso,_ityvis.
magram Tu am Teziss ase CamovayalibebT: “XX saukunis 10-20-ian
wlebSi qarTul poeziaSi sruliad axali mxatvrul_esTetikuri
principebi gaCnda da maT damkvidrebaSi mniSvnelovania g. tabiZis
wvlili,” mkiTxvels bunebrivi interesi aReZvreba rogorc axali
mxatvrul_esTetikuri procesebisadmi, ise g. tabiZis mier Setanili
wvlilisadmi, gaCndeba kiTxvac_ratom?
Tezisis originaluroba:
Tezisi originaluri unda iyos, siaxles unda Seicavdes, iseTs,
rac mkiTxvels Tvalsazriss Seucvlis:

145
Tezisis konkretuloba:
TezisSi miTiTebuli unda iyos is Tema, romelic Tqvens
naSromSi iqneba ganxiluli. unda gamoCndes is sakvanZo sityvebic,
romlebzedac mkiTxvelma SemdegSi unda gaamaxvilos yuradReba.
mag., aseTi debuleba gvaqvs:
„teqstologia sol. yubaneiSvilma warmogvidgina rogorc
damoukidebeli mecniereba, romelsac aqvs Tavisi kvlevis sagani da
Tavisi muSaobis meTodi.”
aq sakvanZo sityvebi iqneba: teqstologia, rogorc
damoukidebeli mecniereba; Tavisi kvlevis sagani; Tavis muSaobis
meTodi. imitom, rom ukve cxadia, naSromSi am sakiTxebze iqneba
msjeloba.

2. argumenti
azris sabuTianoba adamianTSorisi komunikaciis safuZvelTa
safuZvelia. adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uamrav problemas
awydeba da wyvets; wyvets marto, damoukideblad an sxvaTa
daxmarebiT; wyvets sityviTa da saqmiT.
umartives Temaze ori adamianis saubaric ki kiTxva_pasuxis
formiT azris gamoTqma da misi dasabuTebaa.
warmovidginoT aseTi situacia:
I pirovneba: sad isveneb am zafxuls? _kiTxva ukve Seicavs
problemas. esaa dasvenebis adgilis rkveva.
II pirovneba: albaT, arsad. wignze muSaoba unda davasrulo.
Camoyalibda Tezisi: ver davisveneb wignis weris gamo.
I pirovneba: erT TveSi wignis daweras moaswreb? I pirovneba iTxovs
Tezisis dasabuTebas.
II pirovneba: movaswreb, radgan iseTi nawili damrCa dasaweri,
razedac meti masala maqvs. aq warmodgenilia sabuTi.
I pirovneba: meti masala gana met dros ar saWiroebs? I pirovneba
imas arkvevs, Tu riT amagrebs mosaubre Tavis arguments.

146
II pirovneba: marTalia, magram masalas kargad vicnob. II pirovneba
sabuTs amagrebs zogadi TezisiT.
I pirovneba: Tundac nacnobi, meti masala met dros saWiroebs, radgan
yvela avtorTan unda daamyaro mimarTeba. I pirovneba miuTiTebs
sawinaaRmdego faqtze.
II pirovneba: avtorTa mosazrebebs ise safuZvlianad vicnob,
damatebiTi kvleva aRar damWirdeba. II pirovneba akonkretebs
arguments.
Mmagram erTia bunebrivi saubris formiT sakuTari
azrisdasabuTeba, azris gacvla_gamocvliT da sxvaa dasabuTeba
mecnierul kvlevebSi.
yoveldRiur urTierTobebSi azris gacvla_gamocvla Tavisi
arsiT TvalsazrisTa dapirispirebaa, kamaTia. yoveli mxare sakuTari
mosazrebis damadasturebel argumentebs eZebs, poulobs,
moimarjvebs. magram aseTi argumentirebis Sedegi, rogorc wesi, arc
konsensusia, arc SexedulebaTa cvla da sabolood erT
Tvalsazrisze dadgomaa meoris uaryofis xarjze. aseT azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas, kamaTs sxvanairi dasasruli aqvs. aq erTi
aucileblad mogebulia, meore_wagebuli. mizezi aseTi dasasrulisa
isaa, rom azrTa gacvlagamocvliTi formis kamaTs (azrTa
dapirispirebas), Cveulebrivi saubari rom hqvia, Tavisi logika aqvs,
magram ara aqvs wesebi (kanonebi). aq mTavaria mizani da yvelaferi
miznis miRwevas emsaxureba: damarwmunebloba, zewola,
cuRlutoba_eSmakoba, TaRliTobis mTeli arsenali...
mecnierul kvlevebSi ki saqme sxvagvarad dgas. mizani sruliad
gansxvavebulia. aq oponentis (anu mkiTxvelis) darwmuneba, misTvis,
dasabuTebis safuZvelze, Tvalsazrisis Secvlaa mTavari, amis miRweva
ki erTi gziT aris SesaZlebeli: mkvlevarma unda Seqmnas axali,
Rirebuli azri, romelic mkiTxvels daainteresebs da mkvlevars am
azris dasabuTebas mosTxovs. dasabuTeba ki mkvlevarma gonivrulad
unda aagos, ise, rom marto sakuTari azri ki ar daicvas, aramed
mkiTxveli im donemde daarwmunos, rom Tanamoazred, momxred aqcios.
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amisTvis ki yvelanairad unda moemzados, unda gaiTvaliswinos
mkiTxvelisgan mosalodneli SekiTxvebi da ifiqros savaraudo
pasuxebze, sakuTari azris dasabuTebaze axsna_ganmartebis gziT da
ara ritorikuli xrikebiT. mkvlevarma mkiTxvels unda daanaxos,
ratom fiqrobs ase da ara sxvagvarad; ratom akeTebs aseT logikur
daskvnebs. isic unda ganWvritos, rom mkiTxvels, SesaZloa, misi
mosazrebis alternativac gauCndes, aseT alternatiul
Tvalsazriszec unda hqondes savaraudo pasuxebi.
da mainc mTavari isaa, rom mkvlevarma mkiTxveli misTvis
ucnobi codniT ar daTrgunos (gaucnobiereblis winaSe adamians
ridi, SiSi ipyrobs da gaurbis), sakuTari azri Tavs ar unda
moaxvios. mkiTxveli unda daarwmunos, rom samecniero naSromi mas
sakuTar inTeresTa dakmayofilebaSi exmareba; rom mkiTxveli
mowinaaRmdege ki araa, aramed samecniero naSromis Tanaavtoria.
argumenti Sinaarsobrivad or Tematur monakveTs Seicavs:
informaciis miRebas da informaciis gacemas. es gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCinod diskusiaSi mJRavndeba, sadac argumenti Taviseburad
muSaobs: diskusiis monawile kvalificirebulad grZnobs Tavs, radgan
iseT kiTxvebs svams, rac kargad icis. icis, ratom dasvas kiTxva da
rogor. mecnierul kvlevebSi ki mkvlevari marto kiTxvebs ki ar
svams, aramed pasuxobs kidevac (mkiTxvelis magier). amitom mkvlevris
pasuxebma misi SekiTxvis siswore unda daasabuTos.
saerTod, kvlevis dros sakuTar Tavs aseTi tipuri kiTxvebi
unda davusvaT:
1. ra aris Cemi Tvalsazrisi?
2. ra sabuTi (faqti) momepoveba?
3. riT amarTlebs es sabuTi Cems daskvnas?
4. ra unda vTqva winaaRmdegobebze?
5. ramdenad myaria Cemi debuleba?
am kiTxvebis pasuxebi erTianobaSi iqneba Tqveni dasabuTeba, anu
argumenti.
 argumenti 4 ZiriTadi nawilisgan (momentisgan) Sedgeba:
148
 1. debuleba (Tvalsazrisi), rasac vamtkicebT;
2. faqti, sabuTi, rac mas safuZvels umagrebs;
3. zogadi principi (dasabuTeba), romelic debulebasa da sabuTs,
anu Tvalsazrissa da siaxles erTmaneTTan akavSirebs;
4. zRvardadeba, Semofargvla (kvalifikacia), riTac debuleba da
sabuTi sasurvel donemde konkretdeba. anu mkvlevris saerTo
codna_ganaTlebis, sakvlev problemaSi Caxedulobis,
kompetenturobis donis Cveneba, rac arguments wonas matebs
mkiTxvelis TvalSi.
 debuleba (Tvalsazrisi) da faqti (siaxle): argumentis
ori mniSvnelovani nawilia. Tvalsazrisi (igive: mkvlevris mosazreba)
da siaxle.

Tvalsazrisi siaxle
(mosazreba)

 mkvlevarma mkiTxvels unda warudginos mosazreba da

ecados mis sisworeSi darwmunebas.
 mkvlevris mosazrebis siaxle swored isaa, riTac
mkiTxvelma unda irwmunos misi mosazreba.
rodesac mkvlevari mkiTxvels raime mosazrebas warudgens, is
dasabuTebuli unda iyos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misTvis es umizno,
usafuZvlo da usargeblo informacia iqneba, mas ar miiRebs. mag., Tu
mkiTxvels aseT mosazrebas warvudgenT: aspinZis omSi rusebma
samokavSireo piroba ar Seasruleso, amiT, faqtobrivad, arafers
vetyviT, radgan am mosazrebas dasabuTeba ar eqneba.
roca mkvlevari mkiTxvels raime mosazrebas sTavazobs, amiT
imasac mianiSnebs, rom am sakiTxze adre arsebuli Tvalsazrisi
Seicvalos. mkiTxveli misTvis axal mosazrebas iolad ar uRebs
gonebis kars, ewinaaRmdegeba (Zveli stereotipis msxvrevis sirTulis
ZaliT). amitom mkvlevars argumentis gaZliereba sul cota ori
elementiT sWirdeba: erTia dasabuTeba meore_kvalifikacia.

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dasabuTeba
dasabuTeba argumentis zogadi elementia. igi erTmaneTTan
aerTebs Tvalsazriss da siaxles, awyvilebs logikuri naTesaobis
principiT.
dasabuTeba cxadyofs ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs siaxle da
mosazreba, anu siaxle mosazrebisgan logikurad gamomdinareobs Tu
ara. dasabuTebas Tavisebur azrobriv models uwodeben, romelic or
elements emyareba. grafikulad es modeli SegviZlia ase
warmovidginoT:
dasabuTeba

mosazreba siaxle

konkretul magaliTze es modeli aseT Sinaarss SeiZens:

dasabuTeba
totlebenma rusTa jari
moulodnelad gamoiyvana
omidan

mosazreba siaxle
aspinZis omSi rusebma erekle II marto
samokavSireo valdebuleba Seeba ricxvmraval
daarRvies mters

yofiT saubarSi adamiani oponentis mosazrebas SekiTxvis sagnad

arasodes aqcevs, radgan igi TavisTavad, isedac cxadia.
mag., vamtkicebT, rom wels vaSlis kargi mosavali mogvivida da am
dros kargad msxmoiare vaSlis baRSi vimyofebiT. msmeneli,
bunebrivia, ar mogvTxovs am mosazrebis dasabuTebas, imitom, rom

150
Tavisi TvaliT xedavs nayofiT daxunZlul xeebs. amis miuxedavad,
Cveni mosazreba garkveuli SezRudviT iqneba dasabuTebuli. kerZod,
swori iqneba am konkretul baRTan mimarTebaSi. amis gamo, Cvens
msmenels, SesaZloa, mainc gauCndes kiTxva_yvelgan asea Tu ara,
radgan Cveni mosazreba marto Cvens karg mosavals ki ar
aTvalsaCinoebs, aramed saerTod miuTiTebs karg mosavalze. xom
SeiZleba mezobelTa xexilis baRebSi sxva viTareba iyos? Tu sxva
baRebis informaciac gveqneba mosazrebis wamoyenebis momentSi, maSin
igi sruliad dasabuTebuli iqneba.
ase rom, argumentisadmi SekiTxvebi gardauvalia. amitom
mkvlevars esaWiroeba damatebiTi struqtura, raTa gaamyaros Tavisi
argumenti da mkiTxvels azri Seacvlevinos. man Tavisi argumentis
uflebamosilebiT unda daarwmunos mkiTxveli mosazrebis sisworesa
da misaRebobaSi.
Tu mkiTxvelma mosazrebis siyalbe (dausabuTebloba) SeamCnia, igi
iseT arguments moiTxovs, sadac mosazreba da siaxle ara marto
zogadad iqneba swori, aramed siaxle mosazrebidan gamomdinare, anu
misiT iqneba gamyarebuli.

kvalifikacia
kvalifikacia mkvlevris gadawyvetilebis da amiT misi
damarwmuneblobis xarisxs gansazRvravs. mkvlevari argumentiT
mkiTxvels, ufro zustad misi gonebis aRqma_gaazrebis potenciur
SesaZleblobebs mimarTavs. Tu mkvlevari mkiTxvelis am
SesaZleblobebs ar gaiTvaliswinebs da misi gonebisTvis dauZlevel
codnas miawvdis, mkiTxveli mas ver aRiqvams, radgan ver gaigebs.
WeSmariti mkvlevari yovelTvis iTvaliswiebs am garemoebas. igi
taqtianad uTanadebs erTmaneTs argumentis Sinarsaa da mkiTxvelisgan
misi aRqma_gaazrebis SesaZleblobebs.
Tu argumentis elementebs_mosazrebasa da siaxles_Soris
kavSiri arsebobs, magram gasagebi mxolod mkvlevrisa da misi
mkiTxvelisTvisaa, es mkvlevris kvalifikaciis problemurobis niSani
151
iqneba. mkvlevris mosazreba rom sayovlTaod iyos misaRebi,
kvalifikaciis maRali done unda hqondes.

grafikulad es azrobrivi modeli aseTi saxiT SegviZlia

warmovidginoT:

dasabuTeba

mosazreba siaxle

kvalifikacia

kvalifikacia mkvlevris kvlevis Sedegebis kanonierebis warmoCenas

uyoymanod aRiarebas uzrunvelyofs.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor gansjis mkiTxveli
mkvlevris argumentebs, mis gonierebas, azrovnebas,...
mkiTxvels yovelTvis surs imis gageba, Tu rogor warmoiSva
mkvlevris mosazreba, raTa srulyofilad gaiazros misi argumenti.
mkvlevarma unda daakmayofilos es interesi. e. i. Tavisi mosazreba
rac SeiZleba dawvrilebiT daasabuTos faqtebiT. swored am faqtebis
codnaSi gamoCndeba mkvlevris ganswavlis done, kvalifikacia, rac
misi msjelobis miRebis, dajerebis, mkiTxvelisgan gaziarebis
safuZvelia.
mkvlevari kvalifikaciiT aiZulebs Tavis mkiTxvels
Tanamoazreobas, TanamSromlobas, mkvlevrisadmi pativiscemas. es
ubralod verbaluri TanamSromloba ki ar iqneba, aramed gacilebiT
meti_ndoba, pativiscema.
argumenti mkiTxvelis interesis sferoSi 6 ZiriTadi niSnis
mixedviT eqceva. esaa:
 marTebuloba;
 sizuste;
 sakmarisoba;
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  reprezentatuloba;
 avtoritetuloba;
 ganmartebuloba.
TiToeuli niSnis Sinaarsi, bunebrivia, kargad unda
gavicnobieroT, raTa srulfasovani argumentis SeqmnisTvis saWiro
codna da unarCvevebi SeviZinoT.
maS, ase:
 marTebuloba: niSnavs faqtis (sabuTis) siswores anu
utyuarobas.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom mkiTxveli sxvis sabuTs eWviT uyurebs,
gonebis TvaliT Cxreks da Tu sul mcire uzustoba mainc aRmoaCina,
mTel msjelobas undoblad moekideba. es ki mkvlevars saxels
gautexs. amitom wyaroebis sandooba saganebod unda SeamowmoT da
mciredi gadaxrac ki gamoricxoT. amis gakeTeba ar aris Zneli, Tumca
erTgvar cdunebasac Seicavs. amazec unda iTqvas oriode sityvva
radgan igi SesaZloa didi usiamovnebis sababic gaxdes. ra aris
mxedvelobaSi?
zogjer wyaroSi iseT gamonaTqvams wavawydebiT, romlis erTi
nawili Cvens winaswar akviatebul Tvasazriss umagrebs Zirs, xolo
meore nawili piriqiT,_ ewinaaRmdegeba (mecnierul stils bunebrivad
axasiaTebs aseTi, ornawiliani frazeologia. iwyeba “es asea,” da amas
mosdevs movlenis erTi aspeqtis “aRwera”. Semdeg_meore nawilSi
fraza ase grZeldeba_”magram” da mosdevs pireli nawilisgan
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba). araerTi mkvlevari uZlevia
cdunebas da wyarod frazis erTi nawili gamouyenebia_misaRebi,
meore nawili ki, misi mosazrebis wisqvilze rom ar dausxams wyali,
miuCqmalavs. aseT mecnierul cuRlutobas mkvlevrisTvis sikeTe
arasodes moutania.
 sizuste: es niSanic imasve gulisxmobs, rasac marTebuloba,
oRond aq sizustis moTxovna Seicavs erT niuanss: sabuTi arc
zedmetad zogadi unda iyos, arc zedmetad zusti. zustad unda
Seesabamebodes konkretul konteqsts. mag., sabuTi zedmetad zogadi
153
iqneba, Tu vityviT ilia WavWavaZe mokles XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
igive sabuTi zedmetad zusti iqneba, Tu i. WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis
Sesaxeb 5-6 gverdian eses vwerT da vityviT: ilia WavWavaZe mokles
1908 wlis 30 agvisotos, dRis 2 saaTsa da 12 wuTze, wiwamurTan, roca
daRlilma cxenebma odnav Seaneles svla.
 sakmaoba: aq igulixmeba sabuTebis raodenobrivi aspeqti. sabuTi
imdeni unda iyos, ramdenic Tqveni Tezisis dasabuTebas eyofa.
sakmarisobis proncips yvelaze xSirad damwyebi mkvlevrebi arRveven.
mag., imis dasasabuTeblad, rom leqsi “yvarlis mTebs” ilia
WavWavaZem dawera, erTi sabuTi_leqsis xelnaweric cxadyofs, magram
im azris dasamtkiceblad, rom ilia WavWavaZem gansazRvra qarTveli
eris winsvla_ganviTarebis gezi, uamravi sabuTia saWiro.
 reprezentatuloba: (eqsperimerimentul gamokvlevebSi_raime
dakvirvebaTa damaxasiaTebloba). Tavad termini cxadyobs, rom
kvlevis dros es sakiTxi mTeli sisruliT unda SeviswavloT,
Tundac misi mxolod erTi nawilis (erTi aspeqtis) Taviseburebis
dadgena gvqondes ganzraxuli. mokled rom vTqvaT, nawilze
warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad mTeli unda vicodeT.
mag., XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi batonymobis Taviseburebis
Sesaswavlad sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi batonymobis Seswavla
kaxeTSi. rac ar unda bevri sabuTi movitanoT kaxeTis istoriidan,
isini maic arareprezentatuli iqneba saqarTveloSi batonymobis
TaviseburebaTa Sesaswavlad.
 avtoritetuloba: es yvelaze macdunebeli niSania da amitom
yvelaze safrTxiloc.
avtoritetis moSvelieba, avtoritets amofareba adamianis fsiqikis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. yvelgan da yvelaferSi lidersa da
avtoritets veZebT, Cvens saqcielsa Tu mosazrebebs maTiT vuZebniT
gamarTlebas. mecnieruli kvlevis samyaro am mxriv gamonaklisi araa.
metic, es tendencia am sferoSi yvelaze cxadad aris dakanonebuli.
yvela mkvlevari, gamocdilic da axalbedac, yvelaze
avtoritetul mecniers etaneba, imowmebs da mis mosazrebas amyarebs
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sakuTar msjelobas. ara da sifrTxile aq gansakuTrebulad
gvmarTebs. vin unda CaiTvalos avtoritetul mkvlevrad? _is, visac
sxvebze xSirad imowmeben? marto damowmebis sixSiriT ganisazRvreba
mecnieris avtoritetuloba? aq sxva uamravi kiTxvac iCens Tavs,
romelTa angariSgawevac aucilebelia.
aucileblad unda davukvirdeT, ra wyaroebs eyrdnobian
avtoritetuli mkvlevrebi, rac mTavaria, ra Sedegebi aqvT
mopovebuli da ramdenad gansazRvraven Tqveni kvlevis sferos
mecnieruli ganviTarebis dones; ramdenad axalia da aqtualuri maT
mier Tqmuli mecnieruli sityva.
pirvelwyaros gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia am wyaros
bolo gamocemiT sargebloba, radgan masSi uaxlesi miRwevebi iqneba
gaTvaliswinebuli.
meti ndoba unda gamovucxadoT avtoritetul (referirebul)
gamocemebs, cnobil gamomcemlobebSi dastambul wignebs, romlebsac
redaqtorebad da recenzentebad cnobili mecnierebi hyavT.
sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT ararecenzirebul wignebsa da
samecniero periodikas.
avtoritetul mkvlevarTa naSromis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi unda
davakvirdeT, naSromi samecnieroa Tu popularuli_farTo
mkiTxvelisTvis gankuTvnili. samecniero_pupularuli gamocema,
rogorc wesi, moklebulia mecnierul sizustes, faqtebi, sabuTebi,
gamartivebulia an zedmetad ganzogadebuli.
saerTod, avtoriteul wyaros brmad ar unda miendoT, kritikulad
unda SeafasoT, radgan arsebobs iseTi movlena rogoricaa mecnierul
mosazrebaTa sxvadasxvaoba, risganac avtoritetuli mkvlevrebic ar
arian dazRveulni.
 ganmartebuloba: faqti, sabuTi TavisTavad, Tavis Tavze arafers
ambobs. gansakuTrebiT TqvenTvis saintereso konteqstSi. amitom mas
ganmarteba sWirdeba; Tqveni mxridan imis Cveneba, Tu ratom aris
TqvenTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani; ras matebs Tqvens
Tvalsazriss; riT da rogor amyarebs Tqvens mosazrebas. amiT
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TavisTavad moixsneba kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ratom iyenebT mas
sabuTad.
am moments Tavisi mniSvneloba im mxrivac aqvs, rom sabuTebis
(wyaroebis) raodenobriv zedmetobas aicilebT Tavidan.
damwyeb mkvlevrebs xom xSirad emarTebaT amgvari siWarbe.
araiSviaTad sabuTi (wyaro) ise moaqvT, rom misi saWiroeba sruli
zedmetobis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
axla isic unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom Tqvens naSroms erTi ki ara,
bevri argumenti sWirdeba. yovel faqts (sabuTs) Tavisi argumenti
Seesabameba. amitom uamravi argumenti dagigrovdebaT. isini logikuri
TanamimdevrobiT unda daalagoT da naSromis “Savi piri” (pirveladi
saxe) mzad geqnebaT.
ai, aseTi didi mniSvneloba aqvT Tezisebsa da argumentebs
samecniero kvlevaSi.
Cven argumentis, rogorc azrovnebiT_SemecnebiTi procesis
uZiriTadesi, makonstruirebeli elementis uzogadesi, principuli
Sinaarsi (agebuleba) gagacaniT. bunebrivia, misi mravali
Tavisebureba, rac argumentirebis funqciur aspeqtebTanaa
dakavSirebuli, uTqmeli gvrCeba. magram aseTi nabiji aq iZulebiTia
da Cveni saxelmZRvanelos daniSnulebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
argumenti imdenad rTuli azrovnebiT_goniTi fenomenia da
imdenad didia misi roli saerTod komunikativistikaSi, rom mas
specialuri mecniereba_argumentalistika Seiswavlis da isic ara
TavisTavad, TviTkmar movlenad, aramed wera-metyvelebis xelovnebis
Semswavleli dargis-oratoruli xelovnebis, ritorikis nawilad.
amitom aq saubars imiT davamTavrebT, rom argumentis momarjvebis
or Taviseburebasac SevexebiT.
argumentis gamoyenebas ori umTavresi safrTxe elis, ramac
SeiZleba maTi mcdaroba gamoiwvios. erTi dakavSirebulia mkvlevris
mier kvlevis sferos SecvlasTan. mkvlevars axal sferoSi
argumentirebis ucnobi meTodebi xvdeba. amitom igi iZulebulia
misTvis cnobil argumentirebis princips miubrundes. Zvelis brmad
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momarjvebam ki, SesaZloa, argumentis mcdaroba gamoiwvios. amitom
mkvlevarma upirvelesad is unda gaarkvios, ra aris axal sferoSi
misTvis ucnobi, gansxvavebuli, rasac misgan elian (maswavlebeli Tu
saerTod mkiTxveli).
marTalia, axal sferoSi damwyebi mkvlevrisTvis yvelaferi
uCveulo da Semacbunebelia, magram man movlenaTa nairferovnebaSi
sicxade, simartive, nacnobi meTodis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba unda
eZebos.
meore safrTxe ki isaa, rom argumenti verasodes iqneba
absoluturad, dasabuTebuli. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom arc erT
kiTxvas ara aqvs erTi pasuxi, arc erTi problema ar wydeba mxolod
erTi meTodologiiT. amitom mkvlevarma argumentis wamoyenebis dros
sul cota erTi alternatiuli gadawyvetilebac unda moZebnos da
maragSi iqonios. Tavad Tu ver moZebnis, am problemis mcodne
mkvlevars unda miakiTxos an sxva gziT Seityos sakvlevi
problemisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomis arseboba. amiTac Tavidan
aicilebs sakuTari argumentis savaraudo simcdares.
 Tanamedrove civilizaciis mamoZravebeli Zalis _masobrivi
komunikaciebis saswaulebrivma gamravalferovnebam, globalizaciis
yovliswamlekaobam araCveulebrivad gazarda Tavad komunikaciebis
roli. dRes yvelasTvis cxadia komunikaciebis nairferovani
TviTgamovlinebisa da praqtikuli funqcionirebis aspeqtebis
Seswavlis aucilebloba. saamisod specialuri mecnieruli dargebic
ki Seiqmna komunikativistikis saxelwodebiT, romelic kvlevis
mravalobieqtianobis gamo, faqtobrivad, calkeuli mecnieruli
dargebis maerTianebel codnis sferos warmoadgens.
komunikativistikam axali sicocxle STabera kacobriobis mier
ZvelTaganve Seqmnil dargs _ritorikas sityvieri (verbaluri) da
moqmedebiT_sanaxaobiTi (vizualuri) komunikaciebis Semswavlel
disciplinas, romelsac SeiZleba antikuri, gnebavT Zveli msoflios
komunikaciis Teoria vuwodoT.

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 antikuri ritorika cxadyobs, rom kacobriobam ukve im Soreul
epoqaSi miagno da amoikiTxa adamianuri verbaluri da vizualuri
komunikaciebis yvela ZiriTadi meqanizmi da maTi iseTi amomwuravi
aRwera_daxasiaTeba SeZlo, iseTi Teoriuli dasabuTeba mouZebna, rom
Tavisi universalobis wyalobiT dRemde SeinarCuna moTxovnadoba.
amitomac aRiareben dRes daufaravad, rom ara marto yofiTi Tu
profesiuli komunikaciebis doneze; aramed mecnierul kvlevebSic
ritorika miuZRveba win kacobriobas, “mihyavs mecnierebisaken” 4 (u.
goTi, g.kolombo, j. uiliamsi). uyoymanod aRiareben, rom dResac,
dRevandel ritorikaSic yoveli debuleba, yoveli punqti platonis,
gorgias, aristoteles ritorikiT iwyeba. amiT ki isic cxadi xdeba,
rom ritorika karga xniT usamarTlod iyo miviwyebuli, vidre meoce
saukunis meore naxevridan kacobrioba isev ar miubrunda mas. igive
unda iTqvas argumentalistikazec, radgan igi ritorikis dargia.
dRes argumentalistika ritorikis calke dargia. uamravi naSromia
Seqmnili da calke disciplinad iswavleba. am TvalsazrisiT
umniSvnelovanes gamocemebad iTvleba stefan tulminis “argumentebis
gamoyeneba” (kembriji, 1958), mari skoris “Teoria argumentebisaTvis”
(1990), riCard riekisa da alan janikis “argumentaciis warmodgena”
(maklani, 1984), frens emerenis, roS groTendosTisa da kregeris
“argumentaciis Teoriis saxelmZRvanelo” (foriso, 1987) da mravali
sxva.
qarTuli sinamdvile ritorikasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT
gamorCeuli ar yofila. da es imis miuxedavad, rom Zvel
saqarTveloSi popularobiT sxva dargebs ar Camouvardeboda. amas
ara marto Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis faqtobrivi masala cxadyofs,
aramed misi qarTuli terminis (mWevrmetyveleba) arsebobac da
adamianis inteleqtualurobis erT sazomad qcevac (mWevrmetyveli
SinaarsiT inteleqtuals utoldeboda).

4
Wayne C. Booth, Gregori C. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams-The Graft of Research(The University of Chicago
Rress, Chicago London, 1995, pp. 104-107.)
158
 amis muxedavad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi CvenSic, rogorc sxvagan,
ritorika uSinaarso, uSedego Warbsityvaobad aRiqmebda.
mWevrmetyvelebis didi tradiciebisadmi pativiscema ki mxolod
imaSi gamoixateba, rom wminda mecnieruli interesebisTvis Seiqmna n.
kandelakis monografia “qarTuli klasikuri mWevrmetyveleba” (1961
weli) xolo saswavlo gamiznulobisTvis T. jagodniSvilis
“qarTuli oratoruli xelovneba” (2000, calke damatebad_
qrestomaTia praqtikumiT). ritorikis bumi ki umTavresad XXI
saukunis gariJraJze daiwyo da araerTi saxelmZRvanelo Tu damxmare
saxelmZRvanelo gamodis.

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 vizualur saSualebaTa gamoyeneba mecnierul kvlevebSi

Tu samecniero naSromSi iseTi faqtebi (mtkicebulebebi) gvaqvs

warmodgenili, romelic Seicavs cifrebs (ricxobriv monacemebs,
raime CamonaTvals), maSin mkiTxvelis dasaxmareblad mizanSewonilia
damatebiTi saSualebebis gamoyeneba. aseT saSualebebad samecniero
kvlevebSi, tradiciulad, gamoiyeneba TvalsaCinoebis (vizualuri)
saSualebebi: cxrilebi, sqemebi, grafikebi, diagramebi, rubrikebi,
vizualuri niSnebiani logikuri sqemebi da a.S.

1. mtkicebis vizualur Tu verbalur saSualebaTa arCevani

damokidebulia imaze, Tu:
 ra saxisaa monacemebi (mtkicebulebebi);
 romels ukeT gaigebs mkiTxveli;
 ranair reagirebas eliT mkiTxvelisgan Tqvens argumentebze.
informacia advilad or SemTxvevaSi gadaicema:
_ roca informacia Tvisebrivia da sityvieris garda, sxva formiT
misi gadacema Znelia;
_ roca Tqeni mkiTxveli sityvazea orientirebuli, TxrobiT ukeT
aRiqvams informacias.
zogi mkiTxveli informacias vizualuri masaliT ukeT aRiqvams.
vizualuri masala im SemTxvevaSia Sedegiani, roca Tqveni argumentebi
Seicavs iseT calkeul damoukidebel elementebs, romlebic:
a)ucvlelia da kargad aris gansazRvruli. aseT elementebs,
Cveulebriv, “faqtebs” uwodeben. aseT faqtebs warmoadgens: sagnebi,
cnebebi, monacemebi; b) damoukidebelia, magram cvladia (icvleba
garkveul pirobebSi). maT “damoukidebel cvladebs” uwodeben, ar
icvleba sxva “cvladebis” Sesabamisad, magaliTad, dro, temperatura,
manZili da a.S.
damoukidebeli elementebi mudmiv mimarTebaSia raodenobasTan
da TvisobriobasTan. maT “damoukidebel cvladebs” uwodeben.

160
“damoukidebeli cvladi” iseTi monacemia, romelic gareSe pirobebis
(SemTxvevebi, faqtorebi) Sesabamisad icvleba.
ganvixiloT magaliTi, sami damoukidebeli elementia (sami
raioni) da bevri damokidebuli cvladi (sidide). magram elementebi
da cvladebi, romlebic erTmaneTisadmi sistematur mimarTebaSi
arian, meore elementSia. axla vizualurad warmovidginoT adigenis,
axalcixisa da aspinZis raionebis saojaxo fermebSi mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis Semcireba 1990-2000 wlebSi warmoebis 30,4%-iani klebis
gamo, xolo marto aspinZaSi 65%-iani klebis Sedegad.
1990 wlis dasawyisSi fermebSi dasaqmebuli iyo muSa Zalis 58%,
2000 wels ki-30%-iT naklebi. dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis
SemcirebasTan erTad adigenisa da axalcixis mosaxleobis
ricxovnoba 70%-mde Semcirda.
Sedegad, 1990-2000 wlebSi am raionebis mosaxleoba mudmivad
iklebda: adigenSi 35500_dan 15.700-mde, anu 49%-iT; axalcixeSi _
70800-dan 68.400-mde, anu 8,5%-iT; aspinZaSi_15.800-dan 9.600-mde, anu 39,1%-
iT, sadac danakargma 6200 suli Seadgina.
raionebs Soris klebis sxvaoba SeiZleba imiTac aixsnas, rom
adigeni da aspinZa umTavresad soflis meurneobazea damokidebuli,
axalcixe ki_mcire warmoebazec.
pirvel abzacSi Cven ver SevZlebT cvladi sidideebis raionebis
mixedviT ise ganlagebas (sqemis ise Sedgenas), rom abzacSi
gadmocemuli kompleqsuri mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba naTlad
aisaxos. es mxolod sityvieri TxrobiT aris SesaZlebeli.
meore abzacSi raionebi Tanamimdevrulad Seefardeba
industriisa da mosaxleobis cvlilebaTa monacemebs. am
damokidebulebis (mimarTebis) danaxva cxrilebiT ufro ioli
iqneboda:

cxrili 1_mosaxleobis klebadoba raionebis mixedviT 1990-2000 ww.

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raioni mrewveloba 1990 2000 klebadoba %
adigeni sasoflo-sameurneo 35.500 17.700 17.800 49%
aspinZa sasoflo-sameurneo 15.800 9.600 6.200 39,1%
axalcixe mcire mrewveloba 70.800 68.400 2.400 8,5%

SeniSvna: monacemebi da raionebi pirobiTia.

am monacemis meti damajereblobiT, meti ritorikuli efeqtiT
gadacemisTvis rukis gamoyenebac SeiZleba. ruka am gansxvavebaTa
mxedvelobiT aRqmas, danaxvas da maTs Sedarebas gvTavazobs. isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom ruka monacemebs ufro naklebi raodenobiTa da
naklebi sizustiT aCvenebs.
amitom Cven grafiks sqemas da ricxobriv monacemebs davurTavT.

1990

2000

adigeni aspinZa axalcixe

1. mosaxleobis klebadoba raionebis mixedviT 1990-2000 ww.

am monacemebis Cveneba meti efeqturobiT grafikis saSualebiTac

warmovadginoT. grafiki am (klebis) process istoriis formiT
162
dagvanaxebs (ix. 2 cxrili mosaxleobis klebadoba raionebis mixedviT
1990-2000 ww.)

0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000

2. mosaxleobis klebadoba raionebis mixedviT 1990-2000 ww.

axla is gaviazroT, rodis unda gamoviyenoT, rogor unda
SevadginoT tabulebi, cxrilebi, sqemebi, ilustraciebi, diagramebi,
raTa mkiTxvelma iolad aRiqvas, gaigos is kompleqsuri informacia,
rasac Cven vTavazobT.

1. informaciis konstruirebis zogierTi principi:

_ upirvelesad unda ganvsazRvroT, ra sizustis informacia
sWirdeba Cvens mkiTxvels.
amasTan unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom cxrilebi ufro zustia,
vidre sqemebi da grafikebi.
_ ra saxis efeqtis (zegavlenis) moxdena gvinda mkiTxvelze-
sityvieri Tu vizualuri.
gvaxsovdes: cxrilebi obieqtur informacias gadmogvcems. aq
ramdenadme gasaTvalsiwinebelia Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa, rom
monacemebs Tavad mkvlevari (avtori) arCevs, isini mainc ver
gamoxataven avtoriseul interpretacias. aRwera zusti rom iyos,

163
monacemebi cxrilebiT unda gadmovceT da sityvieri (ritorikuli)
efeqti minimumamde daviyvanoT.
sqemebi da grafikebi vizualurad ufro did STabeWdilebas
axdenen, radgan vizualur gamosaxulebaze mkiTxvelis reaqcias
uwyoben xels.
sqemebi mkiTxvels Sedarebis saSualebas sTavazoben, grafikebi
ki monacemebis istorias (ambavs) amcnoben.
Tu gvinda, rom mkiTxveli Caswvdes Cveni monacemebis arss,
tabulebi da sqemebi unda moviSvelioT.
- tabulebi mkiTxvels informaciis gaazrebaSi exmareba;
- sqemebi da grafikebi ufro calsaxad gadmoscemen monacemebs.
informaciis gadacemis formis efeqturoba monacemTa agebis
(konstruirebis) principzea damokidebuli. amitom informaciis
gadacemis formis amorCeva TavisTavad saqmes ver wyvets. mniSvneloba
imasac eZleva, Tu rogor avagebT Cvens monacemebs (anu
mtkicebulebebs).
saerTod, monacemTa agebis sami principia cnobili:
detaluri struqturireba:
_ damoukidebeli elementebi ise unda ganvalagoT, rom mkiTxvelma
iolad dainaxos saWiro modeli (nimuSi);
_ tabulebSi monacemebi ise unda davalagoT, rom mkiTxvels saWiro
informacia uceb moxvdes TvalSi;
_ sqemebSi xazebi (wrfeebi) ise unda gavavloT, rom Tanamimdevrobis
forma Sedges: zeviT an qveviT mimavali mrudi, swori xazi da a.S.
_ grafikebSi (diagramebSi) cvladi sidideebi ise unda ganvaTavsoT,
rom mrudma Cveni naambobi Seavsos.
meti simartive:
_ grafikebSi (diagramebSi) monacemebis (adamianTa, adgilTa saxelebi,
saganTa dasaxeleba) raodenoba 4-mde SevamciroT, sqemebSi _6 an 7-mde.
Tu aq monacemebi meti gvaqvs, sjobs axali sqema SevqmnaT.
_ sqemebsa da diagramebSi minimumamde daviyvanoT axsna_ganmartebiTi
sityvebi;
164
_ moveridoT msgavs monacemTa bazis raodenobriv siuxves, mxolod
ramdenime gamoviyenoT. aseve moveridoT Tavkiduri asoebis
(laTinuri) xmarebas.
_ sqemebsa da diagramebSi SevinarCunoT mxolod martivi vizualuri
kontrastebi: Savi, TeTri, nacrisferis erTi-ori Strixi. unda
veridoT urTierTgadamkveT Strixebsa da zolebs.
ZiriTadi ideis miwodeba:
mkiTxvelisTvis monacemebis miwodebis dros Cven mier aucileblad
unda aRiniSnos ZiriTadi mosazreba. unda mivuTiToT im uCveuloze,
rasac Cveni monacemebi Seicavs da rac gvsurs, rom Cvenma mkiTxvelma
icodes.
dRes kompiuteruli programebis siuxve da xelmisawvdomoba bevr
ayenebs cdunebis winaSe:
kompiuteruli programebi cxrilebis, diagramebis, sqemebis did
bankebs Seicavs, myisierad gvawvdis mzamzareul, usasrulod nairgvar
TvalsaCinoebis masalas, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom isini xSirad
CvenTvis sasurveli sisruliT ver gadmoscemen saTanado informacias.
kompiuteruli programebis avtorebs ufro TvalismomWrel
TvalsaCinoebaTa Seqmna ainteresebT da naklebad fiqroben
vizualuri masalis Sinaarsis adekvaturad gadmocemis principebze.
kompiuteri usazRvro SesaZleblobebs Seicavs, magram Zvel,
tradiciul saxeobebsac warmovadgenT, rogorc anbans, imitom, rom
iseni vizualizaciis elementebi, principulad rTul kompiuterebsac
udevs safuZvlad.

2. tabulebi (cxrilebi)
tabulebis gamoyeneba maSin aris mizanSewonili, rodesac monacemi
bevri gvaqvs da zusti maCveneblebis asaxva gvinda. tabulebis
gamoyeneba maSinac sasargebloa, roca mkiTxvelisTvis ar gvsurs imis
Cveneba, monacemTa romeli aspeqtia ufro mniSvnelovani.

165
tabula warmoaCens obieqtur informacias da mkiTxvels sakuTari
daskvnis gamotanaSi exmareba. tabula ori saxisaa: cifrobrivi da
sityvieri.

cifrobrivi tabulebi:
aseTi tabulis I principi mkiTxvelis daxmarebaa. Tu mkiTxveli
tabulas maCvenebelTa (monacemTa) Sesadareblad ki ar iyenebs, aramed
sapovnelad, monacemebi Tavisuflad unda ganvalagoT. me- 2 tabulaze
municipalitetebis monacemebebi ganlagebulia anbanze, Semosavlebi
mTelidannawilebisken.

tabula 2. wliuri Semosavlebi qalaqebis municipalitetebis mixedviT

savaWro gadasaxadi

municipaliteti statusi mTliani saxelmw. qalaqis qonebis samomxm.

% % % gadasaxadi Sesatani
%
quTaisi qalaqi 20.40 1.55-(18) 2.37-(33) 11.10-(68) 4.10-(37)
foTi qalaqi 15.35 4.00-(10) 7.41-(37) 7.16-(50) 0.00
Waladidi sofeli 1.31 1.15-(38) 0.00 2.11-(37) 2.75-(13)
sarTiWala sofeli 2.5 1.30-(55) 0.00 1.07-(49) 0.41-(35)
martyofi sofeli 3.8 0.13-(18) 0.00 0.97-(68) 0.20-(14)

Tu mkiTxvelisTvis imis gansxvavebis Cveneba gvinda, rom savaWro

gadasaxadebi naklebad aris damokidebuli qonebis gadasaxadebze,
maSin Sedarebis gamosakveTad monacemebi unda SevabrunoT da wina
planze sasurveli elementebi unda wamovwioT:

166
qonebis gadasaxadi savaWro gadasaxadi
municipaliteti statusi qalaqis saxelmw. qonebis samomxm. mTlia
gadasaxadi Sesatani ni

martyofi sofeli 0.00 0.13-(18) 0.97-(68) 1.07- 0.20-(14) 3.8

sarTiWala sofeli 0.00 1.30-(55) (49) 0.41-(35) 2.5
foTi qalaqi 7.41-(37) 4.00-(210) 7.16-(50) 0.00 15.35
Waladidi sofeli 0.00 1.15-(38) 2.11-(37) 2.75-(13) 1.31
quTaisi qalaqi 2.37-(33) 1.55-(18) 11.10-(68) 4.10-(37) 20.40

roca mkiTxveli dajgufebul maCveneblebs xedavs, SeuZlia gonebaSi

miamatos an gamoaklos da maCvenebelTa cvalebadoba gacilebiT
advilad Seudaros erTmaneTs.
sxva principebi:
_ damoukidebeli elementebi marcxena vertikalur xazze unda
CamovweroT. mkiTxveli marcxniv ganTavsebul monacemebs, Cveulebriv,
imis wyarod aRiqvams, rac marjvniv aris ganTavsebuli;
_ damokidebeli cvladi sidideebi svetSi marcxnidan marjvniv Tavisi
dasabuTebiT unda CamovweroT;
_ saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvelma cvlilebis xarisxis Sefaseba
rom SeZlos, tabulis bolos saSualo ricxvebi unda warmovaCinoT;
_ Tu mkiTxvelisTvis zusti monacemebis gacnoba ki ar gvinda, aramed
mTavari azris gagebineba gvsurs, cifrebi ise unda davamrgvaloT,
rom mkiTxvelma saWiro monacemi pirveli ori, an maqsimum sami
ricxviT gamoiTvalos;
_ Tu tabula 7-ze met svets Seicavs, yovel meoTxe an mexuTe svets
Semdeg Tavisufali sivrce (sveti) unda davtovoT;
_ Tu tabulebi sityvieri ganmartebebis darTvasac saWiroebs, ar
unda gavimeoroT is ricxvebi, rac cxrilebSia warmodgenili.

167
3. sityvieri tabulebi

sizuste mWevrmetyveluri gadmocemis forma

efeqti
tabulebi maRali obieqturi aRweriTi
sqemebi (rukebi) dabali obieqt.subieqt. aRweriT-TxrobiTi
grafiki dabali subieqturi TxrobiTi
(diagrama)

sityvier tabulebSi monacemTa Semcirebis riski arsebobs. aman

mkiTxvels SeiZleba cnebebis gamartivebisa da maxasiaTeblebis
Semcirebis STabeWdileba Seuqmnas. am xifaTis Tavidan
asacileblad sityvieri tabulebi mxolod konceptualuri
urTierTmimarTebebisTvis unda gamoviyenoT, maCvenebelTa niuansebisa
da detalizaciis gareSe. mkiTxvelTa umetesoba aseT tabulebs (5),
zedmeti ganzogadebis gamo, ar miiRebs.

tabula 5: evropuli kulturis periodebi

periodi religiuroba kanonmorCileba individualizmi

Sua saukuneebis Zalian maRali maRali dabali
periodi
renesansi maRali saSualo saSualo
ganmanaTleblobis saSualo Zalian maRali maRali
modernizmis dabali Zalian maRali maRali
postmodernistuli dabali dabali dabali

4. sqemebi. diagramebi
TvalsaCinoebis es saxeobebi mocemulobaTa garegan saxes
warmoaCenen. isinimkiTxvels uCveneben, rogor icvleba erTi an
ramdenime damoukidebeli elementi Sesabamisi damokidebuli cvladi
sidideebiT (ix. 3 naxazze municipaluri wliuri Semosavlebis zrda
1990-2000 wlebSi).
168
 sqemebi aRweriTi xasiaTisaa, magram Tu monacemebs ise
ganvaTavsebT, rom sistemuri cvlileba gamoCndes, maTSi garkveuli
ambavic gamoCndeba (ix. 4 naxazi _ mgzavrTa sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli usafrTxoebis wesebis gamoyenebasTan mimarTebaSi).

arc erTi Sesakravi mxris airbaki airbaki+

qamari Sesakravi mxris Sesakravi

4. mgzavrTa sikvdilianoba usafrTxoebis wesebis gamoyenebasTan

mimarTebaSi (30km/sT).
mkiTxveli marcxnidan marjvniv Tvalis SevlebiTac dainaxavs,
rom sikvdilianoba usafrTxoebis dacvis saSualebaTa zrdasTan
erTad mcirdeba (avtomobilebis SemTxvevaSi), magram Tu
usafrTxoebaze gvinda yuradRebis gadatana, monacemebi piriqiT unda
ganvalagoT.
RerZuli (vertikaluri) sqemebi_diagramebi
RerZuli (vertikaluri) diagramebis Sesadgenad ramdenime
principi gamoiyeneba:
_ monacemebis horizontalurad ganlageba:
aseT SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli elementebi marcxniv unda
ganvaTavsoT, xolo damokidebuli cvladi elementebi_boloSi, aseve
marcxnidan marjvniv.

169
 _ monacemebis vertikalurad ganlageba:
damoukidebeli elemenetebi qveda xazze (ZirSi) marcxnidan
marjvniv unda ganvaTavsoT, xolo damokidebuli cvladi
sidideebi_marcxena RerZis gaswvriv, qvevidan zeviT;
_ specialuri maCveneblebis warmoCena:
aseT SemTxvevaSi cifrebi Sigve unda SevitanoT, an TiToeuli
vertikalis boloSi unda CavweroT.
_ unda veridoT samganzomilebian RerZs. mkiTxveli unda
mixvdes, ra aris wina planze wamoweuli_moculoba Tu sigrZe.
gansakuTrebiT rTuli aRsaqmelia piramidis, cilindris an Sereuli
saxis diagramebi.
_ bevri vertikalis Semcveli diagramebi uvargisia. umjobesia
gamocalkevebuli, paraleluri diagramis Sedgena TiToeuli
kategoriisTvis, radgan:
_ gadatvirTuli diagramebi mkiTxvels proporciebis Sefasebas
aiZuleben. (ix. 5 naxazi_bazris wili wlovanebis mixedviT).
sami feri+TeTri
55

35-55

_ gadatvirTuli diagramebi mkiTxvels proporciebis Tvlas

aiZulebs.

170
_ Tu maincdamainc gadatvirTuli diagramis gamoyenebaa aucilebeli,
mkiTxvels Semdegi principebiT unda davexmaroT:
_ calkeuli segmentebi garkeuli wesiT, qvevidan zeviT unda
ganvalagoT;
_ gamoviyenoT ukiduresad muqi an myvirala ferebi, dasawyisSi (ZirSi)
muqi, boloSi ki Ria ferebi, radgn mkiTxveli ufro mniSvnelovnad
SedarebiT muq danayofebs miiCnevs.
_ proporciebis sicxadisTvis cifrebi da SemaerTebeli xazebi unda
gamoviyenoT (ix. naxazi 6).

2.2
4

4
2
9
3
1.3 2
5
1.5 3
4
12 2 2
13 7
2 1.3

6. bazris wili asakobrivi monacemebis mixedviT

SegviZlia wertilovani sqemis gamoyenebac, rac, faqtobrivad,

imaves warmoaCens, oRond naklebad aris gadatvirTuli.
me-7 naxazze mocemulia ramdenime sidide ori paraleluri
wertilovani sqemiT.

171
Abco - - - - - - *
Joe’s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - *
Graco - - - - - - - *
Alto Z - - - - - - - - *
Dynex - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -*

0 1 2 4 6 8 10

suraTi 7. bazris wili 55+asakobrivi monacemebisTvis

Tu sxva asakobriv kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi imaves gavakeTebT,

mkiTxveli ufro iolad gaarCevs, romeli kategoria akontrolebs
bazris met nawils.

5. mrgvali diagramebi
mrgvali diagramebi ufro presasa da saqmian mimoweraSi
gamoiyeneba. aseTi
diagramebi efeqturi maSinaa, rodesac Sesadarebel elementTa
sidideebi erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba da erT, 100%-ian
mTels Seadgenen. amasTan Sesadarebeli elementebis raodenoba didi
ar unda iyos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac Sesadarebeli segmentebi
wvril-wvrilia. mrgvali diagramebi gansakuTrebiT mouxerxebelia
maSin, roca SedarebisTvis calke mocemul sidideebSi Caxedvaa
saWiro.
me-9 naxaziT davrwmundebiT, ramdenad iolia imave informaciis
gadmocema RerZuli diagramiT.

_ mrgval diagramebs, amis gamo, unda veridoT da mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi gamoviyenoT, roca mkiTxvels ubralo, TvaliT
uSecdomod dasanaxi, Sedareba sWirdeba da ara zusti;
_ segmentebi mniSvnelobis mixedviT unda ganvalagoT, 12 saaTis
niSnulidan saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, an dididan patarisken;
_ Tu romelime segmenti mniSvnelovania, is Semdegnairad unda
gamovyoT:

172
_ segmenti yvelaze muqi an myvirala feriT unda gavaferadoT,
mosazRvre ferebi ki rac SeiZleba kontrastuli iyos;
_ gansakuTrebuli segmentis winwamosawevad unda “amovtexoT”(ix. me-8
naxati).

naxati me-8
sxvanairi moculobiTi diagramebi aseve efeqturia ilustrirebuli
presisTvis, magram ara samecniero moxsenebebisTvis (ix. me-9
naxati_navTobis importi 1980-90 ww).

A
A

B B

naxati me-9

173
6. grafikebi:
_ grafikebi, Cveulebriv, sidideebs Soris saerTo
urTierTdamokidebulebaTa saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, radgan isini
sizustes ver uzrunvelyofen.(ix. me-10 naxati_avariaTa ricxovnobis
zrda meqanizmebis temperaturis zrdis Sesabamisad.
avariaTa SemTxvevebi 1000 saaTis ganmavlobaSia gansazRvruli).

5 10 15 20
naxazi. 10 avariaTa ricxovnobis zrda meqanizmebis temperaturis
zrdis Sesabamisad (1000 saaTis ganmavlobaSi).
_ grafikebi gansakuTrebiT maSinaa efeqturi, rodesac monacemebi
uwyveti xazis formiT warmoCindeba.
ix. me-11 naxati_siblantis kleba temperaturis zrdis

Sesabamisad.
naxazi 11. siblantis kleba temperaturis zrdis Sesabamisad
174
_ grafiki maSin unda gamoviyenoT, roca darwunebuli viqnebiT, rom
mkiTxveli aRiqvams gadmocemuli movlenis mTlian arss da Tavad
grafikis tendencias.
_ bevri damoukidebeli elementis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi cal-calke
grafikebis gamoyeneba sjobs. erT grafikSi mxolod ramdenime grafa
unda gamoviyenoT da isini erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad unda ganvasxvavoT.
mkiTxveli Znelad aRiqvams samze met zols, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu
isini erTmaneTs kveTen, rogorc es me-13 naxazzea naCvenebi.
_ Tu grafikze erTi sididis Semadgenel 2-3 xazs gavavlebT, xazebs
Soris darCenili sivrceebi sxvadasxva feriT unda gavaferadoT da
amiT sivrciTi grafiki unda SevqmnaT. yvelaze didi raodenobiTi
maCvenebeli ZirSi unda ganvaTavsoT da yvelaze muqad gavaferadoT,
Semdeg masze naklebi raodenobiTi monacemi unda ganvaTavsoT, feric
SedarebiT Ria unda mivceT da a.S (ix. me-12 naxati_sahaero
gadazidvebis detalebi).

ianv. Teb. mart. apr. maisi ivn. ivl. agvist. seqt. oqt. noem.
dek.
nax. 12 sahaero gadazidvebis detalebi

7. sityvieri zemoqmedebis kontroli vizualur masalaze

saerTod, TvalsaCinoebis (vizualur) tips mocemulobaTa
saxeoba gansazRvravs. Tumca amasTan Tavis rols asrulebs
175
saTqmelis sityvieri efeqtic. mag. me-16 naxazze mocemulia ori
produqtisagan 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli mogebis grafiki.

82 86 90 94
nax. 13 ori produqtisagan miRebuli mogebis grafiki
aseTi sworxazovani grafiki zustad ver gadmogvcems imis
monacemebs, Tu rogor icvleba ori damoukidebeli elementi
(produqtis saxeoba) erTi damoukidebeli (dro) da erTi
damokidebuli (mogebis raodenoba) cvladebiT. viTareba warmoCenilia
gansxvavebuli xazebis moZraobiT da mkiTxvels grafikis
momgebianobas uCvenebs. Tumca imave informaciis gansxvavebulad
warmoCenac SegviZlia, Tuki wrfivis nacvlad sivrcul grafiks
gamoviyenebT.

82 86 90 94
176
nax. 14 mogebis wili produqtebis saxeobaTa mixedviT

me-13 grafikSi mogebis wili produqtebis saxeobaTa mixedviT me-

14-is identuria. Tumca orive grafikidan informaciis erTdroulad
amokiTxva gamocdil mkiTxvelsac gauWirdeba. miuxedavad amisa, maTi
efeqturoba mainc gansxvavebulia. me-13 naxazze foladis warmoebiT
miRebuli mogebis maCvenebeli xazi daRmavalia, xolo me-14-
Si_mkveTrad aRmavali. foladis warmoebis aRmniSvneli “sivrce”
droSi mcirdeba, Tumca, garegnulad (xazis mixedviT) aRmavali Cans.
me-13 naxazze kompaniis saxe erTi kargi produqciiTa
warmoCenili, meore-naklebad kargiT.
me-14 naxazze warmoCenilia is kompania, romlis mogebac
mudmivad izrdeba.

nax. 14 produqciisgan miRebuli mogebis grafiki

me-14 naxazze ki am kompaniis kidev ufro gansxvavebuli saxea

warmoCenili.
aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom zemoaRniSnuli monacemebis
warmoCena proporciebis saxiT sityvieradac unda warmovadginoT, rac
vizualur efeqts Seqmnis.

177
8. informaciis vizualuri gadacemis eTikuri aspeqtebi

_ TvalsaCinoebis (vizualuri) masalis SerCevisas sityvieri

zemoqmedebis eTikuri aspeqtebi iCens Tavs. monacemTa vizualuri
gadmocemis dros oridan erTi midgoma unda avirCioT, imis mixedviT,
ra aris CvenTvis mniSvnelovani mocemul momentSi: efeqtis moxdena
mkiTxvelze, Tu Cveni pasuxismgebloba monacemTa garegani
iersaxisadmi.
_ unda gvaxsovdes, rom tabulebi, diagramebi, grafikebi obieqtur
informacias gadmoscemen, magram gamoucdelma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba
sworad ver aRiqvas, gamocdili ki daeWvdes da ifiqros, rom Cven
ganzrax, Segnebulad vamaxinjebT faqtebs. mkvlevari yovelTvis unda
ecados sityvieri efeqtiT maqsimaluri sicxadis uzrunvelyofas.

9. sityvebis dakavSireba suraTTan

ar unda daviviwyoT, rom vizualuri masala sityvieri teqstis
nawilia. Aam masalas saTqmelis damoukideblad gamoxatva mainc ar
SeuZlia. sityvebma da naxatebma (vizualurma masalam) erTmaneTi unda
Seavson. saamisod ki isini erTmaneTs Semdegnairad unda
davukavSiroT:
_ vizualuri masala mkafiod unda davasaTauroT.
_ saTauri TiToeul tabulas, sqemasa Tu grafiks unda davurToT.
saTauri am masalis TavSi unda ganvaTavsoT, radgan mkiTxveli
saTauriT igebs imas, rasac waikiTxavs;
_ saTauri TvalsaCinoebis arsze, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
warmodgenili monacemis raobaze mainc unda miuTiTebdes.
_ unda aRvniSnoT sazomi danayofebis Semcveli TiToeuli xazi;
_ TiToeul zols, svets, mruds, xazs, Tu maTi raodenoba erTze
metia, warwera unda gavukeToT;
_ tabulebi, naxazebi Tu naxatebi cal-calke unda davnomroT;
_ cxrilebi, naxatebi da a.S. im tesqtebTan axlos unda ganvalagoT,
romelSic swored maTzea msjeloba;
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_ cxrils yovelTvis tesqtSive unda mivmarToT; mkiTxvels unda
avuxsnaT, ra unda naxos, raTa Cveni vizualuri masalidan CvenTvis
sasurveli azri gamoitanos.
_ saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovani nawili vizualur masalaSi
SegviZlia calke gamovyoT.
10. samecniero TvalsaCinoebis Seqmna
zemoT Cven is TvalsaCinoebis (vizualuri) masala ganvixileT,
romlebic ramdenime cvlad sididesa da elements Seicaven.
mecnierebis sferoSi, mkvlevrebs, cxadia, uamrav aseT monacemebze
uxdebaT muSaoba. profesionalebi aseT SemTxvevebSi kompiuteruli
programebiT sargebloben, romelTac usazRvrod nairferovani
masalis Seqmna SeuZliaT. amdenad, warmateba vizualuri masalis
SeqmnaSi am programebis ganviTarebis donesa da Tqven mier maTi
gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebis xarisxze iqneba damokidebuli. amasTan
mainc yovelTvis mogiwevT sityvieri kontroli am masalis
mkiTxvelamde zustad mitanis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

11. ilustraciebi
cxrilebis, diagramebisa da grafikebis garda, TvalsaCinoebis
sxva masalac arsebobs. mkvlevrebi am masalas konceptualuri
elementebis gadmosacemadac iyeneben. Cvens wignSi verc erT maTgans
ver davuTmeT adgili, radgan es mizans Zalian dagvaSorebda. amitom
vizualuri masalis is ZiriTadi principuli saxeobani gagacaniT,
romlebic saerTaSoriso gavrcelebisaa. amis gamo (da am mizniT) es
nimuSebic im Cvens kolegebs davesesxeT, romelTa saxelmZRvanelo
inglisurenovan samecniero da saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi didi xania
aprobirebulia. amis mizezi, bunebrivia, am sivrceSi Cveni
mizanmimarTuli integrirebis mcdelobaa.
zemoaRniSnulis gamo, sxva saxis TvalsaCinoebis modelebis
agebis zogad principebs SemogTavazebT, romlebic swavlebis mraval
sferoSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba.

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 vizualizebis saxeobebi gamoxatvis formebi
sailustracio masala formebi
procesi moZravi sqema, daskvnebis sveti
logikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba diagrama, matrica
sagani xazis gavleba, xatva-xazva, foto

rTuli sagnis nawilebi xazis gavleba, swarfi mimoxilva

moqmedeba, procesis safexurebi xazis gavleba, xatva-xazva, foto
socialuri (gansakuTrebuli xazis gavleba, atva-xazva
urTierTdamokidebuleba)
kompleqsuri detali Naxati, foto
sakvlevi sagnebi Ffoto, diagrama

12. logikurobis uzrunvelyofa vizualur masalaSi

mecnierebis calkeul sferoSi, magaliTad, humanitarulSi,
mkvlevrebi vizualur saSualebebs iSviaTad iyeneben. azris logikuri
dasabuTebisTvis isini ganavrcoben saTaurebs, teqsts aSoreben
zedmet adgilebs, xazebs usvamen gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis
sityvebs, gamoTqmebs, frazebs, winadadebebs, umetesad ki stilur
xerxebsa da saSualebebs moimarjveben.
sxva sferoebSi ki mkvlevrebi Tavisuflad iyeneben vizualur
saSualebebs da amiT ukeT warmoaCenen sakuTari informaciis
logikur struqturas. maT Tavisuflad SeuZliaT mTeli abzacebi
warmoadginon cxrilebiT da vizualuri eniTac “gvesaubron”.

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 citata. parafrazi. Pplagiati

mecnierul kvlevebSi citatas, parafrazs mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia, xolo plagiati uaRresad saSiSi, samarcxvino, dasjadi da,
amdenad, mosaridebeli movlenaa.
I. citata laTinuri warmomavlobis sityvaa (citate-motana,
gamocxadeba) da vinmes sityvebis zustad gameorebas an raime
Txzulebidan amonaweris (teqstis fragmentis) sityvasityviT motanas
niSnavs.
am movlenas samecniero naSromze muSaobis im etapze vxvdebiT,
roca sakvlevi problemis wyaroebis damuSavebas viwyebT, anu
wyaroebs vakonspeqtebT, CvenTvis saWiro teqstebs sityvasityviT
viwerT. ukve am etapze viciT, rom didi sifrTxile da sizuste
gvmarTebs, radgan roca Cveni naSromis teqstze muSaobas SevudgebiT,
xelT wignebidan saTanado baraTebze amowerili wyaroTa
sityvasityviTi teqstebi da aseTive teqstebis Cveni sityvebiT
gadmocemuli Sinaarsebi gveqneba. baraTebiT SeuZlebeli gaxdeba
erTmaneTisgan sityvasityviTi da Tavisufali Sinaarsebis gansxvaveba.
Secdomis fasi ki mecnierebis samyaroSi yvelaze mZime
iqneba_plagiati, aqedan gamomavali yvela SedegiT.
amitom mecnieruli kvlevis am Tanamdev movlenaTa SinaarsSi
kargad unda viyoT garkveulebi. es ki imis codnasac gulisxmobs,
rodis da rogor aris mizanSewonili citatisa da parafrazis
gamoyeneba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba.
mecnierul kvlevebSi saerTod cud tonad miiCneva wyaroTa
xSiri citireba. xSiri citatebi akninebs mkvlevris SemoqmedebiT-
inteleqtualur rols. igi gansakuTrebiT saziano damwyebi
mkvlevrebisTvisaa. xSiri citatebi imis niSnad iTvleba, rom
mkvlevris daskvnebi ar aris saTanadod gamagrebuli avtoriseuli
mosazrebebiT da sxvasaa amofarebuli. amas garda, am movlenidan

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samecniero naSromis is naklic gamosWvivis, rom sustad Cans avtoris
kritikuli mimarTeba tradiciul mecnierul azrTan.
mecnieruli kvlevebis praqtikaSi dadgenilia, rom citireba
mizanSewonilia maSin, rodesac:
 sxvisi sityvebi gamoiyeneba pirvelwyarod;
 saWiroa avtoritetebis mxardaWera;
 wyaro iseT specifikur sityvebs Seicavs, ris gamoc es sityvebi
sxva mkvlevrebisTvisac mniSvnelovania; an mkvlevari ekamaTeba wyaros
avtors da amitom aucilebelia am wyaros avtoris poziciis zustad,
sityvasityviT gacnoba mkiTxvelisTvis.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, citireba TviTmiznad ar unda
vaqcioT. arc im cTunebas unda avyveT, rom rac ufro meti avtoris
met citatas davimowmebT Cvens naSromSi, miT ufro nakiTxad da
problemis arsSi Rrmad Caxedulad gamovCndebiT mkiTxvelis
TvalSio.
xSir citirebas imitomac ar unda mivmarToT, rom winamorbed
mkvlevarTa zurgebs amovefaroT Cveni kvlevis gaiolebis mizniT.
sxvis zurgs amofareba Cveni kvlevis Sesustebas, dakvirvebaTa
zedapirulobas gamoiwvevs. imitom, rom xSiri citirebiT naSroms
citatebis grovad aqcevs da dafaravs Cvens argumentebs, mosazrebebs,
dasabuTebebs, daskvnebs, anu yvelafers, riTac, wesisamebr,
mecnieruli naSromis Rirebuleba isazRvreba.
xSiri citireba Tavidan unda aviciloT, magram citatebis gareSec
Cvens naSroms samecniero ver daerqmeva. amitom citireba unda
gamoviyenoT, xolo imdenad da ise rom gamoviyenoT, rogorc
mecnierul kvlevaTa tradiciebiTaa dadgenili, citirebis es
tradiciuli wesi unda vicodeT:
1. citirebisTvis gankuTvnili teqsti arc Zalian didi unda
iyos da arc Zalian patara.
Tu citata naxevar gverdze metia, es imis niSania, rom

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naSromSi raRac rigze veraa. mkvlevars didi pasaJi imitom aqvs
moxmobili, rom mis arsSi bolomde ver gaerkva, gaTaviseba gauWirda
da citirebuli teqstis avtori ifara.
SeiZleba isec iyos, rom mkvlevars citirebuli didi teqstis
sakvanZo winadadeba an fraza ki ar sWirdeba, aramed mTliani teqstia
aseTi sakvanZo azris Semcveli da mTeli teqstis citirebaa
aucilebeli. aseT dros didi citata naSromis teqstis damatebaSi
unda ganTavsdes, ZiriTad teqstSi ki am citatis calkeuli frazebi
SevitanoT.

2. citata mkvlevris raime mosazrebas axals unda matebdes,

amdidrebdes, azustebdes an unda uaryofdes. Tu citata aseTs
arafers Seicavs, igi teqstSi saWiro ar aris. magaliTisTvis
davimowmoT aseTi pasaJi:

televizia dRes, rogorc ivane amtkicebs, “mZlavri

informaciul wyaros garda, reklamirebis erT-erTi efeqturi
saSualebaa¹. petres azriT ki, “mogebis gazrdis mizniT, sul ufro
met saeTero dros uTmoben sareklamo rgolebs”².
am pasaJSi ori citataa, magram davakvirdeT, ramdenad saWiroa
isini. ras aZleven avtoriseul msjelobas?_arafers, radgan
yvelaferi ivanesa da petres gareSec kargadaa cnobili, rom
televizia reklamirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. amitom ivanes
damowmeba, rogorc avtoritetuli azrisa, sruliad araa saWiro.
asevea meore SemTxvevaSic: petres gareSec yvelam kargad icis, rom
telearxebi did saeTero dros uTmoben sareklamo rgolebs da rom
aqedan televizias didi finansebi Sesdis. amitom arc erTi citata
teqsts axals arafers sZens da gaumarTlebelia.
3. citirebisas aucileblad unda Candes mkvlevris
damokidebuleba citatis teqstisadmi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es imis
maniSnebeli iqneba, rom mkvlevari iziarebs citataSi gamoxatul
azrs.

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4. citirebis dros cxadad unda mivuTiToT, vinaa citatis avtori da
romelia misi wyaro. wyaros miTiTeba ki sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba:
 eqsponentiTa (maCvenebliT, cifriT ZiriTad teqstSi) da gverdis
boloSi Catanili SeniSvniT (sqolioTi). es forma gansakuTrebiT
maSin aris gamarTlebuli, roca wyarosa da mis avtors pirvelad
vimowmebT.
 wyaros miTiTebiT frCxilebSi. frCxilebSi mieTiTeba wyaros
avtoris gvari, wyaros gamocemis weli, citirebuli gverdis nomeri.
imis gamo, rom am bolo dros citirebis am formam mtkiced
moikida fexi mecnierebis bevr dargSi, misi codna aucilebeli gaxda.
citirebis es forma uaryofs bibliografiuli SeniSvnis saWiroebas.
aseT SeniSvnas gamoiyenebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca SeniSvnis
Sinaarsi konceptualuri xasiaTisaa (polemika, miTiTebani da a.S.).
am formiT citirebis dros teqstsmiRma (naSromis bolos
darTul) bibliografiaSi gamoiyofa wyaros avtoris gvari, saxeli,
wignisa Tu statiis pirveli publikaciis TariRi. magaliTad: _-
javaxiSvili ivane, 1928, qarTveli eris istoria, Tsu gamomcemloba,
Tbilisi.
aseTi bibliografiis SemTxvevaSi naSromis ZiriTad teqstSi
citirebisas aRar gamoiyeneba eqsponenti an sqolio. konteqstSi
citata grafikulad aseT saxes miiRebs: qarTveli eris istoria
qarTveli xalxis “arsebobisaTvis brZolis istoriaa” (javax., 1928, 16).
am citatis dazustebis msurveli Caixedavs naSromis bibliografiaSi
da gaigebs, rom “(javax., 1928, 16)” niSnavs iv. javaxiSvilis wigns
“qarTveli eris istorias”, misi gamocemis wels da im gverds,
saidanac citata aris moyvanili.
am formis citireba SesamCnevad amartivebs ZiriTadi teqstis
aRqmas, radgan “asufTavebs” SeniSvna-sqolioebisgan. misi gamoyeneba
mometebulad maSin aris mizanSewonili, roca naSromSi bevri
avtoris, Tanac xSiri citirebaa aucilebeli. aseTi ram ki Zalian
xSiria istoriuli, mimoxilviTi xasiaTis samecniero naSromebSi,
aseve im SemTxvevaSi, roca gamokvlevaSi sakvlevi problemis istoriaa
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gadmocemuli da erTbaSad ramdenime avtoris damowmeba xdeba
aucilebeli.
magaliTisTvis aseTi konteqsti warmovidginoT:
erovnul miTosTan vaJa fSavelas siaxlovis sxvadasxva aspqti
gamoavlines gr. kiknaZem (1945, 17), m. Ciqovanma (1952, 205), qs.
sixaruliZem (1968, 23), e. virsalaZem (1969, 27), ap. canavam (1971, 69), g.
barnovma (1978, 17), g. axvledinma (1980, 121) da sxvebma.
warmovidginoT, rogor gadagvetvirTveboda naSromis gverdi am
CamonaTvliT, yoveli avtoris gvarisTvis eqsponenti (cifri) rom
migvewera ZiriTad teqstSi, xolo sqolioSi (gverdis qveviTa
SeniSvnebSi) maTi naSromebis monacemebi migveTiTebina.
amasTan, mkiTxveli wyaroTa avtorebis Tvalsazrisebis
logikuri TanamimdevrobiT sakvlev sakiTxze mecnieruli azris
evolucias da samecniero naSromis avtoris SexedulebebTan
mimarTebas, logikuri kavSiris arseboba-ararsebobas veRar
gaiazrebda.
aseve dagvemarTeboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu erTi avtoris raime
naSromis sagangebo ganxilva-Sefasebis gamo mogviwevda xSiri
citireba. Cveni naSromis gverdi axla aseTi miTiTebiT
agviWreldeboda: “iqve”-(ibidum).
 citirebis erTi formaa wyaros gverdebis ubralo miTiTeba
frCxilebSi_“(38)”. aseTi citireba im SemTxvevaSia mizanSewonili,
roca naSromSi raime erTi wyaro an wignis erTi Tavi ganixileba,
vTqvaT, naSromis Tema iqneba: “vaJa fSavelas “xmeli wifeli”, an
“Tamaz Cxenkelis “tragikuli niRbebi”. aseT SemTxvevaSi
gansaxilveli iqneba konkretuli wyaro. misi gamocemis weli erTxel
mieTiTeba, avtori xom Tavidanve iqneba cnobili. amitom
mkiTxvelisTvis cxadi iqneba, rom yvela citata am erTi wyarodanaa
da amitom saWiro iqneba mxolod gverdis miTiTeba. gansxvavebuli
iqneba citirebis wesi da forma im nawilSi, sadac mkvlevari sakiTxis
istorias warmoadgens.aviRoT aseTi modelirebulu magaliTi:

185
5. pirvelxarisxovani wyaroebidan citireba, rogorc wesi, akademiuri
gamocemebis an avtoritetuli gamocemebis mixedviT xdeba. berZen da
romael avtorTa citirebisas sakmarisia maTi naSromis paragrafis,
Tavebis an sulac striqonebis miTiTeba.
Tanamedrove avtorTa Txzulebebis citirebas (Tu Txzuleba
ramdenjermea gamocemuli) an pirveli gamocemis mixedviT vaxdenT, an
bolo gamocemis damowmebiT, radgan bolo gamocema yovelTvis
gadamuSavebulia da Sevsebuli. pirveli gamocemiT citireba ki im
SemTxvevaSia mizanSewonili, Tu danarCenebi axals arafers Seicavs,
ubralo gameorebebia. amis dadgena ki yovelTvis iolia, radgan,
wesisamebr, cnoba amis Sesaxeb an gamocemis satitulo gverdzea
warmodgenili, an avtor-gamomcemlis winasityvaobaSi.
6. ucxoenovani teqstebis citireba imave enaze xdeba, SeiZleba
Targmanis darTvac (frCxilebSi an SeniSvnebSi). Targmani gamonaklisi
unda iyos, Tanac motivirebuli. es iseT SemTxvevaSia mizanSewonili,
roca azris citireba misi analizis, Sefasebis mizniT xdeba. aq
citata aucileblad dednis enazedac unda iyos, radgan Targamani
mTargmnelis interpretaciasac (gagebasac) Seicavs. amitom mkiTxvels
Sedarebis saSualeba unda hqondes.
7. citatis avtorze miTiTeba cxadi da konkretuli unda iyos.
mecnieruli praqtika cxadyofs, rom am wesis ugulebelyofam,
SesaZloa, didi gaugebroba gamoiwvios.
aviRoT aseTi modelirebuli magaliTi:
uTuod gasaziarebelia petres mtkiceba, rom “gansaxilveli
sakiTxi jer isev gadauWrelia”¹, xolo Tu qaixosros mosazrebas
ugulebelvyofT imis Taobaze, rom “es saWirboroto sakiTxi didi
wvalebiT, magram mainc gadaiWrao”², unda daveTanxmoT Cvens avtors
imaSi, rom “igi didad uSlis xels kvlevebis Semdgom gaRrmavebas”.
davakvirdeT am teqsts:
pirveli citata rom petres ekuTvnis, sruliad cxadad aris
miTiTebuli saTanado aRniSvniT, aseve naTelia, rom meore citata

186
qaixosrosia, magram vis ekuTvnis mesame citataSi gamoxatuli azri,
ara Cans.
es gaurkvevloba Tavidan ase unda aviciloT: mesame citatasac
unda davurToT eqsponenti (miTiTeba, aq: cifriT). teqsti am
SemTxvevaSi aseT saxes miiRebs:
uTuod gasaziarebelia petres mtkiceba, rom “gansaxilveli sakiTxi
jer isev gadauWrelia”¹, xolo Tu qaixosros mosazrebas
ugulebelvyofT imis Taobaze, rom “es saWirboroto sakiTxi didi
wvalebiT, magram mainc gadaiWrao”², unda daveTanxmoT Cvens avtors
imaSi, rom “igi didad uSlis xels kvlevebis Semdgom gaRrmavebas”³.
TiTqos dazustda mesame citatis avtori. SegviZlia SeniSvnaSi
mivuTiToT, rom igi petres ukve naxsenebi naSromidanaa, magram rogor
gamovxatoT es miTiTeba grafikulad? petres naSromi erTxel ukve
miTiTebuli gvaqvs, Tanac srulad. Tu citirebis zemoT moyvanili me-
4 wesis pirveli formiT vixelmZRvanelebT, gverdis bolos
SeniSvnaSi (sqolioSi) unda mivuweroT “iqve” (ibidum) da mivuTiToT
gverdi. magram amave gverdis SeniSvnebSi pirvel nomrad petres
naSromi gvaqvs miTiTebuli, meore nomrad_qaixosrosi. Tu mesame
SeniSvnas “iqves” mivuwerT, citata qaixosrosi gamogviva da ara
petresi. arada igi swored rom petresia. rogor unda moviqceT?
mesame SeniSvnaSi mokled unda mivuTiToT: “qaixosro, cit. naSr.
(dasax. naSr.) da gverdis nomeri mivuweroT an: ibidum/ibid. opcit, p.
8. patara,_orsamstriqoniani citata pirdapir abzacSi unda CavsvaT,
brWyalebiTa da eqsponentiT gamovyoT, xolo avtori da wyaros
sruli dasaxeleba gverdis bolos SeniSvnaSi (sqolioSi) mivuTiToT.
didi citata gansxvavebuli SriftiT, gverdis saerTo
teqstisgan sami-oTxi punqtiT Seweulad da SemWidroebuli
intervaliT warmovadginoT.
brWyalebi aq saWiro aRaraa, radgan grafikuladac Cans, rom
citataa. mTavaria aseTive SriftiT, intervaliT, Seweulad sakuTari
dakvirvebebi ar gavaformoT, raTa citata da Cveni (mkvlevriseuli)
teqsti ar avurioT erTmaneTSi, Torem plagiatis braldebas verafers
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davupirispirebT. Tu saWiro gaxda, Cveneuli (mkvlevriseuli) aseTi
axsnaganmartebiTi Sinaarsis teqsti, romelic ZiriTadi teqstis
qsovilSi ver “jdeba” (azris logikur, mizez-Sedegobriv
ganviTarebas “uSlis xels”), SeniSvnebSi unda CavitanoT.
9. citata absoluturad zusti unda iyos. wyaros avtoris sityvebi
imave formiT unda moviyvanoT, rogorc dedanSia (wyaroSia). ar
SeiZleba citatidan sityvis (Sesityvebis, frazis) amogleja. Tu
citatis Semokleba aucilebelia (iseTi sityvebi gvxvdeba, romlebic
konkretuli aspeqtisTvis sainteresos arafers Seicavs), maSin
grafikul niSans-mravalwertils vwerT kvadratul frCxilebSi ”[...]”.
citatis teqstSi arc Cveni sityvebis Camateba SeiZleba.
nebismieri komentari, dazusteba, frCxilebSi unda CavsvaT.
Tu citataSi xazgasma citatis avtorisaa, unda mivuTiToT:
“xazgasma avtoris”; Tu xazgasmas Cven vaxdenT, frCxilebSi aseve
vuTiTebT: “xazgasma Cvenia”.
citataSi Secdomis gasworeba ikrZaleba. Tu Secdoma
aRmovaCineT, ar unda gavasworoT, kvadratul frCxilebSi Secdomis
gaswvriv vwerT aseT grafikul niSans: “[sic]”.
10. zepiri wyaros citireba. mecnierebis zogierT dargSi, magaliTad,
eTnologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, folkloristikaSi, dialeqtologiasa
Tu sxvagan, pirveladi wyaroebi zepiria, (ufro sworad,
zepirsityvieri). mecnierebis sxva dargebSic dgeba aseTi zepiri
wyaroebiT sargeblobis saWiroeba, romelTa xelnaweri, rogorc
pirvelwyaro, ar arsebobs. Canaweris Seqmna Semdeg xdeba da mas
meoreuli wyaros statusi eniWeba.
rogor moviqceT aseTi, zepiri saubris formiT mopovebuli,
informaciis citirebis saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi? aseTi
SemTxvevebisTvis wyaros miTiTebis Semdegi principebia dadgenili:
1. vuTiTebT: “zepiri cnoba” da iqve aRvniSnavT am cnobis mopovebis
TariRs, mag., (21.08.2007). meti sizustisTvis, mizanSewonilia
(mecnierebaTaA calkeul dargebSi ki_aucilebelic!) informatoris

188
monacemebisa (gvari, saxeli, asaki, ganaTleba da a.S.) da informaciis
Camweris (Tu Cvenamde Canaweris saxiT moaRwia) vinaobis miTiTeba.

 “kerZo werili” (21.08.2007);

 “petre iberi” (xelnaweri);
 “iv. javaxiSvili, moxseneba qarTvelologTa X saerTaSoriso
kongresze, xelnaweri (ibeWdeba, gamomcemloba “universali”). aseTi
miTiTeba im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu Cvens naSromze muSaobis procesSi
wyaro jer araa gamoqveynebuli, magram gamosacemad mzaddeba.
me-2, me-4, me-5 formebi dasabuTebis arsebobas iTxovs. me-3 forma
informatorze miTiTebas.
dabolos, citirebasTan dakavSirebul ramdenime
Taviseburebasac
gavecnoT:
citatis moyvanis dros zogjer wyaroSi citatis wina sityvebs
gamotoveben xolme, citata aseT SemTxvevaSi mravalwertiliT iwyeba.
am mdgomareobaSi mravalwertili cvlis gamotovebuli sityvebis
(frazis) Tanmxleb punqtuaciis niSnebsac: mZimes (,), orwertils (:),
wertil-mZimes (;), tires (_).
iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca naSromSi moyvanilia iseTi, (Tanac
ramdenime) citata, romlebsac Tavsa da boloSi mocilebuli aqvs
sityvebi, mravalwertilebi iwereba da es mravalwertilebi
mocilebuli sityvebis (frazebis) punqtuaciis niSnebsac cvlis.
oRond citatis mravalwertili naSromis (saavtoro teqstis) wertil-
mZimes uTavsdeba. es garemoeba mkiTxvels citirebuli teqstis
struqturaze zusti warmodgenis Seqmnas uwyobs xels.
grafikulad es viTareba aseT modelirebul magaliTze
gaviazroT:
n. baraTaSvili “qarTuli romantizmis yvelaze didi
warmomadgenelia”, “poeti, romelmac... qarTuli romantizmis araerTi
problema gaasrula”, “... pasuxi gasca epoqis ara erT saWirboroto
kiTxvas...” imasac miuTiTeben, rom “... sruliad axalgazrda rom ar
wasuliyo amqveynidan, kidev bevris gakeTebas SeZlebda”.
189
 davakvirdeT: teqstSi mravalwertilma citirebuli frazebis
gamotovebuli punqtuaciuri niSnebis funqcia itvirTa. aseve
“SeiTavsa” avtoriseuli teqstis punqtuaciuri niSnis_ wertil_mZimes
funqcia avtoriseuli sityvebis “imasac miuTiTeben” win.
leqsis citirebis dros naSromis teqstSi erTi an ori
striqonis citireba SeiZleba. ori striqoni erTmaneTisagan daxrili
xaziT (/) gamoiyofa: “nisli fiqria mTebisa/imaT kacobis niSani”.
Tu leqsis ufro didi nawyvetis citirebaa saWiro, maSin
saleqso forma SenarCundeba, Seweulad da gansxvavebuli SriftiT
(ufro petitiT) iwereba.
“buneba mbrZanebelia,
igi monaa Tavisa
zogjer sikeTes ixveWavs,
zogjer mqmnelia avisa,
mainc ki lamazi aris,
mainc siturfiT hyvavisa”.

II parafrazi:
parafrazi berZnuli sityvaa (paraphrasis-aRwera) da Tavisi
sityvebiT sxvis ambis (naTqvamis, azris) gadmocemas niSnavs.
parafrazi, farTo gagebiT, yvelanairi komunikaciis,
informaciis gadacemis bunebrivi da efeqturi saSualebaa. ufro
metic, parafrazi codnis gadacema-gavrcelebis aucilebeli pirobaa.
umisod kacobriuli codna verc iarsebebda, radgan codna nebismier
doneze sxvis codnaze sakuTaris mimatebaa. sxvisi azris gaazreba-
gaTavisebis gareSe adamianis azrovneba saerTod ver ganviTardeboda.
parafrazis movlenas, faqtobrivad, adreuli bavSvobis
asakidan vecnobiT da SeZlebisdagvarad veuflebiT mis
xelovnebas_mosmenilis, gagonilis Txrobis unar-Cvevebs. gana bebo-
papebis naambobi zRapris mboba SviliSvilis mier parafrazis movlena
ar aris?!
parafrazs Zvel pedagogikur sistemebSic aqtualuri funqciebi
ekisreboda, TxrobaSi daostatebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT.
190
dawyebiT klasebSi da mermec xom gakveTilebi parafrazis moTxovnas
emyareba: wakiTxvas da wakiTxulis Cveni sityvebiT gadmocemas,
Txrobas, “gakveTilis moyolas”. ase rom, parafrazi ama Tu im
TvalsazrisiT, adamianis niWierebis sazomic kia.
aq gansakuTrebiT didia sxvisi codnis gaazreba-gaTavisebis
fasi. Tumca am sferoSi aseve gansakuTrebulad, oRond saxifaTod
emezobleba Tavis yalb oreuls_plagiats, romelic aseve sxvisi
sityvebis, azris gameorebas gulisxmobs, oRond zustad,
sityvasityviT, Tanac wyaros avtoris miuTiTeblad. amis gamo
plagiats qurdoba hqvia, inteleqtualuri qurdoba.
plagiatTan “mezobloba” misi specifikis zedmiwevniT karg
codnas gvavaldebulebs, raTa iolad gavavloT zRvari masa da
plagiats Soris.
ra Taviseburebani gamoarCevs parafrazs? upirvelesad, misi
moculoba. parafrazis teqsti yovelTvis dedniseulze moklea,
radgan igi dednis konspeqts warmoadgens.
Tumca formismieri sxvaoba gamosavali mainc ar aris, radgan
zogjer dednis teqsti ufro moklea xolme (mkvrivi, dawuruli),
vidre misi parafrazuli varinati. esec ar iyos, gana sxvisi azris
ori sami winadadebiT misakuTreba ar SeiZleba?!
parafrazirebis procesSi guldamSvidebiT yofna mxolod maSin
SeiZleba, Tu dedani xelTa gvaqvs, kontroli SegviZlia da
darwmunebuli varT, rom aramc Tu ar vqurdobT, aramed srulad
gaazrebuli gvaqvs dedniseuli teqsti.
Aaqac konkretul magaliTze gaviazroT parafrazis Seqmna da
plagiatad misi qcevis meqanizmi:
1. dedniseuli (amosavali) teqsti:
“rodesac xelovani laparakobs adamianis daniSnulebaze, uazro
iqneba mas movTxovoT yvla wanamZRvris gamomzeureba, yvela
msjelobisa da cnebis logikur-gnoseologiuri uflebamosilebis
Cveneba, yoveli debulebis mkacri dasabuTeba. baraTaSvilis zemoT
moyvanil leqsSi filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am niSnebs ver
191
SevxvdebiT. leqss, Tavad poeziis specifikis gamo, ar SeiZleba
wamovuyenoT amgvari pretenziebi. sxvagvari viTareba gvaqvs maSin,
rodesac adamianis daniSnulebaze bWobs filosofosi. am SemTxvevaSi
adamianis daniSnulebis problemis dasmasa da gadawyvetaSi monawile
yvela msjeloba unda gamomJRavndes, logikur-gnoseologiuri
kriteriumebiT unda Semowmdes da dasabuTebul msjelobaTa
erTobliobad Seikras.”1
am teqstidan parafrazi rom miviRoT, jer Tavad teqsti
unda gaviazroT da gaviTavisoT. am mizniT, teqsti azrobriv
monakveTebad unda davSaloT, davanawiloT.
2. monakveTi (ginda nawili):
“rodesac xelovani laparakobs adamianis daniSnulebaze, uazro
iqneba mas movTxovoT yvela wanamZRvris gamomzeureba, yvela
msjelobisa da cnebis logikur-gnoseologiuri uflebamosilebis
Cveneba, yoveli debulebis mkacri dasabuTeba.”
am, faqtobrivad, erT winadadebaSi avtori laparakobs
xelovanis mier adamianis daniSnulebis asaxvaze. esaa sakvanZo azri.
monakveTis danarCeni nawilebi (frazebi) am asaxvis specifikas
azustebs (akonkretebs gamoricxvis gziT).
rodesac xelovani am problemaze laparakobs, mas ver
movTxovTo:
 yvela wanamZRvris gamomzeurebas;
 yvela msjelobisa da cnebis logikur-gnoseologiuri
uflebamosilebis Cvenebas;
 yoveli debulebis mkacr dasabuTebas.
axla vcadoT sakvanZo (umTavresi) azris matarebeli sityvebis
gamoyofa da amis safuZvelze mTeli monakveTis Sinaarsis Cveni
sityvebiT gadmocema:
rodesac xelovani laparakobs adamianis daniSnulebaze, mas ver
movTxovT am azris dasabuTebas “wanamZRvrebis gamomzeurebiT”,

1Tamaz buaCiZe, “adamianis daniSnulebis problema da ontologia”, wignSi:

filosofiuri narkvevebi, II, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 239.
192
“msjelobisa da cnebis logikur-gnoseologiuri uflebamosilebis
CvenebiT”, “yoveli debulebis mkacri dasabuTebiT”.
vakvirdebiT da viazrebT, rom zmnebiT (“gamomzeureba”, “Cveneba”,
“dasabuTeba”) asaxuli azrovnebiTi procesebi TavianTi arsiT
filosofiuria. SegviZlia amis safuZvelze mTeli monakveTis azri,
misi dasabuTebani mokled, “filosofiuris” cnebaSi gavaerTianoT
(ufro sworad, ganvazogadoT) da CamovayaliboT Cveni sityvebiT. erT
savaraudo variantad miviRebT:
roca xelovani laparakobs adamianis daniSnulebaze, mas ver
movTxovT azris filosofiur dasabuTebas.
am winadadebas samuSao variantis statuss vaniWebT, radgan
viciT, rom mis azrobriv dazustebaze gavlenas uTuod moaxdenen
saparafrazo teqstis danarCeni monakveTebi.

axla isev mTlian teqsts unda mivubrundeT da morigi

azrobrivi monakveTi gamovyoT:
3. “baraTaSvilis zemoT moyvanil leqsSi filosofiisTvis
damaxasiaTebel am niSnebs ver SevxvdebiT. leqss, Tavad poeziis
specifikis gamo, ar SeiZleba wamovuyenoT amgvari pretenziebi”.
teqstis am monkveTSi winaSi gamoTqmuli azri zustdeba. aq isaa
axsnili, ratom ar SeiZleba xelovanisgan dasabuTebis moTxovna.
varkvevT, rom es ar SeiZleba poeziis specifikurobis gamo. amas
garda (da rac mocemul momentSi CvenTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania),
vrwmundebiT, rom sruliad marTebulad ganvazogadeT azri wina
monakveTSi, raca dasabuTebis nawilebs filosofiuri vuwodeT. aq
Cveni da avtoris poziciebi zustad daemTxva erTmaneTs. sakuTar
dasabuTebebs manac “filosofiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi”
uwoda.
ganzogadebis gziT axla am monakveTis azri davakonkretoT:
poeziis specifikis gamo, filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs leqsSi ver SevxvdebiT.

193
 saparafrazo teqstis am monakveTis sakvanZo azris Cveneul
interpretaciasac samuSao variantad moviniSnavT, radgan win kidev
erTi azrobrivi monakveTi gvelodeba.
axla es, mesame monakveTic wavikiTxoT, gaviazroT da
gaviTavisoT:
4. “sxvagvari viTareba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac adamianis daniSnulebaze
bWobs filosofosi. am SemTxvevaSi adamianis daniSnulebis problemis
dasmasa da gadawyvetaSi monawile yvela msjeloba unda
gamomJRavndes, logikur-gnoseologiuri kriteriumebiT Semowmdes da
dasabuTebul msjelobaTa erTobliobad Seikras.”
avtors gansaxilveli problemis meore mxare Semoaqvs-
problemis filosofiis mxridan ganxilvis aspeqti. es monakveTi,
garda imisa, rom logikurad kravs saparafrazo teqsts,
xelovanisTvis wayenebuli dasabuTebani mTlianad filosofosze
gadaitaneba da azri binaruli opoziciis principiTac ikvreba:
 xelovani-filosofosi;
 ar sWirdeba dasabuTeba_sWirdeba dasabuTeba.
amis dadgena kidev ufro gviadvilebs am, III monakveTis sakvanZo
azris dadgenas:
filosofoss adamianis daniSnulebaze msjelobaSi dasabuTeba
moeTxoveba.
axla samive monkveTis sakvanZo winadadebebi davalagoT
logikur-azrobrivi TanamimdevrobiT da davakvirdeT, ra miviReT:
I. roca xelovani laparakobs adamianis daniSnulebaze, mas ver
movTxovT azris filosofiur dasabuTebas;
II. poeziis specifikis gamo, filosofiisTvis damaxasiaTebel
niSnebs leqsSi ver SevxvdebiT;
III. filosofoss adamianis daniSnulebaze msjelobaSi dasabuTeba
moeTxoveba.
 Tu miRebul teqsts stilisturad gavaSalaSinebT
(gansakuTrebiT sityvaTa ganmeorebebis Tavidan acilebis
TvalsazrisiT), aseT teqsts miviRebT:
194
 roca xelovani laparakobs adamianis daniSnulebaze, poeziis
specifikis gamo, azris dasabuTeba, filosofosisgan gansxvavebiT, ar
moeTxoveba.
davakvirdeT da gaviazroT, miRebuli teqsti azrobrivad
gamoxatavs Tu ara saparafrazo teqstis Sinaarss? vrwmundebiT, rom
gamoxatavs! es niSnavs, rom miRebuli teqsti b-n Tamaz buaCiZis
teqstis parafrazis erT variantad gamodgeba. axla es teqsti rom
namdvil parafrazad vaqcioT, kidev erTi dazusteba unda SevitanoT:
unda mivuTiToT, visi azria gadmocemuli am teqstiT. saamisod
miRebuli teqstis TavSi an boloSi unda mivuTiToT: “baton Tamaz
buaCiZis azriT” (TavSi), an: “ase fiqrobs batoni Tamaz buaCiZe”
(boloSi).
bunebrivia, am teqstis gansxvavebuli parafrazebis gakeTebac
SeiZleba imis mixedviT, saparafrazo teqstis SinaarsSi romeli
aspeqtebi iqneba prioritetuli. magaliTad, Tu filosofiuri
dasabuTebis principebi iqneba CvenTvis mTavari, maSin samive principis
parafrazirebas movaxdenT da a.S.

cruparafrazi
axla iseT parafrazs gavecnoT, romelic sinamdvileSi
plagiatia, magram parafrazis samosi aqvs morgebuli:
batoni Tamaz buaCiZis azriT, roca xelovani laparakobs
adamianis daniSnulebaze, uazro iqneba mas movTxovoT yvela
wanamZRvaris gamomzeureba, yvela msjelobisa da cnebis logikur-
gnoseologiuri uflebamosilebis Cveneba, yoveli debulebis mkacri
dasabuTeba. n. baraTaSvilis zemoT moyvanil leqsSi filosofiisTvis
damaxasiaTebel am niSnebs ver SevxvdebiT. leqss, Tavad poeziis
specifikis gamo, ar SeiZleba wamovuyenoT amgvari pretenziebi.
sxvagvari viTareba gvaqvs maSin, rodesac adamianis daniSnulebaze
bWobs filosofosi.
ratomaa es teqsti plagiati? imitom, rom Tu davukvirdebiT,
dedniseuli teqstisgan mas ganasxvavebs mxolod sawyisi fraza
195
“batoni Tamaz buaCiZis azriT, roca”, danarCeni avtoris sityvebis
gameorebaa. saqmes verc is Svelis, rom avtoris sityvebi bolomde ar
aris moyvanili. plagiatis faqti aq damtkicebasac ar saWirobs.
sitvasityviTi parafrazi
amjerad iseT namdvil parafrazs gavecnoT, sadac avtoris azri
mis teqstTan zedmiwevniT zustad aris gadmocemuli, magram plagiats
ar warmoadgens:
batoni Tamaz buaCiZis mtkicebiT, rodesac adamianis
daniSnulebaze msjelobs, azri ar eqneba, rom movTxovoT yvela
“wanamZRvaris gamomzeureba”, “yvela msjelobisa da cnebis logikur-
gnoseologiuri uflebamosilebis Cveneba” da rac mTavaria, “yoveli
debulebis mkacri dasabuTeba”. amis mizezi ki, misi fiqriT, isaa, rom
“poezia specifikuria”. swored amitom n. baraTaSvilis gansaxilvel
leqsSi igi ver poulobs zermoT aRniSnul msjeloba_gansjis
niSnebs.
igi sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom aseTi moTxovna SeiZleba
filosofoss wavuyenoT, radgan rodesac “adamianis daniSnulebaze
bWobs”, “am SemTxvevaSi adamianis daniSnulebis problemis dasmasa da
gadawyvetaSi” ukve “yvela msjeloba unda gamomJRavndes”, amasTan
erTad “logikur-gnoseologiuri kriteriumebiT Semowmdes da
dasabuTebul msjelobaTa erTobliobad Seikras”.1
zogi mkvlevari aseT sityvasityviT parafrazs citirebas
amjobinebs, magram, Cveni azriT, upiratesoba mainc parafrazs unda
mieniWos da es imitom, rom citata sxvis zurgs amofarebaa, mkvlevris
mier winamorbedi kolegis azris gaTavisebis xarisxi naklebad (an
sulac ar) Cans. sityvasityviTi parafrazi ki, piriqiT, mkvlevris
profesiuli simwife-Zlierebis am mxares amzeurebs.

1
sanimuSod moyvanil baton Tamaz buaCiZis teqstSi laparakia n. baraTaSvilis
leqsze “fiqrni mtkvris piras”. ix. misi miTiT. wigni, gv. 236.
196
III. plagiati
plagiati uzneo da samarcxvino movlenaa, igi mitacebis
gamomxatvelia. mecnierebaSi sxvisi nawarmoebis avtorobis
misakuTreba, sxvisi gamonaTqvamis daCemebaa.
amrigad, laTinuri sityva plagiati (plagiatus) visime azris
mitacebaa.
1. plagiatis saxeebi da formebi
plagiati inteleqturi samyaros movlenaa. misi safuZveli,
rogorc Cans, azrovnebiT - goniTi procesebis bunebaSia. adamians
bunebrivad axasiaTebs mimbaZveloba. uZveles epoqebSi baZvas
xelovnebis safuZvladac ki moiazrebdnen. amis aRsaniSnavad
specialuri terminic ki hqondaT SemoRebuli (mimecis). magram, sxvaa,
roca mibaZva Segnebuli, gaazrebuli procesia da inteleqtualur-
SemoqmedebiTi qmnadobis principi da sxvaa, roca igi cdunebaa.
plagiats, rogorc movlenas, qvecnobierad swored mibaZvis
cduneba asazrdoebs. amas Tavad plagiatis gamovlenis saxeebi da
formebis arseboba cxadyofs. kerZod ki is faqti, rom plagiati xan
Segnebuli, gaazrebuli qmedebaa, xanac gaucnobierebeli da amdenad,
uneblie. Tumca formobriv-saxeobrivi sxvaoba plagiatis viTarebas
ver cvlis da erTnairad dasagmobia.
plagiatis safrTxe gansakuTrebiT didia ganswavla_mowafebois
xanaSi. adamiani avtoritetebis inteleqturi zemoqmedebis
“tyveobaSia”. Tanac es misi bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, radgan ganswavla,
pirvel yovlisa, swored sxvaTa (avtoritetebis, pedagogebis) codnis
daswavla_damaxsovrebaa. meore mxriv, avtoritetis damTrgunveloba
swored misi gavlenis qveS yofnas, miseburad azrovnebas, metyvelebas
(Tqmas) gulisxmobs. amis gamo arcTu iSviaTad adamiani uneblie
plagiatorad iqceva. igi verc ki grZnobs, rom sxvisi sityvebiT
metyvelebs, sxvisi azri sakuTari hgonia. da es movlena imdenad
bunebrivia da imdenad Znelad SesamCnevi (ufro sxva, gareSe Tvali
afiqsirebs), rom usindiso, TaRliTi plagiatorebis TavismarTlebis
“efeqtur” saSualebadac ki iqceva xolme. roca plagiatSi amxelen,
197
Tavis dasaZvrenad, rogorc wesi, pasuxoben: etyoba, ise Rrmad
CamebeWda sxvisi azri, gamonaTqvami, rom mTlianad gaviTavise da Cemi
megonao. Tumca amgvar TavismarTlebas dRemde verc erTi
plagiatorisTvis ver uSvelia. mowafeobis saymawvilo senis daZleva
swored am gavlenisgan gaTavisuflebaa.
amitom gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile da sifxizle plagiatTan
mimarTebaSi students ganswavlis gzaze hmarTebs. studentobis xanas
ufro uneblie, gauazrebeli plagiati hyavs macdurad Casafrebuli,
da igi am inteleqturi warTmeva-mitacebis arc monawile unda gaxdes
da arc msxverpli.
mainc rogoria inteleqturi qurdobis formebi, ranairad
vlindeba igi inteleqturi moRvaweobis sferoSi? yvelaze aSkara
formaa sxvisi Tvalsazrisis, ideis, debulebis, frazis
(gamonaTqvamis) gamoyeneba avtoris miuTiTeblad.
es movlena inteleqturi moRvaweobis sferoSi sxvadasxvanairad
iCens Tavs da Sesabamisad sadReisod misi sxvadasxva formebi da
saxeebia gamovlenili.
sityvasityviTi plagiati
esaa pirwminda qurdoba, radgan sxvisi azris ucvlelad,
sityvasityviT misakuTrebas niSnavs.
rogor davaRwioT Tavi aseT plagiats, Tuki Cveni gamokvlevis
romelime wyaros raime azris (gamonaTqvamis) moyvana gvWirdeba Cveni
raime argumentis gasamyareblad?
_ sxvisi azri mTlianad brWyalebSi (“..“) unda CavsvaT;
_ Tu sxvis gamonaTqvamSi rames SevcvliT, cvlileba kvadratul
frCxilebSi unda CavsvaT ([...]);
_ mivuTiToT wyaro.
sxva cvlilebebis Setana (Tundac, erTi SexedviT, iseTi
umniSvnelosi, rogoric sityvebis gadaadgilebaa) yovlad miuRebelia.
azrobrivi plagiati
plagiatis is formaa, roca sxvis azrs, debulebas, mosazrebas
viyenebT wyaros miuTiTeblad. aq TiTqos ar viyenebT wyaros avtoris
198
sityvebs, mis azrs Cveni sityvebiT gadmovcemT da amis gamo TiTqos
samarTliani protestic unda gagviCndes: aba, wyaros informacia
rogorRa unda gamoviyenoT?! pasuxi aseTia:
dasawyisSi, vidre sxvisi azris Cvens gamokvlevaSi Setanas
daviwyebT, avtori unda mivuTiToT. esaa da es.
avtoris miTiTebis orgvari wesi arsebobs. erTi, zemoaRniSnulia.
meore _ teqnikurad SedarebiT martivad, Cveni sityvebiT gadmovcemT
romelime cnobili mecnieris gavrcelebul azrs da aseTi “zepiri”
citirebis bolos frCxilebSi mivuTiTebT avtoris saxelsa da gvars.
magaliTad: naZrax sicocxles saxelovani sikvdili sjobs (SoTa
rusTaveli), es qarTvelebisTvis kargad aris cnobili.
davakvirdeT: aq araa daculi wyaros miTiTebis sizuste: rom
wyaro “vefxistyaosania”, arc gverdia miniSnebuli da arc sxva
aucilebeli monacemi. es imitom, rom yvelasTvis aris cnobili, SoTa
rusTaveli “vefxistyaosnis” avtoria.
aseTi SemTxvevac ar aris gamoricxuli: Cveni kvlevis sferoSi
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da gavrcelebuli mosazreba arsebobs
(moarul gamoTqmad qceuli). Cven am mosazrebis moyvana gvinda Cvens
gamokvlevaSi, magram ar gvaxsovs, vin Tqva pirvelad (vinaa
pirvelmTqmeli). aseT SemTxvevaSi mainc unda vcadoT avtoris
dadgena. Tu verafers gavxdiT, gulwrfelad vaRiaroT arcodna da
es sxvisi azri Sesabamisad warvudginoT mkiTxvels. am SemTxvevaSi
gamoviyenoT, magaliTad, aseTi gamoTqmebi: “rogorc cnobilia…..…..….”,
“kargad aris cnobili.. .. ..”, “naTqvamia.. .. ..”, “erTi avtoris TqmiT .. ..
“da a.S. marTalia, es ukiduresi gza iqneba (radgan mkvlevris
pirdapiri movaleoba wyaros avtoris dadgenac aris!), magram
plagiats Tavidan namdvilad avicilebT. pirdapir, sityvasityviT
plagiatad aris aRqmuli calkeuli sakvanZo sityvebis miTiTebac.
Ees ucnauria, radgan ena da leqsika saerTo sargeblobisaa da amitom
arabunebrivi unda iyos sityvis plagiatze laparaki. da mainc:
poeziaSi xSiria dava aseT safuZvelze. erT SemTxvevaSi sadavoa
xolme erTi poetis mier gariTmuli sityvebis (riTmebis) sxva poetis
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mier (Tundac sxva konteqstSi) gamoyeneba; sxva SemTxvevaSi _
saxeobrivi azrovnebis elementis, mxatvruli xatis (Sedarebis,
metaforis, metonimis) miTviseba da a.S. aseT davasac aqvs safuZveli,
radgan amgvar miTvisebasac plagiati hqvia:
sityvaTa arapirdapiri plagiati
plagiatis safrTxe gansakuTrebiT didia naSromSi wyaroTa
monacemebis Sejamebis an perifrazebis dros. es azrovnebiTi
procesis ori, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli saxisaa, Tumca
garegnulad ise hgvanan erTmaneTs, rom erTbaSad maTi gansxvaveba
Wirs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs parafrazi, radgan igi
Zalian iolad SeiZleba gadaizardos plagiatSi. aq saqmes verc is
uSvelis, miuTiTebT Tu ara wyaros. gamosavali imaSia, rom
parafrazSi sityvebi mTlianad Tqveni unda iyos, azri ki - wyaros
avtorisa. Tu es ar dagakmayofilebT, maSin citirebas unda mimarToT.
isic aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom Tavad
parafrazis zRvruli doneebia gansxvavebuli da es mecnierul
sferos specifikiTaa Sepirobebuli.
magaliTad, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa sferoebSi
Cveulebrivia avtoriseul teqstTan ukiduresad miaxloebuli
parafrazireba, xolo humanitarul mecnierebebSi es dauSvebelia (aq
ufro pirdapiri citirebaa miRebuli).
zemoaRniSnulis meti sicxadisTvis, plagiatis saxeobebis
konkretul magaliTebze ganvixiloT:
pirveladi teqstia (wyaro): paata koRuaSvili, “samkvidros
gulidan amoReba Znelia”, gaz. “literaturuli saqarTvelo, 2007w., 20
ivlisi, #28 (3639), gv. 7:

“eris mamis, didi ilias mier dasaxuli gza, soflis meurnebis

rolis, adgilisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb dRevandel saqarTveloSi
umaRlesi erovnuli interesebis sferos unda miekuTvnos. es is
mimarTulebaa, romlis meSveobiTac unda ganxorcieldes am
strategiuli dargis aRorZineba.”
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 am abzacis plagiati gveqneba, Tu teqsts ase gadavitanT Cvens
naSromSi:
didi ilias mier dasaxuli soflis meurneobis roli, adgili,
mniSvneloba dRevandel saqarTveloSic erovnul interesebs unda
miekuTvnos. es is gzaa, riTac unda aRorZindes es strategiuli
dargi.
Tu orive teqsts guldasmiT SevajerebT, sxvaobas calkeuli
sityvebis xmareba-arxmarebaSi aucileblad davinaxavT. miuxedavad
amisa, meore teqstSi pirvelis Sinaarsi isea gadmocemuli, rom Tu
uSualod ar amoiwere pirvelwyarodan, ver daimaxsovreb
(damaxsovrebiT sxvanairi gamova). amitom es meore teqsti plagiatia
da ara parafrazi.
parafrazad CaiTvleba, magaliTad, amave teqstis aseTi varianti:
didma iliam Tavis droze CvenSi soflis meurneobis roli,
mniSvneloba da ganviTarebis gzac gansazRvra. mas mniSvneloba arc
dRes daukargavs; kvlavac rCeba Cveni umaRlesi erovnuli interesebis
sferos mdgenelad. amitom soflis meurneoba aRorZindeba, Tu ilias
mier dasaxul strategiul gzas gahyveba.
plagiatis Tavidan acileba
aSkara plagiatis Tavidan acilebis saukeTeso xerxia
sifrTxilisa da keTilsindisierebis ardaviwyeba da citirebis
wesebis codna.
uneblie (gaucnobierebeli) plagiatisgan ki Semdegi rCeva
gvixsnis:
weris dros drodadro miaqcieT yuradReba, zedmetad xom ar
CasciebixarT wyaros da Tqvenda_ uneburad xom ar iwerT wyaroseuli
teqstis sityvebs, frazebs. Tqveni sityvebiT “imeorebT” wyaros
avtoris azrs Tu ara.
uneblie plagiatis saSiSroeba gansakuTrebiT didi im
SemTxvevaSia, roca ramdenimejer viyenebT erTsa da imave wyaros
(sxvadasxva gamiznulobiT). aseT dros Cveni naweri imdenjer unda
SevudaroT wyaros teqsts, ramdenjerac gamoviyenebT.
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 parafrazirebis dros ise unda vweroT, rogorc gvCvevia, Cveni
stiliT, leqsikiT (Tu saqme termins ar exeba), winadadebis Cveneuli
wyobiT. wyaroseuli arc gamoTqma unda gamoviyenoT da arc maTi
sinonimebi SevqmnaT.

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 ,,Savad naweri” teqstis gadamuSaveba

1. naSromis struqturis daxvewa

samecniero naSromis daxvewa_srulqmna TavisTavad rTuli da
pasuxsagebia. igi araerTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebas
saWiroebs. mTavari orientiri ki am drosac mkiTxvelia. samuSaos
yvela detals misi TvaliT unda uyuroT., es is etapia, roca
mkvlevari sakuTar “mes” mkiTxvels uqvemdebarebs, sakuTar nawerSi
Tavad eqskursiamZRolis - gidis funqcias sjerdeba. nawerSi
yvelaferi - azri, misi gamoxatvis saSualebani (yoveli sityva,
winadadeba…..) mkiTxvelis savaraudo moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ixveweba.
mkvlevari gemovnebas zRudavs saTqmelis gasagebobis maqsimumis
misaRwevad. saTqmelis amgvari xvewa gansakuTrebiT damwyebi
mkvlevrebisTvisaa aucilebeli, Torem profesional mkvlevrebs, es
moTxovna Zvalsa da rbilSi aqvT gamjdari. es Cveva mkvlevris
mecnieruli kvlevis stils qmnis. stili ki, uaRresad individualuri
movlenaa. da es Rirsebaa, rCeulTa xvedria, mravalwliani
moRvaweobis Sedegi.
cotas Tu mouxerxebia es ise, rom mkiTxvels stiliT amoecno
mkvlevari, misi vinaobis aRuniSnavad. Znelia es, magram Tu mecnier-
mkvlevris karieraze fiqrobT, amas unda eswrafodeT.
rakiRa mkiTxvels unda vumegzuroT naSromis xvewis rTulsa da
faqiz procesSi, isic gaviziaroT, ras moiTxovs mkiTxveli Cvengan da
rogor SevasruloT misi moTxovnebi. es arc ise Znelia. Cveulebriv,
unda gavixsenoT, rom Cven marto mkvlevrebi ara varT. is ki ara da,
ufro metad mkiTxvelebi varT. imitom, rom weraze gacilebiT did
dros kiTxvas vandomebT. aTasidan erT SemTxvevaSi asea, radgan erTi
Cveni naSromisTvis aTas wyaros vkiTxulobT da viTavisebT. amitom ra
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moTxovnebsac vuyenebT winamorbed mkvlevrebs, is unda Cvengan Cvens
mkiTxvelsac. Cveni moTxovnebi gareT gavitanoT, gavaobieqturoT
(TavisTavad arsebulad vaqcioT), Semdeg Cvens naSroms SemovubrunoT
da misi xvewis instruqciad gavixadoT. xvewis principebi da
kriteriumebic mzad gveqneba.
roca mkiTxvelebi varT, wyaros Tavidan bolomde, sityvasityviT
ki ar vkiTxulobT, aramed misi saerTo struqturis gaazrebas
vcdilobT.
naSromis saerTo struqtura uCvenebs mkiTxvels, unda waikiTxos
Tu ara da ratom unda waikiTxos naSromi. amitom upirvelesad
struqturis daxvewaze unda vizrunoT. jer saerTo struqturaze
unda vifiqroT, Semdeg SedarebiT wvril struqturul erTeulebze
(qveTavebze, paragrafebze, abzacebze), Semdeg ukve winadadebaTa
stilisa da sityvaTa xvewaze.
Savi naweris kiTxvis procesi erT xifaTs Seicavs: ar unda
daviviwyoT, rom Cveni Savi naweris kiTxvisas gacnobiT wakiTxvas ki
ar vawarmoebT, aramed Cvensave nafiqr-naazrevs vixsenebT.
cnobierebaSi am azrovnebiT-gansjiTi procesis aRwarmoeba
mimdinareobs, magram adamianuri azrovnebis bunebidan gamomdinare,
misi fotografiulad zusti gameoreba ki ar xdeba, aramed axali
versia iqmneba. gameorebuli arasodes ar aris Tavdapirvelis asli.
amitom aseT “kiTxvis” dros, SesaZloa, raime detali (azri,
winadadeba, sityva) dauxvewavi dagvrCes, Cveni SemoqmedebiTi fiqri
mkiTxvelisTvis bundovani, Znelad aRsaqmeli darCes.
rogor aviciloT Tavidan aseTi safrTxe?
mecnierebas amaze Tavisi sarekomendacio pasuxebi aqvs.
saWiroa naSromis struqturis analizi da konstruireba.
es procesi oTx etaps moicavs.
_ pirvel rigSi saWiroa naSromis CarCos dadgena
CarCo Sesavlisa da daskvnis Camoyalibebas, anu Sesavalsa da
daskvnaSi Tqveni mTavari saTqmelis moZebnas gulisxmobs. aseT,
saTqmelis gamomxatvel, winadadebas, sadac, faqtobrivad, problemis
204
gadawyvetaa formulirebuli, “sakvanZo winadadebas” uwodeben.
_ Semdegi etapia naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis mTavari da
meorexarisxoveni struqturuli elementebisa da maTi sakvanZo
winadadebebis gamovlena-dalageba;
_ naSromis Sesavlis sakvanZo winadadebebis kvalis Zieba naSromis
ZiriTad nawilsa da mis struqturul elementebSi;
_ ukan mibruneba da naSromis mTlianobis gaazreba.
naSromis saerTo CarCos dadgena
saerTo CarCo sami ZiriTadi elementiT ganisazRvreba. esaa
Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da daskvna. naSromis danarCeni
struqturuli elementebi am sam ZiriTad elementze (Semadgenel
nawilze) nawildeba, maTSi Tavsdeba. amitom es sami ZiriTadi
elementi naSromSi vizualuradac (ara marto azrobrivad!) unda iyos
gamoyofili erTmaneTisgan. Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac unda Candes,
sad Tavdeba erTi da sad iwyeba meore. aseve vizualuradac ioli
aRsaqmneli unda iyos Sesavlisa da daskvnis sakvanZo winadadebebi. am
moTxovnaTa praqtikuli realizebisTvis ki ase unda moviqceT:
 naSromis Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da daskvna erTmaneTisgan
qvesaTaurebad unda gamovyoT, anda sulac xazebis gamotovebiT
davalagoT;
 SesavalSi sakvanZo winadadeba(ebi) gamovacalkevoT qveS xazis
gasmiT, an (umjobesia!) gansxvavebuli SriftiT. Cveulebriv, aseTi
winadadeba(ebi) Sesavlis bolo nawilad unda warmovadginoT. aq
erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT Tezisi (gancxadebis saxiT
Camoyalibebuli debuleba. mag., “naSromSi ganvixilavT…...”) da
sakvanZo_sasafuZvlo winadadeba (argumentis funqciis Sedegi-daskvna);
 igive unda gavakeToT daskvniT nawilSi. daskvnis sakvanZo
winadadeba xazgasmiT an gansxvavebuli SriftiT unda
gamovacalkevoT;
 amis Semdeg SesavalSi xazgasmuli Tezisi daskvnis sakvanZo
winadadebas (debulebas) unda SevudaroT da davadginoT, avseben Tu
ara erTmaneTs (rogosc wesi, isini erTmaneTs unda avsebdnen piroba-
205
Sedegis principiT). Tezissa da daskvnas Soris ufro ZneladmisaRebi,
gasaziarebeli daskvna aris xolme. amis mizezi ki ufro Tezisis
dauxvewav-daukonkreteblobaa (zogadia, bundovani, gaurkveveli).
amitom am SesaZlebeli ZneladmisaRebobis aRmofxvras unda
mivaRwioT. am mizniT Teziss unda mivubrundeT da kidev erTxel
gaviazroT misi yoveli detali, azrobrivadac davazustoT da
stilistikuradac gavrandoT.
naTqvamis meti damarwmuneblobisTvis konkretuli magaliTi
ganvixiloT:
Sesavali:
saistorio nawarmoebebSi istoriuli ganviTarebis calkeuli
periodebi Tavdapirvelad iyofoda mefeTa mmarTvelobis mixedviT.
SemdgomSi istoriis periodizacia warimarTa dinastiebis mixedviT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am principzea agebuli ZiriTadad
leonti mrovelis saistorio Txzuleba “cxovreba qarTvelTa
mefeTa”. igi Tavebad iyofa. calkeuli dinastiebis cxovrebebis
aRweriT:
Tavi pirveli - TargamosianTa mefoba; Tavi meore -
qarTlosianTa mefoba; Tavi mesame - farnavazianTa mefoba; Tavi
meoTxe - mirianis mefoba; Tavi mexuTe - xosroianTa anu mirianis
STamomavlebis, revianTa da baqarianTa, xolo Semdeg vaxtang
gorgaslisa da gorgaslianTa (qarTvel mefeTa - daCis STamomavlebis
da qarTlis erisTavTa mTavrebis - mirdatis STamomavlebis) mefoba.
Txzulebis bolo monakveTi bagrationTa mefobas eTmoba.
garda amisa, leonti mrovelis saistorio nawarmoebis mesame da
mexuTe Tavebi, rogorc es teqstis kompoziciuri wyobiTaa
ganpirobebuli, iyofa mefeTa saTvalavis mixedviT (mefeTa saTvalavi
SemorCenili aqvs “qarTlis cxovrebis” WilaSviliseul da anaseul
xelnawerebs).
rogorc cnobilia, ax.w. II saukunis berZenma mecnierma klavdios
ptolemaiosma msoflio istoria oTx did periodad - oTx monarqiad -
dayo: asureT_babilonis, midia_sparseTis, saberZneT_makedoniisa da
206
romis.
oTxi monarqiis mixedviT periodizacia qristianul epoqaSic
imkvidrebs adgils, radgan romis imperiis memkvidreobas
ganagrZobdnen rogorc dasavleT romis imperia, ise aRmosavleT
romis, SemdgomSi bizantiis imperia.
mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom leonti mroveli Tavis
saistorio Txzulebas swored aRniSnul koncefciaze agebs, rodesac
cdilobs qarTlis cxovrebis misadagebas msoflio istoriisadmi.
daskvna:
rogorc vxedavT, “mefeTa cxovrebis” istoriul teqsts
safuZvlad saTanado ideologiuri qveteqsti udevs, riTac leonti
mroveli srulad warmoaCens qarTuli samefo karis politikur
interesebsa da miswrafebebs da, Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs axali
ideologiuri Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas. saamisod iyenebs swored
rogorc originalur, ise ucxour literaturul wyaroebs da
aerTianebs, amTlianebs siuJeturad erTiani ambis saxiT. yovelive es
warmoadgens leonti mrovelis Txzulebas, rogorc erT mTlian
dasrulebul literaturul nawarmoebs.
upirvelesad, davakvirdeT Sesavals, misi struqtura gaviazroT,
arsebiTi struqturuli elementebi gamovyoT da gavarkvioT:
 rogoria Camoyalibebuli Tezisi (debuleba), ramdenad
sworadaa gansazRvruli misi adgili.
 ramdenad cxadad aris gamoyofili Tezisi Sesavlis
teqstis danarCeni nawilisgan.
 ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli Tezisis gansxvaveba saklevi
Temis warmomCeni frazisgan.
Sesavali struqturulad ramdenime elementisgan Sedgeba:
I abzacSi wamoyenebulia zogadi Tezisi. orive winadadeba aq
sakvanZoa, radgan istoriuli ganviTarebis Txrobis im ori uZvelesi
principis Sinaarsia gadmocemuli, ris mixedviTac unda Sefasdes
qarTveli istorikosis, leonti mrovelis saistorio nawarmoebi
“mefeTa cxovreba”.
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 II abzacSi Tezisi konkretdeba. wamoyenebulia debuleba, rom
leonti mrovelis Txzuleba am principebis mixedviT aris dawerili.
aq sakvanZo winadadebaa: “aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am principebzea
agebuli ZiriTadad leonti mrovelis saistorio Txzuleba
“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”.
III _ V abzacebi warmoadgens mkvlevris argumentebs: e.i. avtori
saWirod cnobs Tezisis gamyarebas, erTi mxriv, leonti mrovelis
Txzulebis struqturul Sesatyvisobas istoriuli periodizaciis
TezisSi miTebul principebTan, meore mxriv, Tavad am principebis
fesvmagrobas konkretul istoriul epoqaSi da istoriul-mecnieruli
praqtikis cnobili (avtoritetuli) magaliTiT (ptolemeosi).
bolos, Sesavlis “daskvniT” nawilSi miniSnebulia
(gamJRavnebulic) mTavari saTqmeli: sakvanZo sityvaa: leonti mroveli
cdilobs “qarTlis cxovrebis” misadagebas msoflio istoriisadmi.
axla gaviazroT daskvna:
struqturulad ufro lakoniuria, erTabzaciani.
aq sakvanZo winadadebebia:
 “mefeTa cxovrebis” istoriul teqsts safuZvlad
garkveuli ideologiuri qveteqstebi udevs, riTac leonti mroveli
srulad warmoaCens qarTuli samefo karis politikur interesebsa da
miswrafebebs da, Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs axali ideologiuri
Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas.
 saamisod iyenebs rogorc originalur, ise ucxour
literaturul wyaroebs da siuJeturad erTian ambad aerTianebs.
 yovelive es warmogvidgens leonti mrovelis Txzulebas,
rogorc erT mTlian dasrulebul literaturul nawarmoebs.
axla davakvirdeT Sesavlis Tezissa da daskvnis mTavar
debulebas da vnaxoT, ramdenad avseben isini erTmaneTs.
maS, SesavalSi gaxazuli Tezisebia:
 saistorio nawarmoebebSi istoriuli ganviTarebis
periodebi Tavdapirvelad iyofoda mefeTa mmarTvelobis, xolo
SemdgomSi - dinastiebis mixedviT.
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  leonti mroveli cdilobs “qarTlis cxovrebis
misadagebas msoflio istoriisadmi (anu imave principebs icavs).
aSkaraa, rom aq Tezisis gasamyareblad istoriuli tradiciac
(principebic) aris moSveliebuli da sabuTebic (cota qvemoT), magram
amis miuxedavad, es Tezisi erTob zogadia, deklarirebis sazRvrebs
ver scildeba, konkretuloba aklia, radgan araferia Tqmuli Tu
raSi vlindeba (an rogor vlindeba) leonti mrovelis mier msoflio
istoriisadmi “qarTlis cxovrebis” misadagebis mcdeloba, -es erTi;
meore: daskvnis sakvanZo winadadebaSi (bunebrivia, miT ufro
danarCen nawilSi) araferia Tqmuli, Tu rogor SeZlo (an ver SeZlo)
leonti mrovelma Tavisi Txzulebis msoflio istoriisadmi
misadageba.
daskvnaSi saubaria imaze, rom “qarTlis cxovrebas” safuZvlad
saTanado ideologiuri qveteqsti udevs. esaa qarTuli samefo karis
politikuri interesebisa da miswrafebebis warmoCena. amas garda,
aRniSnulia, rom leonti mroveli istoriul qronikebs amTlianebs
da literaturuli (aq: mxatvruli) nawarmoebis formasa da Sinaarss
aZlevs:
aSkaraa Sesavlisa da daskvnis azrobrivi daSoriSoreba. rogor
unda aRmovfxvraT es nakli?
daskvnidan ori sakvanZo winadadebis perifrazi (ideologiuri
qveteqstis arsebobisa da istoriuli qronikebis ambad gamTlianebis
Taobaze) unda CavamatoT Sesavlis meore abzacis Semdeg. Sesavlis
III_VI abzacebi ki movWraT da ZiriTad nawilSi Sesabamis adgilSi
CavsvaT. amiT ara marto daixveweba Sesavali da daskvna, aramed isini
azrobrivad Seavseben erTmaneTs.
II etapi:
naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis mTavari da meorexarisxovani
elementebisa da maTi sakvanZo winadadebebis gamovlena-
dalageba.
am etapze Cveni naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis struqtura unda
SevqmnaT. struqturis konstruirebis saerTo principi iseTivea,
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rogoric Sesavalsa da daskvnaSi. saxeldobr: ZiriTadi nawili
azrobriv-logikur nawilebad (Tavebi, qveTavebi, paragrafebi,
abzacebi) unda davyoT. amasTan vizualuradac unda uzrunvelvyoT
maTi erTmaneTisgan garCeva. mkiTxvelma Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT
unda SeZlos imis dadgena, sad Tavdeba erTi da sad iwyeba meore.
axla oriode sityva imis Sesaxebac vTqvaT, Tu rogor unda
avagoT ZiriTadi nawilis es Semadgeneli patar-patara (qve) nawilebi.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom TiToeuli struqturuli erTeulis
gamoyofa-gamocalkaveba vinmes survili an axireba ki ar aris, aramed
adamianis goniT-azrovnebiTi bunebis (aparatis) sasicocxlo
moTxovnaa. rogorc Cans, adamianis azrovnebis procesi iseTi
ritmulia, rogoric misi guliscema Tu sunTqva. azrovnebac ver
iqneba erTgvarovnad intensiuri, rogorc nebismieri movlena.
yvelafers miqcev-moqcevis principi udevs safuZvlad, azrovnebasac.
es iseTi cxadi azrovnebiT-goniTi procesis magaliTzedac Cans,
rogoricaa kiTxva. wakiTxva xom mza informaciis gacnoba-gaazrebaa
(da ara ararsebulisgan inteleqturi produqciis Seqmna!), magram
goneba aqac gvTxovs “Sesvenebas” (miqcev-moqcevis ritmze muSaobis
gamo). Tu gonebis am moTxovnas angariSs ar gavuwevT, Semecnebis kars
gaixuravs da martivad rom vTqvaT, rac ar unda daJinebiT vikiTxoT
teqsti, TavSi araferi Seva. Cveni naweris danawileba logikurad
swored amisaTvis aris aucilebeli. erTi patara nawilis (abzacis)
wakiTxvisTanave gonebam wamierad mainc unda “Seisvenos,” aRqmis
intensivoba Seanelos. abzacidan abzacze gadasvlisTvis saWiro
drois TiTqosda umciresi monakveTi (ori-sami wami) wakiTxulis
gaTavisebisa da mexsierebis yulabaSi Sesanaxavad aris aucilebeli.
gonebam es operacia warmatebiT rom ganaxorcielos, azrobrivi
monakveTi (abzaci) azrobrivad sruli unda iyos. amitom aris, rom
azrobrivad naSromis nebismieri nawili, nebismieri (TviT umciresic
ki) struqturuli erTeuli erTnairia agebulebiT, anu erTsa da imave
struqturas emyareba, miniaturulad imeorebs Tavis TavSi. amitom:

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  ZiriTadi nawili jer msxvil azrobriv monakveTebad unda
davyoT. Semdeg isini erTmaneTs davukavSiroT Tundac erTi
striqoniT;
 TiToeul aseT monakveTs unda hqondes Tavisi mokle
Sesavali nawili, rac niSnuliT unda gamovyoT;
 yovel aseT monakveTs aseve unda hqondes sakuTari
daskvniTi nawili, rac aseve niSnuliT unda gamovyoT;
 TiToeul mTavar azrobriv monakveTs aseve unda gaaCndes
Tavisi mTavari azri, aseve daSoriSorebuli teqstisgan (xazgasmiT an
gansxvavebuli SriftiT);
 mTavari azris gamomxatveli sakvanZo winadadeba
monakveTis mokle SesavliT bolo nawilSi, an saerTod monakveTis
bolo nawilSi unda ganvaTavsoT;
 unda davimaxsovroT: mTavari azris gamomxatveli sakvanZo
sityvis azrobrivi monakveTis SuaSi ganTavseba yovlad SeuZlebelia.
naSromis Savi piris aseT struqturul erTeulebad dayofiT,
faqtobrivad, naSromis gegma gamoaSkaravdeba. Tu gegmis kidev ufro
metad daxvewa gvinda, TiToeuli struqturuli erTeulis (azrobrivi
monakveTis) xazgasmuli sakvanZo winadadebebi unda amovweroT da
maTSi gamoxatuli azris logikuri sisrulisa da Tanamimdevrobis
safuZvelze ganvagrZoT muSaoba.
sqematurad amowerili sakvanZo winadadebebi aseT sistemas
Seqmnis:
 struqturuli elementis (Sesavlis)
sakvanZo winadadeba
qvesakvanZo winadadeba
qvesakvanZo winadadeba 1
qvesakvanZo winadadeba 2
qvesakvanZo winadadeba 3
qvesakvanZo winadadeba 2
(masac Tavisi sami qve winadadeba eqneba)
qvesakvanZo winadadeba 3
(Tavisi sami qvewinadadebiT)
mTavari sakvanZo winadadeba daskvnaSi.

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 axla aseTi cdac CavataroT:
es amowerili sakvanZo winadadebebi erTad davalagoT da
wavikiTxoT, davukvirdeT: gamoxatavs es yvelaferi dasrulebul azrs
Tu ara. Tu gamoxatavs, es imis niSani iqneba, rom Cveni naSromis
struqturaSi yvelaferi wesrisSia. amiT naSromis daxvewis mesame
etaps ganvaxorcilebT.
III etapi moicavs naSromis Sesavlis, sakvanZo winadadebebis
kvalis Zieba ZiriTad nawilsa da mis struqturul elementebSi.
am etapze naSromis daxvewis mizani imis dadgenaa, ramdenad
avseben erTmaneTs sakvanZo da qvesakvanZo winadadebebi azrobrivad da
ramdenad qmnian isini erTian azrobriv sistemas. amis dasadgenad ki,
pirvel rigSi, is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ramdenad logikurad
agrZelebs (ebmis) erTmaneTs Cveni ZiriTadi mosazreba (koncefcia)
qvemosazrebebs. es ki ase unda SevamowmoT:
 naSromis Sesavalsa da daskvnaSi gamoyofil sakvanZo
winadadebidan gamovyoT mxolod Cveni koncefciis sityvebi, sxva
yvelaferi CamovaSoroT: anu kidev ufro gavaSiSvloT azri da
saamisod yvelanairi sityvieri samkaulisagan ganvZarcoT sakvanZo
winadadeba. mxolod ZiriTadi Tezisis azris matarebeli sityvebi
davtovoT.
Tu aseTi, azris Semcveli sakvanZo sityvebi Zalian cota
aRmogvaCnda, maSin unda mivxvdeT rom saqme kargad ver gvqonia.
amitom axla naSromis bolo gverdebs unda gadavxedoT, sadac
aseTi azris Semcveli sityvebi wesiT ufro Warbad unda iyos.
aseTsityvebiani winadadeba Cvens Sesavalsa da daskvnaSi unda CavsvaT.
iq unda movuZebnoT adgili, sadac Cveulebriv ZiriTadi Tezisi da
daskvnis sakvanZo winadadeba unda iyos. ise, rogorc zemoT,
Sesavlisa da daskvnis urTierTSevsebulobaze.
gavixsenoT leonti mrovelis “qarTlis cxovrebisadmi”
miZRvnili statia, romlis Sesavali da daskvna zemoT ganvixileT.
iq aRvniSneT, rom SesavalSi sakvanZo winadadeba daskvnaSi
saTanadod ar iyo azrobrivad dafiqsirebuli. daskvnis sakvanZo
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winadadeba ki veranair gamoZaxils ver poulobda SesavalSi.
axla am gamokvlevis bolo gverdi vnaxoT da Tezisis ZiriTadi
azris matarebeli sityvebis xmarebis sixSires davakvirdeT,
gaviazroT, ramdenad mogvcems es sityvebi am ZiriTad azris
rekonstruirebis saSualebas:
marTalia, qarTlis cxovrebis misadageba msoflio
istoriisadmi istoriul sinamdvilesaa moklebuli, magram leonti
mrovelis mier aRniSnuli koncefciis mixedviT Txzulebis ageba
ganpirobebulia imdroindeli epoqis politikuri da ideologiuri
mizandasaxulobiT. saqarTvelos axali samefo dinastiis,
bagrationTa mier iqmneba axali saxelmwifo “yoveli kavkasia” -
“jiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenamde”.
es ki miuTiTebs, rom bagrationebi upirispirdebian Zvel
qarTul samefo dinastias - farnavazianebs, romelTac Seqmnes
saxelmwifo “yoveli qarTli” - “xunaniTgan vidre zRuamde sperisa”.
axalSeqmnili saxelmwifos interesebSi Sedis is, rom Tavisi
gavlena gaavrcelos rogorc CrdiloeTiT, ise samxreTiTa da
aRmosavleTiT. saxelmwifoebrivi da politikuri mizandasaxulobis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba axali ideologiuri Tvalsazrisi, romlis
mixedviT qmnis leonti mroveli Tavis saistorio Txzulebas. swored
am axali ideologiuri mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad iTxzveba
mwignobruli legendebi kavkasiis xalxTa erTi saerTo winaprisgan
warmomavlobis, qarTlSi farnavazTa garda mezobeli qveynebis
samefo dinastiebis - nebroTianTa, arSakunianTa, xosroianTa
warmomadgenlebis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
leonti mrovelis saistorio TxzulebaSi TvalsaCinod
vlindeba is politikuri interesebi, romelic im periodSi hqonda
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mezobeli qveynebis teritoriebis mimarT.
qasre anuSivarma mirians “misca qarTli, somxiTi, rani, movakani
da hereTi.” xolo Semdeg “misces .. .. jazireTi da Samis naxevari, da
adarbadagani.”
es garemoeba gviCvenebs, Tu rogor yalibdeba “yoveli qarTlis”
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samefos nacvlad “yoveli kavkasiis” saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea,
romlis ganxorcielebis mizniT iqmneba legendebi qarTlis samefo
dinastiisa da mezobeli qveynebis dinastiebis kavSiris Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am politikuri interesebis
Sesabamisad Camoyalibebuli garkveuli ideologiuri
mizandasaxulobiT iyo ganpirobebuli leonti mrovelis nawarmoebebi.
saistorio ambis Txroba erTian siuJetur xazzea agebuli da
Txzulebis sxvadasxva monakveTi kompoziciurad organulad
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. warsulis xelmeored aRwera. avtori
saamisod iyenebs rogorc originalur literaturul wyaroebs, ise
ucxour saistorio wyaroebs.
Cveni miznis Sesabamisad, amovweroT ZiriTadi Tezisis
(umTavresi azris) Semcveli xazgasmuli winadadebebi, ris Sedegad
aseT teqsts miviRebT:
qarTlis cxovrebis misadageba msoflio istoriisadmi
ganpirobebulia Tavisi (anu leonti mrovelis - T.j.) epoqis
politikuri da ideologiuri mizandasaxulobidan gamomdinare.
saxelmwifoebrivi da politikuri mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad
yalibdeba axali ideologiuri Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT qmnis
leonti mroveli Tavis Txzulebas.
saistorio ambis Txroba erTian siuJetur xazzea agebuli da
Txzulebis sxvadasxva monakveTi kompoziciurad organulad
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs.
aSkaraa, rom es sakvanZo winadadebebi SesavalSic gvxvdeba da
daskvnaSi. amdenad azrobrivi damTxvevac uzrunvelyofilia da
Sinaarsoblivi Semavseblobac. magram amasTan isic cxadia, rom
Sesavalsac da daskvnasac sagrZnoblad daazustebs, am nawilebis
ZiriTad nawilTan kavSirs uzrunvelyofs gamokvlevis bolo gverdze
aseve xazgasmuli ZiriTad azris matarebeli Semdegi sakvanZo da
qvesakvanZo winadadebebi:

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  “qarTlis cxovrebis misadageba istoriisadmi istoriul
sinamdvilesaa moklebuli” (es winadadeba daazustebda, ra
gamarTleba aqvs aRniSnulis fonze leonti mrovelis mcdelobas:
rom es gamarTlebuli iyo politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi
mizandasaxulobiT);
 aRniSnuli mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad iTxzveba
mwignobruli legendebi kavkasiis xalxTa erTi saerTo winaprisgan
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. yalibdeba “yoveli qarTlis” samefos
nacvlad “yoveli kavkasiis” saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea. (gansakuTrebiT
saWiro Sesavlis Tezisi ZiriTadi nawilis es sakvanZo da qve-sakvanZo
winadadebebia. isini Sinaarsobrivad mniSvnelovnad azusteben da
akonkreteben Tu, ra axal politikur da saxelmwifoebriv
mizandasaxulebazea laparaki);
 aRniSnuliT iyo motivirebuli leonti mrovelis mier
warsulis xelmeored aRwera.
dagveTanxmebiT, rom ZiriTadi nawilis am qvesakvanZo
winadadebas kvali arc SesavalSi eZebneba, arc daskvnaSi. amitom misi
funqciuri gamarTlebis mizniT mas Sesavlis TezisSi unda moeZebnos
adgili. ai, ase Camoiqneba (dazustdeba) Sesavlis Tezisi.
axla xazgasmuli sakvanZo da qvesakvanZo sityvebis kvali
naSromis ZiriTad nawilSi unda movZebnoT. maTi iq arseboba imitom
aris saWiro, rom mkiTxvels gamudmebiT unda axsenebdnen Tavs es
winadadebebi, mTeli teqstis kiTxvis ganmavlobaSi. amisaTvis ki
iseTive procesi unda CavataroT, rogorc es Sesavlisa da daskvnis
Sedarebisas movimoqmedeT.
naSromis ZiriTad nawilSi, mis mTavar struqturul
elementebSi (nawilebSi) davZebnoT sakvanZo winadadebebi (sityvebi Tu
gamoTqmebi). Tu romelime struqturuli elementi (nawili) ar Seicavs
am sakvanZo gamoTqmebs, Sesabamis adgilebSi unda CavsvaT.
am dazustebis Semdeg kidev erTi samuSaos Sesruleba mogviwevs.
esaa naSromis yvela mniSvnelovani struqturuli nawilisTvis
(Tavebi, qveTavebi) saTaurebis moZebna.
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saTauri:
saerTod Txzulebis, maT Soris samecniero naSromis, saTauris
SerCeva seriozuli saqmea.
cnobilia, rom saTaurs naSromis struqturaSi TvalsaCino
adgili ukavia. igi gvexmareba Txzulebis teqstis Sinaarsisa da
ideuri Rirebulebis SecnobaSi, ganwyobilebis Seqmnasa da, saerTod,
nawarmoebis, rogorc erTiani sistemis, marTebulad gaazrebaSi.
isic aris gamorkveuli, rom saTaurs ori datvirTva aqvs: erT
SemTxvevaSi mas nawarmoebis sxvaTagan gamorCeva-gansxvavebis funqcia
aqvs, meore SemTxvevaSi saTauri kompoziciuri elementi, Taviseburi
kompasia. mas evaleba nawarmoebis ara mxolod Temaze, aramed avtoris
poziciaze miniSneba, mkiTxvelis daintereseba_mizidva.5
aRniSnuli, marTalia, mxatvruli nawarmoebis dasaTaurebis
problemazea naTqvami, magram arsebiTad igi samecniero naSromzedac
vrceldeba. amitom ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswineba da
seriozuli midgoma aucilebelia.
SedarebiT martivi (da saqmisadmi iol damokidebulebaze
mimaniSnebeli) gzac arsebobs. zogierTi specialisti fiqrobs, rom
sakmarisia mniSvnelovani struqturuli nawilSi dafiqsirebuli
sakvanZo winadadebidan amovweroT sakvanZo sityvebi, gavarTianoT
iseT erTian gamoTqmad (frazad), rac am struqturuli nawilis
dedaazrs gamoxatavs da saTauric mzad gveqneba. ase Tu ise, saTauris
Sinaarsobriv_funqciuri dakavSireba teqstTan aucilebelia da amas
arc dasaTaurebis es SedarebiT “martivi” wesi gamoricxavs.
IV etapi:
ukan mibruneba da naSromis mTlianobis gaazreba
am etapze is unda gavarkvioT, rogor umagrebs safuZvels Cvens
erTian koncefcias (mTavar Teziss) Cvenive is Tvalsazrisebi (kerZo
Tezisebi), romlebic naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis Semadgenel

5 n. tabiZe, mxatvruli nawarmoebis saTauri, wignSi: “Ziebani”,

Tb., 2004, gv. 30

216
struqturul elementebSi (nawilebSi) gvaqvs ganviTarebuli.
yvela elementis Tvalsazrisebi, romlebic sakvanZo
winadadebaSia mocemuli, ukve gamocalkavebuli (gaxazuli) gvaqvs.
zogierTi qvesaTaurebadac ki gvaqvs warmodgenili. es gaxazuli
sityvebi da winadadebebi erTian teqstad wavikiTxoT. amiT cxadad
gamoCndeba, rogor Seesatyviseba isini Cvens mTavar saTqmels
(koncefcias). am dros meti sicxadisTvis msmenelis daxmarebac kargi
iqneba. vinme axlobels Tu wavukiTxavT teqsts (Tezisebs, argumentebs,
saTaurebs, qvesaTaurebs, mTlianad gegmas) da rCevas vTxovT, bevrs
movigebT. sxva (roca naSromis mizansac avuxsniT) ukeT SeamCnevs
xarvezs. radgan ucxo Tvali da yuri erTianobaSi aRiqvams naSroms.
mkvlevris cnobierebaSi ki (naSromze didi xnis muSaobis gamo)
imdenad gamjdaria gonebaSi momwifebuli ZiriTadi Tezisi da
argumentebi, rom detalebi mTavarSia “Cakarguli”, xarvezianoba
praqtikulad veRar aRiqmeba.
 roca aRniSnulis TvalsazrisiTac CavutarebT
TviTeqspertizas am Cvens naSroms, jeri imis gadamowmebaze midgeba,
rasac Cveni argumentebis qmediToba hqvia. kerZod: Cvens naSromSi imis
Semowmeba mogviwevs, es Cveni argumenti azris CamoyalibebaSi aqtiur
rols asrulebs, Tu mTeli Cveni gamokvleva wyaroebidan amokrefili
citatebis grovaa.
amis gasarkvevad ki TiToeuli argumentis gaxseneba da
xelaxali gaazreba mogviwevs.
unda davubrundeT Cvens e.w. gaSlil gegmas, anu Sesavals,
daskvnis, ZiriTadi nawilis mniSvnelovani struqturuli elementebis
(nawilebis) sakvanZo winadadebis mTlianobas. Semdeg naSromis
TiToeul monakveTSi unda SevamowmoT, dasturdeba Tu ara maTSi
Sesabamisi sakvanZo winadadebebi da saTanadod aris dasabuTebuli
Tu ara. Tu dasabuTeba ar arsebobs, es imis niSania, rom naSromis
struqtura araa dafuZnebuli Cveni argumentis struqturaze, anu maT
Soris kavSiri araa. xarvezis gamosasworeblad:

217
  naSromis TiToeul nawilSi unda gamovarCioT Cveni
mTavari argumenti: dakvirveba, ganzogadebebi, citatebi, perifrazebi
da a.S., wyaroebidan aRebuli mTeli masala “movaSoroT” nawers da
davakvirdeT, ra dagvrCa. rac dagvrCeba, is iqneba Cveni analizi.
Tu es analizi moculobiTac Zalian cota aRmoCnda da
azrobrivadac mwiri, maSin cxadi gaxdeba Cveni naSromis
naklulovaneba. igi faqtebisa da masalebis krebuli iqneba da ara
gamokvleva.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, Tavidan unda mivubrundeT naSromis
kiTxva-gaazrebas. TiToeuli wyaros Sesaxeb unda davsvaT SekiTxva -
ratom gamoviyeneT, ra azris sabuTad dagvWirda. riT da rogor
pasuxobs Cvens mTavar Teziss (debulebas) an romelime konkretul
mosazrebas. Cveni TavisTvis dasmul yovel aseT SekiTxvas
werilobiTi pasuxi (vrceli) unda gavceT da naSromSi Sesabamis
adgils CavumatoT. xarvezic gamoswordeba.
 Cveni mTavari debuleba. sxva debulebebi (Tezisebi) unda
SevudaroT Tav-Tavis argumentebs (sabuTebs) da imis dadgenasac
SevecadoT, kidev risi codna dasWirdeba mkiTxvels imisTvis, rom
irwmunos maTi WeSmariteba. Semdeg ki, Tu aseTi saWiro (aucilebebli)
dagvigrovda, imazedac vifiqroT, sad da rogor CavamatoT. aseve unda
gadavamowmoT: argumentebi, upirvelesad sicxadisa da
damarwmuneblobis, logikuri Tanamimdevrobis xarisxis
TvalsazrisiT. mkiTxvelis TvaliT unda SevamowmoT da gavarkvioT,
ra SeiZleba dagviwunon;
 citatebisa da monacemebis wyaroebTan Sesabamisobis
sizuste;
 faqtobrivi masalis (statistikuri monacemebis,
magaliTebis, citatebis, perifrazebis...) mkafioobisa da TezisebTan
Sesatyvisoba (kavSiri);
 weris stili, manera. uyoymanod unda Serbildes da
gafaqizdes msjeloba_mtkicebis sityvieri faqtura,
qedmaRlur_ampartavnuli tonaloba. mosazrebaTa Semotana did
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sifrTxiles unda avlendes. moridebuloba sulac ar Seamcirebs
Tqvens, Rirsebas. amitom msjelobaSi xSirad unda ismodes:
“vfiqrob”, “SesaZloa”, “ar aris gamoricxuli”, “savaraudoa” da a.S.
dasasrul, yvela miTiTebuli samuSaos Sesrulebis Semdeg
naSromi jer Tavad unda CavikiTxoT Tavidan bolomde (Tvali araerT
umniSvnelo xarvezsac SeamCnevs) da kidev erTxel azrobrivad da
stilistikuri gamarTulobis TvalsazrisiT gadavamowmoT yvelaferi,
amis Semdeg ki sxvasac unda vTxovoT wakiTxva (megobars, axlobels,
kolegas...). Tu yvelaferi ise aRiqva, rogorc Cven gvqonda
nagulisxmevi, es imis niSani iqneba, rom Cveni naSromis struqtura da
forma zustad Seesatyviseba dasaxul mizans.

219
 samecniero naSromis Sesavlis saboloo variantis
Seqmna, saTauris daxvewa

kvlevis dasrulebis mere, roca naSromis Savi naweri ukve

xelT gvaqvs, raRac ucnaur “daRlilobas” vgrZnobT, magram
sulismoTqmisTanave ukvalod gviqreba da sakuTari Tavis
kmayofileba,-sazogadoebaSi TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZneba ikavebs mis
adgils: “me es SevZeli!”-am sityvebs ganuwyvetliv imeorebs Cveni
goneba, guliscema ki tonalobas cvlis. amaRlebuli ganwyoba
sxeulis SegrZnebasac gviqrobs da STagonebas zecad avyavarT.
Cveni arsebis, sulis amgvari aRvsebuloba aris mecnierul
kvlevaSi warmatebis yvelaze didi sazRauri, jildo. am saocari
mdgomareobis xiblia Zala, rac adamians mkvlevrad aqcevs. igi
alpinistis mier mwvervalis dapyrobiT gamowveuli aRtacebis
Zalmosilebas utoldeba.. amiT hgvanan kidevac mkvlevrebi
alpinistebs. mkvlevars iseve ver moaSlevineb maZieblobas, rogorc
mwvervalis dampyrob alpinists mTamsvlelobas. oriveni Jinis
andamaturi mizidulobis maradiul tyveobaSi eqcevian.. imis
miuxedavad, rom saqme bolomde ar aris gakeTebuli; xelT jer
mxolod Savi naweri gvipyria, win ki misi xvewis procesi gvelis
(mwvervalze asul alpinistsac xom sanaxevrod aqvs saqme win
wagdebuli, dablaa Camosasvleli, rac asvlaze Znelia).
axla aranakleb saintereso da mniSvnelovani etapi iwyeba. esaa
naSromis da xvewis procesi, rac CvenTvis principulad kargad aris
cnobili. mas naweris gadaTeTreba hqvia, anu naSromis yvela
struqturuli nawilis, erTeulis azrobrivi, enobrivi daxvewis etapi.
es procesi yvelaze metad naSromis Sesavals exeba.
mecnierulma praqtikam didi xania cxadyo, rom Sesavlis
saboloo varianti bolos unda daiweros. ucnauria ara?- Sesavali
da bolos?! Sesavlis funqcia da misi Sinaarsobrivi struqtura
obieqturad ganapirobebs am procesis drosa da rigs.

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 Sesavali mkiTxvelis gzamkvlevia, igi acnobierebs, ras
warmoadgens naSromi, ra codnas miscems mas, gamoadgeba Tu ara.
mkiTxveli amaSi rom darwmundes, jer naSromis avtors unda hqondes
yvelaferi detalurad gacnobierebuli, rasac, bunebrivia, maSin
moaxerxebs, roca mis ZiriTad nawils gaasrulebs, anu sakvlev
problemas gamoikvlevs da yvela kiTxvaze ipovis pasuxs.
amasTan erTad, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, erTi,
mniSvnelovani sakiTxic dgeba. mkiTxvels Cveni problemisadmi
interesTan erTad misi wakiTxvis ganwyobac unda SevuqmnaT.
fsiqologiaSi qarTveli mecnieris d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriam
cxadyo SemoqmedebiTs procesSi adamianis sulieri ganwyobis
keTilnayofieri zegavlena, adamianis Sinagani gaxsnilobisa da
mzaobis gamowveva axali informaciis mosmena-gaazrebisaTvis.
sityvieri (verbaluri) komunikaciebis Semswavlelma
ZvelTaZvelma disciplinam-ritorikam didi xania daadgina, rom aseT
ganwyobas adamians uqmnis Rimilis (sicilis) momgvreli raime yofiTi
ambavi. aseTi ambiT saubris, sajaro gamosvlis, mecnieruli
moxsenebis dawyeba, an misi CarTva SesavalSi nacadi oratoruli
xerxia da sayovelTao WeSmaritebad (truizmad) iTvleba.
Rimilismomgvreli ambavi, bunebrivia, sxarti, msubuqi,
maxvilgonivruli unda iyos da inteleqtualobas gamoxatavdes da
ara sibriyves.* es xerxi dRes didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba adamianuri
moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi. SesavalSi. raime saxaliso vuamboT
mkiTxvels da Semdeg gavandoT Cveni Canafiqri-ras vuambobT naSromSi.
rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali teqstis iseTi mniSvnelovani elementia,
rom marto mkiTxvelis gzasakvlevi ki ar aris, aramed naSromis
warmatebac. amitom aucileblad unda SeviZloT kargi Sesavlis
dawera. am mizniT safuZvlianad gaverkveT mis arsSi.

* iumori yofiTobaze, sakuTar Tavze amaRlebis (Tavisi Tavis jobnis)

gamoxatulebac aris. adamiani RimiliT rom amxels raime nakls, amiT am naklis
daZlevis unarsac amJRavnebs. es ki sulierad Zlieri adamianis xvedria. amitomac
scems pativs sazogadoeba. aseT adamianebs iumori didi niWia da WeSmariti
iumori-niWis Rimilia. uazro, usagno, sasacilo ambavi ki sibriyvea da ara iumori.
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1. Sesavlis struqtura

Sesavali Txrobaa, didi ambis nawili. radganac Txroba

saerTod individualuri movlenaa, Sesavalic avtoris azrovnebis
maneriTa da gadmocemis stiliT aris gansazRvruli, anu uaRresad
individualuria. Tumca, rogorc ukve iTqva, Tavisi daniSnulebidan
gamomdinare, Sesavali aucilebel konteqstebs unda Seicavdes. aseTi
konteqsti samia da Sesabamisad, Sesavalsac sami struqturuli
elementi unda gaaCndes.
 pirvelia sakvlevi problemis dasma;
problemis dasma gviCvenebs, rom sakvlevi problema namdvilad
Seicavs raRacas iseTs, rac mkiTxvelma ar icis, an Zalian zogadi da
bundovani warmodgena aqvs. garda amisa, xazs usvams, ra daakldeba
mkiTxvels, Tu Tavisi codnis xarvezs am problemis gacnoba-
gaazrebiT ar Seivsebs.
 meorea problemis gadawyvetis gzis (meTodis, meTodologiis)
warmoCena, misi mniSvnelobis Cveneba; oriode winadadebiT imis
aRniSvna, rom naSromSi swored es gadawyvetaa realizebuli.
 mesamea problemis dasmis dasabuTeba, anu Cveneba imisa, rom
sakvlevi problema TavisTavad, obieqturad, avtoris interesis
gareSec arsebobs; miTiTeba imaze, Tu ra wvlils Seitans misi
gadawyveta mecnierebis konkretuli dargis ganviTarebaSi.
amdenad, Sesavlis tipuri struqtura aseTi saxisaa:
konteqsti - problema - pasuxi
zemoTqmulis siswore konkretul magaliTebze SevamowmoT.
davasaxeloT Sesavlis ori nimuSi:
Sesavali wignisa: “qarTuli metyvelebis kultura” (avtori
avTandil arabuli, gamomcemloba “universali”, Tbilisi, 2004 weli).

222
 “iv, javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da
saqarTvelos sxva umaRles saswavleblebSi faqtobriv maTi daarsebis dRidan
sxvadasxva moculobiTa da SinaarsiT ikiTxeboda qarTuli enis praqtikuli
kursi. kursis Sinaarss tradiciulad Seadgenda is problematika, romelic
enis gramatikul agebulebas ki ara, aramed saliteraturo (oficialuri) enis
funqcionirebis, misi praqtikuli gamoyenebis aqtualur sakiTxebs moicavs. es
ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc umaRles specialobaTa specifikuri amocanebiT,
ise imiT, rom aRsazrdelTa mier skolaSi miRebuli codna, romelic
ZiriTadad Teoriuli xasiaTisa iyo, swavlebis axal pirobebSi praqtikul
(gamoyenebiT) ganmtkicebas moiTxovda. am amocanebis Sesabamisi programebi,
romlebic Sinaarsobrivad didad ar scildeba erTmaneTs, sxvadasxva drosa
da sxvadasxva adgilas gansxvavebuli saxelwodebiT iyo damkvidrebuli
(praqtikuli stilistika, funqciuri stilistika, marTlwera,
marTlmetyveleba, qarTuli enis praqtikuli kursi, metyvelebis kultura,..).
aRniSnuli praqtikuli kursis swavlebas gansakuTrebiT sistemuri xasiaTi
mieca 1978 wlis 14 aprilis Semdgom, roca qarTuli enis saxelmwifoebrivi
k funqciebis konstituciuri SezRudvis mcdelobas axalgazrdobis mZafri
o protesti mohyva. marTalia, maSin moskovma am sakanonmdeblo “reformaze”
n xeli aiRo, magram, samagierod, gaaZliera oficialuri zegavlena rusuli enis
t funqcionirebis gafarToebisaTvis respublikebSi.
e centris am mcdelobis sapasuxod zogi RonisZieba daisaxa saqarTvvelos
q maSindel respublikaSic. aRniSnuli movlenebis erTi wlisTavze, 1979 wlis 10
s aprils, gamoica saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisuflebis brZanebuleba,
t romlis Tanaxmadac “qarTuli metyvelebis kultura” savaldebulo sagnad
i iqna SemoRebuli respublikis yvela umaRlesi saswavleblis yvela specialur
fakultetsa da specialobaze. am mimarTulebiT muSaobis gaZlierebis mizniT
analogiuri dadgenileba 1883 welsac iqna miRebuli. amgvarad damkvidrda
qarTuli enis praqtikuli swavleba sayovelTaod Cvens umaRles
saswavleblebSi.
saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebisa da misi srulfasovani swavlebis
amocanebs gansakuTrebuli datvirTva mieniWa gasuli saukunis 90-iani
wlebidan, rodesac saqarTvelo damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis
mSeneblobis gzas daadga da axalma saSinao viTarebam da sagareo kavSir-
urTierTobebma sruliad axali pirobebi SesTavaza saxelmwifo enas rogorc
misi polifunqciurobis, ise saerTo sametyvelo kulturisa Tu specialuri
enebis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT.
amgvarad, im specilur praqtikul disciplinas, romelic sxvadasxva
specialobis studenti axalgazrdobis Tanamedrove qarTuli enis

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unificirebul normaTa codniTa da unar-CvevebiT aRWurvas emsaxureba da
romelic moicavs mTel im problematikas, rac calkeul dargebsa da
specialobebSi saliteraturo enis funqcionirebas ukavSirdeba, yvelaze
ufro Seefereba saxelwodeba “metyvelebis kultura”.
metyvelebis kultura farTo (universaluri) saganmanaTleblo da
kulturulogiuri Sinaarsis mqone cnebaa, romelic pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs
pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis saerTo enobrivi garemos mowesrigebulobas,
saxelmwifo enis (da sxva ena-kiloTa) mimarT gansazRvrul ufleba-
movaleobias, wesrigs, erTgvar sociolingvistur harmonias.
ufro viwro SinaarsiT metyvelebis kultura gulisxmobs pirovnebis mier
im enobrivi normebis flobas (codnasa da gamoyenebas), romlebic
saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis Sesabamisi donisaTvis aris miRebuli da
savaldebulo.
metyvelebis kulturis gageba, bunebrivia, Sinaarsobrivad ukavSirdeba da
ganuyofelia im sazogadoebis (xalxis, qveynis) saerTo sulieri da yofiTi
kulturisagan, romlis wiaRSic yalibdeba da funqcionirebs; sxvagvarad:
metyvelebis kulturis warmodgena saerTo kulturisagan izolirebulad,
praqtikulad, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. isini mudmivad ganicdian
urTierTgavlenas da ganapirobeben erTmaneTis konkretul mdgomareobas.
gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis SedarebiT ufro aramdgrad fenomenze-yofiTs
kulturaze.
amrigad, metyvelebis kultura saerTo kulturasTan mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli da erTian kulturul konteqsts gulisxmobs...
rodesac saerTo kulturasTan metyvelebis kulturis mimarTebaze
vsaubrobT, amaSi upirvelesad mis (saerTo kulturis) or mxares sulier
kulturasa da yofiT kulturas vgulisxmobT.
sulier kulturad am SemTxvevaSi moiazreba is mwignobruli memkvidreoba,
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi iqmneba uSualod ama Tu im enis safuZvelze da
xangrZlivad (SeiZleba iTqvas, samudamod) gansazRvravs mis ganviTarebas
momavalSi.
yofiTi kultura im sayofacxovrebo viTarebas, pirobebsa da dones
gamoxatavs, romelic aseve konkretul sazogadoebas konkretuli droisaTvis
eqmneba istoriuli viTarebisa Tu materialur socialuri garemos cvlis
Sedegad... Tu sulieri kultura sakmaod mkvidri da stabiluri fenomenia eris
(qveynis) yvelanairi cxovrebisa da aqtivobis, maT Soris, metyvelebis
kulturis formirebis TvalsazrisiT, yofiTi kultura SedarebiT swrafad
cvalebadi, garemo pirobebs daqvemdebarebuli movlenaa, romelsac SeuZlia
rogorc xelSemwyobi pirobebi Seuqmnas metyvelebis kulturis saerTo

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 ganviTarebas, ise uaryofiTi zegavlena moaxdinos ukve Camoyalibebulsa Tu
Camoyalibebis procesSi myof sametyvelo kulturasa da mentalitetze.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba adasturebs, rom SeiZleba
qveyanas (ers) didi sulieri memkvidreoba hqondes, magram konkretuli drois
Sesabamisi yofiTi kultura dabali da Seuferebeli iyos misTvis, amave dros,
yofam SeiZleba zogjer ufro. metad ganapirobos is procesebi, romlebic
cocxal enaSi mudmivad da yovel konkretul periodSi mimdinareobs, vidre
mkvidrma mwignobrulma tradiciam, romelsac zogjer istoriul
ZnelbedobaTa Crdili miadgeba xolme.

cocxali, aqtiurad moqmedi saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis procesi

verasodes miiCneva dasrulebulad da mudmivad moiTxovs saxelmwifos,
sazogadoebis zrunvasa da yuradRebas.
gansakuTrebiT axla, roca ara marto Sinagani enobrivi procesebi, aramed
p intensiuri gare urTierTobebi, Ria sainformacio sivrce, swrafganviTarebadi
r teqnikuri civilizacia obieqturad arTmevs calkeul enebs TavisTavadi,
o stabiluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.
b saliteraturo enis normalizaciis, enobrivi politikis calkeuli
l mimarTulebebis, kerZod ki_metyvelebis kulturis problema gansakuTrebiT
e aqtualuri xdeba xolme mkveTri socialur-politikuri cvlilebebis,
m istoriul gardatexaTa Jams, rodesac sxva globalur procesebTan erTad
a met-naklebad icvleba enobrivi garemo da ganviTarebis tendenciebi. am
TvalsazrisiT bolo periodis qarTuli enobrivi sinamdvile gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas moiTxovs, radganac epoqis intensiurma ganviTarebam axali
problemebi daayena qarTuli saxelmwifo enis winaSe.

 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sinaganma procesebma, sagareo urTierTobebisa da

sazogadoebis cxovrebis intensiurma gardaqmnam, rac Cveni qveynis politikuri
mdgomareobisa da orientaciis cvlas mohyva saukuneTa mijnaze, im
cvlilebebma, rac Cvens kulturas, yofasa da ganaTlebaSi mimdinareobs,
p gansakuTrebiT daaCqara Tanamedrove qarTul enaSi mimdinare procesebi da
a metad aqtualuri gaxada metyvelebis kulturasTan dakavSirebuli
s problemebi.
u termini “metyvelebis kultura” Sinaarsobrivad tevadia imiTac, rom
x misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli komponenti (metyveleba) enis sakomunikacio
i gamovlenis orive ZiriTadi formisa Semcvelia -zepirmetyvelebisa da weriTi
metyvelebis. amocanebi, romelTa gadawyveta “metyvelebis kulturis”

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 saswavlo kurss ekisreba, orive formasTan aris dakavSirebuli da maT ufro
detalurad qvemoT SevexebiT.
raki zemoT mentalitetis cneba moviSvelieT (termini, romelic erTi-
ori aTeuli wlis win saerTod ar gamoiyenebioda CvenSi, dRes ki aseTi
aqtualuri gaxda), zedmeti ar iqneba oriode sityviT misi Sinaarsic
ganvmartoT: mentaliteti pirovnebis farTo socialur da adamianur
damokidebulebaTa sistemaa. radganac cnobierebisa da adamianur
damokidebulebaTa sistema mTlianad enobriv safuZvelze yalibdeba,
bunebrivia, es cneba, upirvelesad, unda enobrivad ganvsazRvroT, enobriv
TviTcnobierebas davukavSiroT da Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT davinaxoT
procesebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan istoriul gardatexaTa Jams ara mxolod
calkeuli pirovnebis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis damokidebulebaTa
sistemaSi, anu mentalitetSi xdeba”.

axla Sesavlis meore nimuSsac gavecnoT:

dabadebidan Rrma siberemde adamiani informaciis zRvaSi cxovrobs. igi
erTdroulad informaciis Semqmnelicaa, momxmarebelic, matarebelic,
gardamqmnelic, gadamcemica da mimRebic.
k informaciis gareSe arsebobis warmodgenac ki Znelia. ar gveguleba
o sazogadoebrivi yofierebis sfero, romelzedac informaciuli procesebi ar
n axdendnen gavlenas. informaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia marTva, mkurnaloba.
t ganaTleba arsebiTad struqturirebuli informaciis gadacema da
e aTvisebaa. informaciis gareSe SeuZlebelia teqnikuri progresi. imis gaxseneba
q ki sakmarisia, rac Crdilo amerikis indielTa mier borblisa da
s miwaTmoqmedebis progresuli meTodebis ucodinrobas mohyva.
t amrigad, informacia aucilebeli movlenaa. mZlavri Tanamedrove
i sistemebis wyalobiT, haeric ki informaciiT aris gajerebuli. adamians mis
gareSe nabijis gadadgmac ki ar SeuZlia.

Cvens gonebas mxolod sasruli moculobis informaciis SeTviseba da

p gadamuSaveba SeuZlia. ra moxdeba, roca mowodebuli informacia am
r moculobas gadaaWarbebs? rogor moiqcevian adamianebi aRniSnul situaciaSi?
o rogor Seicvleba maTi fsiqika? rogori axali socialuri da socialur-
b fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebani gaCndeba? informacia ar cnobs sazRvrebs da
l cnobierebaze uSualo zegavlenas axdens. kargia aseTi globalizacia? rogor
e Seicvleba axal pirobebSi sazogadoebis struqtura? SesaZlebeli iqneba

226
m erovnul TviTmyofadobaze saubari? rogor movaxerxoT sazogadoebis marTva?
a
iuneskos generalurma direqtorma koitiro macuuram erT-erT gamosvlaSi
p aRniSna, rom globalizaciis procesi, romelic ZiriTadad ekonomikur da
a sabazro urTierTobebzea damyarebuli, dRes ukve sul ufro metad ipyrobs
s kulturul, socialur da samecniero sferoebs. iunesko, adamianis uflebaTa
u sayovelTao deklaraciis Sesabamisad, mowodebulia daicvas moqalaqeTa
x uflebebi ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis sferoebSi. saswavlo
i saSualebebi daculi unda iyos ubralo komerciul saqonlad gadaqcevisagan,
xolo ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemebi-maTi saswavlo Sinaarsis
standartizaciisa da gaRaribebisagan.
problemaTa simravle, romelTac swrafad da ukontrolod ganviTarebadi
informaciuli samyaro xSirad warmoSobs, zemoxsenebuliT ar Semoifargleba.
bunebrivia, rom winamdebare wigni miznad ar isaxavs am sakiTxze mkacri
mecnieruli da sruli pasuxis gacemas. Tumca saintereso unda iyos erTiani
TvalsazrisiT SevxedoT mTavari problemis- informaciisa da sainformacio
teqnologiebis sazogadoebasa da adamianTan urTierTobebis sxvadasxva
mxares.
rogoria sainformacio teqnologiebis adgili Tanamedrove samyaroSi,
rogor icvleba an rogor SeiZleba maTi zegavleniT Seicvalos sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis tendenciebi, rogor aRiqvams adamiani informacias, rogor egueba
swrafadcvalebad informaciul garemos-ai, am urTierTobis ZiriTadi
aspeqtebi, romlebic ganxilulia winamdebare wignSi.1

warmodgenili ori Sesavali mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis

wignebidanaa. maTi problematikac gansxvavebulia da mkiTxvelic
araerTgvarovani hyavT. amis miuxedavad, Sesavlebs erTnairi
struqtura aqvT, radganac sam ZiriTad elements emyarebian.
davakvirdeT:
pirveli Sesavali sakmad vrcelis STabeWdilebas tovebs ( imis
miuxedavad, rom mxolod erTi nawili amoviReT teqstidan, kerZod,
msjeloba sakuTriv kulturis ganmartebaze, Sesavlis struqturuli
erTeulebis vizualuri aspeqtis uzrunvelyofis mizniT).
sinamdvileSi ase ar aris, radgan es Sesavali saswavlo

1 teqsti warmoadgens Tavisufal amonakrebs Sesavlidan wignisa: g. CogovaZe,

“infornacia”. gamomc.”neostudia”, Tb., 2003 weli.
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daniSnulebis wignisaa da yvela elementi (gansakuTrebiT konteqsti
da pasuxi) detalizebulia didaqtikis principebiT. amitom misi
TiToeuli nawili lamis calke Sesavlad aRviqvaT, magram, amis
miuxedavad, mTliani teqsti mainc sami elementiT aris Sekrul-
gamTlianebuli.
meore Sesavali moculobiT ufro lakoniuria, struqturuli
elementebic ufro cxadad Cans.
ukeT rom gaviazroT yovelive, orive Sesavlis TiToeuli
elementi cal-calke ganvixiloT.
 problemis dasma:
upirvelesad centraluri elementi-problema (Tema) gavaanalizoT.
gavixsenoT: Tema-sakiTxi, ideis, azris gamoxatvaa, problema-
amocana, Teoriuli an praqtikuli sakiTxi, romelic gadawyvetas,
gamokvlevas saWiroebs.
pirvel SesavalSi Tema aris “metyvelebis kulturis”, rogorc
saswavlo disciplinis Sinaarsis dadgena, xolo problema-misi
swavlebis aucileblobis warmoCena. am mizniT problemaSi win
ramdenime aqtualuri (da gadasawyveti) sakiTxia wamoweuli:
 “cocxali, aqtiurad moqmedi saliterturo enis Camoyalibebis
procesi” dausrulebelia. amitom “mudmivad moiTxovs saxelmwifos,
sazogadoebis yuradRebas.”
 Tanamedrove mdgomareoba am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebulia,
radgan:
 “ara marto Sinagani enobrivi procesebi, aramed intensiuri gare
urTierTobebi, Ria sainformacio sivrce, swrafganviTarebadi
teqnikuri civilizacia obieqturad arTmevs calkeul enebs
TavisTavadi, stabiluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas”.
amitom “epoqis intensiurma ganviTarebam sul axali problemebi
daayena qarTuli saxelmwifo enis winaSe”
rogorc vxedavT, Tema konkretulad (debulebis formiT) aris
gansazRvruli, erT konkretul winadadebaSia moqceuli, problema ki

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SedarebiT farTod aris gaSlili. masSi ori nawilis arseboba
fiqsirdeba.
 pirvel nawilSi warmoCenilia is, rac kargad ar viciT
(arasruli codna gagvaCnia);
cocxali saliterturo enis Camoyalibebis procesi
dausrulebelia. amis mizezi, erTi mxriv, enis ganviTarebis bunebrivi
(Sinagani) procesebia, meore mxriv-gare faqtorebi (intensiuri gare
urTierTobebi, Ria sainformacio sivrce, swrafganviTarebadi
teqnikuri civilizacia);
 meore nawilSi warmoCenilia problemis arasakmarisi codnis
safrTxe. eris ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebis ucodinrobis gamo ver
vamCnevT garegan safrTxes. es faqtorebi xom “obieqturad arTmevs
calkeul enebs TavisTavadi, stabiluri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas”,
anu safrTxe didia_mSobliuri saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis
Seferxeba-SezRudva. aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs sazRauri_enis
kvdoma, dakargva.
am wigniT miniSnebulia codnis Sevsebis sikeTe (problemis
gadawyvetiT mopovebuli warmateba)-qarTuli metyvelebis kulturis
kursis SeswavliT saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebis SenarCuneba, misi
dacva-ganviTareba.
Cven ukve viciT, rom problema maSin iqneba realurad gamokveTili,
roca mkiTxvelic irwmunebs mis arsebobas. anu problemis dayenebis
safuZveli mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa, rom man ar icis raRac iseTi,
risi codnac kargi iqneboda, waadgeboda. am ucodinrobas
winaviTareba ewodeba. es winaviTarebaa gadauWreli problemis
arseboba, viTarebasTan Cveni codnis SeuTavsebloba, codnis
ukmaroba, garRvevis saWiroeba;
es winaviTareba an pirdapir aris xolme gamoxatuli, an
nagulisxmevia jiqur Tu, narTaulad dasmul kiTxvaSi. mocemul
SemTxvevaSi mdgomareoba nagulisxmev-miniSnebulia:

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 saskolo gramatika enis problemebs gadaWril-gadawyvetilad
warmogviCens. amitom saqmeSi Rrmad Cauxedavi mkiTxveli aRarafers
elis. axla varkvevT, rom:
“cocxali, aqtiurad moqmedi saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis
procesi verasodes miiCneva dasrulebulad..”
amaze moqmedebs “ara marto Sinagani enobrivi procesebi, aramed
intensiuri gare urTierTobebi, Ria sainformacio sivrce,
swrafganviTarebadi teqnikuri civilizacia.”
mkiTxveli amiT logikurad rwmundeba sakuTar arcodnasa Tu
codnis xarvezebSi: enis sferoSi Turme ganuwyvetliv raRac icvleba,
me ki es ar vici, _ fiqrobs igi. da raki amaSi rwmundeba, mdgomareoba
(winaviTareba) sakvlev problemad iqceva.
amis Semdeg mkiTxveli unda davarwmunoT, rom warmodgenil
winaviTarebas Tavisi Sedegebi aqvs. razea saubari? bunebrivia, im
Sedegebze, rac problemis gadauWrelobis sazRauri iqneba, romlis
gaReba arc Cven gvinda da arc mkiTxvels.
“Sinagani enobrivi procesebi” da “gare urTierTobebi.. obieqturad
arTmevs calkeul enebs TavisTavadi, stabiluri ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobas.”
Tu ar gvinda, rom ase moxdes, maSin unda gaverkveT, am
cvlilebebSi, SeviswavloT da enis normaluri ganviTareba
uzrunvelvyoT, axal pirobebSi misi stabiluri funqcionirebis gziT.
problemis dasmaSi warmatebis piroba aRniSnuli orive momentis
gaTvalsiwineba-Sejerebaa: winaviTarebisa da Sedegisa.
rodis da rogor warmovaCinoT winaviTareba (mdgomareoba) Riad da
TvalsaCinod (eqspliciurad)?

mecnierul kvlevebSi Zalze iSviaTia mkiTxvelisTvis iseTi

nacnobi problemis Seswavla, romlis arsis gadmocema erTi
winadadebiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli.
aseTi nacnobi Temebi (problemebi) mxolod sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSia (mag., maTematikaSi anda biologiaSi). am sferoebSi
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lamis Cveulebrivi ambavia e.w. moaruli problemebis arseboba, radgan
aq problemis dayenebac ki mecnierul kvlevas warmoadgens, anu
Sedegi mxolod problemis dasmaa. magaliTad, maTematikaSi arsebobs
problemebi, romlebic aseulobiT da aTeulobiT wlebis winaa
dasmuli da, miuxedavad mkvlevarTa Taobebis mcdelobisa, dResac
gadauWrelia. aseTi problemisadmi miZRvnili samecniero naSromis
Sesavali, bunebrivia, Zalian mokle iqneba, sakvlevi problema erTi
winadadebiT Camoyalibdeba.
Cveulebriv sakvlevi problema mkiTxvelisTvis imdenad ucnobia,
rom isic ki ara aqvs gaazrebuli, ra ar icis (anu Tavisi
ucodinrobis, xarvezebis donesa da xarisxsac ki ver adgens).
zemoT ukve SegaxseneT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi problemac Tavad
unda davsvaT da mkiTxvelic Cvenve unda davarwmunoT mis
aqtualurobaSi. saamisod ki safuZvlianad unda aRvweroT
winaviTareba (anu mdgomareoba Cveni kvlevis dawyebamde): problemis
Seswavlis done, arsebuli ikiTxvisebi (azrTa sxvadasxvaoba),
mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis Sedegad gamovlenili siaxleebi da am
fonze arsebuli Tvalsazrisis arqauloba, calkeuli sakiTxis
axleburi gaazreba-gadawyvetis aucilebloba da a.S.
problemis aRwera (arsis Camoyalibeba-gadmocema) saguldagulod,
gasagebad maSinac ki aucilebelia, roca mkiTxvelisaTvis nacnob
problemas vikvlevT. am SemTxvevaSi ar unda vifiqroT, rom mkiTxveli
SesaZloa gacilebiT ukeT (Rrmad) icnobdes sakvlev problemas,
vidre gvgonia. aq maTi saqmeSi Caxedulobis donis araerTgvarovneba
ar unda dagvaviwydes, kerZod, TiToorolam SesaZloa, marTlac,
Rrmad icodes (Tumca raRaciT Cveni naSromi aseTi mkiTxvelisaTvisac
aRmoCndeba saintereso!), magram sxvebs (da aseTebi Cveulebriv ufro
metni arian) danamdvilebiT Zalian cota ram ecodinebaT. amitom Tu
problemis aRweras mcodne mkiTxvelze gavTvliT, mokle da zogadi
miTiTeba-miniSnebebiT SemovifarglebiT, amiT mas mxolod davabnevT,
radgan saTqmels verc gagvigebs da verc migvixvdeba.

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 Tu problemas mxolod Cveni cnobiswadilis dasakmayofileblad
ar vikvlevT, imazec unda vifiqroT, rom mkiTxvelma gaiziaros da
gaiTavisos. magram man Cveni problema sakuTrad problemad rom
miiCnios, unda davarwmunoT, rom kvlevis Sedegebis arcodna misTvis
saziano iqneba, an raRacaSi mainc waadgeba. erTi sityviT, unda
davarwmunoT, rom Cveni problema misi problemaa.
Tu SesavalSi yuradRebas umTavresad gavamaxvilebT imaze, rom
Cveni kvlevis Sedegi praqtikul (anu xelSesaxeb, materialur)
sargebels moutans, maSin, bunebrivia, Sesavalic “gamoyenebiTi”
xasiaTisa iqneba. xolo Tu Cveni gamokvleva mkiTxvelis codnas
gaaRrmavebs, maSin naSroms “fundamenturi”, sabaziso daerqmeva.
aRniSnulis konkretuli magaliTebiT naTelsayofad Sesavlebis
zemowarmodgenil nimuSebs davakvirdeT:
I nimuSi (gamoyenebiTi):
“saliteraturo enis normalizaciis, enis politikis calkeuli
mimarTulebis, kerZod ki-metyvelebis kulturis problema
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba xolme mkveTri socialur-
politikuri cvlilebebis, istoriul gardatexaTa Jams, rodesac sxva
globalur procesebTan erTad met-naklebad icvleba enobrivi garemo
da ganviTarebis tendenciebi. am TvalsazrisiT bolo periodis
qarTuli enobrivi sinamdvile gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs,
radganac epoqis intensiurma ganviTarebam sul axali problemebi
daayena qarTuli saxelmwifo enis winaSe.”
II nimuSi (“fundamenturi” anu “sabaziso”):
“adamianis gonebas mxolod sasruli moculobis informaciis
SeTviseba da gadamuSaveba SeuZlia. ra moxdeba, roca mowodebuli
informacia am moculobas gadaaWarbebs? rogor moiqcevian adamianebi
aRniSnul situaciaSi? rogor Seicvleba maTi fsiqika? rogori axali
socialuri da socialur-fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebani gaCndeba?
informacia ar cnobs sazRvrebs da cnobierebaze uSualo zegavlenas
axdens. kargia aseTi globalizacia? rogor Seicvleba aseT

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pirobebSi sazogadoebis struqtura? SesaZlebeli iqneba ki erovnul
TviTmyofadobaze saubari? rogor movaxerxoT sazogadoebis marTva?”
 winaviTarebisa da safrTxis gadamowmeba
ramdenad logikuria warmodgenili Sesavlebis nimuSebSi
winaviTareba da safrTxe, rac SesaZloa problemis gadauWrelobas
mohyves, amis naTelsayofad aprobirebuli xerxi gamoviyenoT:
jer is winadadebebi davalagoT, romlebic mkiTxvelis arcodnas
(naklebkompetenturobas) aaSkaravebs, mere davsvaT SekiTxvebi: mere?
ra mere?
saliteraturo enis normalizaciis, enobrivi politikis calkeuli
mimarTulebis, kerZod, metyvelebis kulturis problema
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba mkveTri socialur-politikuri
cvlilebebis, istoriul gardatexaTa Jams.-mere ra?
is, rom:
sxva globalur procesebTan erTad met-naklebad icvleba enobrivi
garemo
da ganviTarebis tendenciebi.-mere?
is, rom:
am TvalsazrisiT bolo periodis qarTuli enobrivi sinamdvile
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs,- mere ra?
is, rom:
epoqis intensiurma ganviTarebam axali problemebi daayena
qarTuli saxelmwifo enis winaSe.
mere, ra vqnaT? ra movimoqmedoT? ra da: vinaidan wigni mTlianad
im wesebs Seicavs, romelTa praqtikuli realizeba axal pirobebSi
qarTuli enis siwmindis dacvas, mis srulfasovan funqcionirebas
uzrunvelyofs, mkiTxvels kanonikuri verbaluri da araverbaluri
komunikaciebis unar-Cvevebs SesZens, es wigni unda waikiTxos.
aSkaraa, rom am SemTxvevaSi winaviTareba da mosalodneli safrTxe
logikurad aris warmoCenili.

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 Sesavlis meore nimuSSi aRniSnuli kavSiri winaviTarebasa da
mosalodnel safrTxes Soris kidev ufro gamWvirvalea da iolad
SesamCnevi.
winaviTarebas-“adamianis gonebas mxolod sasruli moculobis
informaciis SeTviseba da gadamuSaveba SeuZlia”-pirdapiri kiTxvebis
formiT mohyveba mosalodnel safrTxeTa Sinaarsi. aq avtori Tavad
exmareba mkiTxvels adamianis SemecnebisTvis dauZleveli (Warbi)
informaciisgan mosalodnel safrTxeTa mimarTuleba-aspeqtebis
gacnobierebaSi. ase rom, logikuri, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri aqac
TvalsaCinoa.
problemis dasma-dasabuTebis amgvari meqanizmi Tqveni kvlevis
sawyis (studentur) etapze, albaT, naklebad dagWirdebaT, radgan
upiratesad saswavlo kvlevebTan geqnebaT saqme. saswavlo problema
ki, rogorc cda, (rogorc saqmiani TamaSi) ar gulisxmobs mecnieruli
Seswavlis sruli suraTis codnas. Tqveni pedagogi aseT amocanas
arc dagisvamT. igi ufro konkretuli amocaniT Semoifargleba,
radgan mxedvelobaSi eqneba sakiTxis Seswavlis istoriaSi Tqveni
informirebulobis done. amis miuxedavad, zemoT SemoTavazebuli
principebis codna mainc savaldebuloa.

2. konteqsti
axla Sesavlis im nawils gavecnoT, riTac iwyeba saerTod
samecniero naSromi. esaa konteqsti, Seswavlis saerTo,
urTierTgageba-ndobis ganmsazRvreli elementi.
samecniero naSromis es elementi Tqveni kvlevis dawyebamdel
viTarebas aRwers, problemis dasmas safuZvels umzadebs. amasTan
gansazRvravs problemis SeswavlaSi Tqven mier Sesatan wvlils.
Sesabamisad, Tu problema Zalian aqtualuria, bevr mkvlevars
gamouTqvams azri, Sesavlis am nawilSi savaldebuloa yvela
mosazrebis mimoxilva, rac mTavaria, Tqveni damokidebulebis
gacxadeba da am fonze saTqmelis (sakvlevis) gamokveTa.

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 aseve savaldebuloa yvela mkvlevris wvlilis warmodgena-
Sefaseba, sakuTari damokidebulebis xazgasma im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
Tqveni sakvlevi Tema ufro didi problemis nawilia. saerTo suraTis
mkiTxvelisaTvis misawodeblad aucileblad unda aRniSnoT didi
problemis ra nawilebi, an aspeqtebia Seswavlil-gamokvleuli da vis
mier; romeli aspeqtebia met-naklebad mniSvnelovani, Rirebuli misi
saboloo gadawyvetisaTvis da a.S. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni
winamorbedi mkvlevrebi bevrni arian, SesaZlebelia maTi mosazrebebis
dajgufeba msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa principiT.
profesionali (an saqmeSi Caxeduli) mkiTxveli Sesavals rom
daxedavs, rogorc wesi, Tvals gadaavlebs, Tu romel mkvlevrebs
imowmebs avtori, ramdenad kompetenturni arian isini mocemuli
sferoSi da Tqvens naSromze pirvel STabeWdilebas amis mixedviT
iqmnis.
studentebi naSromis weras leqciebze miRebuli STabeWdilebebiT
iwyeben. ase hgoniaT, rom saleqcio informacias, misi
Tanakurselebisa da pedagogebis msgavsad, sxva mkiTxvelic flobs.
amis gamo saWiro informacias gverds uvlian, ris gamoc maTi naSromi
mxolod Tanakurselebisa da pedagogebisTvis aris gasagebi.
aseTi Sesavali arasodes daweroT.
konteqstis saxeobani:
konteqsti Sinaarsobrivi struqturis TvalsazrsiT ori saxisaa:
 statikuri konteqsti;
 dinamikuri konteqsti.
statikuri konteqsti arsebul, uZrav, aumRvrevel dasawyiss
Seicavs. aranairi moqmedeba ar sruldeba. sagnebi da movlenebi aq
mSvidad arian garindulni. am mdgomareobas uecrad arRvevs gareSe
sagnis an movlenis SeWra. iwyeba moqmedeba, romelic Tavisi
ganviTarebis logikiT mwvavdeba, aRwevs kulminacias (interesTa
Sejaxeba-dapirispirebis gamo), rasac mohyveba kvanZis gaxsna
(problemis gadaWra).
azrovnebis sferoSi es procesi amgvari Sinaarsisaa:
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 Tavdapirvelad WeSmaritebad miCneuli raime azri batonobs xolme
kvlevaSi: aravin davobs, fiqradac aravis mosdis misi gadamowmeba-
amoZraveba. am “mSvid“ fonze SemoiWreba axali azri, “daejaxeba”
avtoritetul Zvel mosazrebas. axali iwyebs aqtiur qmedebas,
Zlierdeba, aRwevs kulminacias, sjobnis (gandevnis) Zvels,
tradiciuls da mis adgils ikavebs.
 dinamikuri konteqsti kvlevaZiebiTi azris moqmedebis
(qmnadobis) procesiT iwyeba. Txrobis dawyebamde ukve yvelaferi
moZraobs, kvleva azrTa Widilis labirinTebs gadis.
naTqvamis ukeT gaazrebisTvis isev Cveni Sesavlebis konteqsturi
nawilebis dasawyisebs davakvirdeT. gvaxsovs, albaT, rom pirveli
Sesavali ase iwyeba:
I nimuSi:
“iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetsa da saqarTvelos sxva umaRles saswavleblebSi
faqtobriv maTi daarsebis dRidan sxvadasxva moculobiTa da
SinaarsiT ikiTxeboda qarTuli enis praqtikuli kursi.”
II nimuSi:
“dabadebidan Rrma siberemde adamiani informaciis zRvaSi
cxovrobs. igi erTdroulad informaciis Semqmnelicaa,
momxmarebelic, matarebelic, gardamqmnelic, gadamcemica da
mimRebic.”
pirvel nimuSSi sivrce Caketilia, azris dineba-mdore. rac
mTavaria, azrovneba statikuria, Tumca garkveul moZraobaze
miniSneba (“ikiTxeboda”) aSkaraa. magram zmna “ikiTxeboda” cxadyofs:
mravaljer meordeboda (garkveul dromde) Zalian adre dadgenili
azri. es azri statikuria Tavisi ganuviTareblobiT (anu imiT, rom ar
icvleba da wakiTxviT usasrulod meordeba erTi da igive).

meore nimuSSi Tavidanve moqmedeba Cans. adamiani gaCenis dRidan

informaciis zRvaSi cxovrobs, anu moZraobs, informacias qmnis,
moixmars, atarebs (gadascems), gardaqmnis, iRebs... e.i. meore nimuSSi
236
stabiluri situaciis nasaxsac ki ver vxvdebiT, yvelaferi
dinamikaSia.
zogierTi specialisti fiqrobs, rom ufro bunebrivi da amis gamo
gamarTlebuli, statikuri konteqstia, radgan gonebas (fiqrs, azrs)
simSvideSi azris qariSxaliviT SemoWra ufro itacebs.
interess ara marto Tavad problema iwvevs, aramed misi arcodnis
gaazrebac. am TavisTavad swor dakvirvebaSi sadavo araferia, magram,
amis miuxedavad, Cveni azriT, orive saxis konteqsti erTnairad
misaRebia da yvelaferi mkvlevris Txrobis ostatobasa da stilzea
damokidebuli. man unda moimarjvos konteqstis dasawyisis is forma,
romelic ufro Seesatyviseba misi bunebis, arsebis eqspresiul muxts.
problema da misi arcodnis xarisxi dinamikaSic iseve mSvenivrad
Cans, rogorc statikaSi.
 konteqstis ZiriTadi nawili
konteqstis Sinaarsi, bunebrivia, mTeli sisruliT vlindeba mis
ZiriTad nawilSi, romlis Seqmnac sxvadasxva gziT SeiZleba:
pirveli_ sakvlevi problemis istoriis gadmocemaa (ise, rogorc Cven
mier SemoTavazebuli Sesavlebis pirvel nimuSSia), meore_Tavad
sakvlevi problemis vrceli aRwera-daxasiaTeba (rogorc es Cven mier
SerCeuli Sesavlebis meore nimuSSia).
arsebobs konteqstis ZiriTadi nawilis Seqmnis sxva gzac. esaa
sakvlev problemaze avtoris saerTo Sexedulebebis gadmocema.
magaliTad, amgvarad: tradiciulad miCneulia, magram, Cveni azriT,
problemis is mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelic garda kerZo
Rirebulebisa, sainteresoa sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT.
3. pasuxi
pasuxi Sesavlis bolo, mniSvnelovani nawilia, pasuxsagebi
struqturuli elementi.
pasuxi, pirdapiri gagebiT, problemis gadaWraa, rasac SesavalSi
an pirdapir vambobT, an mxolod miniSnebiT. es ufro avtoris
dapirebaa, rom problemis gadawyvetaze pasuxs mkiTxveli samecniero
naSromis bolo, daskvniT nawilSi ipovis.
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 pasuxi-problemis gadawyveta _ SesavalSi orgvarad cxaddeba:
pirveli_misi aSkarad (eqspliciurad) gamJRavneba dasawyisSive:
mTavari Tezisi am SemTxvevaSi Sesavlis TavSivea warmodgenili. aseT
naSroms tradiciulad “dasawyisis Tezisis” samecniero gamokvlevas
uwodeben.
Tu mTavari Tezisi (anu pasuxi-problemis gadawyveta) naSromis
bolosaa moqceuli, SesavalSi ki mxolod miniSneba an dapirebaa
warmodgenili, aseT naSroms “ukanaskneli gadawyvetis” samecniero
gamokvlevas uwodeben.
igi avtors damatebiT sazrunavs uCens. jer erTi, Sesavlis
bolo nawili (pasuxi-gadawyvetileba), romelic Sesavals Temis
ZiriTad nawilTan akavSirebs, informaciulad ufro bevris momcveli
unda iyos, vidre Temis zogadi dasaxelebaa. amas garda, roca
naSromis Savi piris (Savi naweris) gadaTeTrebis dro dadgeba,
avtorma Tavis danapirebi unda gaixsenos-problemis gadawyvetis
gamomxatveli fraza(ebi) unda Seitanos. es gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSia mniSvnelovani, roca Sav nawerSi aseTi pasuxi-gadawyveta
bolomde ara aqvs formulirebuli.
problemis dasmis drosa da adgils garkveulwilad mkiTxvelic
gansazRvravs (dauswreblad). Tu mkvlevari saqmeSi met-naklebad
Caxeduli adamianisTvis wers (anu imaTTvis, vinc kargad icnobs
problemvbs), problemas imTaviTve (SesavalSive) dasvams. Tu naSromi
naklebad gaTvicnobierebul mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili, maSin avtorma
SesavalSi ufro vrceli konteqsti unda Seqmnas.
Sesavali humanitarul mecnierebaTa dargebSi sazogadod
vrclad iwereba. oRond SedarebiT moculobiTia konteqsti, radgan
nakleb cnobili problemebi saWiroebs winaviTarebis dawvrilebiT
aRwera-daxasiaTebas. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa dargebSi
Sesavli TvalSisacemad moklea da lakoniuri. amas garda, naSromis
bolo variantis SemuSavebis dros avtorma sagangebod unda
gadaamowmos SesavalSi dasmul problemaze gacemuli pasuxis
Sesabamisoba mis arsTan.
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 zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Sesavlis sanimuSo struqtura
aseTnairad unda avagoT:
I konteqsti: saerTo viTareba+viTarebis darRveva
(amoqmedeba)+gadawyveta;
konkretulad:
 saerTo viTareba: zogadi Tezisi (debuleba)+raime lirikul-
emociuri (iumoristuli) ambavi+tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi+kvlevis
winaviTareba;
II problemis dasma: winaviTarebis darRveva+problemis
Camoyalibeba+arcodnis (codnis xarvezianobis_ sazRauri+sargebeli
(ras miviRebT?)+ziani (ra dagvakldeba?);
III pasuxi: problemis gadawyveta (problemaze pasuxis gacema an
pasuxis dapireba).

4. saTauris dakonkreteba
nebismier werilobiT namuSevars saTauriT, saxelwodebiT
vecnobiT. jer, ra Tqma unda, saTauri iqcevs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas,
radganac pirveli da uzogadesi interesis mZlavri impulsia.
gamonaklisi, bunebrivia, arc samecniero naSromia.
samecniero kvlevis procesSi saTauri yvelaze bolos iwereba. misi
SerCeva samecniero naSromisaTvis saxelis darqmeva, meqanikuri
procesi ar aris.
saTauri naSromis erTgvari “lobistia”, misi bedis,
sicocxlisunarianobis msazRvreli, misi Sinaarsisa da mecnieruli
Rirsebis maniSnebeli. amitomaa, rom mecniereba (mag.,
literaturismcodneoba) saTaurs, rogorc fenomens, sagangebod
Seiswavlis. garkveulia, rom mas ori datvirTva aqvs:
pirveli sxva nawarmoebebisgan gansxvaveba. am dros yuradReba
garegnul mxarezea gadatanili. naklebi mniSvneloba eZleva saTauris
originalobas, problemur-Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtebis reklamirebas.
Turme saxelovani berZeni filosofosis platonis
sayovelTaod cnobil wigns “metafizika” saxeli im ubralo mizeziTY
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darqmevia, rom SromaTa krebulSi fizikis Semdeg yofila
moTavsebuli.1 metafizika = fizikis iqiT, fizikis gareT.
meore SemTxvevaSi saTauri naSromis kompoziciur elements
warmoadgens. igi ara marto Temaze (problemaze) miuTiTebs, aramed
misadmi avtoris poziciazec. aseT SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvelis
daintereseba ufro gaaqtiurebulia.
saTaurSi xSirad orive aspeqtia TvalSisacemi-
maidentificirebelic (madiferencirebeli) da mainformirebelic.2 e.i.
saTaurebi tipologiurad sxvadasxvaa. saxeldobr:
literaturaTmcodneobaSi tipologiur nairgvarobazec msjeloben.
magaliTad, klasificirebis erT principad funqciurs gamoyofen, da
a.S.
funqciuri principiT saTaurebs orad ajgufeben. erTi jgufia
Tematuri, meore-koncefciur-Semfasebluri.
Tematuri saTaurebis mizani Temis win wamoweva, problemis
aqcentirebaa (mecnierebis samyaroSi saklevi Temis an problemis
TavisTavadi, obieqturi Rirebulebis warmoCena). amis magaliTia,
Tundac, “cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa”. aq saTauri mkiTxvels
sasuliero moRvawis cxovrebis faqtebisa da movlenebis Txrobaze
mianiSnebs.
koncefciur-Semfaseblur saTaurebSi yuradReba gadatanilia
movlenis, faqtis kvalifikaciaze, mis Semfaseblur mxareze,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, personaJTa yofiTi gaWirveba da varami anu
“gmirTa varami”, “ubeduri qorbuda” da a.S.
arsebobs konkretuli da ganzogadebuli tipis saTaurebi da a.S.
saTauris problema, aqtualuria mwerlobisTvis, Tumca
gamonaklisi arc mecnieruli samyaroa, radgan esec
azrovnebiT_SemoqmedebiTi sferoa. urigo ar iqneba imis gaxseneba, Tu
rogor aqvT gaazrebuli es problema Tavad mwerlebs. magaliTad,
cnobilma qarTvelma xelovanma, sandro cirekiZem, saTauris

1
n. tabiZe, “mxatvruli nawarmoebis saTauri, wignSi: Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2004, gv.30
2 iqve, gv.30
240
problemaze specialuri werili dawera_”saTauri poeziaSi”,1 sadac
ganacxada:
“leqsSi, prozaSi, yvelgan mTavari momentia saxelis darqmeva,
moZebna moTanabre saxeebis, intimur gancdaTa sityvieri paralelebis.
da Tu avtorma saTaurSi reziume unda gaukeTos mTel nawarmoebs,
mTel wigns, maSin saTaurSic aris Semoqmedebis mTavari momenti,
maSin saTauric saxelis darqmevaa ufro mokveTili da, amitom, ufro
intensiuri. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis im saTauris Sesaxeb, romelic
iwereba nawarmoebze adre. xSirad aq mignebuli namdvili saxeli
Srets Semoqmedis nebas da sjabnis vrcels.”
Cven davamatebdiT, “sjabnis” Tavad mwerals (avtors), radgan
saTauri SemousazRvravs SemoqmedebiT warmosaxvas da mimarTulebas
miscems kvleviT processac.
saTaurs mecnierebis samyaroSi saerTod analogiuri datvirTva
aqvs, Tumca Tavis funqciebs sxva meqanizmiT axorcielebs, rac
saTaurSi naSromis sakvanZo ideebis (Temis, problemis) gatanas
emyareba. am mxriv mkvlevris amocana ufro martivi gadasawyvetia,
vidre mwerlisa. sakvanZo ideebi da maTi gamomxatveli winadadebebi,
bolos konkretuli sityva-cnebebi mkvlevars saTauris mofiqrebamde
aqvs gamoyofili naSromis SesavalSic da ZiriTad nawilSic. mas
SeuZlia aseTi centraluri (naSromis arsis yvelaze srulad
warmomCeni) sityva-cneba an Sesityveba saTaurad gaitanos, rac
mkiTxvelis interesebze fsiqologiuradac keTilnayofierad
zemoqmedebs. roca igi saTaurSi gatanil sityva-cnebas ukve naSromis
teqstSi amoikiTxavs, molodinis gamarTlebis SegrZneba daeufleba.
axla aRniSnul sakvanZo ideaTa saTaurad qcevis meqanizmic
gaviazroT, raTa praqtikuli unar-Cvevebic SeviZinoT. am procesSi
oTxi safexuria gasavleli:
 naSromis Sesavlidan an bolo, daskvniTi nawilidan unda

1
Jurn.”meocnebe niamorebi”, 1919, #3, gv.15; vimowmebT n. tabiZis miTiTebuli naSromis
mixedviT, gv.32
241
amovkriboT sakvanZo_sasafuZvlo winadadebebi (sxvaTa Soris,
saTauris SerCevis es safexuri ukve sayuradReboa imiTac, rom Cveni
naSromis struqturis dazusteba-daxvewis kidev erT saSualebas
gviqmnis. roca aseT winadadebebs Sesavalsa da daskvnaSi
“mivakiTxavT”, viciT, rom isini aq unda iyvnen. es Tu Tavis droze
gamogvrCa, naklis gamosworeba_maTi aq Cawera am etapzedac
SesaZlebelia);
 amokrebil sakvanZo winadadebebSi SemovxazoT Cveni naSromis
arsis ganmsazRvreli frazebi;
 Semoxazul frazebSi moviniSnoT pirTa, saganTa, adgilTa,
wyaroTa saxelwodebebi;
 am sityvaTa dajgufebiT unda SevqmnaT Sesityvebebi, mere ki
davajgufoT da jer ornawiliani saTauri SevqmnaT, sadac erTi
nawili Cven mier dasmul kiTxvas (sakiTxs) asaxavs, xolo meore_
masze gacemul pasuxs.
aseTi ornawiliani saTauri mkiTxvels naSromze sruliad
konkretul informacias awvdis. erT nawilSi sakvlevi problemis
avtoriseuli xedva, misi saerTo midgoma, problemis e.w. Teoriuli
aspeqtebi iqneba gamJRavnebuli, meoreSi-konkretuli Tema, sakvlevi
masala. arc iseTi erTnawiliani saTauris SerCevaa urigo, romelic
zustad asaxavs avtoris Canafiqrs.

242
 mecnieruli teqstis saxeobebi da ZiriTadi
elementebi

Cvens sinamdvileSi sainformacio eraSi-sityva ~teqsti~ Zalian

xSirad da nair-nair konteqstSi gvesmis, Tanac sxvadasxva
movlenasTan mimarTebaSi. am umTavresma informaciulma elementma
kacobriobisTvis lamis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba SeiZina da
wignierebis samyarodan, karga xania, yofiT-utilitarul
yoveldRiurobaSic gadainacvla.
ase gansajeT, saaxalwlo milocvisTvis erTi qarTuli filmis
personaJs_mekvle broliasac ki ar SeeZlo uteqstod Tavisi
movaleobis Sesruleba_qarTul ojaxSi bednierebis Setana (teqsti
sWirdeboda, teqsti!). samecniero kvlevisTvis xom aucilebelia da
aucilebeli, radgan procesica da Sedegic sxvisTvis teqstiT xdeba
gasagebi. amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove mecniereba mTel samyaros erT
did teqstad aRiqvams, mis usazRvrobasa da absolutur totalobas
amtkicebs da Cagvagonebs, teqstis gareSe araferiao (J. derida).

ra aris teqsti?
Zalian zogadad teqsti adamianis mier Seqmnili raime sabuTia
(ubralod, raime azris gamomxatveli naweri). sityva ~teqsti~
laTinuri warmomavlobisaa (~teqstum~ da ~naqsovs~, ~kavSirs~,
~SenaerTs~ niSnavs).
Zvelad teqsti esmodaT, rogorc saavtoro Txzuleba (xeliT
naweri Tu nabeWdi), an beWduri anawyobis ZiriTadi nawili, romelsac
ara aqvs naxazebi, naxatebi, SeniSvnebi.
termini “teqsti” Tavdapirvelad upiratesad lingvistikaSi,
literaturaTmcodneobaSi, esTetikaSi, semiotikasa da filosofiaSi
gamoiyeneboda, Semdeg areali mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda.

243
 lingvistikisTvis teqsti dResac, upirvelesad, bunebrivi enis
gamoyenebis aqtia. mas gabmuloba, sisrule da Sinagani TviTkmaroba
axasiaTebs.
lingvistikis dargi, - ~teqstis lingvistika~,- teqsts
ganixilavs sakuTari enobrivi ~sxeulis~ aRnagobisa da azris mqone
metyvelebiT warmonaqmnad. XXsaukunis meore naxevridan,
gansakuTrebiT 70-iani wlebidan, teqstis lingvistikaSi sruliad
axali etapi daiwyo. mecnierulma azrma winadadebis gramatikidan
teqstis gramatikaze gadainacvla. simZimis centris aseTi
gadaadgileba ganapiroba mosazrebam, romlis Tanaxmadac
dasrulebul azrs winadadeba ki ar gamoxatavs, arame teqsti.
Tumca sakiTxis met-naklebi sisrulis mizniT isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom naweris erTmniSvnelovani gaazreba TviT ~teqstis
lingvistikaSic~, rogorc enaTmecnierebis calke dargSi, ar arsebobs.
zogs teqsti esmis rogorc enis kanonebiT agebul winadadebaTa
Tanamimdevroba, zogs-rogorc semantikuri erTeuli, romelic
movlenas realuri subieqtis, moqmedebis adgilisa da drois
miTiTebiT gamoxatavs6; sxvebi fiqroben, rom tqstia is, rasac
tradiciulad vuwodebT moTxrobas, romans, novelas, leqss, saerTod
TxrobiT da mxatrul samecniero Txzulebebs7, raime ambis,
informaciis Semcvlel nawerebs, mag., depeSas, gancxadebas, angariSis
qviTars, milocvas, da a.S. 8 zogierTi mkvlevari ki xazs usvams, rom
teqsti grZnobis organoebiT aRqmad materialur niSanTa azris
gamomxatveli Tanamimdevrobaa.9 am avtoris msjelobaSi
sayuradReboa, rom calkeul sityvaTa, rogorc niSanTa, mniSvneloba
ar utoldeba winadadebaSi gamoxatul azrs, xolo winadadebaTa
mniSvnelobebis jami ver gamoxatavs mTliani teqstis azrs. Ees
dakvirveba Rirebulia im enobriv momentTan mimarTebaSi, roca raime
azris gamomxatveli winadadeba mas konkretul konteqstSi avlens,

6
Gotze L., Ernts W.B., Kurs Gramatik der Deusche Sprache, Munchen, 1989.s.439.
7
O.Н. Москальская, Грамматика, М.1981, с. 12.
8
Гвенцадзе М.А., Прагматические аспекты классификации и структурирование текстов, Твилиси, 1986.
9
Брюменау Д. И. Проблемы свертывавания научной информасии, Л., 1982
244
xolo rogorc ki movaSorebT, SesaZloa azri veRarc gamoxatos da
saerTod, ara marto winadadeba, sityvac ki mniSvnelobas (Sinaarss)
sxvadasxva teqstSi iZens. Aamitomacaa, rom niSnis Sinaarsi ar udris
am niSnis azrs.10
teqstis lingvistikisTvis am dakvirvebas teqstis,
gansakuTrebiT mega- teqstis kompresiiT miRebuli meoreuli teqstis
TaviseburebaTa konteqstSi aris saintereso da realuri Sedegebis
momtani. literaturaTmcodneobaSi teqsti esmiT rogorc mxatvruli
nawarmoebis metyvelebiTi zRvari sagnobriv-saxeobriv (nawarmoebebis
samyaros) da idealur-azrobriv (mxatvrul Sinaarss) aspeqtebs Soris,
e.i. literaturaTmcodneTaTvis teqsti mxatvruli nawarmoebis erT-
erTi komponentia. Mmxatvruli efeqtic mTlianad teqstis rTul
cxovrebiseul da ideur-esTetikur warmodgenebTan SefardebiT
wamrmoiqmneba.11
teqstis terminologiuri Sinaarsis gafarToeba swored
literaturis- mcodneobis sferoSi daiwyo. jer erTmaneTisgan
ganasxvaves teqsti da gverdiTi (Tanmxlebi) teqsti, anu CarCo teqsti
(saTauri, SeniSvnebi, qvesaTaurebi, epigrafebi, miZRvnebi, saavtoro
winasityvaobebi, nawarmoebis daweris adgilisa da drois miTiTebani),
romelic Seswavlis calke sagnadac ki iqca.12
amis Semdeg teqsti semiotikur movlenad gaiazres da
gansazRvres rogorc ~makavSirebeli niSnebis kompleqsi~.13 teqstis
cnebaSi Seitanes vizualuri (geografeiuli rukebi, cxrilebi,
diagramebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovnebis nimuSebi), audio (samusiko
nawarmoebebi, bgeriTi signalizacia) da audio-vizualuri (ritualebi,
liturgia, Teatraluri xelovneba, kino-teleinformacia,...)
daniSnulebis teqstebi.
Semdeg etapze teqstis cneba Sevida kulturologiaSi,
urTierTobaTa Teoriasa da aqsiologiaSi, sadac igi SedarebiT
10
m. gvencaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 6.
11
Лотман Ю. М. , Анализ поэтического текста, Л., 1972, с. 24-25.
12
Кржижановский В.А., Поэтика заглавий, М., 1931; Мильчина В. А., Поэтика примечаний, в журнале: ысорпоВ
литературы, 1978,#11
13
Бахтин М. Н., Эстетика словесного творчества, М., 1979. с. 281.
245
daviwrovda: teqsti gaiazres rogorc metyvelebiTi warmonaqmni,
romelsac arasituaciuri Rirebuleba aqvs.
K kulturologiur aspeqtSi teqsti ar warmoadgens winadadebaTa
jaWvs (mag., andaza).
teqsti kulturis metyvelebiTi fenomenia, romelsac ZaluZs
(mowodebulicaa!) Tavisi warmoSobis droidan da adgilidan Zalian
Sorsac imuSaos. amitomac saguldagulod aris mofiqrebuli
Semqmnelis mier.14
am etapze gaziarebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom teqstis arsebobis
umTavresi piroba, stabiluroba (ucvleloba), sakuTar TavTan
mimarTebaSi srulfasovnebaa. transformirebiT (xvewis, parodirebis,
aRwarmoebisas momxdari uneblie uzustobis) teqsti bevrs kargavs,
anda sulac wyvets arsebobas, misi msgavsi teqstiT icvleba. zogjer
teqstebi garegnulad Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs, magram azrobrivad
sxvaobs. aseTi sxvaobis mizezi xandaxan umniSvneloa (vTqvaT, erTi
sityva, anda sulac sasveni niSani. Ddasturad bavSvobaSi gagonili
magaliTis moyvanac ikmarebs: ai, winadadeba, sadac azri radikalurad

erTi sasveni niSnis (,) gadataniT icvleba: ~iswavle mamaSeniviT viri

ar gamoxvide!~)
teqstebi sxva SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian da
sxvadasxva variantebs qmnian. magaliTad, statiad Cafiqrebuli teqsti
SeiZleba gamokvlevis calke Tavis an qveTavis variantad iqces.
variantebad arsebobis safuZveli aseT SemTxvevaSi azrobrivi
birTvis ucvlelobaa.
XX saukunis bolos teqstis gaazrebis istoriaSi axali
koncefcia gaCnda. mas ~unapiro teqstis Teoria~ ewoda. misi
mesafuZvle frangi struqturalisti J. derida aris. am Teoriis
Tanaxmad, teqsti ubralo metyvelebiTi aqti araa, radgan mas
mkiTxveli wakiTxvamdec aRiqvams (Srifts, naxat-naxazebs,...). teqstSi
Tavad ena laparakobs. avtori Semoqmedi ki araa, aramed damweria

14
Хализев В. Е., Текст, в книге: Введение в литературоведение, М., 1999, с.411
246
(skriptori). igi mxolod weris dros Cans da maSinve qreba, rogorc
ki teqstis weras daasrulebs.
aseTi teqsti Tavad nawarmoebsac aqarwylebs, xolo TviTon
Tavdapirvel stabilurobas da ucvlelobas kargavs.
teqsti yovel wakiTxvaze axal warmonaqmnad moiazreba, radgan
mkiTxveli sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams mas. ufro metic, teqsti
mTlianad mkiTxvelis sakuTrebad cxaddeba, mkiTxvelis mier
Seqmnilad, avtoris sruli ugulebelyofiT.
aseTi feniqsisebri aRwarmoebadi teqstis aRsaniSnavad
mecnierebaSi `diskusis” cnebaa damkvidrebuli.15
teqstis aseTi saerTo Sinaarsis gacnobis Semdegi misi
Semadgeneli (struqturuli) elementebi da niSan_Tvisebebi
ganvixiloT.
teqstis stuqturuli elementebia:
 CarCo (Prame) : dasawyisi da dasasruli;
 anotacia;
 miZRvna;
 saTauri (qvesaTauri);
 epigraf(eb)i;
 prologi;
 Sesavali;
 abzaci;
 komentari;
 SeniSvna;
 sqolio;
 daskvnebi;
 saavtoro bolosityvaoba;
 bibliografia;
 reziume;
 sarCevi;

15
Манковская Н.Б., ‫ ״‬Дерида Жак,4 wignSi: Культурология XX век, энциклопедия, том I, 1998 с.168-169; J.
Derrida, Lecriture et la diefference, paris, 1967 da sxva.
247
  konteqsti;
 Tezisebi:
 referati.;
 macne.
anotacia (misi fardi Tanamedrove ucxouri terminia abstraqti):
anotacia teqstis mokle daxasiaTebaa, miTiTeba teqstis Temaze,
problematikaze. aseve Seicavs cnobebs teqstis adresatze (vis
gamoadgeba da raSi daexmareba mkiTxvels).
anotacias sami ZiriTadi niSani unda axasiaTebdes:
 miTiTebuli unda iyos sakvlevi sakiTxi;
 gancxadebuli unda iyos sakvanZo Tema;
 mocemuli unda iyos mTavari Tezisi an sasafuZvlo debuleba.
Sinaarsis mixedviT anotacia sami tipisaa:
 Semoklebuli Sesavlis tipisa. aq erTi-ori winadadebiT
miuTiTeben sakvlev problemaze adreuli kvlevebis konteqstSi,
Semdeg, aseve erTi-ori winadadebiT, dasmul problemaze (ris
kvlevasac warmoadgens teqsti), bolos - kvlevis Sedegze.
 meore tipi ZiriTadad pirvelis struqturas imeorebs, erTi
gansxvavebiT: boloSi aq, nacvlad kvlevis Sedegisa, warmodgenilia
zogadi miniSneba kvlevis Sedegebze.
 mesame tipis anotaciaSi Sejamebulia naSromis ZiriTadi nawili;
moTxrobilia im procesebis, meTodebis Sesaxebac, rac avtors aqvs
gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi, isic, Tu ra gziT mivida daskvnebamde.
anotacia Tavsdeba teqstis satitulo gverdis ukan, gverdis
zeda mxares.
gavecnoT anotaciis erT nimuSs: avtori: konstantine kapaneli
wigni: ~qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi~, Tsu gamomcemloba, 1996
weli.
`krebulSi Sevida kapanelis Sromebi-`qarTuli suli esTetikur
saxeebSi~ da `qarTuli literaturis socialuri genezisi~.
damatebulia `mocarti, beThoveni, vagneri~. wigni gvacnobs kapanelis

248
literaturis sociologiur Tvalsazriss da mis mimarTebas qarTuli
literaturis istoriisadmi.
teqsti ibeWdeba ucvlelad, gankuTvnilia filosofosebis,
sociologebis, filologebisa da qarTuli kulturis problemebiT
dainteresebul sxva mkiTxvelisaTvis.~
arsebobs sxvagvari anotaciac, _ damoukidebeli mecnieruli
teqstis saxeoba, romelic referatTan erTad Tanamedrove mecnierul
kvlevebSi da sazogadod sakomunikacio sistemebSi, zogadad
komunikativistikaSi mniSvnelovan sacnobaro_sakomunikacio funqciebs
asrulebs.
anotacia mecnieruli naSromis teqstis ZiriTadi Sinaarsis
umoklesi xerxiT,_umciresi moculobiT gadmomcemi teqstia
(samecniero naSromia). igi mkiTxvels zogad warmodgenas uqmnis
mecnieruli pirvelwyaros Taobaze.16 amis gamo anotacias
metainformaciasac uwodeben, anu informacias informaciaze.
anotaciis Teoria da anotirebis meTodologia XXs. 20 wlebSi
SemuSavda da didi wvlili Seitanes a.m. fominam, e.i. Samurinma, m.v.
minCenma, i.e. kopermanma da sxvebma. 17

anotacia mkiTxvels awvdis pirvelwyaros funqciis mqone

samecniero naSromis yvela ganxiluli sakiTxis, Temis, problemis
CamonaTvals. amas garda, Seajamebs teqstis ideas, ZiriTad
informacias, mizans, daniSnulebas da bolos maqsimaluri kompresiis
gziT ganazogadebs mTeli teqstis Sinaarssac.
anotacia ori saxisaa informaciuli da indikaturi.
indikaturi anotacia ZiriTadad informacias gadascems
sakuTari leqsikiT da kompresiis (teqstis SekumSvis) maRali
xarisxiT. pirvelwyaros teqstis Sinaarsi maqsimalurad
ganzogadebuli da abstrahirebulia.
amgvari anotirebis procesSi erTmaneTisgan unda gaimijnos
teqstis Tema da rema, anu teqstis umTavresi informaciis matarebeli

16
Аврамова Л. А., Методика обучения письменному изложению на II курсе языкового вуза, М., 1975
17 ix. magaliTad: Шамурин Е. И., Методика составления анотации, М., 1959
249
Semasmeneli, ufro swored is, rac kvlevis saganzea Tqmuli
pirvelwyaroSi da rac TavisTavad axals (siaxles) gamoxatavs.
aseTi anotacia xSir SemTxvevaSi ori-sami winadadebisagan
Sedgeba. aqedan pirveli winadadeba anotaciis saTauria. sadac
gamoxatulia Tema, meore winadadebaSi es Tema ganzogadebulia. am
meore winadadebaSi Tema kliSeebiT gamoixateba, xolo rema (axali
informaciis matarebeli Sesityveba), pirvelwyaros mTliani teqstis
Sinaarss ganazogadebs.
anotacia funqciurad Zalian Camohgavs referats.

miZRvna
miZRvna, Cveulebriv, erTwinadadebiani (iSviaTad meti) frazaa
konkretuli piris an pirebisadmi da gansakuTrebuli Rvawlis
dafasebas, pativgebas cxadyofs. aseTi miZRvnis adresatebi, rogorc
wesi, avtorisTvis Zvirfasi adamianebi arian (mSoblebi, meuRle,
maswavlebeli, megobari...)
miZRvnis meore tips qmnis mniSvnelovani istoriuli
movlenebisadmi, faqtebisadmi, saiubileo TariRebisadmi avtoris,
rogorc Tanamoazrisa da mxardamWeris, damokidebulebis
gamomxatveli fraza. magaliTad, `wigni eZRvneba akademikos ivane
javaxiSvilis dabadebis 100 wlisTavs~, an `wigni eZRvneba Teimuraz
meorisa da erekle meoris gamefebis 260 wlisTavs~ da a.S.
pirveli tipis miZRvnaTa stili “Tbili”, Sinaurulia, avtoris
subieqtur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs adresatisadmi. aseTi
lirikuli Seferiloba frazisa Cveulebriv ar aRiqmeba familarobad.
meore tipis miZRvnaTa stili ufro akademiur_oficialuria,
lirikuli elferi aq sruliad miuRebelia.
miZRvnaSi saerTod familarobis umniSvnelo gamovlinebac ki
sruliad dauSvebelia.

250
saTauri
saTauri teqstis Sinaarss unda asaxavdes, mkiTxvels unda
mianiSnebdes, risi molodini unda hqondes teqstis gacnobis dros.
magaliTad:
1. `qarTuli suli esTetikur saxeebSi~;
2. `arCevani~.
pirveli saTauri cxadad migvaniSnebs, rom avtori - konstantine
kapaneli teqstSi warmoaCens saintereso problemas, __ rogoraa
gamomJRavnebuli qarTuli buneba, xasiaTi, xelovnebis, ufro
literaturis nimuSebSi, qmnilebebSi.
meore saTauri, erTi SexedviT, moklea, mSrali, arafrismTqmeli.
magram teqsts am SemTxvevaSi axlavs personaJis (cnobili
politikuri figuris) fotosuraTi. misi moRvaweoba zogadad
mkiTxvelisTvis kargad aris cnobili. amitom es erTsityviani
saTauri Tavisebur intrigas Seicavs, _ mkiTxvels uTuod waakiTxebs
teqsts, radgan am politikosis cxovreba arCevanis zRvarze siaruli
iyo, mkiTxvelisTvis detalebia saintereso da saTauri am detalebis
Txrobis molodins aRZravs.

epigrafi
berZnuli warmomavlobis sityvaa (epigrafe_warwera) megateqstis
an calkeuli Tavebis dasawyisis win ganTavsebuli frazaa
(upiratesad citata). epigrafiT avtori Tavis Canafiqrs, teqstis (an
misi nawilis) ideas amJRavnebs.

saavtoro winasityvaoba (mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi):

saavtoro winasityvaoba SinaarsiTa da funqciiT Zalian waagavs
Sesavals, Tumca misgan mainc gansxvavdeba. jer erTi, Sesavali yvela
saxis teqstis ganuyofeli nawilia, saavtoro winasityvaoba ki _ ara.
meorec, saavtoro winasityvaoba ar Seicavs oficialurad
savaldebulo informacias. misi mizani, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas,

251
mkiTxvelis moSinaurebaa, masTan lirikul_emociur doneze
urTierTobis damyarebis mcdelobaa. ra ganapirobebs amis saWiroebas?
erT SemTxvevaSi mizezi teqstis problemur_Sinaarsobrivi
sirTulea. sakvlevi problema zogjer imdenad specifikuria, rom
TavisTavad axsna_ganmartebis Semcvel Sesavals martivi da ufro
iolad gasagebi axsna_ganmarteba, anu Sesavlis Sesavali sWirdeba.
zogjer avtori winasityvaobaSi mkiTxvels problemiT
dainteresebis mizezs umxels, an sulac teqstSi asaxuli
Sinaarsisadmi Tavis damokidebulebas umJRavnebs. SesavalSi ki amas
naklebad moaxerxebs, radgan samecniero teqsti naklebad avlens
avtoris subieqtur damokidebulebas.
yvela SemTxvevaSi saavtoro winasityvaoba axsna_ganmartebiT
funqcias asrulebs.

Sesavali
Sesavali teqstis is struqturuli elementia, romelSic
gamJRavnebulia
avtoris mizani da kvlevis savaraudo Sedegi. misi mizani mkiTxvelSi
teqstis wakiTxvis survilis aRZvra, sakvlevi problemis
RirebulebaSi darwmunebaa. Sesavlis saxeobebsa da teqstTan
mimarTebis aspeqtebi ufro dawvrilebiT saxelmZRvaneloSi calke
TavSia ganxiluli.

prologi
teqstis es struqturuli elementi samecniero naSromebSi
Zalian iSviaTia. ise ki prologi ramdenime mniSvnelobas atarebs.
erTi mxriv, Zveli rusuli sasuliero mwerlobis Janrs asaxavs,
romelSic wmindanTa cxovrebaa moTxrobili an
didaqtikur_rCevadarigebiTi ambebi; meore mxriv, prologi mxatvrul
literaturaSi nawarmoebis Sesavali nawilia, romelSic
ZiriTadambamdeli movlenebia gadmocemuli, an imis ganmartebaa, rac
nawarmoebSia moTxrobili.
252
abzaci
abzaci teqstis umniSvnelovanesi struqturuli erTeulia. igi
erT konkretul azrobriv monakveTad gaerTianebuli winadadebebis
erTobliobaa.
abzacs aucileblad aqvs sakvanZo winadadeba, romelic
azrobrivi centris rols asrulebs da kravs mas. danarCeni
winadadebebi sakvanZo winadadebis irgvliv Sida azrobriv
struqturebs qmnian.
azrobriv_logikuri konstruqcia abzacis obieqtur simyares
uzrunvelyofs, magram subieqturobis moments mainc ver gamoricxavs.
es imaSi vlindeba, rom erTi da igive abzaci, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva
adamianma sxvadasxvanairad gaiazros, sxvadasxva azrobriv_emociuri
muxti Cados mis teqstSi da ramdenime abzacadac ki dayos.
abzaci wina da momdevno abzacebisgan grafikuladac aris
gancalkevebuli. qarTul sinamdvileSi damkvidrebuli praqtikiT
abzacis dasawyisi sityva sami-oTxi intervaliT aris Seweuli
striqonSi. Tumca am bolo dros evro-amerikuli tradiciac ikidebs
fexs, romlis mixedviTac abzacebi erTmaneTisgan TiTo striqoniTaa
daSorebuli.
abzacis cnebis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevs r. h.
fouleris, J.e.aaronisa da d.andersenis saxelmZRvanelo18 akademiur
weraSi. es avtorebi Tanamedrove lingvistikis, konkretulad teqstis
lingvistikis principebis Sesabamisad, abzacs ganixilaven
zefrazobriv erTianobad, romelic SesaZloa iqces mikroteqstad.
maTi gagebiT, abzaci aris winadadebis jgufi, romelic ayalibebs,
aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas. abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an
erTi Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. abzacis sagania Tema, sakiTxi
(subjekt), ris Sesaxebac aris masSi saubari.

18
Fowller H. Ramsey, Aaron jane E.; Anderson Daniel, The little, Brown Handbook. 8 th edition
Addison_Wesley, 2000.
253
 imis gamo, rom weriT metyvelebaSi abzaci ZiriTadi teqstobrivi
erTeulia, es avtorebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben mis
anatomiasac, anu struqturas da savsebiT samarTlianad fiqroben,
rom kvlevisa da weris unar_Cvevebis swavlebaSi pirveli nabijebi
misi specifikis gaTavisebas unda daamyaron. maTi gagebiT, abzaci
Tavis struqturaSi Riad warmoaCens weriTi metyvelebis specifikas
frazis agebis, winadadebaTa SekavSirebis, azris gadmocemis
aspeqtSi_amitom abzacis Seqmnis unar_Cveva saerTod teqstis Seqmnis
saerTo principis gagebad esaxebaT. amave azrs iziareben maTi
qarTveli mimdevrebi lili xeCuaSvili da xaTuna marwyviSvili,
romelTac Tbilisis i. javaxiSvilis sax. universitetis socialur da
politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studentebisTvis Seqmnili
“akademiuri weris” kursi ekuTvniT. maTs saleqcio kursSi abzacs
erTi didi qveTavi eTmoba.19
aq abzacs aseTi azrobriv_logikuri struqtura aqvs:
abzacs aqvs mTavari, e.w. Tematuri winadadeba (Topik sentranse). igi
abzacis Temas aRwers da, Sesabamisad, am Temis gacnobis funqcia aqvs
da, rac mTavaria, abzacSi gadmocemuli Temisadmi Tavad avtoris
damokidebulebasac cxadyofs. am damokidebulebas wamyvan azrsac
(controlino idea) uwodeben. abzacis yvela winadadeba am wamyvan azrTan
unda iyos kavSirSi, igi unda ganaviTaros.
mag.: “alkoholis Warbad miReba saxifaToa”.
am winadadebis Temaa “alkoholis Warbad miReba”.
wamyvani azria: “saxifaToa”.
mTavar winadadebas abzacis teqstSi mkveTrad gansazRvruli
adgili ara aqvs. Cveulebriv TavSic gvxvdeba, SuaSic da boloSic,
Tumca sasurveli mainc TavSi_abzacis pirvel winadadebad
ganTavsebaa, radgan mkiTxvels abzacis azris mimarTulebis
gansazRvraSi daexmareba.

19
l. xeCuaSvili, x. marwyviSvili, l.kaWarava, “akdemiuri werada mwyebTaTvis”
(socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studentebisTvis), 2007
254
 r.h.fouleris, J.e.aaronisa da d.andersonis azriT, abzacis
teqstSi Temis SerCevas unda mohyves wamyvani azris SerCeva. wamyvani
azri ki dasabuTebas (support) saWiroebs. dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofs
avtoris mier winaswar moZiebuli faqtobrivi masala. es masala
ilustraciis, axsna_ganmartebis funqcias asrulebs.
amasTan, abzacSi aris “gardamavali (transition) winadadeba” da
“daskvniTi winadadebac.” gardamavali winadadeba winadadebaTa
Soris kavSiris damyarebas, xolo daskvniTi, abzacis Temas ajamebs.
abzacis teqsts am struqturul elementebTan erTad unda
hqondes:
koherentuloba (coherence), anu SekavSirebuloba, bmuloba.
koherentuloba teqstis lingvistikis centraluri kategoriaa da
teqstis azrobriv_logikur mTlianobas, bmulobas aRniSnavs.20 es
faqti ki kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom r. fouleri, J. aaroni da d.
andersoni abzacs mikroteqstad moiazreben. SekavSirebuloba azris
logikuri TanamimdevrobiT gadmocemas gulisxmobs. Tanamimdevrobas
winadadebaTa (frazaTa) garkveuli kombinaciebi da e.w. “gardamavali
frazebi” (transitional exspressions) uzrunvelyofs. aseTi frazebis
magaliTebia: “amas garda”, “agreTve”, “miuxedavad imisa, rom”,
“aRniSnulis miuxedavad” da a.S. amdenad, am avtorTa mixedviT,
abzacis teqstis aRnagoba (struqtura) Semdeg elementebs Seicavs:
 Tema;
 wamyvani azri;
 wamyvani azris dasabuTeba;
 koherentuloba (SekavSirebuloba, bmuloba).
amasTan es avtorebi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben abzacis sam
tips: TxrobiTs, aRweriTsa da axsniTs.
 TxrobiTi abzacisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Txroba _gamocdilebis
gaziareba. gamocdileba ki SeiZleba iyos warsuli (Txrobis warsul
droSi), awmyo (Txroba awmyo droSi, awmyo gamocdileba) da tipuri

20
.g. lebaniZe, komunikaciuri ligvistika, Tb., 2008. gv. 303-306.
255
(anu Cveulebrivi gamocdileba).21 TxrobiT abzacSi movlenebi
droSi ganviTarebis Sesabamisi TanamimdevrobiTaa ganxiluli.
 aRweriTi abzaci: aseTi tipis abzacSi aRweril_daxasiaTebulia
sagani. faqtebisa da movlenebis Sesabamisadaa gadmocemuli:
winadadebebi lagdeba aRsaweri sagnis an movlenis adgilmdebareobis
mixedviT. aq masalis organizebis sivrciTi principia miRebuli.
sagnisa Tu movlenis detalebis dalageba Tavad aRsawer sagansa Tu
movlenazea damokidebuli, detalebis SerCeva da aRwera ki _aRweris
mizanze.
 axsniTi abzaci: aq axsnili an gaanalizebulia abzacis Tema.
aseTi abzacis gaSlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli xerxia specifikuri
detalebisa da magaliTebis gamoyeneba.

komentari
komentari (laT. commentarium) zogadad teqstis axsna-
ganmartebiTi SeniSvnaa. komentari damatebiT informacias moicavs da
sakvlevi Temisadmi teqstis avtoris subieqtur damokidebulebasac
cxadyofs.
komentaris axsna_ganmartebiTi Sinaarsi da funqcia mkiTxvels
teqstis avtoris kvleviT `laboratoriaSi~ megzurobs. am
`laboratoriaSi~ ki, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT meti informaciaa,
vidre teqstis oficialur variantSi.
komentari saerTod mokle, ramdenime winadadebiani teqstia,
magram arc iseTi SemTxvevaa iSviaTi, roca komentari Tavisi
struqturiT (da amitom moculobiTac) statiasac ki utoldeba. aseTi,
gaSlili komentari, iseTi teqstis struqturuli erTeulia, sadac
lakoniurobis mizniT avtors raime wyaros daskvna (Semajamebeli
debuleba) aris Setanili, magram Tavad es wyaroc imdenad axali,
ucnobi da mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelisaTvis, rom aucilebelia misi
Tezisisa da argumentebis dawvrilebiTi analizi da axsna-ganmarteba.

21
l. xeCuaSvilisa x. marwyviSvilis kursis mixedviT, gv. 29.
256
SeniSvna
SeniSvna teqstis arsebiTi struqturuli elementia, ZiriTadi
teqstis damatebaa. ZiriTadi teqstis gareT misi gatanis mizezi am
SemTxvevaSic teqstis struqturis daurRvevlobis survilia.
SeniSvna am niSniT komentars Camohgavs, Tumca msgavseba
garegania. komentari axsna-ganmartebaa, SeniSvna _ teqstis avtoris
poziciis gamoxatuleba.
SeniSvna ZiriTadad ori tipisaa: a) mokle SeniSvna (gancxadeba)
da b) gaSlili (vrceli) SeniSvna.
mokle SeniSvna (gancxadeba) mxolod avtoris Tvalsazrisis
gamoxatva-gamyarebaa, dasabuTebis gareSe.
gaSlil SeniSvnaSi teqstis avtoris TvalsazrisTan erTad
mocemulia misi Tezisic da saTanado argumentebic. anu SeniSvnaSi
gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisi dasabuTebilia.

sqolio
sqolio igive mokle SeniSvnaa, romelic teqstSi gverdis
boloSia Catanili da grafikulad gamoyofilia. sqolio umTavresad
teqstSi damowmebuli wyaros (Tvalsazrisis, faqtis, movlenis,
citatis) dasaxelebas avtoris vinaobas da sxva savaldebulo
monacemebs Seicavs.

daskvnebi
daskvnas, rogorc teqstSi moTxrobili kvleva_ Ziebis
Sedegebis Sejamebas, Cveulebriv, nebismieri samecniero teqsti
Seicavs. daskvnebi yoveli Tavis an qveTavis bolos aris xolme
moTavsebuli an ZiriTadi teqstis dasasruls. magram iseT
SemTxvevaSi, roca sakvlevi problema rTulia, mravalaspeqtiani,
teqstis avtorebi mizanmimarTulad axal struqturul erTeulSi
aerTianeben yvela Tavis, qveTavis daskvnebs. gaerTianebis principi am

257
SemTxvevaSi azrobriv-logikuri Tanamimdevrobaa, azris mizez-
Sedegobriv dialeqtikur mTlianobaSi warmodgena. mkiTxvels aseT
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebloba eZleva mTlianobaSi gaiazros avtoris
Canafiqris mecnieruli realizebis suraTi, azris svla_ganviTareba
da a.S. daskvnebis ase, teqstis calke struqturul erTeulad
warmodgena, faqtobrivad, avtoris Tezisisa da argumentebis
utyuarobis ganmeorebiTi dasabuTeba-mtkicebis formaa. amitomac
daskvnaSi stili gansakuTrebiT mSrali, lakoniuria, forma ki _
mtkicebiTi.

saavtoro bolosityvaoba
bolosityvaoba sazogadod funqciurad daskvna-(eb)s
uaxlovdeba im gagebiT, rom aqac kvlevis Sedegebzea saubari, oRond
gansxvavdeba msjeloba-azrovnebis stiliT. stili aq sasaubros
uaxlovdeba, specifikuri terminebi axsnil-ganmartebulia, saqmeSi
naklebad Caxeduli mkiTxvelisTvis ufro Znelad gasagebia.
saavtoro bolosityvaobaSi gamomJRavnebulia teqstis avtoris
subieqturi damokidebuleba kvlevisa da miRebuli Sedegebisadmi.
avtori mkiTxvels sasaubro (lirikul-emociuri tonalobac
araa gamoricxuli) eniT uambobs, ras eloda Tavidan, roca
problemis kvlevas mohkida xeli, rogor wauvida kvleva, ra hqonda
Cafiqrebuli, ra SeZlo, ra ver SeZlo; ra axali (misTvisac ucnobi
da moulodneli) perspeqtivebi gamovlinda misi kvlevis safuZvelze;
rogor xedavs teqstis avtori Tavis wvlils problemis Semdgom
SeswavlaSi da a. S.
saavtoro bolosityvaoba, kargi azriT, TviTreklamaa, radgan
mizani mkiTxvelis Tanamoazred qcevaa. amitom saavtoro
bolosityvaoba samecniero-popularuli stiliT (relkamis stilis
elementebis SerCeviT) unda daiweros.

258
bibliografia
bibliografia teqstSi gamoyenebuli wyaroebis nusxaa; viciT misi
Sedgenis principebic. amitom aq sityvas aRar ganvagrZobT.

reziume
reziume franguli sityvaa (reziume) da niSnavs naweris,
wakiTxulis arsis mokle Txrobas, gadmocemas. es aris raimes mokle
Sinaarsi _ daskvna.
reziumeSi teqstis avtori ganzogadebulad warmogvidgens
sakuTari kvleva_Ziebis arss.
reziume teqstis bolos Tavsdeba. misi mizani mkiTxvelis
uswrafesi (umoklesi gziT) da maqsimaluri informirebaa. amitom,
rogorc wesi, reziume teqstisagan gansxvavebul ena(eb)ze iwereba.
Cvens sinamdvileSi es aris inglisuri da romelime sxva ucxo ena.
saTauris SerCevis Semdeg kidev erTi saqme gvrCeba
gasakeTebeli,
reziume gvaqvs dasaweri.
reziume, Cveulebriv, romelime saerTaSoriso enaze iwereba.
masSi mokled aris gadmocemuli informacia sakvlev problemasa da
avtoris mier mopovebul Sedegebze.
reziume savaldebulo informacias awvdis mkiTxvels. amis gamo
mecnierul praqtikaSi misi daweris principebic aris dadgenili,
romlebic TavisTavad reziumes struqturas gansazRvravs. reziumes
Sinaarsobrivi aspeqtebia:
- sakvlevi sakiTxis warmoCena;
- sakvanZo Tem(eb)is asaxva;
- mTavari Tezisis an amosavali debulebis mkiTxvelisTvis
gacnobiereba.
dReisaTvis reziumes sami ZiriTadi struqturuli modelia
cnobili:
mokle reziume:

259
 aq oriode winadadebiT mowodebulia informacia sakvlevi
problemis Seswavlis winaviTarebaze, aseve mokled aris gadmocemuli
misi arsi, bolos-avtoris kvlevis Sedegebi.
ganzogadebuli reziume:
es reziume Zalian hgavs pirvel models. gansxvaveba isaa, rom am
SemTxvevaSi kvlevis Sedegebi ki araa warmoCenili, aramed maTi
zogadi xasiaTi da mecnieruli mniSvneloba.
Semajamebeli reziume:
am tipis reziumeSi Tavidan problemis kvlevis winaviTarebaa
asaxuli, Semdeg problemis arsia gacxadebuli. amas mosdevs naSromSi
gaSlili kvlevis Sejameba, sadac avtori msjelobs aseve kvlevis
meTodebsa da meTodologiaze.
aseTi vrceli, Semajamebeli reziumeebi, Cveulebriv,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSia damkvidrebuli.
saTaursa da reziumeze muSaobisas imis gaTvaliswinebasac
gvirCeven specialistebi, rom mkiTxveli misTvis saintereso
naSromebs sakvanZo sityvebis meSveobiT eZebs. amitom reziume, teqstis
sxva, mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi struqturuli elementebis msgavsad,
aucileblad unda Seicavdes aseT sakvanZo_sasafuZvlo winadadebebs,
rogorc problemur-azrovnebiT saidentifikacio kodebs.

sarCevi
sarCevi (zogjer mas Sinaarssac uwodeben) teqstis
savaldebulo stuqturuli erTeulia. Cveulebrivi sarCevi teqstis
zogad struqturas warmoaCens, ufro sworad, teqstis ZiriTad
struqturul erTeulebs: mkiTxvels miuTiTebs romel gverdzea
warmodgenili Sesavali, Tavebi, qveTavebi da sxva.
sarCevis meore tips qmnis misi gaSlili saxeoba. am tipis
sarCevSi garda ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeulebisa, Seitaneba
meorexarisxovani erTeulebis monacemebic: paragrafebi, azrobrivi
blokebi, ... da rac mTavaria: yvela struqturuli erTeuli

260
anotirebulia sakvanZo sityvebisa da sakvanZo winadadebebis
safuZvelze.
Tumca aseT anotirebul sarCevebs amJamad mravaltomian akademiur
gamocemebs daurTaven.

konspeqti
konspeqti laTinuri enidanaa (conspeqtus) Semosuli da sityva-
sityviT,zedmiwevniT mimoxilvas niSnavs.
konspeqti, Tanamedrove gagebiT, niSnavs raime teqstis mokle
Sinaarsis werilobiT gadmocemas, an raime zepiri informaciis
(leqciis, moxsenebis..) Sinaarsis Caweras.
am gansazRvrebiT sruliad cxadia misi mniSvneloba mecnierul
kvlevebsa da swavlaSi. mkvlevari wyaroebze muSaobis dros, wyaroTa
gacnobis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, mis konspeqtirebas mimarTavs: amoiwers
sakvanZo blokebs, abzacebs, winadadebebs. amiT igi erTdroulad or
saqmes akeTebs: Rrmad iazrebs wyaros arss da agrovebs masalas
citatebisTvis.
konspeqtis keTebis (konspeqtebis) codna gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania studentebisTvis. maT ganswavlis procesSi uamravi
leqciis (Tanac sruliad sxvadasxva disciplinebSi) mosmena uwevT,
praqtikuli mecadineobisTvis ki zRva samecniero literaturis
gacnoba, Seswavla. am veberTela masalis damaxsovreba_ gaTaviseba,
Tanamedrove teqnikur saSualebaTa siuxvis (kompiuteri, interneti,
diqtofoni da a.S.) miuxedavad, konspeqtirebis gareSe sruliad
warmoudgenelia. maSasadame, konspeqtireba teqstidan umTavresis
gamokreba-dalagebaa. magram am gamokreba-dalagebis erTiani,
savaldebulo wesi ar arsebobs. es procesi mTlianad mkvlevris
subieqturi damokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba anu imazea damokidebuli,
ra miaCnia mkvlevars wyaroSi misTvis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani,
gamosadegi mocemul etapze da ra _ ara. sxva dros, kvlevis
miznebidan gamomdinare, SeasaZloa amave avtorisTvis am teqstSi
mniSvnelovani (da amosakonspeqtebelic!) sxva informacia aRmoCndes.
261
 mkvlevris mecnieruli interesebiT aris gansazRvruli
konspeqtis moculobac. rac ufro Rrmaa wyarosadmi mkvlevris
interesi, miT ufro vrcelia misi konspeqti. Tumca konspeqtis
moculobas obieqturi msazRvrelic hyavs. es aris Tavad wyaros
teqsti. rac ufro didia (vrceli, didi moculobisaa) teqsti, miT
ufro vrcelia konspeqtic.

Tezisebi
Cven ukve viciT Tezisis mniSvneloba da misi Sinaarsi.
Tezisebis erToblioba mecnieruli kvlevis samyaroSi teqstis calke,
konkretul saxeobasac qmnis.
Tezisebi upiratesad winaswari mecnieruli ganacxadis funqcias
asrulebs, iwereba da vrceldeba im mizniT, rom mkiTxvelma
(msmenelma) winaswar gaicnos da gaiazros im mecnieruli moxsenebis,
gamosvlis arsi, rasac dawvrilebiT Semdeg moismens an waikiTxavs.
TezisebSi debulebebis formiTa da azrobriv-logikuri
TanamimdevrobiT (zogjer numeraciis darTviTac) warmodgenilia
teqstidan gamokrefili yvela ZiriTadi debuleba, rac teqstis
azrobriv xerxemals cxadyofs.
TezisebSi msjeloba, argumentireba, ilustraciebi saerTod
ugulebelyofilia (an minimumamdea dayvanili). aq informacia
imgvaradaa Tavmoyrili, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad da
zustad aRvadginoT mTliani Sinaarsi.
Tezisebi samecniero forumebis ZiriTadi teqstia.

referati
referati laTinuri sityvaa (referre-movaxsenoT, SevatyobinoT).
Tanamedrove gagebiT referati mimoxilviTi teqstia. mas samecniero
naSromis statusic ki eZleva (garkveuli TvalsazrisiT). referatSi,
rogorc wesi, mocemulia raime sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli
informaciebi. es informaciebi dalagebul-SekavSirebulia
262
Semdgenlis subieqturi TvalsazrisiT da am Tvalsazrisis
gamomJRavnebasac ar gamoricxavs.
saerTod, referireba, rTuli, azrobriv-goniTi procesia.
amdenad TavisTavad mecnieruli kvlevaa da Tavisi principebi aqvs.
amitom aris, rom referireba calke saswavlo disciplinadac ki
Camoyalibada. ukve es garemoeba cxadyofs, rom aq da am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod referirebis uzogades principebs gagacnobT.
referireba mecnieruli kvlevis yvelaze adereuli etapia.
kvlevis droisa da donis TvalsazrisiT igi wyaroebze muSaobas
emTxveva. kvlevisTvis aucilebel unar_Cvevebs Cven swored wyaroebze
muSaobis doneze viZenT, referirebiT am unar_Cvevebs vxvewT da
srulvyofT. am srulyofis xarisxi ki Cven mier Sedgenil referatSi
mJRavndeba.
referireba or aspeqts moicavs __ erTia, roca erTi wyaros
referats vadgenT. am SemTxvevaSi Cveni kvleviTi Tavisufleba wyaros
teqstiT aris SezRuduli: gvinda Tu ara, am wyaros Tezisebi da
argumentebi unda gamovkriboT da davalagoT. raime mniSvnelovanis
gamotoveba, bunebrivia, Tavisebur daRs daasvams Cveni referatis
xarisxianobas. aq Cven teqstis avtoris interpretatorebad vrCebiT.
__ meore SemTxvevaSi, roca referats ramdenime wyaros gacnoba-
Sejerebis safuZvelze vadgenT, meti kvleviTi damoukidebloba gvaqvs.
am SemTxvevaSi Cveni, rogorc referatis avtorebis, subieqturi
Tvalsazrisi da damokidebukleba did rols TamaSobs: teqstebidan
(wyaroebidan) imas amovkerfT, rac Tavad migvaCnia mniSvnelovnad.
gamovtovebT imas, rac Cveni azriT, meorexarisxovania. Cvens
komentarsac ar moveridebiT. cxadia, aseTi Tavisufleba Cveni
kvleviTi unar_Cvevebis warmoCenasac uwyobs xels.
referirebaSi miRweuli warmateba, amdenad, Cveni, rogorc
momavali mkvlevris, mecnierul portrets warmoaCens.
referati samecniero-teqnikuri teqstis saxeobaa. funqciuri
daniSnulebis mixedviT referats ori gageba aqvs, farTo da viwro.

263
  farTo gagebiT referati samecniero informaciis ZiriTadi
saxeobaa. amitomac referati da misi Sedgenis procesi sxvadasxva
problemaTa gadaWras, ufro sworad maTs codnas efuZneba. esaa
informaciis Teoriis, fsiqologiis, lingvistikis da saerTod
mecnierebamcodneobis calkeuli problemebi.
referati mkiTxvels, erTi mxriv, informacias awvdis samecniero
naSromis (wyaros) arsebobis Sesaxeb, am wyaroSi arsebuli
(ganxiluli) Temebis mokle CamonaTvliT, meore mxriv, igi
damoukidebuli samecniero naSromia (teqstia) da mkiTxvels pirvel
wyaros magivrobasac uwevs, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca
pirvelwyaro miuwvdomelia.
 referati, viwro gagebiT pirvelwyaros Sinaarsis mokle
gadmocemaa ZiriTadi cnobebiTa da daskvnebiT. ufro zustad,
pirvelwyaros Sinaarsis sruli, semantikurad adekvaturi gadmocema
mcire moculebiTi formiT, romelsac myari struqtura aqvs da
sainformacio funqcias asrulebs22 referats dRes `pressac~
uwodeben (frangulad-gadmocema). presi pirvelwyaros teqstis
Sinaarsis gadmocemis iseTi formaa, romelic Sinaarsis
Tanamimdevrul gadmocemas sityvaTa gansazRvruli raodenobiT
gulisxmobs. 23

referati da misi Sedgena (referireba) dRes _ informaciis

eraSi _ bunebrivia, imdenad mniSvnelovani gaxda, misi, Seswavlis
masStabebi gafarTovda da gaRrmavda. praqtikuli aspeqtebidan
gamomdnare, saWiro Seiqna referirebis, rogorc inteleqtualuri
moRvaweobis sferos specialistebis momzadebac. am mizniT sxvadasxva
qveynis umaRles saswavleblebSic, maT Soris saqarTveloSic aseTi
specialistebi calke saganmanaTleblo programebiT (kurikulumebiT)
mzaddebian. am saganmanaTleblo programaSi referati da referireba

22
Соловьев В. И., “Составление и редактирование рефератов”, в кн.: “Жанры информационноий
литературы”: Обзор Реферат, изд-во “Кника”, М., 1983, с. 37
23
r. TabukaSvili, teqstis referireba da anotireba, Tb., 2004, gv. 37
264
erT_erTi sasafuZvlo-saswavlo disciplinaa da misi swavleba
specialurad am sagnis saxelmZRvaneloebiT mimdinareobs. 24

amis gamo, `akademiuri weris~ farglebSi, sadac referati

mecnieruli teqstis erTi saxeobis swavlebiT SemoisazRvreba, yvela
sakiTxi referirebis specialistTaTvis gankuTvnisli siRrmiT ver
iqneba aRweril-daxasiaTebuli. SegveZlo aseTi ramdenime
saxelmZRvanelos miTiTebiT davkmayofilebulviyaviT. Tumca
mecnierul kvlevebSi wyaroebze muSaobis aqtualobidan gamomdinare,
da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom bevri Tqvengani referirebis kurss ver
gaivlis, mizanSewonilad vcaniT Cveni sagnis farglebSi,
SeZlebisdagvarad amomwuravad gagvecno TqvenTvis referatisa da
referirebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.
ukve gaverkvieT, rom referati mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTi
procesisa da originalis Sinaarsis analizur_sinTezuri
gadamuSavebis Sedegia_ kompesirebuli meoreuli teqstia da mas
gansazRvruli moculoba da sainformacio funqciebi aqvs.25
am niSniT referati pirvelwyaros adekvaturi teqstia da masSi
avtoris SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtebic Cans, profesionalizmic. teqstze
muSaobis kulturac.
referatis mizani pirvelwyaros Sinaarsis iseTnairi gadaSla-
gamomzeurebaa, sadac mkiTxvelis yoveldRiuroba mimarTulia
ZiriTadi informaciisken, xolo es informacia Zalian Sekvecili
formiT aris gadmocemuli.
referatis funqciebi
referatis mniSvneloba misi funqciuri mravalaspeqtianobiT
ganisazRvreba. Aam funqciaTagan mniSvnelovania:
 saZiebo funqcia: mkiTxvelis akvalianebs pirvelwyaros
adgilmdebareobaze miTiTebiT;
 komunikaciuri funqcia: mkiTxvels awvdis cnobebs ucnobi
pirvelwyaros ZiriTad Sinaarsze;
24
dainteresebul mkiTxvels referirebis sakiTxebis profesionalur doneze
gasaazreblad SegviZlia SevTavazoT r. TabukaSvilis naxsenebi saxelmZRvanelo.
25r. TabukaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 37

265
  SemecnebiTi funqcia: mkiTxvels amdidrebs misTvis ucnobi
pirvelwyaroSi arsebuli axali codniT;
 SefasebiTi funqcia: mkiTxvels aZlevs wyaros vargisianobis
Sefasebis saSualebas da uwevs rekomendacias;
 substituciuri funqcia: referati marto informacias ki ar
awvdis mkiTxvels wyaros arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed pirvelwyaros
funqciasac asrulebs.

referatis tipebi
referatis tipobrivi nairgvaroba misawodebeli informaciis
ragvarobiT ganisazRvreba. e.i. konkretuli daniSnulebis informacia
Sesabamisi tipis referats saWiroebs. Aam TvalsazrisiT gamoyofen
Semdegi saxeobis informaciebs da bunebrivia maTi Sesabamisi
referatebis tipebs:
 faqtobrivi informacia da informaciuli referati
faqtografiuli informaciis gacnobamde Tavad `faqtis~ cnebis
Sinaarsi gaviazroT.
faqti orgvaria: obieqturi da mecnieruli. obieqturi faqtia
realur samyaroSi adamianis Segnebuli praqtikuli moRvaweobis an
aRqmis Semecnebis obieqti.
M mecnieruli faqtia am obieqturi faqtis asaxva adamianis
cnobierebaSi, anu garkveuli azriT obieqturi faqti pirveladia,
mecnieruli meoreuli_obieqturad (bunebaSi) arsebuli faqtis
gonebrivi, inteleqtualuri gadamuSaveba_gadaazrebis produqti.
aqedan gamomdinare, faqtografiulia informacia, romelic
mkiTxvels awvdis cnobebs ama Tu im faqtis an movlenis Sesaxeb.
faqtobrivi informaciis safuZvelze logikuri da lingvisturi
(enobrivi) kompresiis (SekumSvis) safuZvelze iqneba informaciuli
referati.
_ informaciul referatSi warmodgenilia pirvelwyaroSi arsebuli
faqtebisa Tu movlenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli narCevi da amokrefili

266
informacia. aseT referatSi pirvelwyaros faqtebi da movlenebi
Tanamimdevrulad aris aRnusxuli da dalagebuli.
amJamad mecnierebSi ZiriTadad informaciuli referatis or
models gamoiyeneben: erTs humanitarul da sazogadoebriv
mecnierebaTa sferoSi, meores_ teqnikis mecnierebebSi. praqtikuli
mizandasaxulobebidan gamomdinare, orive models gavecnoT:
informaciuli referatis modeli humanitaruli da
sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisTvis:

faqti, movlena/Sedegi 1 1. mikroteqsti

faqti, movlena/Sedegi 2 2. mikroteqsti

faqti, movlena/Sedegi 3 3. mikroteqsti

4,5,6 da a.S. 4,5,6 da a.S.

mikroteqsti

referati-pirvelwyarodan
mniSvnelovani faqtebisa da movlenebis
asaxva

informaciuli referatis modeli teqnkuri mecnierebebisTvis:

Tema, mizani, amocanebi 1. mikroteqsti

kvlevis meTodebi 2. mikroteqsti

daskvnebi 3. mikroteqsti

referati: pirvelwyarodan
dasaxelebuli fragmentebis
dafiqsireba

267
konceptualuri informacia da indikaturi referati
konceptualuria informacia, romelic Seicavs analizs,
msjelobas faqtisa Tu movlenis Sesaxeb. amasTan pirvelwyaros
avtoriseul mosazrebas (pozicias) kvlevis sagnis, faqtisa Tu
movlenis Taobaze.
aseTi informaciis sinTezur-analizuri da logikur
lingvisturi kompresiiT iqmneba indikaturi referati.
indikaturi referati warmoaCens pirvelwyaros Sinaarsis
sakvanZo aspeqtebs. referatis es tipi, informaciulTan SedarebiT
ufro ganzogadebuli da abstragirebulia. aq umTavresia
pirvelwyaros analizi, miniSneba yvelaze aqtualursa da ZiriTad
sakiTxebze.
indikaturi referatis vizualuri aspeqti SegviZlia ase
warmovidginoT:

Amsjeloba, mosazreba 1. mikroteqsti

informaciis Sesaxeb

BAmsjeloba, mosazreba 2. mikroteqsti

informaciis Sesaxeb
CAmsjeloba, mosazreba 3. mikroteqsti
informaciis Sesaxeb

DAmsjeloba, mosazreba 4. mikroteqsti

informaciis Sesaxeb

referati
A-B-C-D

268
 konceptualuri informaciis Zieba-gavrceleba sainformacio
momsaxurebis umTavres miznad aris dasaxuli. igi mniSvnelovanwilad
dakavSirebulia XXs. 20-50-iani wlebis samecniero-teqnikur
revuliciasTan. am movlenebs ukavSireben sainformacio samsaxuris
Seqmnasac. 26

mimoxilviT-analitikuri informacia da mimoxilviTi referati:

`mimoxilva~ referirebis TvalsazrisiT orgvarad ganixileba.
_ zogadi azriT `mimoxilva~ samecniero Janris nawarmoebia. igi,
rogorc mecnieruli teqstis saxeoba, Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSi calkea
ganxiluli.
_ viwro, konkretuli, gagebiT igi mimoxilviTi xasiaTis informacias
aRniSnavs. es mimoxilva SeiZleba Seexebodes raimenair cnobebs, maT
Soris sazogadoebrivi yofis aqtualur sakiTxebs.
informaciis mimoxilva da analizi konceptualuri
momsaxurebis erT formadac aris gaazrebuli, rac mimoxilviT
referatSi aisaxeba 27

mimoxilviT referatSi mimoxilvis safuZveli konkretuli

Temaa, xolo es Tema referatSi rubrikis formiT aisaxeba. vTqvaT,
rubrikaSi `kultura~ SeiZleba gaerTiandes erTi qveynis an regionis
kulturuli cxovrebis konkretuli drois kulturuli cxovrebis
amsaxveli publikaciebi.
mimoxilviT referatSi faqtebisa da movlenebis analizur-
sinTezuri gadamuSavebiT mkiTxvels mocemul Temaze STabeWdilebis
Seqmnis saSuleba eqmneba. mimoxilviT referatSi xSirad misi
Semdgenlis (referentis) Temis SefasebiTi aspeqtebic mJRavndeba.
aseTi, Semfasebluri, damokidebulebis warmoCenis mizani referatis
SinaarsiT mkiTxvelis kidev ufro metad dainteresebaa.
mimoxilviTi referati indikatorulis msgavsia. gavecnoT mis
principul sqemebsac:

26 r. TabukaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 42

27
r. TabukaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 44
269
 Tema “kulturis” kompresia 1. publikacia

Tema “kulturis” kompresia 2. publikacia

Tema “kulturis” kompresia 3. publikacia

Tema “kulturis” kompresia 4. publikacia

da a. S.

mimoxilviTi referati
TiToeuli publikaciidan
mosazrebaTa dafiqsireba.
Sejereba, Sefaseba.

referirebis meTodebi
dReisaTvis referireba ori mimarTulebiT warmoebs:
pirveli gulisxmobs pirvelwyaros damuSavebas formalisturi
meTodebiT, mis leqsikur, gramatikulsa Tu logikur nawilebSi iseTi
elementebis gamoyofas, riTac SesaZlebeli iqneba teqstis Sinaarsis
gegmis Sedgena.
meore mimarTuleba gulisxmobs teqstis Sinaarsis `aspeqtur-
anketuri~ xerxiT ganszaRvras da amis safuZvelze referatis
Sedgenas.
orive mimarTuleba pirvelwyaros Sinaarsis, struqturis
dadgenas gulisxmobs am pirvelwyaros teqstis garkveul
Sinaarsobriv elementebad, nawilebad, aspeqtebad dayofis
safuZvelze.
am orive mimarTulebiT referireba ramdenime meTodiT warmoebs:
formaluri meTodebi:
maT avtomatursac uwodeben. am meTodebs safuZvlad udevs
pirvelwyaros teqstidan ZiriTadi informaciis gamokrefa. aq
270
referati SeiZleba teqstis calkeuli nawilebisgan aigos. am mizniT
teqsts formis meSveobiT adgenen. anu iseT elementebs gamoyofen,
romelTa safuZvelzec gamoixateba teqstis Sinaarsi. es amocana
ramdenimenairad xorcieldeba:
1. statistikuri meTodi:
pirvelwyaros ZiriTad Sinaarss adgenen mis teqstSi
statistikurad TvalsaCino, sakvanZo winadadebebis gamovlena-
dalagebiT, anu iseTi winadadebebiT, romlebic arsebiT informaciebs
Seicaven.
2. poziciuri meTodi:
im princips emyareba, romlis mixedviTac teqstis Sinaarsis
gansazRvruli sakvanZo sityvebi saTanado adgilebSia ganlagebuli.
konkretulad, Tavsa da boloSi.
3. indikatoruli meTodi:
es meTodi teqstidan sakvanZo winadadebebs ramdenime elementis
(indikatoris) safuZvelze gamoarCevs. aseTi indikatorebis funqcias
asrulebs calkeuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, romlebic teqstSi
sakvanZo adgilebSia ganTavsebuli. am meTodiT dgindeba aseTi
adgilebic da maTi gamomxatveli sityva-gamoTqmebis amowerac.
4. gramatikuli (sintaqsuri) meTodi:
am meTodis Tanaxmad, pirvelwyaros teqstidan gamoiyofa
sakvanZo fragmentebi, radgan aq teqsti moazrebulia erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebul winadadebaTa erTobliobad. amitom ufro metad
erTmaneTTan iseTi winadadebebia dakavSirebuli, romlebic msgavsi
mniSvnelobis sityvebis did raodenobas Seicavs. referatic
msgavsebis maRali koeficientis aseTi winadadebebiT aigeba.
am mizniT pirvelwyaros teqsts ramdenime damoukidebel
nawilad yofen, adgenen winadadebebaTa dakavSirebis sixSires da
sixSiris maRali koeficientis mqone winadadebebs amoiweren. Semdeg
yvela nawilidan amoweril aseT winadadebebs Tanamimdevrulad
daalageben.

271
5. mosazrebaTa Sejerebis meTodi:
am meTodis mixedviT teqsti azrobriv elementebad iyofa. aseT
elementebad miiCneven calkeuli gamoTqmebisa da mosazrebebis
erTianobas. TiToeul aseT erTeuls azrTa kompleqsi Seesabameba,
maTi SeerTeba ki referats qmnis.
formalistur meTodebs mTlad ar emadlierebian, radgan
aqcentirebulia teqstis garegnuli formis Secvla - misi moculobis
SemcirebiT. azrobrivi, logikuri kompresiis aspeqtebs yuradReba ar
eqceva. es garemoeba ki pirvelwyaros da referatis teqstebis
semantikuri adekvaturobis dadgenis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa.
6. aspeqturi meTodi:
am meTodiT pirvelwyaros teqstis Sinaarsi azrobrivi
aspeqtebiT ganisazRvreba. es meTodi referirebis process
humanitarul da teqnikur mecnierebaTa sferoebSi gansxvavebulad
ganixilavs.
humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi gamoyofili azrobrivi
aspeqtebis referatSi asaxva savaldebuloa, xolo Tavad am
aspeqtebis dadgena SeuzRudavia.
teqnikis mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki aseTi azrobrivi aspeqtebi Tavad am
meTodiT aris ganszRvruli da dakanonebuli. am savaldebulo
azrobrivi aspeqtebis nusxa ki aseTi Sinaarsisaa:
 kvlevis sagani (problema), Tema;
 kvlevis sfero;
 kvlevis mizani;
 sakvlevi masala;
 sakvlevi sagnis avtoriseuli Sefaseba;
 sakvlevi sagnis daniSnuleba;
 kvlevis saxeoba;
 kvlevis meTodi;
 gamoyenebuli xelsawyoebi;
 kvlevis garemo pirobebi;
 konkretuli Sedegebi;
272
  ekonomikuri efeqti;
 sakvlevi sagnis (problemis) Rirebuleba, mniSvneloba.
SeiZleba am nusxis Semoklebuli variantic Sedges aRniSnuli
aspeqtebis Sinaarsobriv-problemuri gamsxvilebis xarjze. aseTi
gamsxvileba mizanSewonili maSin iqneba, Tu sareferato teqstSi
teqnologiuri procesebi iqneba ganxiluli, Tumca warmodgenili
nusxa principulad ar Seicvleba.
am SemTxvevaSi referati azrobrivi aspeqtebis Tanamimdevruli
dalagebis safuZvelze aigeba.
humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi am meTodiT Sedgenili
referati, Cveulebrivi didi moculobisaa, radgan Tavad
pirvelwyaroTa teqstebia moculobiTi. am sferoSi aseTi meTodiT
Sedgenil referatSi, rogorc wesi, aisaxeba:
 informacia avtorze;
 sakvlevi sagnis avtoriseuli gaazreba-Sefaseba;
 pirvelwyaros enobrivi struqtura, stili zemoqmedebs
referatis enasa da stilze. magram am nakls is dadebiTi momentic
axlavs, rom amiT izrdeba pirvewyarosa da referatis teqstebis
adekvaturobis xarisxi.
 referatSi gadadis pirvewyaros teqstis mTeli fragmentebi,
winadadebebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi (sakvanZo), romlebSic kvlevis
Sedegebia gadmocemuli.
am meTods dReisaTvis gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad gamoiyeneben,
miuxedavad im naklisa, rom referirebis procesi mxolod
pirvewyaros teqstidan informaciis amokrefaze daiyvaneba.
7. anketuri meTodi:
anketuri meTodi referatis weras winaswar Sedgenili gegmiT
varaudobs, oRond mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi sxvadasxvanairi
gegmis SemuSavebas moiTxovs. Tumca amasTan erTad, erTgvari
universaluri gegmis arsebobasac iTvaliswinebs, yvela dargisaTvis
gamosadegs. es, e.w. universaluri gegma Semdeg savaldebulo punqtebs
moicavs:
273
  problemisa da misi Semswavleli dargis ganmarteba;
 problemis struqtura;
 problemis kvlevis istoria;
 problemis gaCenis (warmoSobis) pirobebi;
 im mecnierTa naSromebi, romlebmac wvlili Seitanes problemis
kvlevaSi;
 problemis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, etapi;
 problemis kvlevis meTodebi;
 sxva problemebTan kavSiri;
 problemis problemuri sferos mniSvneloba.
amgvari gegma-anketa, bunebrivia, pirvelwyaroSi gamokvleuli
problemisa da Tavad pirvewyaros adgilsa da mniSvnelobas
mecnierebis sakuTar dargSi zedmiwevniT zustad da amomwuravad
gansazRvris seriozul niadags qmnis.
referatze muSaobis zogieri wesi
miuxedavad referatisa da referirebis Teoriul-
meTodologiuri sakiTxebis iseTi yovelmxrivi Seswavlisa, rac
zemoTganxilulmac cxadyo, dRemde mainc ver moxerxda imis dadgena,
Tu rogori unda iyos kargi, srulyofili referati. erTaderTi, rac
specialistebSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ar iwvevs, is aris, rom
referatis siavkargis safuZveli da sazomi pirvelwyarosTan
adekvaturoba, informaciuli sisavse da moculobis simcirea.
aqedan gamomdinare, referatis Sedgenis dros aucilebelia Semdegi
moTxovnebisa da wesebis dacva:
 referatSi konceptualurad unda aisaxos pirvelwyaroSi
arsebuli mTavari, mniSvnelovani, arsebiTi informacia, Tanac ise,
rom referatma iseTive STabeWdileba datovos, rogorc
pirvelwyarom.
aucilebelia imis codnac, romeli tipis referatis gamoyenebaa
umjobesi yovel konkretul situaciaSi. magaliTad:
 informaciuli referati maSinaa aqtualuri, roca pirvelwyaro
Zneladmosapovebelia, xelmiuwvdomelia.
274
  referatis yvelaze didi, arsebiTi Rirseba misi informaciuli
sisavsea;
 referatis SedgenaSi ZiriTadi imis garkvevacaa, rogor,
ranairad unda gadmoices informacia.
referirebis gadauWrel problemad rCeba misi moculobis
optimaluroba. am sakiTxze arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gaocebasac
ki iwvevs.
referatis moculobis sazom erTeulad erTni kompresiis
koeficients asaxeleben28, Tumca zustad arc am koeficientis
maCvenebelia dadgenili. amis gamo zogni aseT koeficientad
asaxeleben referatis teqstis pirvelwayros teqstTan 5%-ian
Sefardebas (e.i. referatis teqsti pirvewyaros teqstis moculobis
5%-s ar unda aRematebodeso); zogis azriT, referatis teqsti 100
sityvas ar unda aRematebodes29, sxvaTa azriT, referatis teqstis
moculoba naxevar gverdze meti ar unda iyos30 da a.S.
gamosavali imaSi moiZebna, rom savaldebulo normebi-standartebi
SemuSavda. es standartebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvanairia,
arsebobs garkveuli saerTaSoriso standartic. ase, magaliTad,
yofil sabWour sivrceSi aseTi standarti moqmedebda:
 Canaweris, mokle Setyobinebis referatis moculoba 500 aso
niSniT ganisazRvreboda, statiebisaTvis - ara umetes 1000-isa.
aSS-Si mokle cnobebis referatis moculoba 9000 aso-niSans ar unda
aWarbebdes, statiebisa - 1250-1500-s, samecniero disertaciebisa - 2500-
3000-s.
kulturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi referatis moculobis
saerTaSoriso standartia 9000 aso_niSani statiebisaTvis, 2700-mde
monografiebisa da krebulebis referirebisaTvis31.

28
Виноградов В. А. Общественные науки и информация, М., наука, 1978
29
Agmajanova V., Guleva M., Phrase- book for science students, Riga, 1974.
30
Зорина Н. Д. Обучение аннотированию и реферированию иностранной литературы по
специальности в неязыковом вузе, Автореф. кад. Дисс. М., 1973
31
r. TabukaSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 70
275
 da bolos, CvenTvis saintereso aspeqtSi, am etapze
sayuradReboa referirebis procesis kidev erTi arsebiTi momenti -
referatis teqstis Sedgena (konstruireba), kerZod, referatis
teqstis nawilebis erTmaneTTan azrobriv-logikuri dakavSireba,
erTmaneTze mibma (kohezia).
referatSi bma kliSeebiT xorcieldeba, anu stereotipuli,
Sablonuri frazebiT. am kliSeebs referati Tavis arsenalidan
gamoixmobs yoveli konkretuli situaciisaTvis. oRond egaa, rom
informaciuli referati bmisaTvis gamoiyenebs kavSirebs,
nacvalsaxelebs, zmnizedebs, sinonimebs, leqsikur gameorebebs
(pirvelwyaroTa teqstebis analogiurad), xolo indikatur referatSi
- kliSeebs.
aseTia referatis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnieruli teqstisa
da misi Sedgenis umTavresi maxasiaTeblebi da Taviseburebebi.
bunebrivia, referatisa da referirebis sakiTxebi amiT ar
amoiwureba. es TavisTavad saintereso da aqtualuri fenomeni
kvlavac calke samecniero dargis Seswavlis sagnad rCeba, radgan
araerTi sakiTxi isev moelis Tavis mkvlevars.

paragrafi
paragrafi iseTi samecniero teqstia, romelsac daniSnulebis
mixedviT TviTkmari funqcia aqvs, e.i SeiZleba damoukidebeli
teqstic iyos da sxva, didi teqstis struqturuli erTeulic.
paragrafi erTmaneTTan azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi da logikuri
(mizez-Sedegobrivi) principiT SekavSirebuli winadadebebis
erTobliobaa, romelic erTi ZiriTadi azris (ideas, Temas)Sinaarss
warmoaCens.
zogi specialisti am niSniT paragrafs abzacTan aigivebs da
abzacs paragrafis grafikul gamoxatulebad miiCnevs. am
Tvalsazrisze mdgomni paragrafis ganmartebas ase akonkreteben:
paragrafi SeiZleba moklec iyos, sulac erTi winadadebisgan
Sedgebodes, SeiZleba vrcelic iyos, mag., aTi da metwinadadebiani.
276
 Cveni azriT, paragrafis am niSniT abzacTan gaigiveba
dazustebas saWiroebs, radgan mecnieruli kvlevebis akademiuri
tradiciebi sxvagvar suraTs gvixatavs. .am tradiciaTa mixedviT
paragrafi samecniero teqstis ufro did azrobriv-Sinaarsobriv
erTeuls warmoadgens, vidre abzacia da Tavad Seicavs ramdenime
abzacs.32
marTalia, paragrafi funqciurad, azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivadac
Camohgavs abzacs, struqturiTac, magram msgavseba mainc ar aris maTi
gaigivebis safuZveli, es gansakuTrebiT struqturis msgavsebaze
iTqmis. nebismieri teqstis da misi calkeuli elementebis
struqturebi erT princips emyareba . amitom, faqtobrivad, imeorebs
erTmaneTs sxvadasxva doneze. ase rom, paragrafis
konstitucionalzms azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi principi uzrunvelyofs
da ara struqturuli.
sxvaTa Soris, paragrafis konstituciurobis niSani isic aris,
rom mas sakuTari grafikuli niSanic aqvs mikuTvnebuli ($) da dRemde
aravis gauuqmebia.
ase rom, paragrafi mecnieruli, azrovnebiTi procesis
gamoxatvis formaa, misi siRrmiseuli Sreebis (doneebis) wvdomis
maCvenebelia. AazrovnebiTi procesi, sazogadod, Tavisi bunebiT
fiWuri principisaa. Kkonkretuli azri gansjis Teoriuli formaa,
ufro sworad formurilebaa. Ggansjas, rogorc azrovnebiT process,
uamravi sivrciseuli da siRrmiseuli done gaaCnia. Ggansjisgan azris
gamotana am gansjis erTi romelime donis gamorCeva-gamocalkeveba da
sityvier samoselSi (winadadebaSi) moqceva, saxeldebaa (saxelis
darqmeva). xeluxlebeli rCeba sxva, N raodenobis done Tu aspeqti.
maTi gamorCeva-gamocalkeveba erTiani gansjisgan ukve sxva
saxeldebas sxva, pirvelTan logikurad ganuyofeli, azris
Camoyalibebas saWiroebs.

32
paragrafi zogjer erT abzacsac moicavs da abzacTan misi gaigivebis
safuZvelsac swored es garemoeba qmnis.
277
 paragrafi swored aseTi azrobriv-goniTi procesis-gansjis
sxvadasxva donidan azrTa gamocalkeveba-saxeldebis formaluri
gamoxatulebaa. Aabzaci am SemTxvevaSi erT azrs, anu gansjisgan
gamocalkevebul erT dones asaxavs, magram roca es erTi azri
saerTod gansjisgan (rogorc saerTo Ziridan, fuZidan) momdinare
potenciur sxva azrs an azrebsac saWiroebs, rogorc damateba-
Sevsebas, abzacis formati aseT azrTa aucilebel erTianobas veRar
itevs da damxmared paragrafi evlineba.
am funqciiT paragrafi didi drois ganmavlobaSi (XIX_XX-ss)
gamoiyeneboda mecnierebis mraval dargSi. AamJamad ki mis
gamomxatvel grafikul niSans vizualurad umjobesi formebi da
grafikuli niSnebi (wertilebi, varskvlavebi, sxva) Caenacvla. M
magram paragrafi, rogorc teqstis erTeuli, darCa.
paragrafisaTvis formaruli uflebebis CamorTmeva teqstSi
gamoxatuli azris vizualuri aRqmis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad
gakeTda, radgan paragrafis gansjis fiWuri struqturis gamoxatva
rTuli aRsaqmeli aRmoCnda. Ees cxadad igrZnoba Teoriul
naSromebSi, sadac uparagrafod fons gasvla ufro Wirs. amis nimuSad
genialuri germaneli filosofosis hegelis azrovnebis stilisa da
TxzulebaTa dasaxelebac ikmarebs.
1817 wels gamoqveynebuli hegelis naSromis `filosofiur
mecnierebaTa mokle narkvevSi~ teqstis struqtura grafikuladac
mTlianad paragrafebs efuZneba, imavdroulad araerTi paragrafi
ramdensanme abzacs Seicavs.33 sxva naSromebSi hegels igive principi
grafikulad berZnul-laTinuri asoebiT aqvs gamoxatuli.
magaliTisTvis vnaxoT misi naSromis `leqciebi esTeTikis Sesaxeb~
struqtura:
Sesavali
I. esTetikis gansazRvra da dacva;
1. bunebrivi mSvenieri da xelovnebis mSvenieri;
2. esTetikis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zogierTi mosazrebis ukugdeba;
II. mSvenierisa da xelovnebis mecnieruli ganxilvis saxeebi;

33g. v. f. hegeli, esTetika, t. 4. gamomcemloba “iskustvo”, 1973w., gv. 185-190 (rusul

enaze)
278
1. empiriuli sawyisi, rogorc ganxilvis amosavali wertili;
2. idea, rogorc ganxilvis amosavali wertili;
3. empiriuli da idealizebuli Tvalsazrisebis gaerTianeba
III. xelovnebis mSvenierebis cneba;
A. Cveulebrivi warmodgenebi xelovnebaze;
1. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis nayofi.
2. xelovnebis nawarmoebi adamianis grZnobisTvis warmomdgaria grZnobisgan
3. xelovnebis mizani ~ 34

ai, rogoraa kidev ufro danawevrebuli es qveTavi:

) bunebis mibaZvis principi
am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis arsebiT mizans unda Seadgendes mibaZva,
rogorc iseTi gawafuloba, daxelovneba, bunebis saxeebis saTanado wesiT sruliad
ise adekvaturad rom gadmoiRebs, rogoradac isini arseboben, da bunebis am
adekvaturi gamosaxvis marjve Sesruleba srul dakmayofilebas unda iZleodes.
) am gansazRvrebaSi, upirveles yovlisa, Camarxulia mxolod is sruliad
formaluri mizani, rom adamianma xelmeored gaakeTos is, rac da rogoradac ukve
arsebobs gare samyaroSi, ramdenadac aZleven amis nebas sakuTari saSulebani.
magram es garemoeba amave dros SeiZleba:
)zedmet Sroma-garjad miviCnioT, radgan rasac naxatebi, saTeatro warmodgenebi
da a.S. wabaZviT gamosaxaven - cxovelebs, bunebis scenebs, adamianur ambebs,
movlenebs, - ukve gvaqvs Cvens baRebSi, an sakuTar saxlSi, anda viwro an farTo
nacnobTa wris SemTxvevebsa da ambebSi vxvdebiT! ufro zustad ki, es zedmeti
garja SeiZleba ganvixiloT agreTve rogorc kanonieri TamaSi, romelic (β β)
bunebas CamorCeba, radgan xelovneba Tavisi gadmocemis saSualebebiT SezRudulia
da SeuZlia mxolod calmxrivi cTunebani, magaliTad, erTi romelime grZnobisTvis
Seqmnas sinamdvilis moCveneba, da marTlac, roca mas mxolod SiSveli mibaZvis
formaluri mizani aqvs, saerTo namdvil cxovelmyofelobis nacvlad sicocxlis
mxolod TvalTmaqcur saxes iZleva~...35
ase grZeldeba teqstis (paragrafis) es nawili, romelic or
sakmaod vrcel abzacs Seicavs.
paragrafis klasikuri funqcionirebis kidev erTi magaliTia.
ferdinand de sosiuris gaxmaurebuli wigni `zogadi enaTmecnierebis
kursi~36. meti sicxadisTvis erT konkretul amonawersac moviyvanT:

enis gamosaxva damwerlobis saSualebebiT

§1. damwerlobis Seswavlis aucilebloba
Cveni kvlevis konkretul sagans warmoadgens socialuri produqti asaxuli
yoveli Cvenganis Tavis tvinSi, e.i. es produqti lingvisturi jgufebis mixedviT
gansxvavdeba: konkretulad Cven mocemuli gvaqvs sxvadasxva ena. enaTmecnierma rac
SeiZleba meti ena unda icodes, raTa dakvirvebisa da maTi Sedarebis gziT gamoyos
is, rac universaluria.
enebs, metwilad, werilobiTi formiT vicnobT. Cvens mSobliur enaSic
maSualebeli rgolis rols werilobiTi wyaro asrulebs. roca saqme exeba Cvengan

34 g. v. f. hegeli, esTetika, t. I, “xelovneba”, Tb., 1973, gv. 7-35

35
hegelis dasax. naSr., gv. 54
36
ferdinand de sosiuri, zogadi enaTmecnierebis kursi, gamomcemloba `diogene~,
Tbilisi 2002 (qarTul enaze Targmna cisana bibileiSvilma)
279
daSorebul enas, kidev ufro metad gvixdeba werilobiTi wyarosaTvis mimarTva.
mkvdari enebis SemTxvevaSic ki damwerloba, saerTod, erTaderTi wyaroa
informaciisa. uSualod monacemebiT sargebloba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, didi xnis win rom gagvekeTebina is, rac parizsa Tu venaSi keTdeba -
Sekrebiliyo yvela saxis enis fonografiuli nimuSi. da mainc, aSkarad Semonaxuli
teqstebis sxvaTaTvis gasacnobad dagvWirdeboda damwerlobis gamoyeneba.
amrigad, Tumca TviT damwerloba ucxoa enis Sinagani sistemisTvis, mainc
SeuZlebelia im procesidan mowyveta, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba uSualod enis
fiqsireba. aucilebelia, vicnobdeT mis Rirsebebs, naklsa Tu misgan momdinare
safrTxes~.37
aq sruliad cxadia, rom paragrafi abzacze ufro vrceli
teqstia, radgan Tavad Seicavs ramdenime (3) abzacs.
paragrafs, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, myari struqtura aqvs. igi
sami ZiriTadi nawilisgan Sedgeba. esenia: sakvanZo (mTavari)
winadadeba, sasafuZvlo (mxardamWeri) winadadeba da daskvniTi
winadadeba.
 sakvanZo winadadeba paragrafis mTavari azrs (ideas) gamoxatavs
da mis Temas SemosazRvravs: mokled miuTiTebs imaze, Tu raze iqneba
msjeloba paragrafSi. sakvaZo winadadebac erTiani principuli
struqturiT aigeba: pirvel nawilSi ganTavsdeba Tema, momdevnoSi - is
konteqsti, romlis farglebSic iqneba ganxiluli es Tema.
winadadebis am meore nawils makontrolebel ideas uwodeben.
sakvanZo winadadeba agebulebis mixedviT srulia, sul cota
erT qvemdebaresa da Semasmenels mainc Seicavs.
sakvaZo winadadeba Zalian zogadi unda iyos, arc zedmetad
detaluri. zogadobis SemTxvevaSi mkiTxveli ver gaigebs konkretul
azrs, zedmeti detalurobis SemTxvevaSi ki sityvaTa simravlidan
gauWirdeba azris gamotana.
sakvanZo winadadeba mTavar azrs (ideas) gadmogvcems da
detalur informacias ar gvawvdis.
sakvanZo winadadeba umetesad paragrafis pirvel winadadebad
iwereba, magram ara yovelTvis.
 mxardamWeri winadadeba sakvaZo winadadebis dasabuTebas
uZebnis, anu ufro meti informaciis SeSvelebiT amagrebs, igi
damatebiTi informaciis mimwodebeli winadadebaa.

37 f. sosiuri, dasax. naSromi, gv.34

280
  daskvniTi winadadeba azrobrivad ganasrulebs, kravs paragrafs
da mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi aRbeWdavs mis Sinaarss. es ori gziT
xorcieldeba: an paragrafis ZiriTadi Tema Sejamdeba, an sakvanZo
winadadebis parafrazi gakeTdeba (sxva sityvebiT gadmoicema).
daskvniTi winadadeba, rogorc wesi, calke mdgomi
(damoukidebel teqstad arsebuli) paragrafisTvis aris savaldebulo,
sxva SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli ar aris.
zemoaRniSnuli konkretuli magaliTis safuZvelze yovelive
SeiZleba ase gaviazroT:

satiruli da iumoristuli literatura Zalian mkafiod

sakvanZo (mTavari)

asaxavs im Widilsa da brZolas, romelic

winadadeba

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis wiaRSi, sazogadoebriv

fenebsa, klasebsa da maT warmomadgenel calkeul pirTa
Soris arsebobs.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom satira da iumori brZolis erT-

mxardamWeri
winadadeba

erTi saxea, marTalia, Taviseburi, magram aranaklebad

mwvave da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb
gamanadgurebelic, vidre Tavdasxmis sxva saSualeba.
moxerxebuli da mignebuli dacinva obieqtis
gacamtverebis, misi uvargisobis gamomJRavnebis nacadi
da utyuari saSualebaa.
winadadeba
daskvniTi

amitom savsebis gasagebia satira-iumoris Seswavlis

mniSvneloba sazogadoebriv-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT.

aq moyvanil teqstze38 dakvirvebiTa aSkara xdeba, sul cota ori

abzacis gamoyofa.

38teqsti aRebulia wignidan: qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis

istoriisaTvis, daibeWda aseve: gr.kiknaZe, Txz.5 tomad, t. II, Tb., 2003
281
 gamovyoT TiToeuli nawili cal-calke da davakvirdeT maTs
struqturebsa da elementebs Soris kavSirebs:
satiruli da iumoristuli literatura (Tema) Zalian mkafiod
asaxavs im Widilsa da brZolas, romelsac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
wiaRSi, sazogadoebriv fenebs, klasebsa da maT warmomadgenel
calkeul pirTa Soris arsebobs (makontrolebeli idea).
agebulebis mixedviT es winadadeba srulia, rTuli qvewyobili.
bunebrivia, mas aqvs qvemdebare (`literatura~), Semasmenlebi
(`asaxavs~, `arsebobs~). igi moicavs Temasac da makontrolebel
ideasac. idea gadmocemulia zogadad, zedmeti detalizaciis gareSe,
ar uTiTebs rogor da ranairad asaxavs. amasTan, winadadeba,
wesisamebr, dasmulia paragrafis dasawyisSi, anu sakvanZo winadadebis
ganTavsebis wesic daculia. igi ori nawilisgan Sedgeba (Tema,
makontrolebeli idea) da bolos: igi arc zedmetad zogadia, arc
Zalian detaluri, Tanac makontrolebeli idea Temas logikurad
ebmis.
axla mxardamWeri winadadeba amovweroT:
`SeiZleba iTqvas, rom satira da iumori brZolis erT-erTi saxea, marTalia,
Taviseburi, magram aranakleb mwvave da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, aranakleb
gamanadgurebelic, vidre Tavdasxmis sxva saSualeba.
moxerxebuli da mignebuli dacinva obieqtis gacamtverebis, misi uvargisobis
gamomJRavnebis nacadi da utyuari saSualebaa~.
Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac cxadia, rom es winadadebebi sakvaZo
winadadebis irgvliv axal, ufro vrcel informacias gvawvdian da
Sinaarsebobrivad azusteben.
bolos daskvniTi winadadebac gaviazroT:
`amitom savsebiT gasagebia satira-iumoris Seswavlis mniSvneloba
sazogadoebriv-istoriuli TvalsazrisiT~.
rogorc vxedavT, daskvniT winadadebaSi Sejamebulia
paragrafis mTavari azri, amiT Sekrulia da gamTlianebuli.
ese
teqstis saxeoba, mcire moculobis (1500-2000 sityva), Taviseburi
formis da nairnairi daniSnulebis teqstia, maT Soris samecnieroc.
282
 Zalian farTod ese literaturis miniaturul Janrad esmiT,
romelic simokliT aforizms uaxlovdeba. mis Sinaarsobriv
Taviseburebad gamoyofen ambis Riaobas (Seukraobas sisrulis mxriv),
Temis yofierebis mTlianobis, yvelafris yvelafrisgan ganuyoflobis
gancdiT filosofiur wvdomas da Txrobis fragmentulobas.
miuTiTeben, rom Txrobis fragmentuloba eses teqstSi ase vlindeba:
realobis erTmaneTisgan sakmaod (da gamaogneblad) daSorebuli
elementebi struqturirebis montaJuri principiT ukavSirdeba, rac
gamowveulia mxatvruli refleqsiis spontanurobiT. es spontanuroba
ki Tavad teqstis subieqtisaken aris mimarTuli.
Txrobis fragmentuloba imdenad Rrmad gansazRvravs eses,
rogorc mokle teqstis arss, rom XX saukunis xelovnebaSi aseTi
teqsti calke Janrobriv saxesxvaobadac ganzogadda da fragmenti
ewoda.
aRniSnuli gagebiT eses klasikur nimuSebad miCneulia f.
nicSes `ase ambobda zaratustra~, x.l. borxesis `apokrifuli
saxarebis fragmentebi” da sxva39.
eses teqsti formis, konstruirebisa da Sinaarsis Txrobis
principiT uaRresad xelsayreli aRmoCnda XX saukunis II naxevrisa
da XXI saukunis dasawyisis mecnierebisaTvis mecnieruli naazrevis
mkiTxvelamde optimalurad mitanis TvalsazrisiT. esem warmatebiT
ikisra tradiciuli mecnieruli Janris - samecniero-popularuli
Txrobis misia da Caenacvla mas.
ese dRes farTod gavrcelebuli Janria mecnierebaSic.
zemoaRniSnuli konstruqciul-Sinaarsobriv TaviseburebebTan erTad,
misi popularobis safuZveli rTuli azris (ideis) kompaqturad
Camoyalibeba-gadmocemis funqciac gaxda. kerZod, is, rom misi mokle
teqsti da Txrobis emociuri muxti ar Rlis mkiTxvels da interess
ar unelebs eses informaciisadmi; rom eses mosasmenad Tu wasakiTxad
mkiTxvels sul raRac 10 wuTi sWirdeba. Tanamedroveobis
39
Л. В. Чернец, В.Е.Хализев и другие, Введение в литературоведение, изд. "Высшая школа", М., 1999,
с. 451

283
Tavbrudamxvevi tempebisa da informaciuli siWarbis, misi uswrafesi
aRqma-gaTavisebis aucileblobis epoqaSi - esem swored Sinaarsis
martivad da ucabedad gadmocemiT moipova simpaTiebi, amiT gaxda
moTxovnadi. Cvens Tanamedroves nakleb scalia mecnierul
foliantebSi TavCarguli, ganmartoebuli, mSvidi da dinji
gansjisTvis. SesaZloa wignis Sinaarsis asaTviseblad didi drois
gamo kacobriobam saerTod uari Tqvas wignze, rogorc informaciis
wyaroze da mTlianad internetis friad efeqtur momsaxurebas
miandos Tavisi interesebisa Tu moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
jerjerobiT ki kompiuteri internetiT ver cvlis wigns,
radgan ver aZlevs adamians imas, rasac saukuneebis manZilze wigni
aZlevda: informaciis miwodebasTan erTad, wignis Tanaavtorad
avtoris fiqrisa da gansjis Tanamonawiled rom aqcevs, fiqrsa da
gansjasac rom aswavlis da ara mxolod sxvisi inteleqtualuri
produqciis momxmareblobas.
eses am RirsebaTa fonze mainc dasafiqrebelia misi formis
Tavisufleba da arasistemuroba, rac azris gamoxatvis sisrules
uTuod aCnevs kvals.
ese Tematurad mravalnairia. ganarCeven literaturul,
publicistur, kritikul, filosofiur, istoriul, fsiqologiur,
memuarul, socialur da a.S. eses.

eses teqstualuri agebuleba (struqtura)

eses teqsti ramdenime abzacisgan Sedgeba. da, rogorc saerTod
TxrobiTi teqstebi, sam nawils Seicavs. esenia:
 Sesavali;
 ZiriTadi nawili;
 daskvna.
teqstis simokle eses TiToeul nawils, CveulbrivTan erTad,
gansakuTrebul funqcias akisrebs. amasTan, udidesi datvirTva eZleva
am nawilebis urTierTdamakavSirebel, e.w. gardamaval winadadebebs,
romlebic teqsts azrobrivad kravs da amTlianebs.
284
1. eses Sesavali: aq pirvelive winadadebiT gamokveTilia mizani,
dasmulia ZiriTadi sakiTxi da gansaxilveli debulebebi - Sesavlis
daniSnuleba mkiTxvelis ndobis mopoveba, an interesis erTbaSad
gaRviZebaa, teqstis wakiTxvis motivaciis Seqmna.
Sesavlis aseTi efeqturoba ori gziT miiRweva:
 miznis gamokveTiT, anu imaze miTiTebiT, raze iqneba saubari
eseSi;
 saubris Temaze yuradRebis aqcentirebiT;
 nacnobi viTarebis fonze situaciis savaraudo garTulebis
warmoCeniT.
arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis Sesavlebi:
 raime saintereso ambis Semcveli;
 moulodneli, gasaocari statistikis, faqtisa Tu movlenis
Semcveli;
 istoriuli fonis (kvlevis winaviTarebis) amsaxveli.
2. ZiriTadi nawili.
ZiriTad nawilSi gamocemulia avtoris mTavari saTqmeli,
dasabuTebulia mTavari argumenti, gamJRavnebulia avtoris
damokidebuleba ganxilvis sagnisadmi. da, rac mTavaria, es
damokidebuleba warmoCenilia sxva avtorTa mosazrebebTan mimarTebis
fonze.
ZiriTadi nawili Sedgeba abzacebisgan, romlebic mxardamWeri
winadadebebis funqcias asruleben. ZiriTadi nawili sxvadasxva
principiT aigeba. erTia - qronologiuri, meore - msgavseba-
gansxvavebis, mesame - maTi kombinirebis, meoTxe - logikuri
Tanamimdevrobis principi.
logikuri Tanamimdevrobis principi gulisxmobs eses Temis
qveTemebad danawilebas. amgvari danawileba maSin aris mizanSewonili,
roca gvinda mosazrebebis, tipebis, saxeobebis, meTodebis,... axsna-
dasabuTeba. logikuri danawilebis dros gamoiyeneba gardamavali
sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, Tundac, iseTi, rogoricaa: `jer erTi~, `mere

285
meore~, `mesame~ ..., `aseve~, `amasTanave~, `agreTve~ `da mainc”... da
mravali sxva.
3. daskvniTi nawili:
daskvna miuTiTebs eses dasasrulze. aq xdeba ZiriTad nawilSi
gadmocemul TvalsazrisTa Sejameba da amiT mkiTxvelisaTvis
avtoris miznis kidev erTxel Cveneba. amiT Temis aqtualobis
warmoCena da gadawyvetis perspeqtivebis Cveneba.
daskvnebi tipologiurad sxvadasxvanairia. cnobilia
winaswarmetyveluri, SesaZlo Sedegebis warmomCeni, problemis
gadawyvetis mTavazebeli (rekomendaciebis, qmedebisaken mowodebis
Semcveli) da avtoritetis momSveliebi daskvnebi.
da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: eses wera mizanSewonilia
winaswarSedgenili gegmis mixedviT. gegma, rogorc cnobilia,
awesrigebs Txrobis principebs, logikurad akavSirebs mosazrebebs
da, rac mTavaria, mkvlevars uqmnis ZiriTadi, magistraluri gziT
svlis yvela pirobas.
daniSnulebis mixedviT eses or tips ganasxvaveben. erTs axsna-
ganmatebiTs uwodeben, meores - argumentirebuls.
_ axsnaganmartebiTi ese aRwers raime faqts an movlenas. igi mxolod
informacias awvdis mkiTxvels.
miznis miRwevis principebis Sesabamisad axsnaganmartebiTi ese
SeiZleba iyos:
 aRweriTi, sadac mxolod faqti an movlenaa aRwerili. misi
mizani saqmeSi Cauxedavi mkiTxvelisTvis inoformaciis miwodebaa.
 ganmartebiT eseSi warmoCenilia movlenaTa gamomwvevi mizezebi
da mosalodneli Sedegebi. avtori sakiTxis arss am SemTxvevaSi
sxvadasxva faqtiT an mosazrebiT aTvalsaCinoebs.
 ilustrirebuli ese mkiTxvels sakiTxis irgvliv arsebul
yvela Tvalsazrissa Tu Teorias acnobs. amitom am tipis ese
umTavresad mimoxilviTi xasiaTisaa. aq avtori TiTqmis ar Cans.
amitom misi pozicia gansaxilveli sakiTxisadmi saerTod ar
fiqsirdeba.
286
  analitikuri ese: aseTi tipis eseSi faqtisa Tu movlenis
mecnieruli ganxilva-analizia mocemuli.
_ argumentirebuli ese: am tipisTvis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebelia
msjelobis argumentireba. avtori daufaravad warmoaCens
damokidebulebas ganxilvis obieqtisadmi; win wamoswevs Tavis
pozicias da cxadyofs arsebul TvalsazrisebTan damokidebulebas
da Tavis Tvalsazriss logikuri argumentebiT asabuTebs.
 gansazRvrebiTi ese argumentirebulis saxeobaa. mas, Cveulebriv,
samecniero eses uwodeben. aq upiratesad sapirispiro mosazrebebi,
faqtebi an movlenebia Sefasebuli maTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT, ganmartebulia saanalizo cnebaTa arsi da mecnieruli
analizi sayovelTao gagebis fonzea Catarebuli.
 evoluciuri ese. am tipis eseSi msjeloba-analizi
Tanamimdevrulad, cnobilidan ucnobisaken, martividan rTulisaken
miemarTeba, bunebrivia, Sesabamisi argumentebis moSveliebiT.
magakiTad, analizis obieqtia rkinigzaze tvirTbrunvis
Semcirebis problema. evoluciuri principiT jer unda gamovlindes
da daxarisxdes tvirTbrunvis Semcirebis faqtebi (jer cnobili,
Semdeg - ucnobi), TiToeuls moeZebnos mtkicebulebebi (argumentebi),
amasTan gamoikveTos aRmavali dinamika (umniSvnelo Semcirebis
faqtebidan aSkara, TvalSisacemi da SemaSfoTebeli klebis
mauwyeblebisaken). amis Semdeg dadgindes Semcirebis kanonzomiereba
(faqtebis ganzogadebiT) da ganisazRvros krizisis daZlevis
argumentirebuli rekomendaciebi.
 interpretaciuli ese ufro mwerlobis sferos ganekuTvneba. aq
analizis Sinaarss avtoris subieqturi Tvalsazrisi gansazRvravs.
amitom erTi da igive faqti Tu movlena sxvadasxva avtorma,
SesaZloa, sruliad sxvadasxvanairad gaiazros da Seafasos.
axla yvelaferi, rac eses Sesaxeb iTqva, erTi konkretuli
magaliTis ganxilviT gaviazroT. amisTvis gavicnoT teqsti, romelic
realurad sxva didi teqstis nawilia, magram im did teqstSic Tavisi
SinaarsiTa da struqturiT avtonomiuria. amdenad igi SeiZleba
287
mecnieruli eses nimuSad ganvixiloT. es teqsti TqvenTvis ukve
cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri paragrafis nimuSi. igi Segnebulad
mogvyavs mecnieruli eses nimuSad, raTa kidev erTxel dagarwmunoT
imaSi, rom paragrafi ar aris abzaci da rom paragrafi Tavisi arsiT
ufro eses Camohgavs. ganvixiloT CvenTvis ukve cnobili teqsti
ferdinand de sosiuris wignidan `zogadi enaTmecnierebis kursi~,
romelsac ewodeba `damwerlobis Seswavlis aucilebloba~.
Cveni kvlevis konkretul sagans warmoadgens socialuri produqti, asaxuli
yoveli Cvenganis Tavis tvinSi, e.i. es produqti lingvisturi jgufebis mixedviT
gansxvavdeba: konkretulad Cven mocemuli gvaqvs sxvadasxva enebi. enaTmecnierma rac
SeiZleba meti ena unda icodes, raTa maTze dakvirvebisa da maTi Sedarebis gziT
gamoiyos maTgan is, rac universaluria maTSi.
enebs, metwilad, werilobiTi formiT vicnobT. Cvens mSobliur enaSic ki,
maSualebeli rgolis rols werilobiTi wyaro asrulebs. roca saqme exeba Cvengan
daSorebul enas, kidev ufro metad gvixdeba werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis mimarTva.
mkvdari enebis SemTxvevaSi ki damwerloba, saerTod, erTaderTi wyaroa
informaciisa. uSualo monacemebiT sargebloba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, didi xnis win rom gagvekeTebina is, rac parizsa Tu venaSi keTdeba -
Sekrebiliyo yvela saxis enis fonografiuli nimuSi. da mainc, amgvarad
Semonaxuli teqstebis sxvaTaTvis gasacnobad dagvWirdeboda damwerlobis
gamoyeneba.
amrigad, Tumca TviT damwerloba ucxoa enis Sinagani sistemisTvis, mainc
SeuZlebelia im procesidan mowyveta, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba uSualod enis
fiqsireba. aucilebelia vicnobdeT mis Rirsebebs, naklsa Tu misgan momdinare
safrTxes.

eses saxeobis dadgena.

davakvirdeT mocemul teqsts da ganvsazRvroT misi saxeoba.
gansazRvris safuZveli, bunebrivia, teqstis Sinaarsia. saTauri
Tavidanve gvamcnobs mTavar Temas (gansaxilvel sakiTxs). esaa imis
dasabuTeba, rom damwerlobis codna enis SeswavlaSi aucilebelia.
amasTan teqstis mTeli Sinaarsi cxadyofs, rom aq saubaria
enebis Seswavla-gagebaSi damwerlobis rolze da imis mtkicebaa, rom
nebismieri enis (maT Soris mSobliurisac) gagebis safuZveli
werilobiTi wyaroebia (teqstebia). bolos damwerlobis codnis
288
aucilebloba dasabuTebulia sapirispiros principis - enebis
fonografiuli nimuSebis (rogorc parizsa da venaSi) dagrovebiTac,
anu imiT, rom amgvarad dagrovebuli teqstebis gagebasac
(wakiTxvasac) damwerlobis codna sWirdeba.
aSkaraa am teqstis Tavisufali forma, moculobis simcire
(masSi 150 sityvaa), azri kompaqturad aris Camoyalibebuli.
miuxedavad Temis gamokveTilad Teoriulobisa, emociuri muxti
sagrZnobia, mkiTxvels interess pirvelive winadadeba uRviZebs da
teqstis agebuleba uzrunvelyofs misadmi mkiTxvelis interesis
SenarCunebas. yvela am niSniis mixedviT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
teqsti saxeobrivad SeiZleba eses mivakuTvnoT.

eses tipis gansazRvra

axla eses tipi gavarkvioT. safuZveli, bunebrivia, kvlav
Sinaarsi da misi gadmocemis principia. vxedavT, rom Sinaarsis
gadmocemis principi mosazrebis (Tezisis) wamoyenebas da misTvis
dasabuTebis (argumentebis) moZebnas emyareba: mTavari azri aq,
rogorc vxedavT, is aris, rom enis gagebisTvis aucilebelia
damwerlobis codna. mTeli msjeloba amis dasabuTebas moicavs:
 enaTmecnierma meti unda icodes (Tezisi), raTa enebze
dakvirvebiT da maTi SedarebiT gamoiyenos is, rac maTSi
universaluria (dasabuTeba-argumenti).
 amisTvis damwerlobis codnaa aucilebeli (daskvna-miniSneba,
axali Tezisi), ratom? - imitom, rom:
 enebs metwilad werilobiTi formiT (wyaroebiT) vicnobT
(Tezisi); ratom? - imitom, rom:
* werilobiTi wyaro maSualebel rols asrulebs (mTavari
argumenti).
* mSobliur enaSic ki werilobiTi wyaro asrulebs maSualebel
rols (I qveargumenti);
* daSorebuli enis gasagebad werilobiTi wyaro kidev ufro metad
gvWirdeba (II qveargumenti);
289
* mkvdari enebis SemTxvevaSi werilobiTi wyaro erTaderTia
(III qveargumenti).
davakvirdeT, argumentebi mtkicebis xarisxis aRmaval
principzea dalagebuli. faqtis TandaTanobiT, logikuri sicxadiT
warmosadgenad. amave mizans emsaxureba sapirispiro movlenis
(principis) moxmoba da kontrargumentis sakuTar argumentad qceva:
 enis monacemebiT uSualo (werilobiTi wyaros gareSe)
sargebloba, zogierTis fiqriT, maSin iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu
yvela enis fonografiul nimuSebs SevkrebdiT, rogorc amas akeTeben
parizsa da venaSi (gansxvavebuli azri, kontrTezisi).
 ase Semonaxuli teqstebis sxvebisaTvis gasacnobad mainc
damwerloba dagvWirdeboda (kontrargumenti).
sruliad aSkaraa msjelobis mtkicebiTi forma da misi
argumentebze damyareba. cxadia, saanalizo cnebebis ganmartebulobac
(damwerloba, werilobiTi wyaroebi) da isic, rom msjeloba-analizi
saerTo gagebis fonzea Catarebuli. es yvelaferi ki imis srul
safuZvels gvaZlevs, rom ese argumentirebul, konkretulad
gansazRvrebiTi eses tips mivakuTvnoT.

eses struqturis dadgena:

axla gavarkvioT am eses struqtura - davadginoT misi ZiriTadi
nawilebi. Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, es arc Tu ise rTuli saqmea. amaSi
ese grafikuladac gvexmareba: aSkaraa, rom Sesavali pirveli abzaciT
aris warmodgenili, ZiriTadi nawili - meoriT, xolo daskvna mesame
abzacSia mocemuli (SeiZleba sxvagvaradac yofiliyo).
axla TiToeuli nawilis ganxilva-analiziT davadginoT maTi
Taviseburebani da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis principebi.

Sesavali.
amovweroT Sesavlis teqsti:
`Cveni kvlevis konkretul sagans warmoadgens socialuri produqti, asaxuli
yoveli Cvenganis Tavis tvinSi, e.i. es produqti lingvisturi jgufebis mixedviT

290
gansxvavdeba: konkretulad Cven mocemuli gvaqvs sxvadasxva enebi. enaTmecnierma,
rac SeiZleba, meti ena unda icodes, raTa maTze dakvirvebisa da maTi Sedarebis
gziT gamoyos maTgan is, rac universaluria maTSi~.
Sesavlis Sinaarsi cxadyofs, rom pirvelsave winadadebaSi
gamokveTilia kvlevis sagani (`socialuri produqti~ - ena, `asaxuli
yoveli Cvenganis Tavis tvinSi~, romelic `lingvisturi jgufebis
mixedviT gansxvavdeba~), aseve kvlevis ZiriTadi sakiTxi - rac
SeiZleba meti enis codnis aucilebloba (`enaTmecnierma rac
SeiZleba meti ena unda icodes~); warmoCenilia gansaxilveli
debulebebi (a) rac SeiZleba meti enis codnis aucilebloba; b)
dakvirveba-SedarebiT universaluris gamovlena).
gaRviZebulia mkiTxvelis interesi: ena yoveli Cvenganis Tavis
tvinSia, amitom is, razedac eseSi iqneba saubari, met-naklebad
yvelas, maT Soris mkiTxvelsac Seexeba, amitom misTvisac sainteresoa
is, rasac ityvis eses avtori.
 Sesavlis efeqturoba miRweulia kvlevis saganze yuradRebis
aqcentirebiT (ena socialuri produqtia, ena yvela Tavis tvinSia,
enebi lingvisturi jgufebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, mocemuli gvaqvs
sxvadasxva enebi, enaTmecnierma rac SeiZleba meti ena unda icodes da
a.S.).
am SesavalSi saubaria enebTan dakavSirebul saerTo, ukve
SeniSnul da dadgenil sakiTxebze, rogorc fonze, romlis
safuZvelzec dasmulia sakvlevi sakiTxi - enebis codnis
aucilebloba. amitom es Sesavali tipis mixedviT `istoriuli fonis
amsaxvel~ Sesavals unda miekuTvnos.
ZiriTadi nawili
jer teqsti amoviweroT:
`enebs, metwilad, werilobiTi formiT vicnobT. Cvens mSobliur enaSic ki,
maSualebeli rgolis rols werilobiTi wyaro asrulebs. roca saqme exeba Cvengan
daSorebul enas, kidev ufro metad gvixdeba werilobiTi wyaroebisaTvis mimarTva.
mkvdari enebis SemTxvevaSi ki damwerloba, saerTod, erTaderTi wyaroa
informaciisa. uSualo monacemebiT sargebloba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, didi xnis win rom gagvekeTebina is, rac parizsa Tu venaSi keTdeba -
Sekrebiliyo yvela saxis enis fonografiuli nimuSi. da mainc, amgvarad
291
Semonaxuli teqstebis sxvaTaTvis gasacnobad dagvWirdeboda damwerlobis
gamoyeneba~.
 rogorc vxedavT, ZiriTad nawilSi gadmocemulia avtoris
ZiriTadi saTqmeli - enebs werilobiTi formebiT vicnobT. amitom
damwerlobis codna aucilebelia;
 dasabuTebulia mTavari argumenti: enis gasagebad aucilebelia
werilobiTi wyaroebis gamoyeneba, rogorc damwerlobis Semcveli
teqstebisa. isini maSinac ki dagvWirdeboda, parizisa Tu venis
msgavsad, yvela enis fonografiuli nimuSebi rom Segvekriba;
 gamJRavnebulia avtoris damokidebuleba gansaxilveli
sakiTxisadmi. avtori yvelanairad asabuTebs enebis gagebaSi
werilobiTi wyaroebis rols (codnis aucileblobas);
 miznis misaRwevad avtori Temas qveTemebad anawilebs (sxva
enebis, daSorebuli enis, mSobliuri enis, mkvdari enis qveTemebi);
 analizis logikurobis principiT masalis ganlagebas
cxadyofs: nacnobiT (mSobliuri eniT) dawyeba, naklebcnobilze
gadasvla (daSorebuli ena), ucnobisaken svla (mkvdari enebi).
 avtoris pozicia gamJRavnebulia sxva mkvlevrebTan mimarTebis
fonze (parizeli da veneli lingvistebis gansxvavebuli midgoma
enebis Seswavlisadmi - enaTa fonografiuli nimuSebis Sekreba maTi
Semdgomi kvlevis mizniT).

daskvniTi nawili:
gavixsenoT daskvnis teqstic:
`amrigad, Tumca TviT damwerloba ucxoa enis Sinagani sistemiTvis, mainc
SeuZlebelia im procesidan mowyveta, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba uSualod enis
fiqsireba. aucilebelia vicnobdeT mis Rirsebebs, naklsa Tu misgan momdinare
safrTxes~.
davakvirdeT:
 pirvelive frazis dasawyisi miuTiTebs eses dasasrulze
(`amrigad~).

292
  daskvnaSi Sejamebulia avtoris Tvalzsarisi (damwerloba
Tumca ucxoa enis Sinagani sistemisaTvis, magram mis gareSe mainc
SeuZlebelia enis fiqsireba);
 avtoris mizani kidev erTxel aris dafiqsirebuli
(aucilebelia vicnobdeT damwerlobis Rirsebas, nakls, misgan
momdinare safrTxes);
 naCvenebia sakiTxis gadawyvetis perspeqtiva (damwerlobis
codnisagan momdinare sikeTesa Tu safrTxeze miniSneba).
dabolos: imasac cxadad vxedavT, rom avtori migviTiTebs
sakiTxis kvlevis mosalodnel Sedegebze. es ki imas niSnavs, rom am
eses daskvna tipologiurad `winaswarmetyvelurs~ ganekuTvneba.

recenzia
recenzia samecniero teqstis saxeobaa. farTo gagebiT igi raime
inteleqtualuri produqciis (mxatvruli literaturis, xelovnebis,
mecnierebis sferoTa nawarmoebebis) ganxilvas, gaanalizebas,
Sefasebas niSnavs. es amocana Tavad recenziis, rogorc miznobrivi
teqstis, daniSnulebaSia Cadebuli. – sityva recenzia laTinuri
warmomavlobisaa da ganxilvas niSnavs.
azris gamoxatvis formiT igi publicistikur Janrebs Camohgavs.
teqstis sxva saxeobaTagan recenzia Tavisi zemoqmedebis ZaliT
gansxvavdeba. konkretuli nawarmoebis ganxilva, analizi da Sefaseba,
rogorc wesi, saTanado kriterumebiTa da aspeqtebiT angariSgasawev
ganzogadebulobas iZens, konkretulobidan zogadobaSi gadazrdiT
mZlavr SemoqmedebiT impulsad gadaiqceva. istoriaSi araerTi faqtia
cnobili, roca konkretuli recenzia inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis
sferoSi saintereso faqtebis gamomzeurebis anda axal qmnilebaTa
Seqmnis mizezi gamxdara.

recenziis struqtura:
recenzia, miznis Sesabamisad, gansazRvrul struqturas
emyareba, romlis elementebia:
293
  analizi;
 msjeloba;
 mtkiceba;
 Sefaseba;
 daskvnebi;
aRniSnuli struqturuli erTeulebiT recenzia miznobrivad
cxadad aris gansazRvruli, Tumca mainc ver gamoricxavs
recenzentis (recenziis damweris-avtoris) moWarbebul subieqtur
ganwyobilebebsa da Tvalsazriss. amis gamo arc Tu iSviaTia
SemTxvevebi, roca winaswargamiznulad recenzia an xelaRebiT xotba-
didebad qceula, an, piriqiT, sruliad usafuZvlo lanZRva-ginebad da
ganqiqebad, Tanac ara marto sarecenzio naSromisa, aramed ufro misi
avtorisa.
mecnierebis sferoSi amgvari subieqturobis Tavidan
asacileblad ukanasknel xans recenzirebis axali kriteriumebi
mkvidrdeba. igi Sinaarsobrivad principul siaxleebs ar Seicavs,
magram arsebiTad azustebs da akonkretebs recenziis struqturas.
axali principi nawarmoebTa SefasebaSi miznad obieqturobis
iZulebiT zrdas isaxavs. am principis Sesabamisad recenzia Semdeg
stuqturul elementebs unda daemyaros.
 kvlevis miznebis, amocanebis, problemis arsis naTlad
Camoyalibeba;
 naSromis mecnieruli da gamoyenebiTi Rirebuleba;
 naSromis avtoris kvalifikaciisa da gamocdilebis donis
Sesabamisoba sakvlev problemasTan;
 naSromis Seqmnis mosalodneli Sedegebi mecnierebaSi wvlilis
Setanis TvalsazrisiT;
samecniero naSromis vizualuri, teqnikuri gaformeba da a.S.
naSromis Sefasebis (recenzirebis) es elementebi konkretuli
qulebiT (minimalurisa da maqsimaluris farglebSi) fasdeba da
saTanado dasabuTebas saWiroebs. Tumca subieqturobis moments
savsebiT verc aseTi struqtura gamoricxavs. samecniero naSromis
294
Sefasebis (recenzirebis) am princips iyenebs “saqarTvelos erovnuli
samecniero fondi” saxelmwifo samecniero grantebis sistemaSi. maTi
mopovebis amocanebidan gamomdinare, es sistema, zemoaRniSnulis
garda, kidev or punqts moicavs:
* naSromis avtoris mier SemoTavazebuli droisa da biujetis
farglebSi Sesrulebis realisturobas;
* kvlevis Sedegebis miRwevis samecniero-teqnikuri meTodebisa da
moTxovnili materialuri-teqnikuri resursebis realisturobas.40.
recenziis daniSnuleba da Janrobrivi Taviseburebani
recenziis daniSnulebaa zogadad mkiTxvelisTvis teqstis
avtoris ideuri, Sinaarsobrivi Canafiqris, misi nawarmoebis
mniSvnelobisa da Rirebulebis naTlad da gasagebad ganmarteba.
mecnierebis sferoSi amas emateba naSromis mecnieruli siaxlis,
wvlilis, mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebTan misi Sesabamisobis
Cveneba.
mxatvruli literaturisa da xelovnebis sferoSi recenzias
kidev erTi aspeqti emateba. esaa mkiTxvelisTvis daxmareba im
xerxebisa da saSualebebis aRqma-gaazrebaSi, rac nawarmoebis avtors
aqvs gamoyenebuli. aq recenziaSi pasuxi unda gaeces iseT kiTxvebsac,
rogoricaa:
 ramdenad aqtualuria nawarmoebi TanamedroveobisaTvis;
 ramdenad Rirebulia misi SemecnebiTi aspeqti;
 ramdenad faseulia avtoris miRwevebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, recenziaSi aucileblad unda aisaxos:
 siaxle da miRwevebi;
 naklovanebebi (naklis mxilebis mizani misi aRmofxvris mizans
unda isaxavdes da amitom yovel SeniSvnas saTanado kvalifikacia
unda mieces);

40
ix. saxelmZRvanelo cnobari: “saxelmwifo samecniero sakonkurso grantebis
sistema”, Tb, 2006, gv.29.

295
  recenzia avtors naSromis Semdgom gaumjobesebaSi unda
daexmaros, ufro metic, xeli unda Seuwyos mecnierebis ganviTarebas,
kvlevebis swori gziT warmarTvas;
 recenziaSi gamoricxuli unda iyos subieqturi simpaTia-
antipaTiebi, angariSsworeba.
recenziis saxeobani
recenziis saxeobriv nairferovnebas safuZvlad sarecenzio
sagnis (obieqtis) Taviseburebebi udevs.
amis gamo konkretuli saxeobis recenziac ki sxvadasxvanairad
iwereba. saxeldobr, mecnierebis sferoSi recenzia misi dargebis
Sesabamisadac ki gansxvavebuli iqneba.
recenziis ZiriTadi saxeobebia:
 samecniero recenzia (recenzia samecniero naSromze);
 literaturuli recenzia;
 Teatraluri recenzia;
 kinorecenzia;
samecniero recenzia (recenzia samecniero naSromze):
samecniero literaturis mravaldargianobis miuxedavad,
nebismieri naSromi saerTo principul sqemas emyareba. samecniero
kvlevis mizani WeSmaritebis dadgenaa. es ki movlenaTa da saganTa
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamovlenas, kanonzomierebaTa
aRmoCenas gulisxmobs. amitom recenzenti, rogorc wesi, avtoriviT
mainc unda erkveodes problemis arsSi. sxvagvarad srulfasovani,
obieqturi recenziis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. amas cxadyofs, arc Tu
iSviaTi faqtebi, roca diletanti bedavs recenziis weras. Sedegi
nebismier SemTxvevaSi savalaloa, naSromis obieqturi Sefasebis
nacvlad avtoris subieqturi ganwyobilebiT nasazrdoebi usafuZvlo
xotba-didebaa an lanZRva-qiliki.
recenziis struqtura
recenziis struqturaSi upirvelesi elementi naSromis
mecnieruli Rirebulebis warmoCena-Sefasebaa. aq recenzentma unda
warmoaCinos naSromis siaxle, anu ras ambobs axals, riT amdidrebs
296
avtori mecnierebis konkretul dargs. magram mkiTxvels es siaxle
rom daanaxos, kvlevis winaviTarebac unda mimoixilos da
sarecenzio naSroms am fonze unda mouZebnos adgili mecnierebis
konkretul dargSi. es unda moaxdinos Tanamedrove miRwevaTa fonze,
sxva naSromebTan Sedarebis, ganxvavebulis gamovlenis gziT.
recenziis amave nawilSi unda cxadyos, rogoria kvlevis
Sedegebi, ramdenad Seefereba Tanamedrove dones.
 yovlad gaumarTlebelia naSromis izolirebulad, mecnierebis
dargis miRwevaTa gauTvaliswineblad Sefaseba;
 samecniero naSromis Rirsebebze (iseve, rogorc naklovanebebze)
msjeloba safuZvliani, faqtobrivi masaliT unda iyos dasabuTebuli;
 naSromis calkeuli nawilebis, elementebis ganxilvis Sedegad
miiReba saTanado daskvnebi;
 naSromis calkeuli nawilebis Sefasebas unda mohyves misi
saerTo Sefaseba da dadgindes misi adgili mecnierebis dargSi.
recenziis kompozicia, stili, literaturuli gaformeba
aq raime standartebi ar arsbobs, radgan:
 analizisa Tu Sefasebis xerxebis gameoreba recenzias
trafaretulobis ieriT aRbeWdavs;
 yovel konkretul samecniero naSroms Taviseburi stili, forma,
tonaloba sWirdeba;
 recenzents aucileblad unda SeeZlos, SemoqmedebiTad miudges
sarecenzio naSroms.

literaturuli recenzia
mwerloba, mxatvruli literatura inteleqtualuri
moRvaweobis gamorCeuli sferoa. mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi ara
marto adamianis Semecnebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed grZnobiT-emociur
mxarezec. Rrma kvals tovebs adamianis sulSi, mis ragvarobasac
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs; erTi sityviT, adamianis sulieri
samyaros ufaqizes simebze axdens udides zegavlenas. amitom
literaturuli recenzia SemecnebiTTan erTad, adamianis sulier
297
ltolva-miswrafebebsac unda iTvaliswinebdes da uwevdes angariSs.
amitom literaturuli recenziis avtori Rrmad unda erkveodes
mwerlobis arsSi, ara marto literaturuli ganaTleba, aramed
daxvewili gemovneba da alRo unda hqondes, mwerluri niWiT iyos
madlmosili.
praqtika cxadyofs, rom literaturuli recenziis avtorze
(Cveulebriv mas literaturis kritikoss uwodeben, radgan arsebobs
literaturuli recenziebis specialuri dargi-saliteraturo
kritika) bevrad aris damokidebuli ara marto calkeuli mxatvruli
qmnilebis bedi-mkiTxvelis mier miReba-armiRebis, aramed mTlianad ama
Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebisac. kritikosis mier mxatvruli qmnilebis
aRqma-gaazrebis parametrebzea damokidebuli misi mniSvnelobis
dadgena. kritikosi (recenzenti) aris Suamavali mweralsa da
mkiTxvels Soris. yvelgan da maT Soris qarTul sinamdvileSi
dResac, samwuxarod, araerTi kargi qarTveli mwerali usamarTlod
aris CrdilSi moqceuli imis gamo, rom wesieri kritikosi ar arguna
bedma, anu misi calkeuli qmnileba Tu mTliani Semoqmedeba susti
kritikosis kvlevis areSi moeqca da amis gamo SeumCneveli an
amoucnobi darCa misi mwerluri ostatoba, misi qmnilebebis
mxatvruli azri da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi adgili zustad ver
ganisazRvra Cveni literaturis istoriaSi.
amitom aris, rom literaturis nawarmoebis recenzents
(kritikoss) didi moTxovnebi waeyeneba:
 kargad unda icnobdes literaturul procesebs, Tanamedrove
literaturul mimdinareobebs;
 unda SeeZlos kavSiris damyareba calkeul literaturul
faqtebs Soris, maTi ganzomileba da saTanado Tvalsazrisis
Camoyalibeba;
 pasuxs iZleodes ara marto kiTxvaze, ra Tqva mweralma, aramed
imazec – rogor Tqva;
 literaturul recenziaSi unda gairkves rogorc mwerlis
Canafiqri, aseve misi mxatvruli ostatobis Taviseburebani;
298
  recenzentma mxatvruli qmnileba calkeul nawilebad ki ar
unda daSalos (forma, Sinaarsi, personaJebi da a.S.), aramed
erTianobaSi unda ganixilos;
 recenzentma unda moZebnos recenziis optimaluri forma, rac
mxatvruli nawarmoebis arsis maqsimaluri SesatyvisobiT warmoCenas
Seuwyobs xels;
 specialistebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben recenziis
Sesavals da gvirCeven, mkiTxvelis dainteresebis mizniT, recenzia
daviwyoT nawarmoebis Sinaarsidan raime saintereso epizodis
citirebiT, an sadiskusio sakiTxiT.
recenziis ZiriTad nawilSi Sefasebuli unda iyos nawarmoebis
Rirsebani, momarjvebuli unda iyos msjeloba, mtkiceba. aseTsave
formiT warmoCenili unda iyos naklovanebebi.
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba recenziis daskvniT nawils,
sadac Sejamebulia msjeloba da Sefasebulia sarecenzio nawarmoebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom recenziis tons umTavresad nawarmoebis
Rirsebebi ganapirobebs. Tumca es kriteriumi arc gadametebul qeba-
didebaSi unda gadaizardos da arc lanZRva-ginebaSi.
qarTul sinamdvileSi am moTxovnas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan mxatvrul nawarmoebTa recenzirebis
praqtikaSi (saliteraturo kritikaSi) xan erTi ukiduresoba
SeimCneoda, xan meore. Tavis droze am tendenciebis daregulirebac ki
gaxda aucilebeli – aikrZala lanZRva-gineba da avtorTa
Seuracxyofa41. am garemoebam ki saliteraturo kritika meore
ukiduresobaSi gadaisrola – didi gasaqani mieca qebas, xotba-
didebas, Tanac xSirad sruliad usafuZvlod.
recenziaSi, rogorc aRiniSna, mwerlis ideuri Canafiqris
asaxvasTan erTad, unda daxasiaTdes da Sefasdes avtoris mier
gamoyenebuli mxatvruli ostatobis xerxebi da formebi, nawarmoebis

41
t. kvanWilaSvili “recenzia” wignSi: “sabWoTa Jurnalistikis Teoria da praqtika”,
nawili II, Tbilisi, Tsu gamomcemloba, 1978, gv. 233-257.
299
enis, stilis Taviseburebani, mxatvruli literaturis ganviTarebaSi
Setanili wvlili, mkiTxelze zemoqmedebis xarisxi da a.S.

Teatraluri recenzia
sagnis Sesabamisad recenziis es saxeobac TaviseburebebiT
xasiaTdeba. misi mizania Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelSewyoba, romelic Tavisi bunebiT sinTezuria. aq mxatvruli
nawarmoebi, sasceno xelovneba (audio-video),mxatvroba
urTierTTanamSromlobs da mTavar figuras-reJisors eqvemdebareba. es
ukanaskneli Taviseburad kiTxulobs nawarmoebis teqsts, Tavis nebas
uqvemdebarebs msaxiobTa TamaSs, mxatvris, kompozitorisa Tu sxvaTa
muSaobas.
recenziaSi unda Sefasdes am sinTezuri xelovnebis TiToeuli
aspeqti, yvela mxare _ piesis Rirsebebi, reJisoris muSaoba, msaxiobTa
TamaSi, mxatvroba, musika. oRond yvela nawili mTlianobaSi unda
iyos ganxiluli. (piesa, reJisura, msaxiobi, mxatvroba, musika . . . )
Teatralur recenzias Tavisi struqtura, ena, manera da sxva
Taviseburebani axasiaTebs.
recenziaSi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, ra iTqva speqtakliT,
ra misca mayurebels, riT gaamdidra misi sulieri samyaro, rogor
iTqva saTqmeli, ra xerxebiT; rogori iyo reJisoris, msaxiobTa
namuSevari; ra iyo siaxle, riT gaamdidra Teatraluri xelovneba;
rogoria es siaxle; ra nakli hqonda speqtakls; riT SeiZleba naklis
gamosworeba da ra saerTo zegavlena moaxdina mayurebelze, saiT
ubiZga, ra moqmedebisaken mouwoda.
Teatraluri recenziisaTvis ar arsebobs raime dakanonebuli
struqtura. igi Tavisufali formis SemoqmedebiTi teqstia, romelSic
zemoaRniSnuli elementebi aucileblad unda aisaxos.
kinorecenzia
kinorecenziis daweras upirvelesad profesionali kinomcodne
sWirdeba, romelmac icis kinos, rogorc sinTezuri xelovnebis arsi,
300
buneba, Taviseburebani. aseve kargad aris iyos gacnobierebuli
kinematografiis dargebSi (mxatvruli kinematografia, dokumenturi,
multiplikaciuri, sabavSvo, tele da a.S.). amitomac aris, rom
kinorecenzentebs (kinomcodneebs) specialurad amzadeben umaRles
skolebSi.
kinorecenziaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebani:
mxatvruli filmis safuZveli literaturuli nawarmoebia,
romelsac scenari ewodeba. misi avtori mweralia da Tanaavtoric
hyavs. esaa filmis reJisori, romelic konosuraTis sulis
Camdgmelia. igi warmarTavs operatoris, msaxiobis, mxatvris,
kompozitoris, xmis operatoris, asistentis, teqnikuri muSakis
saqmianobas, xelmZRvanelobs montaJs.
kinorecenzentma weris dros yovelive es unda gaiTvaliswinos.
upirvelesad, yuradReba unda dauTmos mTavar figuras_kinoreJisors
da mis ostatobas. amis mere unda Seafasos operatori, vinc firze
aRbeWdavs yovelives, rac mayurebelma unda naxos. Semdeg recenziaSi
adgili unda dauTmos msaxiobebs, maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebis
xarisxianobas.
recenziaSi aseve unda aisaxos filmis gaxmovaneba, mxatvroba
(ferebis SerCevis), saerTo jamSi ki recenziam unda cxadyos:
 ra misca filmma mayurebels;
 risken mouwoda, ra Tvalsazrisze daayena;
 rogor da ra xerxebiT SeZlo dasma mayurebelze zemoqmedeba.
ganxilvis sagnis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT aseve iwereba
musikaluri nawarmoebis, operis, baletis, saestrado, simfoniuri
koncertebis, samxatvro gamofenebis recenziebi.

samecniero teqstis gamocemebi

samecniero naSromi mkiTxvelamde dabeWdili saxiT aRwevs.
beWdvis procesi xelnaweris gamosacemad momzadebas da stambaSi
awyobas (sakuTriv beWdvas, beWduri asoebiT gadmocemas) moicavs. am
procesSi naSromis avtori met-naklebad monawileobs. ufro sworad,
301
misi monawileoba xelnaweris gamosacemad momzadebiT Semoifargleba.
Tumca aqac aqtiur rols gamomcemlobaTa TanamSromlebi asruleben.
avtors, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, mxolod saTabiro xmis ufleba rCeba.
Tu avtori xeliT wers (tradiciulad), xelnawerze muSaobis
damTavrebis Semdeg teqsti kompiuterze ikrifeba (ibeWdeba). unda
iTqvas, rom kompiuterma wignis gamocemis sferoSi teqnikuri
revolucia moaxdina. faqtobrivad, SeierTa sagamomcemlo da
sastambo muSaobis udidesi nawilebi. aTeulobiT profesionali
muSakebis saqme axla kompiuterze SeiZleba erTma adamianma
Seasrulos. kompiuterze marto teqstis beWdva ki ar xdeba, aramed
sagamomcemlo saqmianobis sxva operaciebic, upirvelesad teqstis
teqnikuri saredaqcio damuSaveba (wignis formatSi moqceva,
Sriftebis SerCeva, saTaurebis, qvesaTaurebis, paragrafebisa da
teqstis sxva struqturuli elementebisaTvis; naxatebis, naxazebis,
cxrilebis, diagramebisa da vizualuri masalebis ganTavseba da a.S.).
aqve xdeba teqstis stilistikuri xvewa, koreqtireba.
marTalia, avtori naSromis Savi naweris
gadaTeTrebis_saboloo variantis procesSic da Semdegac sagangebod
muSaobs stilistikur xvewaze, magram gamomcemloba, Tavis mxriv, ukve
sakuTari principebiT ganagrZnobs xelnaweris xvewas. teqstis
xelnaweris cneba dRes cota gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT aivso.
xelnaweri hqvia kompiuterze awyobil teqstsac, beWduri asoebiT
awyobis miuxedavad). da saerTodac, wignis formac rom mieces da
ydac gaukeTdes, xelnawerad darCeba, vidre mas oficialurad ar
gamoscems gamomcemloba, Tanac erTze meti raodenobiT (tiraJirebiT).
xelnaweris stili swored am etapze uaxlovdeba maqsimalurad
samecniero stilis normebs, radgan am stilis Rrma codnis
miuxedavad, avtori uneblied sakuTar stils aniWebs upiratesobas da
amis gamo mis naSroms aSkarad etyoba pirovnuli-subieqturi stilis
niSnebi. nebismier gamomcemlobas saboloo stilistikuri xvewis
gansaxorcieleblad specialuri muSaki-profesionali stilisti hyavs.

302
 gamomcemlobaSi, xelnaweris stilTan erTad, ixveweba da
gasruldeba teqnikuri saredaqcio samuSaoebic. bolo etapze iwyeba
teqnikuri da saerTo dizainis, wignis tiraJis sakiTxebi.
amis Semdeg dadgindeba gamocemis tipi da saxeoba. am yvelafers
gamomcemloba uTanxmebs xelnaweris avtors. Semdeg etapze
SemuSavdeba wignis maketi, romelic Sesabamis registraciaSi
gatardeba (saavtoro uflebaTa saagento, Sesabamisi sainformacio
centri da a. S.) da amgvarad momzadebuli, ukve wignis maketamde
naxvewi samecniero naSromi stambas gadaecema, sadac misi tiraJireba
xdeba.
rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevari, rogorc kvlevis saboloo
produqciis-samecniero naSromis avtori, xelnawerze muSaobis
dasrulebis Semdegac muSaobs mis gamosacemad momzadebaze, CarTulia
gamomcemlobis saqmianobaSi da konsensusis safuZvelze wyvets
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. maszedac aris damokidebuli, rogori iqneba
wigni. am gadawyvetilebiT ganisazRvreba gamocemis tipi da saxeoba.
es ki avtorisgan saamiso codnas moiTxovs. amis gamo mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia Tqven - momaval samecniero naSromTa avtorebs _ am
TvalsazrisiTac mogawodoT aucilebeli informacia, anu gagacnoT,
ra aris gamocemis tipi, saxeoba, ra specifikur Sinaarss atarebs es
cnebebi, ra unda icodeT am mxriv, praqtikul saqmianobaSi rom
warmatebiT gamoiyenoT es codna.

gamocemaTa tipebi da saxeobebi

gamocemis tips gansazRvravs gamosacemad mzadebis procesSi
xelnawerze muSaobis principi.42 amis mixedviT ZiriTadad sami tipis
gamocema arsebobs:
* teqstis beWdva ucvlelad;
* teqstis gamosacemad momzadeba specialistebis (teqstologebis)
mier;

42
Прохоров Е.И. - Текстология, М., 1966, с. 172

303
* adre momzadebuli (ukve arsebuli) teqstis beWdva.
pirveli tipis gamocemas `dokumenturi gamocema~ ewodeba. es
iseTi gamocemaa, sadac teqsti dedanTan maqsimalurad aris
miaxloebuli. SenarCunebulia dedniseuli grafika (asoTa
moxazuloba, teqnikuri dizainis sxva elementebi). aq araferia
Secvlili: arc gverdebi (teqstis ganTavsebiT) da arc sxva ram. am
tipis gamocema tradiciulad ori gziT xorcieldeboda:
fotomeqanikurad (romelsac fototipuri, anu faqsimiluri gamocema
ewodeboda) da beWdurad (ucvlelad, magram teqstis xelaxali
awyobiT).
faqsimiluri gamocemis mizani unikaluri xelnaweri Tu
beWduri wyaroebis srulfasovani Semcvlelis (monacvlis) Seqmna iyo.
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom sastambo teqnikis dabali donis gamo
faqsimiluri gamocema (gansakuTrebiT dizainis, qaRaldis xarisxis,
sastambo melnis sxvaobis gamo) mainc ver utoldeboda dedans,
poligrafistTa didi mcdeloba-rudunebis miuxedavad, mainc raime
xarvezi axasiaTebda. faqsimiluri gamocema mainc inarCunebs Tavis
mniSvnelobas.
qarTul sinamdvileSi araerTi aseTi gamocema arsebobs.
magaliTisTvis, ukvdavi `vefxistyaosnis~ vaxtang VI_s mier 1712 wlis
gamocemis dasaxelebac ikmarebda. rom ara misi jer a.SaniZis mier 1937
wels, xolo meored 1987 wels ganxorcielebuli faqsimiluri
gamocema, bevr specialists warmodgena am wignze sxvaTa monaTxrobiT
unda Seeqmna.
Zveli teqstis xelaxali awyoba-beWdvis gziT ganxorcielebul
gamocemas dokumenturi, anu diplomatiuri gamocema erqva. gamocemis
mizani am SemTxvevaSic dedniseuli teqstis zusti aRdgena iyo.
diplomatiuri gamocemebi Zveli teqstebisa saWiro iyo, erTi
mxriv, Tavisi teqstologiuri, meore mxriv, mecnieruli Rirebulebis
gamo - teqstze momavalSi muSaobis perspeqtivis Seqmnis
TvalsazrisiT.

304
 gamocemis es tipi sul raRac sami aTeuli wlis win did
fufunebad iTvleboda, teqnikuri sirTulis gamo. faqsimiluri
gamocema sagangebo, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi xorcieldeboda. ras
ifiqrebdnen maSin teqstologebi da wignis gamocemis specialistebi,
rom Zalian male gaCndeboda iseTi teqnika (saxeldobr: skaneri,
rizografi, printeri da a. S.), rac am tipis gamocemas Cveulebriv
saqmed aqcevda, aRarc wyaros teqstis xelaxla awyoba gaxdeboda
saWiro, diplomatiuri gamocemebisTvis.
teqstis momzadeba specialistebis (teqstologebis) mier:
gamocema, romelic iTvaliswinebs teqstis specialur,
kritikul damuSavebas teqstologTagan, `kritikul gamocemas~
uwodeben. am gamocemis mizania mkiTxvelisTvis mecnierulad sando,
e.w. kanonikuri teqstis miwodeba. Amdenad, kritikuli gamocema
avtoriseul teqsts warmoadgens.
gamocemebi daniSnulebis mixedviT:
daniSnulebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben akademiur, samecniero da
samecniero-popularul gamocemebs.
 akademiuri gamocema: esaa kritikuli gamocemis umaRlesi forma.
igi axasiaTebs gamocemis xarisxs, teqstebis sisrules, mecnierul
Rirebulebas. aseTi gamocemis ganxorcieleba nebismier
gamomcemlobas SeuZlia. akademiuri gamocemis mizania:
 avtoris mTeli mecnieruli memkvidreobis gamovlena;
 avtoriseuli xelnawerebis dadgena;
 yvela nabeWdi naSromis gamovlena (maT Soris fsevdonimiT, an
anonimurad gamoqveynebulisac);
 teqstebis daweris TariRebis dadgena;
 Savi avtografebis wakiTxva (anu ZneladgasarCevi adgilebis
amokiTxva); v) wyaroebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba;
 komentireba.
akademiuri gamocema moicavs: avtoris yvela teqsts
(damTavrebulsac, daumTavrebelsac), Canawerebs, CaniSvnebs, gegmebs,
eskizebs, sxvadasxva redaqciebsa da variantebs; teqstebs, romlebic
305
avtors miewereba, saqmian qaRaldebs, ubis wignakebs, warwerebs, pirad
werilebs da a.S. amas garda, avtoris kanonikur teqstebs, momavalSi
xelaxali gamocemisaTvis; samecniero aparaturas avtoris
memkvidreobis Seswavlis donis asaxviT.
akademiuri gamocemis pirveli tomi unda iwyebodes saredaqcio
weriliT saTauriT: `redaqciisagan”, romelSic aRwerili iqneba
gamocemis principebi da Taviseburebani; unda erTvodes samecniero-
sacnobaro aparatura. `samecniero-sacnobaro aparatis upirvelesi
daniSnulebaa, Caayenos mkiTxveli im idealuri mkiTxvelis rolSi,
romelsac gulisxmobda da mimarTavda mwerali~43.
akademiuri gamocemis samecniero-sacnobaro aparatura moicavs:
 Sesaval statias;
 komentars;
 saZieblebs.
Sesavali statia, rogorc aRiniSna, axasiaTebs gamocemas, misi
Sedgenis principebs, aanalizebs avtoris cxovreba-Semoqmedebas,
gadmogvcems biografiul cnobebs da a.S.
komentari mkiTxvels awvdis gamomcemlis ganmartebebs yvela iseT
sakiTxze, rac axsna-ganmartebas saWiroebs.
saZieblebi sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa: saxelTa saZiebeli (anotirebuli
da ubralo). nawarmoebTa anbanuri saZiebeli, geografiul saxelTa
saZiebeli, teqstebSi dasaxelebul wyaroTa da personaJTa saZieblebi,
werilebis adresatTa saZiebeli da a.S.
 samecniero gamocema: - kritikuli gamocemis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli formaa. mas axasiaTebs: kanonikuri teqstis
saguldagulo momzadeba; komentarebi, romlebic kvalificiur
mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili, samecniero-sacnobaro aparatura, gamocemis
am tipisTvis saredaqcio werili aucilebeli ar aris. samagierod

43
l. gvaramaZe, `komentari akademiur gamocemaSi~, wignSi: teqstologiis sakiTxebi, I,
Tb.,1978, gv. 127

306
saWiroa komentarebi Catarebuli teqstologiur muSaobis Sesaxeb.
aucilebelia aseve saZieblebi.
amdenad, moTxovnebi, romlebic samecniero gamocemebs waeyeneba,
aseTi Sinaarsisaa:
1. kanonikuri teqstis saguldagulo momzadeba;
2. mecnieruli komentari, romelic kvalificiur mkiTxvelzea
gaTvlili;
3. gamocemis sisrule (damokidebuli mkiTxvelis moTxovnebze);
4. samecniero-sacnobaro aparati (akademiuri gamocemis msgavsi).
samecniero-sacnobaro aparati ki, rogorc wesi, Semdeg monacemebs
unda Seicavdes:
 saredaqcio werils;
 qronologiur principze agebul istoriul-literaturul
statias;
 komentarebis preambulas (frang. -préambule - winasityvaoba,
laTinuri sityvidan preambulus - winamavali, winamorbedi);
 teqstologiur komentars;
 istoriul-literaturuli komentari SesaZloa ar axldes.

samecniero-masobrivi gamocema - gamocemis farTod gavrcelebuli

formaa. teqsti gamosacemad mecnierulad mzaddeba, oRond masobriv
mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili. aseTi gamocemisaTvis aucilebelia
seriozuli istoriul-literaturuli tipis statia avtoris
cxovreba-moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
masobrivi gamocemebi: aseTi gamocemebisaTvis teqstebi specialurad
ar mzaddeba, winare gamocemebidan gadaibeWdeba. mecnierebaSi aseTi
gamocemebi ar gamoiyeneba, ufro mxatvruli literaturisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
gamocemebi teqstebis Sedgenilobis sisrulis mixedviT
calkeul saxeobebs qmnian. teqstologiaSi aseTi xuTi saxeobaa
cnobili:
1. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli;
307
 2. TxzulebaTa krebuli (Txzulebani);
3. rCeuli Txzulebani (rCeuli Txzulebebi an SemoklebiT
rCeuli);
4. TxzulebaTa krebuli;
5. calkeul TxzulebaTa calke gamocema.
gamocemis es saxeobebi, bunebrivia, gamocemis tipzea
damokidebuli da teqstis xarisxs ver gansazRvravs. rCeul
TxzulebaTa an TxzulebaTa krebulebis gamocemebs, rogorc wesi,
sruli kritikuli gamocemebis teqstebi udevs safuZvlad.
saerTod, gamocemis sisrule pirobiTi cnebaa. gamocemis absolutur
sisrules avtoris SemoqmedebiTi (mecnieruli) memkvidreobis Cveni
sadReiso codnis done gansazRvravs. xval igi sxvagvari iqneba.

TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli: esaa gamocemis umaRlesi saxeoba,

romelic teqstebis yvelaze did sisrules uzrunvelyofs.
WeSmaritad sruli mxolod akademiuri gamocemaa.

TxzulebaTa krebuli: gamocemis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.

aseTi gamocemis teqstebis Sedgenilobas aranairi wesi ar
gansazRvravs: erTia, rom igi srul warmodgenas unda iZleodes
avtoris mecnierul memkvidreobaze. am mizniT unda Seicavdes
mecnierul-kritikul statias (gamokvlevas) avtoris mecnierul
Rvawlze, amasTan warmodgenili unda iyos misi ZiriTadi naSromebis
teqstebi.
TxzulebaTa rCeuli: aseTi gamocemis Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba
avtoris TxzulebaTa mecnieruli RirebulebiTa da maTze mkiTxvelTa
moTxovnilebis arsebobiT. cxadia, rom aseT krebulSi yvela
saukeTeso naSromis teqsti unda Sevides, Tanac mTliani saxiT.

TxzulebaTa krebuli: aseTi krebulebi ufro xSirad gamoicema.

teqstebis Sedgenilobas aq saerTod Tematuri an Janrobriv-

308
qronologiuri (ufro mxatvrul literaturaSi) principi
gansazRvravs.
TxzulebaTa krebulebSi teqstebis ganTavsebis erT princips
gamocemis tipi da saxeoba gansazRvravs. magaliTad, akademiur
gamocemaSi mkacradaa daculi qronologiuri principi. aq am
principiT dasrulebuli da dausrulebeli Txzulebebi gverdigverd
ibeWdeba. samecniero-masobrivSi aseTi principis darRveva
SesaZlebelia.
TxzulebaTa krebulebSi teqstebis ganlagebis meore principia
avtoris neba-survili. xSirad avtori, magaliTad, Segnebulad
arRvevs qronologiur princips, miaCnia, rom SedarebiT gvian
gamocemuli Txzuleba Tematur-problemurad win uswrebs adre
gamocemul naSroms (anu mas erTi didi problemis wina nawilisadmi
miZRvnili naSromi ufro gvian aqvs gamoqveynebuli) da realur
qronologiaze maRla logikur qronologias ayenebs.

mecnieruli teqstis redaqciebi da variantebi

zogadad “redaqcia” da “varianti” teqstis nairsaxeobebia.
konkretulad ki _ Txzulebis (mxatvruli nawarmoebis, samecniero
naSromis) teqstis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilebi.
teqstze muSaobisas _ Canafiqridan _ sakvlevi problemis
dasmidan _ mis saboloo gadawyvetamde, avtori rTul SemecnebiT-
azrovnebis gzas gadis. am procesSi masze gavlenas axdens rogorc
obieqturi (axali wyaroebis moulodneli TavCena, axali monacemebis
mikvleva, bevri sxvac), ise subieqturi (raime sakiTis axleburi
gageba-gaazreba) faqtorebi.
mecnierebaSi arc Tu iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca mkvlevari
daasrulebs muSaobas, gadaaTeTrebs nawers, gamoaqveynebs, magram
miRweuliT ver SeigrZnobs kmayofilebas, Tumca mkiTxvelisTvis misi
kvlevis Sedegebi misaRebia, aqtualuri da avtori sayovelTao
yuradRebis areSic aris moqceuli. saerTod, mkvlevari sxvebze Rrmad
icnobs dasmul sakiTxs, sakuTari kvlevis Sedegs da problemis
309
gadawyvetis xarisxsac yvelaze ukeT xedavs; icis ramdenad axlosaa
WeSmaritebasTan mopovebuli Sedegi; grZnobs, rom mis xelTarsebuli
faqtebis obieqturma zewolam Caayena mecnieruli morCilebis
mdgomareobaSi., guli ki sxvas ugrZnobs, gumani sxvas karnaxobs.,
amis gamo mkvlevari mainc ganagrZobs (aqtiurad, an pasiurad-anu sxva
sakvlev Temaze muSaobis paraleluradac,- mecnierebaSi es
Cveulebrivi ambavia) fiqrsa da muSaobas44.
mkvlevari problemis irgvliv axal wyaroebs agrovebs,
axleburad iazrebs, damatebiTi argumentebi uCndeba, ris
safuZvelzec aRrmavebs (an sulac cvlis) Tavdapirvel Tvalsazrss,
axal naSroms aqveynebs, adrindelze cota ufro vrcels. ase rom,
mkvlevars erTi problemisadmi miZRvnili ori samecniero naSromi
aqvs, anu redaqciebi. amdenad:
 redaqciebi erTsa da imeave Temaze (problemaze) Seqmnili
teqstebia, romlebic erTmaneTisgan TvalsaCinod gansxvavdebian da,
rac mTavaria, avtoris SemoqmedebiTi (mecnieruli_kvleviTi)
procesis sxvadasxva etaps asaxaven.
teqstologia gansakuTrebuli gulmodginebiT ikvlevs am
movlenas. misi mizani avtoris ukanaskneli nebis gamovlenaa, anu imis
dadgena, ratom da rogor cvlis teqsts Tavad avtori, ratom ar
akmayofilebs Tavdapirveli varianti.
teqstis redaqciebis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxeobad SeiZleba
ganvixiloT samecniero naSromis e. w. Savi piri da gadaTeTrebuli
teqsti.
redaqciebis kvlevas teqstologiaSi teqstis SemoqmedebiTi
istoriis Seswavla ewodeba, riTac irkveva erT Temaze Seqmnili ori
an meti redaqciis ZiriTad (kanonikur) teqstTan siaxlove-siSoris

44
aseTi avtori arc mkiTxvelis “saqmis kursSi Cayenebas” erideba. Tamamd ucxadebs,
rom misi naSromi erTi cda an erTi etapia problemis kvlevisa da rom momavalSi
ganagrZobs pasuxis Ziebas.

310
xarisxi da done, anu redaqciebis specifikaciebi, tipebi. dReisaTvis
teqstologiaSi dadasturebulia aseTi redaqciebis arseboba:
 redaqciebi, sadac saerTo moxlod Tema (ZiriTadi debuleba)
da fabulaa (koncefcia);
 redaqciebi, sadac erTi Tema (ZiriTadi debuleba) sxvadasxva
koncefciiTaa gaazrebuli;
 redaqciebi, sadac erTsa da imave Temas (ZiriTad debulebas)
sxvadasxva daskvna (pasuxi) aqvs.
praqtika cxadyofs, rom zogjer kvlevis dasawyiSi avtors erTi
Tvalsazrisi (ZiriTadi debuleba) aqvs da sakvlev problemasac
Sesabamisad amuSavebs. wlebis Semdeg ki icvlis azrs da xelaxla,
ukve sxva mosazrebis mixedviT wers naSroms. Sedegad Cndeba ori
redaqcia, romelTa arsebobis safuZveli Tvalsazrisis cvlilebaa da
igi bolo redaqciaSi aisaxeba.
cnobilia erTi da imave naSromis redaqciebi, sadac mxolod
leqsikur_stilisturi (mwerlobaSi) cvlilebebia ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi. aseT redaqciebs stilistikuri ewodeba.
arsebobs iseTi redaqciebic, sadac erTi Tema (ZiriTadi
debuleba) sxvadasxva moculobis teqstebSia gaSlili. maT mokle da
vrceli redaqciebi ewodeba.
aRniSnuli ufro cxadad ramdenime konkretul magaliTze
warmovidginoT: ,,redaqciebis” iseTi siuxve, rogoric vaJa fSavelas
nawarmoebebSia, iSviaTia mwerlobisTvisac da eTnografiuli
mecnierebisTvisac. maT vaJas SemoqmedebiTi manera-,,didi Temebisadmi
siyvaruli” (gr. kiknaZe) qnmis. erTi Tema sruliad sxvadasxva
nawarmoebSi nair_nairi aspeqtiT Cndeba. misi
eTnografiul_folkloristuli naSromebidan moviyvanT magaliTs:
1886 wels vaJam gamoaqveyna narkvevi ,,fSavlebi”
(,,iveria” #34; 35; 36; 39), sadac misi Tanamedrove cnobili meleqseebis-
mercxalasa da jabanas nawarmoebebi, anu fSavuri poeziis nimuSebi
warmoadgina da am avtorTa niWierebazec Tqva ramdenime sityva. imave

311
wels, vaJam ufro vrcladac uambo mkiTxvels am ori meleqsis
ambavi, ,,iveriaSi” (#104) gamoqveynebul werilSi
,,fSavlebis cxovrebidam”. am Temis kavSirze wina werilTan vaJam
mkiTxvels Tavad miuTiTa: meleqse mercxalas ,,iverias” mkiTxvelebi
unda icnobdnen werilidam ,,fSavlebio”45.
miuxedavad saTauris sxvaobisa (,,fSavlebi”, ,,fSavlebis
cxovrebidam”) es ori folklorul _ eTnografiuli narkvevi erTi
samecniero naSromis sxvadasxva redaqciaa.
analogiuri faqtebis moyvana Tavad vaJas memkvidreobidanac
SeiZleba da did qarTvel mweralTa Tu mecnierTa_-n.maris
i.javaxiSvilis, k.kekeliZis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobidanac, magram
sityva zedmetad gagvigrZeldeboda.
qarTul filologiaSi mogvepoveba “ ninos cxovrebis” Satberd
_ WeliSuri redaqcia46.
es teqsti Taviseburad gadaumuSavebia XIs. 70-iani wlebis
moRvawes leonti mrovels da axali, Sevsebuli redaqcia Seuqmnia 47.
“ninos cxovreba” XII s. leonti mroveliseuli teqstis safuZvelze,
sxva wyaroebis gamoyenebiT gadaumuSavebia XII saukunis moRvawes _
arsen bers da ase gaCnda “ninos cxovrebis” mesame redaqcia48.
rogorc vxedavT, erTi Txzulebis sam sxvadasxva redaqciazea
saubari. miuxedavad imisa, rom erT Temaze arsebul am Txzulebebs
sxvadasxva avtori hyavs. msgavsi redaqciebi (avtorTa sxvadasxvaobis
mixedviT) SeiZleba mxolod Janrobrivma sxvaobam ganapirobos
(Cveulebriv, aseTi ram mwerlobaSi xdeba). magaliTad, Zvel qarTul
literaturaSi mogvepoveba erT da imave Txzulebis prozauli da
poeturi redaqciebi. prozauli bagrat batoniSvilis “moTxroba
sjulTa uRrmToTa ismaitelTa”. esaa XVI saukunis I naxevris

45 vrclad ix. wigni: T.jagodniSvili, qarTuli folkloristikis istoria, wigni I

(XXI saukune), 2004 gv. 626- 628.
46
Е. Такаишвили, Орисание рукописй „Общества расространения Громотности среди грузинского
населения”,Т. II, вы 1-4, С 708-8 В.
47
teqsti gamocemulia: qarTlis cxovreba, s.yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, 1955,t _ I, gv.
72 _ 130.
48
sol. yubaneiSvili, Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I nawili, 1947, gv.
216.
312
Txzuleba. mogvianebiT igi mefe giorgi XI _ is davalebiT gauleqsavs
iakob Semoqmedels (dumbaZes) da ase dausaTaurebia: “usjulosa
muxamedis da qristianeTa gabaaseba”49. Tumca klasikuri gagebiT ori
redaqcia erTi nawarmoebis or sxvadasxva teqsts niSnavs da ara or
sxvadasxva nawarmoebs erT Temaze, magram zemoaRniSnuli Txzulebebi
teqstualuri siaxlovis safuZvelze redaqciebad miiCneva.
Zalian xSirad (TiTqmis Cveulebriv) erTi da imave Txzuleba
teqstobrivi gansxvaveba emCneva (“Savi” da gadaTeTrebuli
pirebisaTvis xom Cveulebrivicaa). maTi warmoqmnis miuxedavad
(avtoriseuli Casworeba, saredaqcio Careva, gadamwerTa an teqstis
mbeWadvTa Secdoma da a.S.) aseT sxvaobebs ikiTxvisebi, ewodeba.
ikiTxvisi _ sxvadasxva wakiTxvaa (sxvadasxvagvarad ikiTxeba).
ikiTxvisebs, romlebic avtoris muSaobis Sedegad Cndeba, variantebi
hqvia. ucxoTa mier Setanil teqstobriv cvlilebas ki Seryvnas
uwodeben.
teqstologebi (teqstebis Semswavleli specialistebi) yvela
ikiTxviss avlenen da maTi gaCenis mizezebsac adgenen. mniSvneloba
avtoriseul ikiTxvisebs eniWeba, radgan teqstze misi mizanmimarTuli,
SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis xasiaTs avlenen, roca Txzulebas
gamosacemad amzadeben, dasrulebul teqstTan erTad yvelanair
sworebasac aRnusxaven. rac teqstze avtoris muSaobas axasiaTebs,
kerZod: pirveladi xelnaweris teqsti, avtoriseuli Sesworebebi da
cvlilebebi, romlebic gamosacem redaqciaSia Setanili koreqturis
kiTxvis dros, aseve Semdgom Setanili Sesworebebi, rac teqstis
xelaxali gamocemebis dros xorcieldeboda (saamisod gamocemebSi
specialuri ganyofileba arsebobs: _ “sxva redaqciebi da variantebi”
_ ase ewodeba).
avtoriseulTan erTad sxvaTa mier Setanili Sesworebebic
gadis variantebSi, radgan momavalma mkvlevarma aucileblad unda
icodes teqsti, romelic mkiTxvelma Tavis droze miiRo da razec,

49
magaliTebsa da mimoxilvaSi vemyarebiT l.mefariSvils (”redaqciebi da
variantebi”, wignSi: teqstologiis sakiTxebi, I, 1970, gv, 162).
313
ase Tu ise, ukve moaxdina reagireba. Tumca “Seryvnebi” avtoriseuli
Sesworebebisagan _ “ikiTxvisebisagan” mkveTrad unda gancalkevdes
Sesabamisi aRniSvnebiT (“cenz.”; “red,” da a.S.), raTa mkiTxvelisTvis
saeWvo aRaraferi darCes.
xSirad Txzulebis or an met sxvadasxva teqstSi gansxvaveba
patar _ patara, sityvier ikiTxvisebs scildeba. msgavsi teqstebi
avtoris koncefciiT, TvalsazrisiT (Temisadmi avtoris sxvadasxva
midgomiT) arsebiTad sxvadasxva damoukidebeli teqstebia da isini
redaqciebia. magram ikiTxvisebs, romlebic teqstze avtoris
gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli muSaobis Sedegia, variantebi hqvia.
ra gansxvavebaa “redaqciebsa” da “variantebs” Soris? sxvaoba
umTavresad xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa. variantebi
gamocemaSi SeiZleba teqstobrivi saxesxvaobebis mixedviT davalagoT,
redaqciebs ase ver moveqceviT, radgan teqstebis Sejerebisas yoveli
gansxvavebuli sityvis amowera mogvixdeba, rac mkiTxvels kidev ufro
gaurTulebs aRqmas.
variantebi mkiTxvels uCvenebs im gzas, rac avtorma teqstis
saboloo xvewamde, gaiara. anu ra rodis, rogor, da ratom Seaswora.
varianti aseT SesworebaTa Tanamimdevrobasac avlens: ra iyo Tavidan,
ra _ mere, ra iyo sworad, ra _ gadaxazuli, ra iyo Casworebuli
imTaviTve, ra Casworda (Caemata, gadaixaza) Semdgom. ase muSavdeba
teqstis yvela redaqcia. anu variantebSi teqstebis SepirispirebiTi
analiziT SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis yvelanairi sxvaoba aisaxeba. maT
wasakiTxad teqstologiaSi Semdegi pirobiTi niSnebi gamoiyeneba
(isini pirobiTia, radgan maT ricxovnobas raime SeiZleba daematos
kidec da SeiZleba gamoakldes):
 aklia: _ ;
 metia: +;
 gadaxazulia: ~ ;
 nacvlad: ] da a. S.
raki gamocemis (wignis) ZiriTad nawilSi kanonikuri teqsti
ibeWdeba, bunebrivia, variantebi mis Sesaxeb iqneba da qronologiis

314
principiT dalagdeba. avtoris mier gadaxazulis teqstis sanacvlod
ZiriTad teqstSi Tavsdeba, gadaxazuli ki variantSi aRiniSneba.
gadaxazuli, magram aRudgeneli striqonebi, Tu konteqstis
mixedviT aucilebelia, ZiriTad teqstSi unda aRdges.
gamoricxuli araa, rom variants, Tavis mxriv, araerTi varianti
hqondes, amis gamo zogierTi specialisti fiqrobs, rom igi ZiriTad
teqstSi unda aRdges da pirobiTi niSnebiT gamoiyos 50. sxvaTa azriT,
es ar SeiZleba, radgan mkiTxvels sufTa teqsti unda mivawodoT.
aseTi teqsti ki bolos variantebsa da SeniSvnebSi unda mieTiTos 51.
yovel variants Tavisi Semoklebuli gamoxatuleba unda hqondes
laTinuri asoebiT an abreviaturiT, rac maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis
gasamartiveblad keTdeba.
da bolos: kanonikuri teqstisa da variantebis urTierTkavSiris
danaxvis gasaadvileblad gamoiyeneba damakavSirebeli an
axsnaganmartebiTi sityvebi: “win”, Camat.”, “Semdeg gadaxazulia”,
“nacvlad” da a.S.
variantebs zogadi forma aqvs: vuTiTebT kanonikuri teqstis
gverds da striqons, mere axsna_ganmartebiT sityvas, kanonikuri
teqstis fragments (konteqsts). miTiTebulia konkretuli adgilis
varianti da misi Sifri sxva teqstidan. Tumca es saerTo (zogadi)
forma yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba da konkretul SemTxvevebzea
damokidebuli. samagierod, ucvlelia Semdegi wesi:
variantebi teqstebis gamocemebSi mxolod imitom ibeWdeba, rom
mkiTxvels avtoris SemoqmedebiTi procesis wvdomasa da istoriis
gaazrebaSi daexmaros, roca wignSi teqstis sxavdasxva redaqcia
ibeWdeba, maSin variantebis dakavSireba kanonikur teqstTan
SeuZlebelia redaqciebs Soris arsebiTi sxvaobis gamo. aseT dros,
gansakuTrebuli aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba aseTi
qveganyofilebac Seiqmnas: “adreuli redaqciis variantebi”.

50
Штокмар М. П., Установление авторов анонимных и псевдонимных произведений в книге: “Основы
текстологии ”, M., 1962, с 327
51
l.mefariSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 165
315
  komentari: komentari (laT. commentarium) axsna _ganmartebiTi
SeniSvnaa, romelic arcTuiSviaTad kritikis aspeqtebic emateba.
komentari, rogorc teqstis nairsaxeoba, damoukidebeli TviTkmari
Sinaarsisaa. struqturulad ki samecniero naSromis _ sacnobaro
aparatis erTeulia.
komentarebi daniSnulebis mixedviT sxvadasxvanairia. mecnierul
kvlevebSi avtoris (Tu TviTon akeTebs komentars) an sxvaTa
(oponentis, redaqtor _ gamomcemlis, recenzentis) Tvalsazrisis
gamoxatvaa sakvlevi problemis romelime aspeqtan dakavSirebiT an
codnis Sevseba _ dazusteba.
teqstebis Semswavlel mecnierebaSi _ teqstologiaSi komentaris 4
saxeobaa gamovlenili. esenia:
* teqstologiuri komentari;
* istoriuli _ literaturuli komentari;
* lingvisturi (anu leqsikuri) komentari;
* realuri komentari.
zogierTi specialistis azriT, komentarebi ufro
mravalfunqciuria da Svid saxeobad jgufdeba. am mosazrebis avtori
rusi mecnieri b.tomaSevski aRniaSnul oTx saxeobas sams aseTsac
amatebs. esenia:
 saredaqcio _ sagamomceblo komentari, romlis mizania
teqstis sruli istoriis gadmocema. misi gamoyeneba mxolod
akademiur gamocemebSia aucilebeli;
 kritikuli komentari; Tavisi arsiT krebulSi Setanili
teqstebis kritikul mimoxilvas warmoadgens da Zalian waagavs
istoriul _ literaturul komentars.
 literaturul komentari, romelic ufro mxatruli
literaturis teqstebis (upiratesad poeziis) krebulebSi gamoiyeneba
da poetikis, leqswyobis analizs moicavs52.

52
Б. Томaфшевский, Писамель и книга, М., 1959.
komentaris aspeqtSi es naSromi vrclad aqvs ganxiluli l. gvaramaZes. (ix. misi
dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 128-130)
316
  teqstologiuri komentari gamocemis saxeobiTa da tipiT aris
ganpirobebuli. masSi axsnili da dasabuTebulia teqstze Catarebuli
teqstologiuri muSaoba, misi saWiroeba.
mecnierul gamomcemebSi teqstologiur komentars specifikuri
Sinaarsi aqvs. aq, mxatrul _ literaturul teqstebze muSaobisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar ganixileba teqstebis daTariRebis, atribuciis,
variantebis, redaqciaTa dadgenis, ZiriTadi teqstis arCevisa da masSi
SesworebaTa Setanis dasabuTebis sakiTxebi. mieTiTeba naSromis
pirveli publikaciis TariRi da adgili.
ukve cnobil teqstSi, roca xelaxali gamocemisaTvis
mzaddeba, mkvlevars araiSviaTad Seaqvs Sinaarsobrivi Tu
kompoziciuri Sesworebebi, iseT teqstologiur formebs amjobinebs,
romlebic ufro gamarTlebulad miaCnia. komentarebSi aseTi
Sesworebebi aucileblad unda iqnas Setanili, xolo maTi
aucilebloba (an mizanSewoniloba) _ axsnil _ dasabuTebuli, raTa
mkiTxvelma Secdomad ar miiCnios da Tavadac gaerkves sworebaTa
safuZvlianobaSi.
 istoriul _ literaturuli (kritikul _ literaturuli)
komentari: misi Sinaarsi da funqcia teqstologiaSi sxvadasxvanairad
esmiT.
erTni aRniSnaven, rom aseTi komentari, yvelaferTan erTad,
unda Seicavdes nawarmoebis idealur mxatvrul analizsac da swored
esaa misi arsis ganmsazRvreli funqciuri mxare. amitom es komentari
TiTqmis iseTivea, rogoric kritikul _ literaturuli statia.
gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom statia avtoris Semoqmedebas
mTlianad ganixilavs, komentari ki _ erT, kerZo nawarmoebs53.
meoreni komentaris am saxeobis saWiroebas eWvis TvaliT
uyureben da mizezad mis umTavres daniSnulebasTan am saxeobis
Seusabamobas asaxeleben. kerZod, komentari faqtobriv masalaze unda
iyos agebuli, faqtebis ucvlelobas emyarebaodes, kritikul _
literaturuli azri ki, rogorc misi Semswavleli mecniereba _

53
Е. И. Прохоров, Текстология, М., 1966 с. 152-154
317
literaturaTmcodneoba, cvalebadia. amitom aseTi komentari mokle
droSi moZveldeba da miuRebelic ki gaxdeba.
ufro dasabuTebuli meore mosazrebaa. asec rom ar iyos,
mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis komentaris es saxeoba nakleb gamosadegia.
 realuri komentari: misi mizania teqstis zusti azris mitana
mkiTxvelamde, romelsac man teqstis Rrma gagebisa da marTebulad
gaazrebis saSualeba unda misces, naTeli gaxados yvelaferi, risi
Tqmac avtors surs.
 lingvisturi (leqsikuri) komentari: naklebad gamoiyeneba
praqtikaSi da albaT, amitom, Teoriuladac naklebadaa Seswavlili.
arada komentaris es saxeoba avtoris enas, stils, gramatikul
Taviseburebebs Seexeba da Zneladgasagebi sityvebis leqsikonsac
moicavs. am komentaris mizani maTi mecnieruli, sistemuri analizia.
Cveni azriT, lingvisturi komentarebis praqtika teqnikisa da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa sferoSi didad waadgeboda qarTuli
teqnikuri enis formireba_Seswavlas, radgan aseTi komentarebiT
saintereso faqtobrivi masalac gamovlindeboda da samomavlo
kvlevaTa safuZvelic Semzaddeboda.

318
 mecnierebis profesiuli eTika

1. eTika da profesiuli eTika

eTikis cneba kacobriobis civilizaciaSi laTinuri enis
wyalobiT damkvidrda, Tumca es sityva warmomavlobiT berZnulia
(berZnuli ethos-Cvevas, xasiaTs niSnavs. aqedan nawarmoebi laTinuri
sityva ethica – mecnierebis dargs). qarTul sinamdvileSi tradiciulad
Cveni, adgilobrivi terminebic gamoiyeneba: zneobani, zne-Cveulebebi,
wesi (wes-Cveva(ni)), garkveul istoriul epoqaSi fexmokidebuli
termini adaTi.
cocxal yofaSi am zneobrivi wes-Cvevebis funqcionirebas ki
axlac termin “tradiciiT” gamovxatavT.
eTika Zalian farTo da sayovelTao gagebiT filosofiuri
mecnierebebis dargia. is aris moZRvreba (swavleba) moralze da
ikvlevs misi warmoSobis pirobebs, arss, cnebasa Tu imperatiul
formebs da a.S.
eTika adamianuri arsebobis yvela sferos moicavs: yofiTs,
praqtikuls, suliers, inteleqtualurs da a.S. eTikac, rogorc
mecniereba, saguldagulod Seiswavlis am sferoebs. maTi
Sinaarsobriv-funqciuri mravalwaxnagovneba da sirTule, Seswavlis
specifika eTikis mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis warmoSobis
mizezi gaxda da dRes eTika aRniSnul calkeul sferoebs Seiswavlis.
ase, magaliTad:
 normatiuli eTikis sagania moraluri ideali, sazogadoebrivi
Rirebulebebi, maTi funqcionirebis Taviseburebani;
 socialuri eTika Seiswavlis zneobriobas, oRond socialuri
cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT;
 individualuri eTika pirovnebis moralur cxovrebas ikvlevs.
mis interesTa sferoSi Sedis raime sazogadoebrivi an profesiuli
jgufis wevrebis (magaliTad, Jurnalistikis) zneobrivi qcevis
normaTa sistemis Seswavlac.

319
 dRes eTikis calke dargs warmoadgens biosamedicino eTika,
bioeTika, romelic medicinasa da jandacvaze samecniero-teqnikuri
progresis zegavlenis safuZvelze aRmocenda da eqimisa da pacientis
urTierTobis, jandacvaSi socialuri politikis, organoTa
transplantaciis, SobadobaSi axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis
eTikur problemebs ikvlevs.
amdenad, mecnierebis profesiuli eTika individualuri eTikis
sferos ganekuTvneba. mas kvlevis sakuTari sagani (obieqti) da
kvlevis principi aqvs. rom gaviazroT ra saWiroa eTika, unda
gavixsenoT: adamiani socialuri arsebaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi
sxvebTan (sazogadoebasTan) urTierTobaSi axdens TviTrealizebas.
adamianis amqveyniuri arsebobis uzenaesi mizani, faqtobrivad,
TviTrealizebaa, rasac, Cveulebriv, adamianis cxovrebas vuwodebT.
misi arsi cxadyofs Tavad adamianuri cxovrebis udides paradoqssac:
TviTrealizeba adamianis Tavisuflebas emyareba. sxvisi nebis
tyveobaSi myofi (damonebuli) adamiani ver aRasrulebs Tavis
amqveyniur daniSnulebas, es adamians kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli,
radganac misTvis yvelaze didi amqveyniuri Rirebuleba
Tavisuflebaa. kacobriobis istoriis mizani xom Tavis uflebisaTvis
daucxromeli da Tavganwiruli brZolaa! adamiani Cvilobis asakidan
moyolebuli Rrma siberemde jiutad ewinaaRmdegeba misi
Tavisuflebis SezRudvis, Tundac umniSvnelo, mcdelobas. zneobriv-
eTikur xelyofas, Tavisuflebis SezRudvas adamiani gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT ganicdis, radgan miaCnia, rom pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
gonivruli SezRudvis sazRvrebi (pirobebi) nebayoflobiT gadasca
samarTals (kanons) da mas hmorCilobs. amis iqiT aRaranairi
SezRudvis gagoneba ar surs. swored esaa paradoqsi.
Tavisuflebis, anu Tavisi uflebebis erTi nawilis
regulirebis uflebas adamiani nebayoflobiT gadascems samarTals
(kanons), danarCens (meore nawils) –zneobas. ratom iqceva adamiani
ase? ratom izRudavs Tavisuflebas? ratom ispobs sakuTari
arsebobis uzenaes mizans, an misi ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebs?
320
eSinia am sanukvari Tavisuflebisa da amitom ekrZalvis? –paradoqsia,
Tanac udidesi, romlis axsnaze adamianuri goni ukve didi xania Tavs
imtvrevs, magram pasuxi jerac ver upovia.
adamiani, saerTod, samarTlebrivad mowesrigebul
sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs, sadac yvelaferi kanoniT aris
daregulirebuli. man icis, risi ufleba aqvs da risi _ ara, risi
keTebaa nebadarTuli da risi _ ara. kanoni mis damrRvevs fizikurad
sjis (Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, finansuri sanqciebi da a.S.), magram
adamianis amqveyniurma cxovrebam isic cxadyo, rom verc erTi, Tundac
idealur samarTlebriv _ sakanonmdeblo aqti ver moicavs adamianur
interesTa, ltolva _ miswrafebaTa yvela mxares; kanons miRma
yovelTvis rCeba iseTi adamianuri qceva (saqcieli), romelic ar
isjeba, magram arc mosawonia. aseT saqciels adamianebi gasakicxs
uwodeben. civilizaciis istoriam isic naTelyo, rom adamianur yofas
yvela epoqaSi axasiaTebda aseTi gasakicxi qceva-moqmedebani, swored
maT dasagmobad daadgines zneobis, moralis, eTikis cnebebi da
dauwereli kanonebi (adamianis qceva _ moqmedebis wesebi).
erTi sityviT, civilizaciis istoriam cxadyo, rom adamianuri
cxovrebis safuZvelTa safuZveli misi zneobrivi mowesrigebulebaa.
eTika, rogorc zneobis Semswavleli mecniereba, am TvalsazrisiT,
zneobrivi regulatoria.
civilizaciis gariJraJze (da Semdegac, Zalian didxans) zneoba
awesrigebda adamianis cxovrebas da samarTlebrivi normebis
(kanonebis) funqciasac asrulebda maSin, roca sazogadoebas isini
jer kidev ar hqonda SemuSavebuli. mogvianebiT ki, roca samarTlis
cneba gaCnda, kanonebi daiwera, zneobam mainc SeinarCuna funqcia,
radganac darCa adamianuri saqcielis iseTi gamovlinebani, romelTa
mowesrigeba samarTalma zneobas (eTikas) dautova. kanonma, Tu
SeiZleba iTqvas, garedan (sazogadoebis mxridan) SezRuda adamianis
Tavisufleba, kanonmorCileba daavaldebula. magram realoba
cxadyofs, rom mas aranakleb sWirdeba cxovrebis Sinagani, sulieri

321
mowesrigebis Zala. Sinagani regulatori gareganis (samarTlis)
regulatoric aris.
adamiani samarTlisaTvis Tavis uflebaTa delegirebas
mtkivneulad ganicdis, rac kanonisagan Tavis daZvrenis
mcdelobebSic vlindeba (Tavis moCveneba, Tavis moqonva, cbiereba ...)
zneoba ki am mcdelobis SezRudva_daregulirebaa, aranakleb
qmediTia, vinaidan adamians ise araferi sWirdeba, rogorc sakuTari
Tavis gamarTleba. mas surs, marTali iyos sindisis winaSe. fsiqikaSi
am Tandayolili genetikuri kontrolis gamovlenas sindisis qenjna
hqvia. roca adamiani udier saqciels Caidens, es grZnoba uCdeba.
diskomforti ufro mZafria, Tu sanqciebi (gasamarTleba_gakicxva)
sustia sazogadoebis mxridan. ganaCeni aq samarTals ki ara, eTikas
gamoaqvs, radgan adamians aqcevs sakuTari Tavis mbraldeblad.
eTika adamianis qcevis zneobriv aspeqtebs Seiswavlis. aqedan
gamomdinare, mecnierebis profesiuli eTika im adamianebis zneobrivi
qcevis wesebs adgens, vinc mecnierul kvlevaTa sferoSi muSaobs.
magram mecnieruli eTikis sagani da amocanebi Rrmad rom gaviazroT,
isec unda gavixsenoT, ras warmoadgens Tavad mecnieruli kvleva,
rogoria misi buneba da arsi.
zogadad ukve viciT, rom mecnieruli kvleva Tavisi arsiT
socialuri qmedebaa. igi korporaciuli saqmianobaa, radgan adamianTa
garkveuli erTianobis erTobliv muSaobas emyareba maSinac ki, roca
mkvlevari kabinetSia ganmartoebuli, fiqrobs wers. am SemTxvevaSic
igi sxvebTanaa gaerTianebuli, anu winamorbed Tu Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebTan, romelTa naSromebs iyenebs, emyareba an uaryofs.
amitom sruliad usafuZloa is azri, rom mkvlevari gandegilad,
martoobaSi qmnis mecnierul produqcias.
muSaobis dros mecnieri kolegebs maTi naSromebis ganCxrekis
eniT ekamaTeba, eTaTbireba, upirispirdeba, emxroba..... maTTan
dauswrebel (SualobiT kontaqtSi) dialogSi wers Tavis gamokvlevas.
mecnieruli Sedegebis kvlevasa Tu praqtikul saqmianobaSi
gamoyenebis faqti imasac cxadyofs, rom kvleva adamianTa viwro wris
322
(Zveli amqrebis msgavsi) saqmianoba ar aris. kvlevis Sedegebi
sazogadoebis mraval sferos keTilnayofier kvals aCnevs, miT ufro
civilizaciis Tanamedrove etapze, sadac “nou hau” progresis mTavari
mamoZravebeli Zalaa.
amis miuxedavad, mecnierul kvlevebs, gansakuTrebiT fundamentur
da humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi erTi “nakli” aqvs: praqtikuli
sargebeli ar Cans. anu kvlevis Sedegebis realizacia da
danaxarjebis ukugeba iseTi swrafi da aSkara ar aris, rogorc sxva
sferoebSi. amis gamo zogierTi, saqmeSi Cauxedavi, mecnierul
kvlevebs “hobis” uwodebs. amitom es sfero, erTi SexedviT,
arakonkurentunariania da sabazro ekonomikis principebi aq
sxvagvarad muSaobs. materialuri sargebeli gadamwyvet (pirdapir)
rols ar TamaSobs, ufro sworad, ukugeba imdenad materialurSi ar
gamoixateba, ramdendac sulier_inteleqtualur TviTkmayofilebaSi.
materialuri sargebelia saxelis moxveWa, sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi
zeaRsvla, sazogadoebisgan misi mecnieruli damsaxurebis aRiareba
da dafaseba. konkurenciis viTareba, yofiT_praqtikuli gagebiT, am
sferoSi TiTqos naklebia da eTikur cdunebaTa saSiSroebac
umniSvnelo.
miuxedavad amisa, sacTuri mecnieruli kvlevebis
samyarosTvisac araa ucxo, Tundac iseTi adamianuri “sisustis” gamo,
rogoricaa pativmoyvareoba. viciT, ra saxifaToa es seni, miT ufro
maSin, roca gandidebis maniac emateba. mecnierebis samyaroSi
maniakalizmis orive aspeqti gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurebulia, radgan
moxveWili saxeli da dideba waruvalia. cdunebas am TvalsazrisiT
isic aZlierebs, rom eTikuri danaSauli Zneli dasafiqsirebel _
dasamtkicebelia da arc sxvisi Sromis Sedegebis miTvisebis gamo
svamen adamians cixeSi.
mecnieruli profesiuli eTikis problemebi CvenSi jer ar aris
gamokvleuli monografiulad, ise, rogorc, vTqvaT, medicinis an
Jurnalistikis sferoebSia Seswavlili da profesiuli eTikis

323
kodeqsebia Seqmnili54. amis upirvelesi mizezi mecnierul dargTa
simravle da nairgvarobacaa, radgan am sferoebs, msgavsTan erTad,
gansxvavebuli eTikuri normebi moepoveba. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs
saerTo, Tavisi SinaarsiT zogadi principebi da wesebi, romelTa
codna yvelasTvis savaldebuloa.
 yovlad usiamo da samarcxvinoa plagiati, plagiatis
SemTxvevebi;
 ar SeiZleba wyaroebis gayalbeba;
 ikrZaleba wyaroebis dazianeba, maTi xelyofa, damalva
(misakuTreba);
 ar SeiZleba saeWvo wyaroebis gamoyeneba;
 samarcxvinoa Seuryevel sapirispiro mosazrebaTa damalva;
 uzneobaa oponentis Rirsebis xelyofa;
 araeTikuria rTuli, RvarWnili stiliT sakuTari kvlevis
Sedegebis Segnebuli gabundovneba, sxvaTa mier maTi gamoyenebis
gasarTuleblad;
 ar SeiZleba seriozuli (rTuli) mecnieruli problemisa da
misi kvlevis Segnebuli gaubraloeba _ gabiabrueba;
 aucilebelia mkvlevrisa da mkiTxvelTa erTobis (sazogadoebis)
SeqmnisTvis zrunva.
cxadia, rom warmodgenili eTikuri wesebi srulad ver moicavs
mecnierebis samyaros, romelic (gonebriv _ inteleqtualuri Sromis
mravalwaxnagovnobis gamo calke daregulirebas saWiroebs, ) jerac
ucnobi iseTi Sedegebis kanonzomier gardauvalobas Seicavs, rac
momavalSi aucilebel eTikur (da samarTlebrivsac! ) daregulirebas
mogvTxovs. magaliTad, didi mecnieruli aRmoCena, romelic
praqtikulad kacobriobisaTvis masStaburi ngrevis safrTxis
Semcveli iqneba (iseTi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, atomuri energia). ase
rom, mecnierebis profesuli eTikis kodeqsi erTi xelisdakvriT ver

54
Sinaarsebi cxadyofs: rac ufro aqtualuri da popularulia profesiuli
saqmianobis sfero, miT ufro saguldagulod aris gansazRuli profesiuli qcevis
wesebi.

324
Sedgeba. zemoT SemoTavazebuli wesebiT mecnieruli kvlevebis
eTikuri xarisxis gansazRvra did sirTules ar warmoadgens, magram
rTulia eTikuri normebis darRvevaTa faqtis dadgena. e.i. mecnierebis
profesiuli eTikis funqcionireba or umTavres safexurs Seicavs:
 eTikuri normis darRvevis dadgenas;
 eTikuri normis darRvevis xarisxis gansazRvras;
aRniSnulis cxadyofis mizniT, eTikis TiToeuli wesi (norma)
cal_calke ganvixiloT.
2. plagiati: ukve viciT, rom inteleqturi qurdoba, sxvisi
kvlevis Sedegis, azris, Sexedulebis miTvisebaa. isic viciT, rogor
da raSi vlindeba amgvari miTviseba-misakuTreba: martivad-citirebis
wesis darRveviT, sxvisi azris avtoris miuTiTeblad gamoyenebiT.
Zalian iolia am normiT usindiso mkvlevris “gasamarTleba” da
zneobriv samsjavroze gamoyvana, magram rogor davadginoT Tavad
plagiatis faqti?
amTaviTve cxadia, rom dargis profesionali mkvlevris garda
(Tqvens SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pedagogis an Tqveni naSromis recenzentis
garda), plagiatis faqts veravin daadgens. bevri uTavmoyvareo
mkvlevari amis imedad rCeba, roca qurdobs, magram akademiuri
mecnierebis sferoSi es arasodes aravis SerCenia erTi mizezis gamo:
rodesac plagiati avtoris naSromi sxva mkvlevris wyaro gamxdara,
mas informaciis Sejerebisas aRmouCenia qurdobis faqti. zogjer
aTeulobiT wlebi gasula, vidre simarTle gamoaSkaravebulia, magram
mainc gamJRavnebula.
mecnierebisTvis am samarcxvino movlenas bolo xanebSi didad
Seuwyo xeli internetma. msoflio obobad wodebul am uzarmazar
bazarze mecnierebac Caeba reklamireba-konkurenciis daundobel
brZolaSi. mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferos bevr warmomadgenels gaaqvs
am bazarze sakuTari inteleqtualuri produqcia. ras ar naxavs kacis
Tvali internetSi: melanSeuSrobel gamokvlevebs, statiebs, anotacia-
reziumeebs, romlebic udides cdunebad aris qceuli. mecnierebaSi
saxelmaZiebeli avanturistebisaTvis didi garja araa saWiro
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sasurvel problematikaze saWiro naSromis mosaZieblad. Rilakze
TiTis erTi daWera da sxvisi teqsti avantiuristi mkvlevris
sakuTreba xdeba. ras gaigebs ucxoeli mkvlevari vin miiTvisa misi
naSromi?_fiqrobs avantiuristi da mxolod azrs an debulebas ki ar
isakuTrebs, aramed lamis mTlianad gamokvlevis teqsts. gadawerac
ar sWirdeba, cota TavSi Secvlis moparul teqsts, cota boloSi da
didi rixiT sakuTari gvar-saxeliT beWdavs. nayofieri mkvlevris
saxelis moxveWis maniakaluri survili sZalavs da weliwadSi sul
cota or-sam aseT ,,naSroms” aqveynebs. ai, swored am niSniT aris
SesaZlebeli avantiuristebis mxileba.
sxva avtoris azrs (Tvalsazrisis, Sexedulebis) ubrWyalebod
miTiTeba yovelTvis plagiatia? bevri fiqrobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi
saqme swored plagiatTan gveqneba. magram amgvar sworxazovan
Sefasebebs bevri gaugebrobac gamouwvevia. amtydara erTi vai-
uSvelebeli, braldebaTa korianteli, magram danaSauli ar
dadasturebula. zogjer sakiTxi gadauWreli darCenila. ase
gansakuTrebiT xSirad poeziis sferoSi momxdara. plagiatis
braldebis safuZveli riTma gamxdara. poeziaSi igi (daboloeba-
JReradobiT msgavsi sityvebis gasariTmav striqonTa bolos)
Sinaarsobrivad da funqciurad mecnieruli kvlevebis sakvanZo
winadadebas utoldeba. miuxedavad amisa, or avtorTan (poetTan)
riTmaTa msgavsebis mizezi reminiscencia, gavlena yofila da ara
plagiati. amitom, modiT, plagiatis mizezebze SevCerdeT. ufro Rrmad
gaverkveT am movlenaSi, radgan praqtikaSi aseT SemTxvevebs
aucileblad SexvdebiT.

3. plagiati da gavlena
am cnebaTa aRreva ar SeiZleba. gavlena mecnierebaSi azris
mamoZravebeli movlenaa. ufro zegavlenis, zemoqmedebis maCvenebelia.
gavlena xSirad kvlevis meTodisa da meTodologiis sferoSi iCens
xolme Tavs, xolo am niSniT erTmaneTis “mimbaZveli” mkvlevrebi
konkretul samecniero skolebs qmian, sadac erTi (meTodis,
meTodologiis) avtori skolis meTauri xdeba, sxvebi mis mimdevrebad
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cxaddebian, magram mecnierul TavisTavadobas amiT ar kargaven. isini,
rogorc wesi, skolis meTauris miTiTebiT, an damoukideblad erTi
didi problemis sxvadasxva aspeqts ikvleven saerTo meTodiTa da
meTodologiiT, an monaTesave problemebs Seiswavlian.
azris gavlenis gareSe kvleva sazogadod arc iarsebebda.
gavlena upirvelesad sxvisi azris gaziareba-gaTavisebaa, sakuTari
Temis sayrdenad gamoyeneba, rac mis gaRrmaveba-ganviTarebas
ganapirobebs.
gavlena mibaZva ar aris, radganac xSirad mkvlevari sxva
mecnieris miuRebeli mosazrebis gavlenis qveSac eqceva. am
SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdego azri iqceva xolme mkvlevris mecnieruli
saqmianobis impulsad da axali miRwevis winapirobad.
kargad aris cnobili gavlenis erTi saintereso formac:
zogjer mkvlevari ise ganicdis sxvisi azris gavlenas, rom mTlianad
iTavisebs, axali niuansebiT avsebs, Sesaferisi faqtobrivi masalis
analizSi ukve ise iyenebs, rogorc sakuTars. amgvari kvlevaZiebiTi
maneriT CvenSi ilia WavWavaZea cnobili, magram mas plagiati misma
usastikesma mtrebmac ki ver daswames, Tumca aseTi faqtebi maTTvis
kargad iyo cnobili. amitom msgavs SemTxvevaTa SefasebebSi didi
sifaqize da sifrTxilea saWiro.
rac Seexeba plagiats, misi gamovlenis forma mxolod sxvaTa
azris avtoris miuTiTeblad naSromSi Setana araa. zogierTi
mkvlevari sxvis naSroms im imediT iTvisebs, rom mis garda wyaroze
xeli sxvas ar miuwvdeba da amitom veravin gaugebs, msjeloba misia
Tu sxvisi. “formalurad”, isini wyaros avtors uTiTeben, magram erT-
or citatas imowmeben, ufro mniSvmelovan nawils ki perifrazis
formiT iTviseben. CvenSi es tendecia ufro aSkarad sabWour epoqaSi
gamovlinda. maSin wyaroebze (gansakuTrebiT ucxourebze) raRac
“manqanebiT” xeli mxolod erTeulebs miuwvdebodaT. danarCenebi
iZulebiT endobodnen. axla, roca yvelanairi informacia
xelmisawvdomi gaxda, bevr aseT “akademiur mkvlevars” aexada niRabi.

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bunebrivia, plagiatis am formas axla yovelgavari safuZveli
gamoecala.
arseboben sxvagvari, e.w. “patiosani qurdebic”. isini sakuTar
Tavs paraven, rogor? Tavisi erTi naSromidan calke Tavi (Tavebi) an
ufro didi monakveTebi “axal” gamokvlevebSi gadaaqvT da uceb qmnian
monografiebs. es movlenac plagiats unda miekuTvnos.
plagiatad unda Sefasdes Semdegi movlenac:
mkvlevari Sekrebs xolme romelime problemis, didi Temis
wyaroebs, daalagebs teqstebis Seucvlelad, raime principis
mixedviT, da ise daarqmevs gamokvlevas, monografias, rom mcire
Sesavlis garda (esec saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi!), Tavisas arafers
daamatebs: CvenSi ukanasknel wlebSi, samwuxarod, araerTi aseTi
“naSromi” gamoica, Tanac didi pompezurobiT. aseTi wignebis
Semqmneli avtori ki ar aris, aramed mxolod Semdgenelia. Tavisi
gvari wigns garedan ki ar unda daaweros (saTauris win, TavSi),
aramed Sida satitulo gverdze da unda miuTiTos, rom mxolod
Semdgenel-gamomcemelia (an amasTan wignze darTuli SeniSvna-
komentarebis avtori)55.

4. wyaroebis gayalbeba
cxadia, aq wyaros monacemTa obieqturi Sinaarsis Secvla
igulisxmeba. arakeTilsindisieri mkvlevari saamisod ramdenime
“xerxs” iyenebs. yvelaze nacadia “citatis gaxleCa”. mecnieruli
stilisTvis Cveulebrivia iseTi rTuli winadadebebi, sadac pirveli
nawilSi raime mosazrebis pozitiuri aRweraa (Sefaseba) mocemuli,
meoreSi – misi sapirispiro (ara azris winaaRmdegobriobis
gamovlenad, aramed piroba – Sedegis logikiT).
mag., wyaroSi aseTi azria gatarebuli:
“bunebis sagnebisa da movlenebis gasulierebiT, maTTvis adamianuri
Tvisebebis miweriT, vaJa-fSavela aSkara simbolistad unda miviCnioT, magram, Tu

55
swored eTikur mosazrebaTa gamo am TavSi Semavali sakiTxebis ganxilvisas
konkretuli magaliTebis moyvanisgan Tavs vikavebT.

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kargad davakvirdebiT gasulierebis am principebs, davrwmundebiT, rom igi ar aris
simbolisti poeti”.
davuSvaT, am azrs miagno mkvlevarma, romelsac akviatebuli
aqvs vaJa-fSavelas simbolistoba, ris damtkicebasac Tavgadakluli
lamobs, Tan zneobazec cota mwyralad aris. rogor moiqceva? –
daamaxinjebs wyaros, citatad Tavis naSromSi mocemuli mosazrebis
pirvel nawils moiyvans, meores damalavs, wyaros avtoris azrs
sruliad gaayalbebs da myari argumentis Seqmnis mizniT, wyaros
avtors sakuTari mcdari Sexedulebis dasadastureblad gamoiyenebs.
wyaros gayalbebad iTvleba misi gamocemis TariRis Segnebuli
aRreva (amiT wyaros daZveleba an piriqiT, - gaaxalgazrdaveba). raSi
SeiZleba dasWirdes es mkvlevars? uamravi mizezi arsebobs-xan
mecnieruli migneba-aRmoCenis prioritetis mtkiceba (vin gamoTqva esa
Tu is mosazreba Tavdapirvelad), xan ki sxva ram SeiZleba iyos.
5. wyaroebis dazianeba, xelyofa, damalva
wyaroebis dazianeba umZimesi danaSaulia. damtkicebis
SemTxvevaSi qonebis dazianebis muxliT sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic ki unda daisvas. es, rasakvirvelia, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu danaSaulis faqti dafiqsirda da wyaros dazianebis
xarisxic ganisazRvra. Tumca CvenSi amgvari qmedebisTvis jer aravin
dausjiaT. mondomebis SemTxvevaSi danaSaulis dadgena ar aris
rTuli. wyaroze momuSave mkvlevari xom winaswar gadis registracias
wignsacavSi, fiqsirdeba romeli wyaroTi, rodis, ra xnis
ganmavlobaSi sargeblobda. unikalur wyaroebze samuSaod daSvebas
ki wyaros sacavis xelmZRvanelobis nebarTvac sWirdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, wyaroTa dazianebis, xelyofis faqtebi mainc
samwuxaro realobaa. kidev ufro samwuxaroa, rom aseTi faqtebi
ukanasknel xanebSi matulobs.
praqtikidan ramdenime magaliTiT cxadvyofT am savalalo
tendencias, romlis personaJebi, erTi mxriv, mkvlevrebi iyvnen, meore
mxriv, wignsacavebis mesveurebi. ufro ki albaT epoqis suliskveTeba.

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 arc Tu iSviaTi yofila wignidan furclis amoxevis faqti, an
perioduli gamocemidan (upiratesad gazeTebisa), romlebic
biblioTekebSi akinZuli aqvT (magaluTad, erTi wlis nomrebi).
warmoidgineT, katalogSi moZebneT sasurveli wyaro, SeukveTeT
(gamoiwereT), elodeT, bolos moitanes, gadafurcleT, gazeTis
TqvenTvis saWiro nomers eZebT sulmouTqmelad da mTeli wlis
gamocemebaTa kompleqtSi viRac xelmrudis wyalobiT swored is
nomeria dazianebuli (an furcelia amoglejili, anda mTliani
nomeri), romelic gWirdebaT.
yofila SemTxveva, roca adre damuSavebuli romelime wyaro
gvian isev dagvWirvebia, magram imave biblioTekaSi misulT wyaro
(upiratesad wigni) aRar dagvxvedria. gainteresebT mizezi? – cremlis
momgvrelad sasaciloa da cinikurad gulgrili:
biblioTekebs sabWoTa epoqaSi makulaturis Cabarebis gegma
hqondaT “Sewerili”. amitom aramoTxovnad (an mciredmoTxovnad)
wignebs periodulad makulaturaSi ukravdnen xolme Tavs. –
barbarosobaa, ara? magram aseTi faqtebi samwuxarod, arcTu iSviaTia.
wyaros damalva aranaklebi danaSaulia, informaciis mopovebis
Taobaze adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis darRvevaa, magram
mecnieruli samyarosaTvis arc amgvari faqtebia ucxo. wyaros
damalvas araiSviaTad politikuri miznebi udevs xolme safuZvlad.
magaliTad, cnobilia, rom dResac qarTvel mkvlevrebs Zalian uWirT
(an sulac ar miuwvdebaT xeli) axlo aRmosavleTis
siZveleTsacavebSi dacul qarTul xelnawerebze imitom, rom
sxvadasxva mizeziT maT wyaroebze xeli ar miuwvdebaT.
6. saeWvo wyaroebis gamoyeneba
mkvlevarma ar unda gamoiyenos saeWvo Rirebulebis wyaro,
romlis sandoobis garkveva, advili ar aris, magram mainc
SesaZlebelia. pirvel yovlisa, iseTi wyaro unda CaiTvalos saeWvod,
romelsac Tavad ar gaaCnia wyaroebi, anu iseTi samecniero naSromi,
romlis mTavari argumenti, daskvnebi, mtkicebulebebi ar emyareba

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realur saanalizo masalebs, an sakvlev problemaze sxva mkvlevarTa
mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
roca naSromi raime mniSvnelovani faqtis dadgenas eZRvneba da
mis sqolioebsa Tu bibliografaSi verc erT sxva wyaroze (wignze an
sxvaze) miTiTebebs ver aRmovaCenT, am wyaros Rirebuleba
aucileblad eWvqveS unda davayenoT da gverdi avuaroT.
saeWvo wyaroebs unda mivakuTvnoT reputaciaSelaxuli
mkvlevris wignic (an sxva saxis naSromi), Tu igi SemCneulia an
avtoriseuli teqstis TviTnebur mopyrobaSi, sayovelTaod
mxilebulia mecnierul arakeTilsindisierebaSi an wyaroebisadmi
undil, zerele damokidebulebaSi.
7. sapirispiro mosazrebaTa damalva
am eTikuri normis darRvevis aRmoCena mxolod saqmeSi
RrmadCaxedul mkiTxvels SeuZlia, damwyebi mkvlevrisTvis ki Znelia
im “ubralo‟‟ mizezis gamo, rom naklebad icnobs sakvlevi problemis
winaviTarebas-misi Seswavlis istorias.
eTikuri normis es darRveva gamoixateba SemdegSi: mkvlevari
Segnebulad uvlis gverds iseTi wyaroebis gamoyenebas (ganxilvas,
Sefasebas), romlebSic misTvis miuRebeli (sapirispiro) Tvalsazrisia
gamoTqmuli, Tanac ise dasabuTebulad, rom verafriT abaTilebs
argumentebsa da mtkicebulebebs. mkvlevars eCveneba, rom wyaro “xels
uSlis” Tvalsazrisis gamoxatvaSi. arada es ase ar aris. mecnierul
kvlevaSi sapirispiro mosazrebis arseboba sulac ar niSnavs imas,
rom romelime mcdaria. uamravi faqtia cnobili, sadac erT sakiTxze
gasxvavebuli mosazrebebi ara marto gamoTqmulia, aramed aTeulobiT
wlebis ganmavlobaSi rCeba ganxilva_davis sagnad, TiToeul
Tvalsazriss ara erTi mkvlevari icavs da yovel maTgans uamravi
mimdevari hyavs.
mkvlevari ar unda SeuSindes iseTi sapirispiro mosazrebis
arsebobas, romlis safuZvels verafers uxerxebs (ver abaTilebs). man
keTilsindisierad unda auwyos mkiTxvels gansxvavebuli mosazrebis
arseboba, aRweros da misi arsi gaacnos. aseTi saqcieli mkvlevars
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Rirsebas Sehmatebs da mkiTxvelisTvis misi naSromi ufro sando
gaxdeba.
8. oponentis Rirsebis xelyofa
mecnieruli profesiuli eTikis es norma erT-erT
mniSvnellovan moments aregulirebs. igi moiTxovs mkvlevarTa
pirovnuli Rirsebis urTierTpativiscemas.
araeTikuria oponentisadmi udieri, abuCadamagdebi
damokidebuleba. amis miuxedavad, arcTu iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, roca
mkvlevari sapirispiro Tvalsazriss verafriT abaTilebs, veranair
mecnierul sabuTs ver upirispirebs da am Tvalsazrisis avtoris
“angariSsworebaze” gadadis. dausabuTebel iarliyebs miawers da
oponentis mecnieruli avtoritetis damcireba-ganqiqebiT cdilobs
sapirispiro mosazrebis mecnieruli mniSvnelobis gaqarwylebas. misi
,,logika” ase muSaobs: ai, xom xedavT, ra araaraobaa wyaros avtori
mecnierebaSi. amitom TqvenTvis cxadi unda iyos misi mosazrebis
araraobac. kamaTis xelovnebaSi amas argumentis Senacvlebis xerxi
hqvia56. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radgan
Rirsebis xelyofis upatiosno mcdelobas aqvs adgili.
ar SeiZleba oponentis ,,Semkoba” Seuracxmyofeli epiTetebiTa
da gamoTqmebiT. mag., ,,aba, ra unda elaparako”, ,,TuTiyuSiviT mxolod
sxvaTa naTqvams imeorebs”, ,,ver gaugia, radgan naTqvamia, ara Sejda
mwyeri xesao” da mravali sxva.
oponentis Rirsebis Semlaxavia iseTi, erTi SexedviT, uwyinari
gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa magaliTad, ,,Cveni oponenti tyuis”, ,,cdeba”
,,ar aris marTali”, ,,SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli” da a.S.
oponentisadmi mimarTvis, misi Sefasebis SemTxvevebSi
mizanSewonilia subieqturobisgan daclili gamoTqmebis an
oficialurad dadgenili mimarTvebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad,
,,pativcemuli mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom....”,…an: ,,profesor N#-is
azriT,”... ,,SexedulebiT...”.

56
T.jagodniSvili, qarTuli oratoruli xelovneba, 2000, gv. 151-152.
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 Tu sakuTars gansxvavebul azrs vupirispirebT, saqme ise unda
warmovaCinoT, rom sakiTxze ori erTnairad sayuradRebo mosazreba
arsebobs, mag: ,,#-is azriT, sakiTxis arsi aseTia... Tumca
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic (mosazrebac, Sexedulebac) araa
gamoricxuli,... ,,dasaSvebia”, ,,aqvs arsebobis ufleba” da a.S. unda
gvaxsovdes, rom oponentisadmi (Tundac daumsaxurebeli) pativiscemis
gamoxatviT upirvelesad sakuTar Tavs warmovaCenT da Cvens naSroms
vZenT solidurobas, akademizms, damajereblobas....
9. rTuli, RvarWnili stilis Tavidan acileba
samecniero stili saerTo savaldebulo stilistikuri wesebis
arsebobis miuxedavad, mainc uaRresad individualuri movlenaa da
mkvlevris mier enis codnasa da mis gaTavisebazea damokidebuli.
amitom veravis movTxovT, ratom maincdamainc am sityvebiT (am
fraziT, winadadebiT) aris gadmocemuli azri. erTaderTi moTxovna,
romelic mkvlevars waeyeneba, stilis sicxade da simartivea (ufro
sworad, sisadave).
zogierTi mkvlevris (da aseTebi, samwuxarod, cotani ar arian)
azriT, rac ufro rTulad gadmoscems saTqmels, miT ufro meti
mecnieruli wona eqneba mis naazrevs. am mizniT zogi, yovlad
gaumarTleblad, amZimebs frazas ucxoenovani gamoTqmebiT da
uadgilo ucxo terminebiT; mkiTxvelis winaSe erTgvarad Tavs
iwonebs.
stilis Segnebuli damZimeba, maRalfardovnoba
“brtyelsityvaoba”, ucxouri sityvebis an terminebis siWarbe da amiT
Tavmowoneba, saTqmelis daxlarTva (daRvlarWna), frazebiT kopwiaoba
(xatovani azrovnebis codnis warmoCenis uadgilo mcdeloba)
mkiTxvelSi, Cveulebriv, gaRizianebasa da protestis grZnobas badebs.
rasac Sedegad samecniero naSromis zadmetad (subieqturad) mkacri
Sefaseba mohyveba. aseTi mkvlevari sabolood wagebuli rCeba.
stilistikis wesebi winadadebis sworad agebaSi gvexmareba da
ara sityvebis amorCevaSi da a.S..

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10. problemaTa da maTi kvlevis Sedegebis Segnebuli
gaubraloeba
es eTikuri norma maSin irRvva, roca mkvlevari didi problemis
erT, misi gadaWrisTvis arcTu ise mniSvnelovan nawils ikvlevs.
ambiciebiT Sepyrobili mkvlevari Tavisi wvlilis gazviadebas
cdilobs problemis mecnieruli Rirebulebis damcirebiT (raTa
sakuTari umniSvnelo kvleva problemis tolfasovnad warmoarCinos),
an winamorbed mkvlevarTa wvlils aubraloebs, raTa Tavi maT tol _
sworad moaCvenos mkiTxvels. aseTi mcdeloba mkiTxvelisgan mxolod
dacinvasa da gakilvas imsaxurebs.
11. mkvlevrisa da mkiTxvelis erTobaze zrunva
es eTikuri norma mecnieruli kvlevebis uzenaesi miznis
miRwevas esamxureba, anu codnis gaRrmaveba_srulyofas.
Cven ukve viciT, rom mecnieruli kvleva socialuri movlenaa
da sazogadoebis interesTa dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. isic viciT,
rom mkvlevarma aseTi sazogadoeba Tavad unda Seqmnas. man mkTxveli
unda daarwmunos, rom nSromi misTvis saWiroa da dasmul
problemebze azri Seacvlevinos, Tanamoazred gaixados. mkvlevarma
unda Seqmns erTi azriT SekavSirebul adamianTa sazogadoeba,
romelic gansazRvravs mecnieruli naSromis Rirsebas.
mecnieruli naSromi, rac ar unda genialuri iyos, Tu mas
sazogadoebrivi Rirebuleba ar aqvs, Tu mxolod mkvlevris
ltolva_miswrafebebs akmayofilebs, ormoSi Camarxul ganZs
daemsgavseba.
mecnierul kvlevaSi mkiTxvelis interesebis gaTvaliswineba
Tavad mkvlevrisa da misi naSromisTvis aris sasargeblo: kvleva
ufro mizanmimarTulia, myari da WesmaritebasTan miaxloebuli. amas
garda, mkvlevarsac uadvilebs saqmes. (radgan dialogis azrovnebiTs
formas moimarjvebs)
aRniSnuli eTikuri normebi saerTo interebis realizebazec
aisaxeba, radgan erTnairadaa CarTuli mkvlevarica da mkiTxvelic.

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kvlevis Sedegi sazogadoebis sakuTrebad iqceva. mkvlevari naSromis
dasrulebis momentidan mis mier Seqmnili codnis iseTive
momxmarebeli xdeba, rogoric misi mkiTxveli.
sxvaTa Soris, inteleqturi qurdoba-plamiati imitomac aris
gasakicxi, rom mkvlevar-mkiTxvelis interesebiT SekavSirebuli
sazogadoebis moralsac uqmnis safrTxes. daujereblobis sindromi
mTeli sazogadoebis sulier-inteleqtualur samyaros azaralebs da
ara marto mecnierul kvlevebs ukargavs fass, aramed ganukiTxaobasa
da cinizms abatonebs. arsebul mecnierebasa da mecnierul azrs
nivelirebuls xdis, namdvil mecniers akninebs.
mecnieruli profesiuli eTikis normebis gansazRvras
sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli, WeSmaritebis Semcveli codnis Seqmnas
arc saxemwifoebrivi sazRvrebi aqvs, arc erovnuli da civilizaciis
winsvlas emsaxureba.
didi mecnieri, Cveulebriv, arasodes ukadrisobs yvela
wvrilman_msxvilmanis ,,gadaReWvas” da mkiTxvelisaTvis miwodebas.
unda gaxsovdeT, rom Tqveni NnaSromi marto samecniero
xelmZRvanels ar miemarTeba, arc marto Tqvens oponentebsa da
recenzentebs. mkiTxveli meti hyavs, maT Soris Cveulebrivi, Tundac
mecnierebis sxva dargebis warmomadgenlebi, amitom mkiTxvels
teqstis gagebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela saxis informacia unda
miawodoT. maT Soris:
 terminologiis ganmarteba (ganimarteba yvelanairi termini,
garda sayovelTaod cnobilisa);
 mkiTxvelisTvis naklebad cnobil pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb
cnobebis miwodeba (ar unda ifiqroT, rom Tqveni mkiTxveli isevea
informirebuli, rogorc Tqven).
 aq mkvlevris ganaTlebac da inteleqtic mJRavndeba, kerZod:
ramdenad icnobs mkiTxveli sazogadoebas, mis mier sakvlevi
problemis codnis dones da a.S. esec codnaa da aranaklebi, vidre
mis samecniero naSromSi gamomJRavnebuli.

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12. samecniero naSromis adresatis pativiscema

samecniero naSromis weris dros upirvelesad unda gaviazroT,

visTvis vwerT, vinaa Cveni mecnieruli gzavnilis adresati:
xelmZRvaneli, kolegebi, profesionali mkiTxveli Tu farTo
sazogadoeba?
adresatis mixedviT ganisazRvreba Txrobis formaca da
azrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi sicxadis xarisxic. sazogadoebaSi ratomRac
gavrcelebulia azri, rom farTo mkiTxvelisTvis wera (anu
samecniero-popularuli naSromis) ufro advilia da avtorisgan
nakleb kvalifikacias iTxovs. am iluzias qmnis Semdegi garemoeba.
TiTqos samecniero-popularul naSromSi yvelaferi gamartivebuli,
ganmartebuli da gasagebia. magram saqmeSi Caxedulebma Zalian kargad
ician, rom martivad (sinamdvileSi cxadad da sadad) wera gacilebiT
Znelia.
rTulad gauwafavni weren, an usafuZvlod Tavmomwone da
ambiciurni, ganzrax amZimeben teqsts, arc ucxo terminebis
ganmartebiT iwuxeben Tavs da mkiTxvels yoveli fexis nabijze
mianiSneben ,,me da Tqven es xom isedac viciTo.” aseTi saqcieliT
mxolod imas aRweven, rom mkiTxvelSi eWvs badeben: mkvlevari an
bolomde ar aris Tavis TavSi darwmunebuli, an imaze gvesaubreba,
rac TviTonac ar iciso. Txrobis sirTule masalis gaazreba-
gaTavisebis (codnis) xarisxis pirdapirproporciulia.
mecnierul kvlevaSi mkiTxvelis interesebis gaTvaliswineba
Tavad mkvlevrisa da misi naSromisTvis aris sasargeblo: kvleva
ufro mizanmimarTulia, myari da WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebuli. amas
garda, mkvlevarsac uadvilebs kvlevas.
aRniSnuli eTikuri normebi ara marto mkvlevars azaralebs,
saerTo interesebis realizebazedac aisaxeba, radgan erTnairad
aRmoCndebian CarTulni mkvlevarica da mkiTxvelic. da es imitom, rom
kvlevis Sedegi sazogadoebis sakuTrebad iqceva. mkvlevari kvlevis

336
dasrulebis momentidan misganve Seqmnili codnis iseTive
momxmarebeli xdeba, rogorc misi mkiTxveli.
sxvaTa Soris, inteleqtuli qurdoba_plagiati imitomac aris
gasakicxi, rom sazogadoebis moralsac uqmnis safrTxes. aq
dausjelobis sindromi mTeli sazogadoebis sulier_inteleqtualur
samyaros xrwins da ara marto mecnierul kvlevebs ukargavs fass,
aramed yovlisuflebianobis gancndasa da cinizms abatonebs.
ase rom, mecnieruli profesiuli eTikis normebi didad
gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli, WeSmaritebis Semcveli
codnis Seqmnas.

337
 mecnieruli funqciuri stili

CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, Tu ra aris samecniero naSromi,

rogoria misi Sinaarsi, struqtura (agebuleba), rogor davxvewoT
erTica da meorec. axla aranakleb mniSvnelovan (vgonebT yvelaze
mniSvnelovansac!) problemas mivadeqiT: es rCevebi rom SevasruloT,
unda davweroT. saamisod ki unda vicodeT, rogor vweroT.
wyaroebis gacnobis (wakiTxva, damuSaveba, gaazreba-gaTaviseba)
procesSi aRmovaCenT: erTsa da imave problemaze sxvadasxva wyaros
avtorebi erT enaze weren da am enis sityvebs iyeneben, magram, amis
miuxedavad, zogis naweris wakiTxva gviadvildeba (azrs iolad
vigebT, gvesmis risi Tqmac surT), zogi mkvlevris nawerSi
daaxloebiT iseTive azri ufro rTulad aris gadmocemuli, erTsa da
imave winadadebas xSirad or-samjerac ki vkiTxulobT imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT, ras gvamcnobs an gvimtkicebs avtori. iseTi gancdac ki
gvipyrobs, TiTqos erTi da igive sityva sxvadasxvanair Sinaarss
gamoxatavs.
cxadi xdeba, rom mkvlevrebi sxvadasxvanairad weren. es CvenTvis
umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenaa, radgan: aqamde (anu vidre saSualo
skolaSi vswavlobdiT) sakuTari praqtikuli gamocdilebiT vicodiT,
rom adamianebi sxvadasxvanairad metyveleben, msjeloben, kamaToben,
saubroben; zogs sityvebis meti maragi aqvs da metyvelebac ufro
sasiamovnoa; zogi ufro emociurad gadmogvcems Tavis azrebs da a.S.
gvegona skolaSi gramatikas imitom gvaswavlidnen, rom qarTuli enis
bunebaSi gavrkveuliyaviT da sworad wera gveswavla, anu
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo wesebiT wera gveswavla. amitom aqamde
gvegona, rom adamianebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi ganaTlebul, anu wignier
adamianebs) gansxvavebulad laparaki SeeZloT, magram weriT
erTnairad (gramatikulad) unda eweraT. axla davadgineT, rom Turme
(gramatikulic!) werac sxvadasxvanairi yofila. kacobriobam ki es
movlena maSin aRmoaCina, roca wera-kiTxva iswavla da mas stili
daarqva.
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 stili ZvelberZnuli sityvaa da sawers (kalams) niSnavs.
mogvianebiT am sityvis mniSvneloba frangebma sxvanairad gaiazres-
gaafarToes da azris gamoxatvis Taviseburebebis, xerxebis
erTobliobas uwodes. amis Sedegad sityva stils ufro vrceli
Sinaarsis gamoxatva daekisra:
kulturis sferoSi raime mimdinareobas (modas) kulturis
stili ewoda. mag., cxovrebis (Cacma-daxurvis) stili. xelovnebaSi ama
Tu im eris, epoqis, mimdinareobis TaviseburebaTa gamomxatvel
xerxebsac stili uwodes.
enaTmecnierebaSi enobrivi saSualebebis ( sityvebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba-Sewyobis) gamoyenebis xerxebis erTobliobasac stili
daarqves da masSi igulisxmes Taviseburi Txroba, rac calkeul
mwerals, mxatvrul nawarmoebs, literaturul mimarTulebas,
literaturul Janrs axasiaTebs.
dReisTvis sakmaod zustad aris gansazRvruli stilis
specifikuri mniSvnelobebi adamianuri codnis yvela sferoSi, maT
Soris mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargisTvis, Tumca dRemde mainc ver
moxerxda stilis, rogorc adamianuri azrovnebis movlenis, met-
naklebad iseTi zusti gansazRvra, romelic misaRebi iqneboda
yvelasaTvis, anu stilis cnebis universaluri gansazRvra (aRwera-
daxasiaTeba). antikuri epoqidan moyolebuli (aristoteledan
dawyebuli) dRemde bevrma mecnierma (moazrovnem) warmogvidgina
stilis cnebis gansazRvreba, magram ukmarisoba am cnebisTvis misTvis
saxelis darqmevaSi veravin aRmofxvra. amis erTi mizezi stilis,
rogorc movlenis, nebismier konkretul sferoSi gamovlinebis
usasrulo mravalferovnebaa.
aseT mravalferovnebaTagan CvenTvis ufro misaRebia prof.
avTandil arabulis Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, stili
“saTqmelis (azris) enobrivi gamoxatulebis Taviseburebaa”, anu
“stilis amocana optimalur enobriv SesaZleblobaTa Ziebaa

339
yovelgvar viTarebaSi, enis funqcionirebis yovelgvar sferoSi”.1
da raki es asea, Cveni azris gadmocemisTvis Sesabamis “enobriv
SesaZleblobaTa” Ziebac unda viswavloT, radgan kvleva Txrobaa.
samecniero naSromic, Sesabamisad, sakvlevi problemis gadawyvetis
dasabuTebis Txrobaa. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mecnieruli
kvlevisTvis saWiro stili unda SeviswavloT, risTvisac
Tavdapirvelad stilis bunebaSi cota ufro Rrmad unda gaverkveT. aq
sityva “cota” SemTxveviT ar gvixsenebia. stili TavisTavad imdenad
rTuli movlenaa, rom mas enaTmecniereba calke moiazrebs da
Seiswavlis. enaTmecnierebis am dargs “stilistika” ewodeba.
swori, gamarTuli wera rom SeviZloT, Cvens-qarTuli enis_
stilistikas unda daveufloT. marTalia, es calke sagania, magram
es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom stilistikas Cveni sagnis-“akademiuri
weris” farglebSi saerTod gverdi avuaroT da saWiro codnis
miReba stilistikas (amis konkretul nawils-“praqtikul
stilistikas” an “qarTuli metyvelebis kulturas”) davakisroT, anu
am kuTxiT aucilebeli codna mxolod ase SevivsoT.
rakiRa stilistika enis funqcionirebis nebismier sferoSi
azris gamoxatvis optimalur enobriv SesaZleblobaTa gamovlenas
iZiebs, igi TavisTavad gulisxmobs arCevans stilis doneze, es ki
stilistikaSi metyvelebis kulturis donis arsebobasac avlens.
rogorc cnobilia, metyvelebis kultura ara marto sworad saubars
gvaswavlis, “aramed azris ufro zedmiwevniT, optimalurad
gamoxatvasac”, anu ara marto “sworia-arasworias” doneze, aramed
“uaresi-ukeTesis” donezec.
ase rom, sityvis (frazis) Sesabamisoba gamosaxatav azrTan
damokidebulia am sityvis (frazis) zust, optimalur SerCevaze.
ra momentebi gansazRvravs sityvis (frazis) SerCevis sizustesa

1
a. arabuli, qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, gamomc. “universali”, Tb., 2004, gv .213;
saxelmZRvanelos es Tavi ZiriTadad emyareba a.arabulis am naSroms da
g.kvaracxelias `qarTuli enis funqciur stilistikas” (Tsu gamomcemloba, 1990
weli).

340
da optimalobas? aseT ZiriTad momentebad specialistebi acxadeben:
 konteqstis Sesaferisi sityvis SerCevas;
 sintaqsuri konstruqciis srulyofas;
 frazis ritmuli struqturis arCevans.
am momentebis funqcionirebis magaliTebis ganxilva cota xniT
gverdze gadavdoT da jer stilis formaluri mxareebis gaazreba
davasruloT.

funqciuri stilistika
ukve viciT, rom stilistika aris mecnierebis dargi, romelic
enis gamomsaxvelobiTs SesaZleblobebs Seiswavlis. swored es qmnis
stils. amitom igi yvelgan iCens Tavs, roca ki azrs sityvebiT
gamovxatavT.
uZveles epoqebSi stilistika upiratesad mxatvruli enis
funqcionirebas Seiswavlida, radgan sxva specifikuri ena, garda
RvTismetyvelebisa da filosofiisa, ar arsebobda.
Zalian didi xnis Semdeg, XIX saukuneSi, kacobriobas enaTa
funqcionirebis axali sferoebi gauCnda ganaTlebis, mecnierebis,
komunikaciebis gamravalferovnebis Sesabamisad. gamonaklisi,
bunebrivia, arc qarTuli saliteraturo enaa.
aRniSnulis safuZvlze, anu saliteraturo enebis gamoyenebis
sferoTa gazrda-gamravalferovnebis niadagze, warmoiSva maTi
funqcionirebis sferoebi, xolo Sesabamisad-stilistikuri
nairsaxovnebac.
qarTuli saliteraturo enac funqciurad mravalferovani,
“polivalentovani” (arn. Ciqobava) gaxda. aseT stilistikur
mravalferovnebas funqciuri stilistika Seiswavlis, (Seiswavlis
rogorc funqciuri stilebis sarTo maxasiaTeblebsa da
kanonzomierebebs, aseve calkeuli sferos stilistikur
Taviseburebebs).
funqciuri stilebis simravles maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSan-
Tvisebebi ganapirobebs, Tumca absoluturi sxvaoba maT Soris mainc
341
ar arsebobs. xSirad saerToc bevri aqvT. mag., stilistikurad
sxvaTagan yvelze ufro mxatvruli stili sxvaobs. miuxedavad amisa,
misi specifikuri niSnebi (saxeldobr, tropuli, saxeobrivi niSnebi)
arc sxva stilebisaTvisaa ucxo (ufro metad publicisturi
stilisaTvis, garkveulwilad ki_mecnierulisTvis).
qarTul saliteraturo enaSi aseTi funqciuri stilebi aris
dafiqsirebuli:
 mxatvruli;1
 publicisturi;
 samecniero;
 oficialur-saqmiani;
 sasaubro (zepirmetyvelebiTi).
am funqciur stilTagan yvelaze intensiurad sasaubro
(zepirmetyvelebiTi), mxatvrul stilebs gamoviyenebT, naklebad
samecnieros, sxvebs-Cveni profesiuli saqmianobis Sesabamisad.
yoveldRiuri komunikaciebis procesebSi, Cveulebiv, sasaubro
(zepirmetyvelebiTi) stiliT vsargeblobT, dawyebiTsa da meore
safexuris skolaSi ganswavlis (moswavleobis) wlebSi-mxatvrul
stils vswavlobT da viyenebT; umaRlesi ganaTlebis safexurebze
ZiriTadad samecniero stils vecnobiT da veuflebiT (calkeul
SemTxevaSi publicistursac). Tumca enobrivi stilebis
TaviseburebaTa gacnobierebis SemecnebiT-fsiqologiur process Cveni
ganswavlis sxvadasxva etapze sxvadasxvanairad vicnobierebT.
sul Tavidan Cveni nawerebis SefasebebSi figurirebda cnebebi
“naTeli”, “bundovani”, “primitiuli” stilebi. es imis Sedegia, rom
weris kulturis unar-Cvevebis arqona, ganaTlebis dabali done Cvens
stils zedmetad amartivebs, aprimitiulebs, enas leqsikuradac
aRaribebs.
Semdeg etapze, roca mecnierebis konkretul sferos

1
zogi specialisti mxatvrul stils saerTod ganasxvavebs funqciuri stilebisagan.
didi Sinaarsobrivi sxvaobis gamo damoukidebel stilistikur sferod moiazrebs
(ix. mag. avT. arabulis dasax. naSromi, gv.193)

342
SeviswavliT da weriTi naSromebis damuSaveba gviwevs, am
sferosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri enis mibaZvis survili
gveZaleba, xolo saTanado praqtikuli gamocdilebis arqonis gamo,
mimbaZvelobas viwyebT, stili gvimZimdeba da gvirTuldeba. amitom am
etapze Cveni stilis ganmsazRvrel Taviseburebebad iqceva “mZime”,
“rTuli” stili. aseT Sefasebas Cveni naweri marTlac imsaxurebs
imiT, rom sityvaTa rigi aRreulia, sityvaTa SeerTebani-RvarWnili,
leqsika-specifikuri terminebiT gadatvirTuli. es rom ar
dagvemarTos, guldasmiT unda gaviazroT da gaviTavisoT CvenTvis
aucilebeli funqciuri stilebis Taviseburebani.
igulisxmeba, rom ukve SeviswavleT Sesabamisi stilis-
mxatvruli buneba. amitom am etapze, samecniero stilis bunebas, mis
Taviseburebebs unda gaecnoT.

samecniero stilis zogadi daxasiaTeba

Tanamedrove civilizacia sainformacio eraa. yvlaze
ZviradRirebuli kapitali informaciaa. samxedro TvalsazrisiTac
dRes is saxelmwifoa Zlieri, romelsac maRalganviTarebuli
sainformcio teqnologiebi aqvs da ara is, romelic met samxedro
teqnikas (tankebs, TviTmfrinavebs) awarmoebs. informaciis aseTi
Zalmosileba TavisTavad mecnierebis udides mniSvnelobas cxadyofs.
mecnierebam Rrmad SeaRwia kacobriobis ara marto sulier-gonebriv
sferoebSi, aramed praqtikul yofaSic. Sesabamisad gaizarda
samecniero enis funqcionirebis areali, romlis ganviTarebasac xeli
Seuwyo samecniero da saganmanaTleblo muSaobam.
samecniero enis (stilis, terminologiis) funqcionirebis
Tanamedrove sferoebia: mecnieruli Sroma, statia, saxelmZRvanelo,
meToduri miTiTeba, referati, ese, recenzia, daskvna, anotacia,
konspeqti, moxseneba, gamoxmaureba, redaqtireba, referireba da a.S.
samecniero stili metyvelebis formaa. igi mecnierebis sferoSi
adamianTa urTierTobas emsaxureba. Mmecnierebis sfero mkacrad aris
SemosazRvruli. amis gamo am sferoSi ena specifikurad
343
funqcionirebs. samecniero metyveleba raime gansakuTrebuli,
xelovnurad Seqmnili ena ki araa, aramed igive Cveni mSobliuri enaa,
oRond gansxvavebulia misi gamoyeneba. samecniero stili am
gansxvavebuli gamoyenebis kanonzomierebebi da wesebia.
samecniero stili wignur stilebs ganekuTvneba. Aamitom mas am
stilebTan bevri saerTo aqvs. zogadad esaa:
_naTqvamis winaswar gaazrebuloba;
_Txrobis monologuroba;
_enobriv erTeulTa (sityvaTa) mkacri SerCeva;
_normirebuli metyvelebisaken midrekileba.
erTi sityviT, samecniero stili aris sametyvelo sistema,
romelic specialuradaa misadagebuli adamianTa optimaluri
urTierTobebisaTvis mecnierebis sferoSi(g.kvar, 14).

enobrivi gadmocemis tipebi samecniero metyvelebaSi

samecniero naSroSi Txrobis ZiriTadio formaa monologi.
Mmonologi sami tipisaa:
_aRweriTi;
_TxrobiTi;
_msjelobiTi.
aRwera risame mtkicebis an daskvnis safuZvelia. Aamitom
aRweraSi mkacrad SearCeven saganTa Tu movlenaTa ganmsazRvrel
niSnebs, mimarTebebs da amiT obieqturad adgenen maT Soris
urTierTmimarTebebs.

samecniero stilis mawarmoebeli elementebi

ra elementebi awarmoeben samecniero stils? Aamis Taobaze
mecnierebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba sufevs. sarwmunod bevrs ufro is
mosazreba eCveneba, romlis mixedviT stilis elementebad unda
CaiTvalos:
 leqsikuri (enobrivi) erTeulebi, morfologiuri (iSviaTad) da
sintaqsuri konstruqciebi, romelTac tradiciulad funqciur-
344
stilistikuri Seferiloba aqvT;
 leqsikuri erTeulebi, romelnic stilistikurad neitralurnia,
radgan Tanabrad axasiaTebs yvela stils;
 mxolod samecniero metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
erTeulebi;
 morfologiuri formebi, sintaqsuri stereokonstruqciebi,
myari specifikuri gamoTqmebi, kavSirebi da a.S.

eqspresiul-emociuri da individualuri samecniero stilSi

samecniero naSromis teqsts sizustis umkacresi moTxovna
waeyeneba. Ees, erTi SexedviT, SeuZlebels xdis aseT teqstSi
emociur-eqspresiuli leqsikis, xatovani saSualebebis: metaforis,
epiTetis, Sedarebis daa.S. gamoyenebas, radgan obieqturoba faqtebis
mSral gadmocemas iTxovs. Mmiuxedavad amisa, samecniero stilSi
eqspresiul-emociuri da xatovani elementebi mainc gvxvdeba, oRond
esaa, rom isini samecniero stilis arsebiTi niSnebi araa, Tanmxlebia
da mecnierTa individualobasa da codnis sferozea damokidebuli.
imis gamo, rom aseTi elementebis gamoCena samecniero stilSi
moulodnelia, maTi TavCena mkiTxvelze Zlier STabeWdilebas sxdens
da mis azrovnebas aaqtiurebs. Aam saSualebebs amitomac ufro xSirad
saxelmZRvaneloebSi iyeneben.
samecniero stilSi eqspresiulobas zRudavs samecniero
metyvelebis standartizaciis tendenciac. zogierTi mecnieri
standartizacias, anu enobrivi standartebis, trafaretebis,
Sablonis, Stampebis, kliSes gamoyenebas aucileblobadac ki miiCnevs,
radgan, maTi azriT, aseTi enobrivi saSualebebi advilad gasagebs
xdis samecniero naSromSi gadmocemul debulebebsa da daskvnebs.
avtoriseuli sawyisis SezRudva
samecniero stilisaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia avtoris
`mes” SezRudva.Ees samecniero stilis ganyenebuloba-
ganzogadebulobis niSnis gamovlenaa. Aamas garda, iTvleba, rom
samecniero naSromSi mocemuli codna avtoris kuTvnileba aRaraa,
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radgan misi funqcia obieqturi sinamdvilis obieqturi asaxvaa,
mkiTxvelis funqcia ki- obieqturi asaxvis obieqturi aRqma
(g.kvaracxelia).

samecniero stilis leqsika

samecniero stilis leqsikasa da frazeologiaSi 3 jgufi
gamoiyofa:
1. sityvebi, gamoTqmebi, romlebic saerTo enobrivi
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba;
2. saliteraturo enis sityvebi, romlebmac semantika Seicvales
da terminebad iqcnen;
3. specialuri sityvebi da Sesityvebani, anu terminebi,
romlebic samecniero metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneba.

saerTo enobrivi leqsika samecniero metyvelebaSi

upirvelesad xmarebis sixSiriT gamoirCeva, amasTan xSirad iseTi
mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneba, rac sxva stilebSi ar axasiaTebs.
magaliTad, sityva `faqti” niSnavs: 1. rac moxda; 2. monacems daskvnis
gamosatanad; samecniero metyvelebaSi es sityva ufro meore
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba.
saliteraturo enis sityvebi samecniero stilSi specifikur
mniSvnelobas iZenen da es gamowveulia situaciis specifikiT.
magaliTad, sityva `vrceldeba” niSnavs: 1.vrceli xdeba, farTovdeba,
diddeba; 2.mravals awvdian, urigeben, ugzavnian; 3. mravalTaTvis
xdeba xelmisawvdomi, gasagebi, cnobili; 4.exeba, gadadis; 5.izrdeba,
matulobs; 6.edeba.
amas garda, saliteraturo enis leqsikis erTi nawili
samecniero metyvelebaSi axal Sinaarss warmoaCens. magaliTad,
tradiciulisagan gansxvavebul Sinaarss samedicino literaturaSi
gamoxataven sityvebi: sarqveli, toti, Sre, qerqi, bagiraki,...;
qimiaSi: qva, Jangva, marili,...;
enaTmecnierebaSi: gezi, qceva, kontaqti,...
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 samecniero leqsikis umTavresi erTeulebia terminebi da
terminologiuri gamoTqmebi. isini aRniSnaven logikurad
Camoyalibebul cnebebs da didi moculobis informacias iteven.

sityvaTwarmoeba samecniero metyvelebaSi

samecniero metyvelebas axasiaTebs ganzogadeba-ganyenebisaken
miswrafeba. leqsikaSi es movlena abstraqtul saxelTa warmoebiT
gamoixateba. Ee.i. xSirad gamoiyeneba –eba, -oba, si_e prefiqs-sufiqsebi.
saerTo saliteraturo enaSi –oba ganyenebul cnebaTa
saxelebs awarmoebs arsebiTi saxelisa da moqmedebiTi gvaris
mimReibaTagn; -eba ki –ierze gaTavebil zedsarTavebs daerTvis.57
samecniero metyvelebaSi orive sufiqsi daerTvis _ur(ul),
_ovan, _ian, _ed, _iT, _iv, _ad, _ebr nawarmoeb saxelebs.
_ur_oba: epizod_ur_oba; lakon_ur_oba:
_ul_oba: arqa_ul_oba; mosazreb_ul_oba;
_ian_oba: mJav_ian_oba; ten_ian_oba;
_ier_oba: sax_ier_oba; Cqam_ier_oba;
_ov(a)n_oba: oren_ovn_oba; srulfas_Oovn_oba;
_ed_oba: mcir_ed_oba; tolqm_ed_oba;
_iT_oba: memkvidreob_iT_oba; qmed_iT_oba;
_ad_oba: dnob_ad_oba; kumSva_ad_oba;
_iv_oba: mudm_iv_oba; Sreebr_iv_oba;
_eb sufiqsi umetesad ucxo sufiqsebTan erTad gamoiyeneba.
_iz_eba: real_iz_eba; normal_iz_eba;
_ir_eba: reag_ir_eba; likvid_ir_eba;
_iz_ir_eba: polem_iz_ir_eba; monopol_iz_ir_eba.

qarTuli samecniero stilis Taviseburebaa_ad, _iv, _iT

mawarmoeblebis gaaqtiureba. Aase nawarmoebi saxelebi stilur
elfers iZenen:

57
a.SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi,1973, gv.130_131

347
 _ad: gansxvaveb_ad_i; kleb_ad_i;
_iT: moqmedeb_iT_i; kuTvnileb_iT_i;
_iv: mudm_iv_i; grZ_iv_i;
_ebr(ebl)_iv: Rru_ebr_iv_i; Sre_ebr_iv_i;
_obr_iv: ricx_obr_iv_i; asak_obr_iv_i.
Tanamedrove qarTulma arsebiTad dakarga kninobiTi formebi
(a.SaniZe), samecniero metyvelebaSi ki, piriqiT, gacocxlebis
saWiroeba Seiqmna:
_ak: agur_ak_i; lilv_ak_i;
_a: kbilan_a.

specialuri terminologiis gamoyeneba mecnierul kvlevebSi

termini laTinuri sityvaa (terminus-zRvari, sazRvari) da
mecnierebaSi, teqnikasa da xelovnebaSi raime cnebis gamomxatvel
sityvasa da sityvaTSeTanxmebas ewodeba. terminologia ki codnis
konkretuli dargis terminTa erTobliobas gamoxatavs.
civilizaciis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze, sayovelTao
globalizaciis viTarebaSi, terminebma da terminologiam sruliad
axali mniSvneloba SeiZina. saiformacio teqnologiebis
globalizaciam adamianuri codnis mravali iseTi sfero gaxada
sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi da gasagebi, romelTa gaazreba-
gaTaviseba uwin saTanado specialuri ganaTlebis gareSe
warmoudgeneli iyo. (da es imis miuxedavad, rom arnaxuli tempebiT
viTardeba codnis nebismieri dargi da Sesabamisad izrdeba
specialur terminTa raodenobac).
amasTan, mecnierebis calkeuli dargebisa da profesiuli
moRvaweobis sferoTa gaRrmaveba-diferencirebis Sedegad terminebisa
da terminologiur SesityvebaTa iseTi siuxvea calkeul sferoSi,
rom specifikuri dargobrivi enebic ki warmoSva. aseTi
kanonzomierebac ki dafiqsirda: rac ufro specifikuria codnis
dargi da rac ufro aSkarad da mtkiced aqvs SemosazRvruli Tavisi
arseboba-funqcionirebis areebi, miT ufro specifikuria misi
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dargobrivi ena. es ki TavisTavad imasac niSnavs, rom miT ufro Wirs
am enis gageba gareSeTaTvis (vTqvaT, medicinis, zogadad biologiis
enisa).
qarTul sinamdvileSi es movlena erT damatebiT
Taviseburebasac Seicavs: evro-amerikul sivrceSi integrirebis
procesebi, inglisuris, rogorc ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso
sakomunikacio enis rolis gansakuTrebulobam aucilebeli gaxada
saerTo moxmarebis terminebis mozRvavebuli nakadis gaazreba-
gaTaviseba, Cveni mSobliuri enis saerTo leqsikur fondTan Serwyma.

saliteraturo ena da terminologia

aRniSnulis gamo dRes terminTa saliteraturo enasTan
mimarTebis problemam gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina.
am sakiTxze jerac azrTa didi sxvadasxvaobaa.
specialistTa nawils hgonia, rom terminologias erovnul
saliteraturo enasTan saerTo araferi aqvs; meoreTa azriT, saerTo
saliteraturo enis nawilia, ufro zustad, misi qvesistemaa; sxvani
amtkiceben, rom terminologia saerTo saliteraturo enisagan yru
kedliT ar aris gamijnuli, radgan terminologiaze dafuZnebuli
specialuri enac iyenebs saerTo saliteraturo enis leqsikas
(sityvebs) da igi mdidrdeba terminologiiT.
Cven ufro mesame Tvalsazriss viziarebT. amTaviTve unda iTqvas,
rom aRniSnul “enebs” Soris mimarTebas ormxrivi xasiaTi aqvs. am
azris naTelsayofad mxolod oriode magaliTs moviSveliebT:
wminda qarTuli sityva lilvi sulxan-saba orbelianis
ganmartebiT “Zafis saqsov Cxirs” ewodeba, Tanamedrove
manqanaTmSeneblobis dargSi ki terminad Sevida da RerZis saxeobas
aRniSnavs; sityva sarqveli WurWlis saxuravis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneba, magram medicinaSi mas Tavisi Sinaarsi aqvs (gulis
sarqveli), teqnikur mecnierebebSi sxva (saxeldobr, metalurgiaSi-
Rumelis sarqveli da a.S.). meore mxriv, saerTo saliteraturo enas
ise aqvs gaTavisebuli sxvadasxva dros Semosuli terminebi, rom
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isini terminebadac ki aRar aRiqmeba (mag., sistema, analizi, elementi,
struqtura da mravali sxvac).
ase rom, terminologiis, rogorc specialuri leqsikis
mozRvaveba civilizaciis winsvlis pirdapirproporciuli procesia.
mas kars ver gadavurazavT da arc iqneba gamarTlebuli. Cven
terminologiis saliteraturo enis wiaRSi, gramatikuli kanonebis
safuZvelze integrirebis procesebis marTvaze unda vizrunoT.

terminebis warmomavloba
qarTul saliteraturo enaSi specialuri terminologia misi
funqcionirebis Sesabamisad saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mkvidrdeboda da
leqsikis organuli nawili xdeboda. aq am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT
saubari amJamad araa saWiro, amitom mxolod or umTvares wyaroze
migiTiTebT:
 Tavad qarTuli leqsika (Zalian bevri termini qarTuli
leqsikis safuZvelzea warmoqmnili);
 nasesxebi leqsika (anu nasesxebi terminebi).
es meore wyaro ufro mniSvnelovania, radgan terminebi
umetesoba swored nasesxebia.
ucxo warmomavlobis terminebis Semotana-damkvidreba ama Tu im
wess emyareba:
 terminis Semotana maSin aris mizanSewonili, roca misi badali
cnebis gamomxatveli qarTuli sityva ar mogvepoveba. Cans, es wesi
maincadamainc mkacrad daculi arasodes yofila, radgan sinonimuri
terminebic, anu terminologiuri dublebic gvaqvs (mag.: cda-
eqsperimenti, nakli-defeqti, mrewveloba-industria da sxva). aseTi
terminebis gamoyenebaSi Taviseburi kanonzomierebac aris
gamovlenili: ucxo warmomavlobis termini dargobriv specialur
enaSi gamoiyeneba, adgilobrivi (am SemTxvevaSi-qarTuli)- saerTo
enobrivi urTierTobis sferoSi.1

1 avT. arabuli, dasax. naSr., gv.269-270

350
terminebi fuZeTa agebulebis mixedviT
fuZeTa agebulebis mixedviT terminebs sam jgufad yofen:
 martivfuZian terminebad (nakli, aRqma, Sedegi,.);
 rTulfuZian terminebebad (gulyra, kacTmoyvareoba, leqswyoba,
xelsaqme, xelnaweri,..);
 sarTebiT (TavsarT-bolosarTebiT) nawarmoeb terminebad
(sisulele, siberwe, fsiqikuri, nalRobi, naglini,..).
dReisaTvis isic aris garkveuli, rom terminologiuri fondis
gamdidreba sityvis warmoebis wesebiTac xdeba. erTi (Zireuli)
terminisgan iseve iwarmoeba sxva terminebi, rogorc erTi (Zireuli)
sityvisgan mniSvnelobiT sxva sityvebi.
magaliTad, Zireuli terminis-nakli-safuZvelze iwarmoeba: nakl-
uli; nak(l)-iani; mo-nakl-uleba;

terminTa warmoebis modelebi

terminTa sawarmoeblad qarTul enaSi sityvaTwarmoebis yvela
modeli gamoiyeneba. amave funqciiT ixmareba ucxouri TavsarT-
bolosarTebic (magaliTad, laTinuri sufiqsebi –izm, -ist; prefiqsebi
pro-, anti- da a.S.).
axla, rac Seexeba sakuTriv terminsawarmoebel modelebs,
romlTa codnac kvleviT muSaobaSi aucilebad dagWirdebaT.
-a: xmala, tabaka, arya;
-oba/-eba: mauwyebloba, cveTiloba, yofiereba, Zliereba;
-ob: budobi, Riobi, qanobi;
si-e: siCqare, simZlavre, sixiste;
-ad: msxvrevadi, denadi, klebadi;
-ad-oba: mdgradoba, klebadoba, xsnadoba;
-ur/-ul: ideuri, gegmiuri, struqturuli;
-ur-oba/-ul-oba: sensaciuroba, pragmatuloba;
-ed: wredi, bwkaredi, ujredi;
-iT: saxelobiTi, uaryofiTi, krebiTi;
351
-iv: mudmivi, wrfivi, grZivi;
-ebr-iv:sazogadoebrivi, RvTaebrivi, mowameobrivi;
-obr-iv: talRobrivi, kuTxobrivi;
-ak: nawilaki. Tvalaki;
-ian: xmauriani, Zariani, teniani;
-ian-oba: tenianoba, mtvrianoba;
-ier: saxieri, cnobieri, wamieri;
-eiroba/-iereba: saxiereba, wamiereba, miRmieroba;
-ovan: nulovani, saukunovani, kldovani;
-os(a)n-oba: wverosnoba, mandilosnoba;
-iz-eba: normalizeba, lokalizeba;
-ir-eba: skandireba, motivireba, reagireba;

afiqsoidebiT nawarmoebi terminebi:

afiqsoidebs uwodeben iseT damoukidebel sityvebs (zmnizedas,
nacvalsaxels, zedsarTav saxels), romlebsac terminebis warmoebisas
sarTebis (TavsarT-bolosarTebis) anu prefiqs-sufiqsebis funqciiT
gamoiyeneben (ucxoenovani sub-, super-, eqstra- msgavsad).
ze-: zesufTa, zemkvrivi;
qve-: qvesistema, qveTavi;
Tana-: Tanamgzavri, Tanasaxieri;
uku-: ukucema, ukukavSiri;
kvlav-: kvlavwarmoeba, kvlavgrexa;
Tabari-: Tanabarzomieri, Tanabarsaxieri;
urTierT-: urTierTkavSiri, urTierTdapirispireba;
TviT-: TviTregulireba, TviTmizani;
mraval-: mravalgvari, mravalferovani;
dabal-: dabalfasiani, dabalklasiani;
maRal-: maRalkaloriuli, maRalefeqturi;
cru-: crupenteloba, crumorwmuneoba;
naxevar-: naxevargamtari, naxevarbruni;
Soris-: nakvTSorisi, ZabvisSorisi;
352
zeda-: Tavszeda, miwiszeda, kuWzeda;
qveSa-: kanqveSa, wyalqveSa;
mieri-: bagismieri, miRmieri;
Sua-: xmelTaSua, sivrceTSua;
nela-: nelamavali, nelamrevi;
swraf-: swrafmkeri, swrafCamweri;
msxvil-: msxvilfexa, msxvilmasStabiani;
wvril-: wvrilmrewvi, wvrilmweri;
winaR-: winaaRmdegobrivi, winaRoba;
nair-: nairmfeni, nairmSleli;
inter-: internacionali, interneti;
super-: supervarskvlavi;
mikro-: mikrosamyaro, mikroqirurgia;
makro-: makrokosmi, makroekonomika.

terminTa warmoebis erT models qmnis kompozicia (terminis

Seqmna ori an meti fuZis SeerTebiT). aseTi, kompozituri terminebi
sakuTaric bevri mogvepoveba da nasesxebic. zogi iseTi
Sedgenilobisac gvaqvs, erTi fuZe qarTuli rom aqvs, meore-ucxouri.
 qarTuli: xelsaqme, tanvarjiSi;
 ucxouri: demokratia, avtokratia;
 Sereuli: koroziamedegi.
terminwarmoebis yvela SesaZlo modeli imitom gagacaniT, rom
kvlevis nebismier doneze Zalian xSirad mogiwevT ara marto maTTan
Sexeba, aramed ucxouri terminebis qarTulad gadmoRebac, rasac
swored warmoebis wesebis codna sWirdeba. amasTan erTad terminebis
sworad weris (marTlweris) Semdegi wesebic unda davimaxsovroT:
-iz-eba da ara -iz-ir-eba: xSirad ucxouri enebidan nasesxeb terminebs
qarTulad arasworad awarmoeben. mag., dramatizebis nacvlad
Targmnian dramatizireba, rac Secdomaa. ratom? gaverkveT: am sityvis
fuZea “dramat” (dramatulidan), dramatizeba gadramatulebas, raime
movlenis dramad qcevas niSnavs. mas ucxo enaSi am mniSvnelobiT
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gaformebuls vxvdebiT (mag.,, rusulSi: драматиз–ир–овать. aq – ир
rusuli mawarmoebelia). gadmoqarTulebisas ki es ucxo mawarmoebeli
termins unda CamovaSoroT, fuZe gadmoviRoT da mawarmoebeli
-iz-eba davurToT. gveqneba: dramat+iz+eba;
analogiurad unda vawarmooT: privat+iz+eba (da ara
privat+iz+ir+eba), monopol+iz+eba (da ara monopol+iz+ir+eba) da
a.S.
 terminebs xSirad Seuferebel formawarmoebiTs yalibSi
moaqceven xolme.
magaliTad, weren: -ukriterio (kriteriumidan) ukriteriumos nacvlad.
aseT SemTxvevaSic jer Zireuli (swori) forma unda
gamovavlinoT da mere mawarmoeblebi qarTuli enisaTvis bunebriv-
Zireul gaformebas davurToT.

samecniero stilis morfologiuri Taviseburebebi

samecniero stilis Taviseburebas metyvelebis nawilTa
funqciuri Taviseburebebic qmnis. Aam Taviseburebebs metyvelebis
konkretuli nawilebis magaliTebis ganxilviT gavecnoT.

 arsebiTi saxeli
samecniero metyvelebaSi arsebiTi saxeli Sedgenili
Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilia, zmnebze metad ganzogadebul-
ganyenebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. Amis mizezi isaa, rom samecniero
metyvelebaSi (teqstSi) mTavaria movlenis, Tvisebis aRniSvna, aRwera
da ara moqmedebis gadmocema. zmnebi ki swored moqmedebas
gadmoscemen. samecniero metyveleba amitomac gansxvavdeba, magaliTad,
mxatvruli metyvelebisagan.
samecniero stilSi arsebiT saxelTa siWarbe ar gulisxmobs
leqsikur mravalferovnebas. marTalia, samecniero metyvelebaSi
leqsikis mravalferovnebis, sinonimTa gamoyenebis moTxovnac
arsebobs, magram sxvadasxva sityvaTa gamoyeneba SezRudulia,

354
sinonimuri Senacvlebebi ki _ naklebsasurvelia (g.kvaracxelia).
amitom teqstis sigrZe aq izrdeba erTi da imave sityvis mravalgzisi
gameorebis xarjze.
warmoqmnil arsebiT saxelTagan yvelaze xSirad ixmareba
abstraqtuli saxelebi, radgan samecniero ena cnebiT_logikuri enaa,
amitomac ufro abstraqtulia (S.bali).
samecniero stilSi Taviseburebas gviCvenebs arsebiTi saxelis
ricxvis kategoria. Ees kategoria Sesustebulia. magaliTad,
saliteraturo enis normaTagan gansxvavebiT, aq abstraqtuli da
nivTierebaTa saxelebi mravlobiTi ricxvis formebs maSin awarmoebs,
Tu es nivTierebaTa saxelebi sxvadasxva saxeobebs aRniSnaven.
magaliTad: `sxvadasxva Tixebis gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi...”, `marilebis
dagroveba...”, `navTobTa fraqciebi...”, `mineraluri wylebi...” da a.S.
zogi ganyenebuli arsebiTi saxeli mravlobiTis formiT
ixmareba, magram konkretulis mniSvnelobas iZens. magaliTad:
`mecnierebis simaRleTa dapyroba” an `mecnierebis siRrmeTa wvdoma”.
samecniero stilSi arsebiT saxelTa ricxvis kategoriis
Sesustebis mizezia Tavad mecnieruli azris ganviTareba. Mmecniereba
sul ufro Rrmad iWreba samyaros kanonebSi, ufro gamowvlilviT
warmoCindeba nivTierebaTa saxeebisa da Tvisebebis diferenciacia.
Mmecnieruli Semecnebis garkveul safexurze Cndeba axali cnebebi.
maTi Sesatyvisi terminebis mravlobiTis formebi (mag.: stilebi)
saliteraturo enaSi ki jer araa Sesuli (g.kvar,66).

 zedsarTavi saxeli
samecniero stilSi zedsarTavi saxeli aqtiurad
monawileobs terminologiur SesityvebebSi. samecniero metyvelebaSi
xom umTavresia faqtis, movlenis, sagnis daxasiaTeba, aRwera. Ees ki,
Cveulebriv, zedsarTavi saxelebiT xdeba. zedsarTavi saxeli
azustebs cnebis Sinaarss mis sxvadasxva niSnebze miTiTebiT. amiT igi
terminologiur funqciasac asrulebs.
355
 zedsarTavTa formebidan ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba
mimarTebiTi (nawarmoebi) saxelebi, xarisxis formebidan ki
SedarebiTi xarisxis formebi (`ufro”, `metad”, `nakleb” da msgavsi
sityvebis darTviT).

 nacvalsaxeli
samecniero stilSi xmarebis sixSiriT gamoirCeva CvenebiTi
da mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, rogorc saganTa, movlenaTa, cnebaTa
damakavSirebeli saSualebebi. Ppiris nacvalsaxelTagan yvelaze
xSiria III pirisa. Mmeore piri, Cveulebriv, ar gvxvdeba.
Ppirveli piris nacvalsaxeli `Cven” ramdenimenairia:
_ inkluziuri `Cven” aRniSnavs avtorsac da mkiTxvelsac. Mmisi
mizania mkiTxvelis ayolieba, azrovnebis procesis Tanamonawiled
qceva.
_ eqskluziuri `Cven” avtorTa jgufis nacvalsaxelia.
Ggamoiyeneba ramdenime avtoris mier Seqmnil naSromSi.
_avtoriseuli `Cven” emTxveva avtoriseul `mes”, magram
samecniero stilSi Txrobis obieqturoba (usubieqtoba) da etiketi
(Tavmdabloba) `Cven” formis absolutur dominantobas ganapirobebs.

 zmna
samecniero metyvelebaSi zmna konkretuli piris moqmedebas ar
gamoxatavs. Aaq subieqtis moqmedeba zogadad gamoyenebulia III piris
mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT. magaliTad: `cdas atareben minis
WurWelSi”.
samecniero stilSi zmnaTa iseTi formebi da kategoriebi
gamoiyeneba, romlebic Txrobisas meti abstraqciisa da ganzogadebis
saSualebas iZlevian. Gganzogadebis, abstraqciis, subieqtis
gaupirovnebis faqtori iwves pasiuri konstruqciebis sixSires.
gafarToebulia aRwerilobiTi vnebiTis gamoyenebis arec. SevadaroT
konstruqciebi:
1. ganvsazRvreT moculoba.
356
 2. moculoba gansazRvrul iqna.
3. moculoba ganisazRvra.
aSkaraa, rom zevidan qveviT iklebs gansazRvrulobis xarisxi
da imatebs ganyenebuloba. Ppirvel konstruqciaSi `Cven” (subieqti)
mainc igulisxmeba, meoreSi ukve Soreulad `ilandeba” (`Cven mier”,
`mis mier”, `maT mier”), mesameSi saerTod ara Cans. samecniero stili
am mesames aniWebs upiratesobas.
vnebiTis formaTa sixSires a.SaniZe samecniero enaSi didZali
naTargmni literaturis SemoWriT xsnis (a.SaniZe, 300). Gg.kvaracxelias
azriT ki amis mizezi mecnieruli Txrobis usubieqtoba da
ganzogadebuloba_ganyenebulobaa (g.kv. 78).
zmnis axlandeli drois formebi umetesad daclilia drois
gagebisagan, Gganyenebuli, aradrouli gageba aqvT. samecniero
stilisaTvis es bunebrivia, radgan aq laparakia mudmiv Tvisebebsa da
procesebze, sayovelTao kanonzomierebebze. Ees formebi am stilSi
iseT moqmedebas gamoxataven, romlebic mainca da mainc metyvelebis
momentTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. Aamitom am zmnebTan yovelTvis
ixmareba sityvebi: `mudam”, `xolme”, `ucvlelad” da a.S. magaliTad
aviRoT aseTi winadadeba: `zogjer pirian formas SeiZleba
gamoecalos drois Sinaarsi _ wers a.SaniZe”. zmnis awmyo drois
forma aq ar gulisxmobs metyvelebis moments.
samecniero stilSi Txrobis ganyenebul-ganzogadebuli formis
gamomxatvelia namyo drois formaTa sixSire.
Uuwyvetlisa da wyvetilis formebi ufro istoriul da
filologiur teqstebSia, radgan am dargebSi warsulSi momxdar
ambebs exeba Txroba. sxva SemTxvevaSi warsulis formebic ganyenebul
mniSvnelobas iZenen da udroo awmyos formebis rigSi dgebian.
magaliTad: `Tu gamonayarma imata, ineqciis Seyvana unda Sewydes”.
Mmecnieruli hipoTezis agebisas, Cveulebriv, gamoTqmulia
varaudebi, daSvebebi. sanamdvilesTan maTs Sesabamisobas garkveuli
xarisxebi axasiaTebs. isini umetesad awmyos kavSirebiTiT, II
kavSirebiTiT, II TurmeoboTiT xorcieldeba `unda”, `SeiZleba”,
357
 `saWiroa” da msgavsi formebis damatebiT. magaliTad, `Tu saWiroeba
moiTxovs, xelnawers unda gavecnoT”.
zmnis desemantizacia samecniero stilis erTi arsebiTi
maxasiaTebelia da igi ramdenimenairad vlindeba.
1. SemasmenelTa didi nawili Sedgenilia. Aaq zmnuri komponenti
meSvelzmniania. Mmasze mxolod gramatikuli datvirTva modis,
semantikuri saxelad nawilzea.
2. zmnaTa erTi nawili Tavisi pirveladi semantikuri
mniSvnelobisagan daclilia.
3. zmnebs abstraqtuli semantika aqvs.

 saxelzmna
saxelzmnebi mravlobiTi ricxvis formebs ikeTeben. mimReoba
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis funqciiT gamodis da azrobriv_logikuri
kavSiris funqcias asrulebs. magaliTad: `aRniSnuli”, `naCvenebi”,
`mocemuli” da a.S.

 Tandebuli
sakuTriv Tandebulebisa da zmnizedebis garda, Tandebulis
funqciiT gamoiyeneba formacvalebadi srulmniSvnelobiani sityvebic,
rac aseve samecniero stilis specifikaa. magaliTad: `ganxilvis
SemTxvevaSi”, `gazomvis gziT”, `swavlebis TvalsazrisiT” da a.S.
aseTi formebi dReisaTves umetesad damkvidrebuli kalkebia.

 samecniero stilis sintaqsis Taviseburebebi

sintaqsis sakiTxebis ganxilva aq winadadebiT Semoifargleba,
radgan gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, `winadadeba gaurkveveli,
uszRvrod varirebadi warmonaqmnia, Tavad sicocxlea enisa
moqmedebaSi”. Aamitom winadadebasTan erTad vSordebiT enasac,
rogorc niSanTa sistemas da gadavdivarT sxva samyaroSi, enis,
rogorc urTierTobis samyaroSi, samyaroSi, romlis gamoxatulebasac
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metyveleba warmoadgens (e.benvenisti). winadadebaSi ki stils qmnis
sityvaTa urTierTTan dakavSirebis wesebi.
qarTuli samecniero enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia atributuli
da marTul_msazRvreliani konstruqciebi. gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivia mravalkomponentiani rigebi, sadac gansazRvrebis
funqcias metyvelebis ramdenime nawili asrulebs. ZiriTadia
prepoziciuri wyoba, postpoziciuri iSviaTia. samecniero Txrobis
substanciur xasiaTs msazRvrelTa siWarbec gansazRvravs. maTi
raodenoba xSirad aTsac ki aRwevs. magaliTad:
3_komponentiani: `normis darRvevis SemTxveva”;
4_iani: `fsiqologiuri Tanmxlebi movlenis kvleva”;
5_iani: `nervis yoveli simpleqsis wyaroebis TanakveTa” da a.S.
aseTi grZeli rigebi zog SemTxvevaSi azaralebs azris
sicxades, Tumca es mainc mecnieris weris kulturazea damokidebuli.
msazRvrelTa aseT daxvavebas romelime komponentis reduqciiT
icileben Tavidan. SekumSva aseT SemTxvevaSi Sinaarsze ar moqmedebs.
magaliTad: `zurgis tvinis (ruxi nivTierebis) wina svetebi...”
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, msazRvralTa daxvavebas, rac
damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli samecniero stilisaTvis, obieqturi
safuZveli aqvs. amaSi vlindeba am stilis saerTo
tendencia_minimaluri enobrivi saSualebebiT maqsimaluri
ineormaciis gadacema58

 winadadeba
samecniero stilis sintaqsi erTgvarovania da martivi.
rTuli winadadebis donec ki garkveulad Sesustebulia.
winadadebis agebis, gavrcobis saSualebaa Sesityvebebi. isini
gramatikul martiv winadadebas ganavrcoben.
SesityvebaTa rigebi gansazRvraven samecniero stilis iseT
saerTo tendencias, rogoricaa saxelis funqciis winwamoweva da
zmnis rolis Sesusteba.

58 Gg.kvaracxelia, dasaxelebuli naSromi,gv.99

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 Txrobis sizustisa da logikurobis moTxovna ganapirobebs
erTgvarwevrebiani konstruqciebisa da CarTuli sityvebis farTod
gamoyenebas. Aamitom am stilSi martivi winadadeba ufro xSiria.
samecniero stili Tanabrad iyenebs gavrcobilsa da rTul
struqturebs.
rTuli qvewyobili winadadebebis umravlesoba mxolod erTi
damokidebuli winadadebiT gvxvdeba. Ggramatikulad martivi
winadadeba aq sintaqsuri kavSirebiT aris garTulebuli. samecniero
stilSi gavrcelebulia erTnairi tipis struqturebi _
stereostruqturebi, romlebic mecnieruli azris dineba_moZraobas
koncentrirebulad gamoxataven. Aargumentireba, movlenaTa Soris
kavSiri, metyvelebis logikuroba mizez_Sedegobrivi maqvemdebarebeli
kavSirebiT xorcieldeba.
Mmartivi winadadebebi miyolebiT, rTulTan monacvleobis
gareSe, umetesad aRweraSia.
rTuli winadadebebi gvxvdeba TxrobaSi, msjelobebSi da
imgvari logikuri mimarTebis gamoxatvas emsaxureba, rogoricaa:
_ obieqti _ niSanTviseba;
_ safuZveli _ Sedegi;
_ piroba _ moqmedeba da a.S.

 gankerZoebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi

gankerZoebuli sityvebisa da gamoTqmebis gamoyeneba samecniero
stilSi, erTi mxriv, Tvisebis, movlenis detalizacias, xazgasmas,
dazustebas, sicxadis moTxovnas ukavSirdeba, meore mxriv, imis
gadmocemas, Tu rogor uyurebs avtori winadadebaSi gamoxatul azrs,
gamoTqmis formas; gamoxatavs wyaroze miTiTebas.
samecniero stilSi miRebulia gramatikulad damoukidebeli da
mravalgvari mimarTebis gamomxatveli sutyvebis frCxilebSi Casma. Aaq
`frCxilebi” mxolod punqtuaciuri niSnebi araa. maT
funqciur_stilistikuri datvirTva aqvT. is, rac frCxilebSia
Casmuli, erTgvarad ukana planzea gadaweuli. Mmisi amoRebiT arc
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azris dineba irRveva da arc sintaqsuri wonasworoba. Aamis
miuxedavad, aseTi masala didi informaciulobiT xasiaTdeba.
amitomac ver eleva mas avtori da gvawvdis sasxvaTaSorisod, magram
garkveuli mizniT_rac SeiZleba srulyofilad iqnes aRqmuli
informacia.

 samecniero stilis nairsaxeobebi

samecniero stili, teqstis daniSnulebis mixedviT, ramdenime
qvesaxeobas Seicavs:
* samecnieros;
* saganmanaTleblos;
* samecniero-popularuls.
es qvesaxeobebi erTmaneTisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. Tumca
saganmanaTleblo da samecniero-popularul stilebSi SezRudvebi
naklebia, ufro saerTo sametyvelo enis sintaqsuri konstruqciebi da
leqsikaa damaxasiaTebeli, rac samecniero stilis niSnebis Sinaarss
cxadyofs. Tumca sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom praqtikaSi yvelaferi
amiT Semoifargleba da aranairi gadaxrebi (“darRvevebi”) ar
arsebobs. stili, yvelafris miuxedavad, mainc uaRresad
individualuri bunebisaa. dedamiwaze ori kacic ki ver moiZebneba,
erTnairad rom werdes. stili momxmareblis enis, grZnobis,
gemovnebis, azrovnebis yaidis, ritmis.. TaviseburebaTa safuZvelze
yalibdeba.
zemoaRniSnuli mimoxilviT Cven ukve SeviqmeniT saerTo
warmodgena samecniero stilis bunebasa da mis Taviseburebebze.
axla samecniero stils konkretul magaliTze gavecnoT, raTa
safuZvlianad gavicnobieroT da gaviTavisoT, misi ara marto buneba
da Taviseburebani, aramed ganswavlis am safexurze (“akademiuri
weris” farglebSi) Cvens kvlevebSi aucilebeli minimumis
ganmsazRvreli praqtikuli unar-Cvevebic SeviZinoT.
sakiTxis meti sicxadisaTvis, samecniero stilis “muSaoba”
mxatvrul da samecniero-popularul stilebTan Sedareba-
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Sepirispirebis principiT gaviazroT.

mxatvruli stili
nodar dumbaZe
kukaraCa
“deida marTas ezos biWebi “virebis garaJs” veZaxdiT, imitom, rom wyneTidan
sisxam diliT Camosuli memawvneebi TavianT virebs deida marTas ezoSi tovebdnen,
xurjinebs mxarze gadaikidebdnen da simReraCadgmuli “malako-malakos” ZaxiliT
moedebodnen Tbilisis quCebsa da ezoebs. naSuadRevs xelgaclilebi kvlav
brundebodnen virebis garaJSi, deida marTas xexilis baRSi Cadgmul grZel magidas
miusxdebodnen, TiTo litra kaxur Rvinos daamSralebdnen da sadRegrZelodan
sadRegrZelomde DdRis ganmavlobaSi gagonil qveynis Worebsa da sakuTari TvaliT
danaxul ambebs uyvebodnen erTmanTs.
xandaxan wyneTeli memawvneebi virebis doRsac marTavdnen deida marTas
ezoSi. doRi ezos WiSkridan iwyeboda, xolo finiSi ezos ukana Robe iyo,
romelzec virebi eba dRis ganmavlobaSi. manZili WiSkridan finiSamde daaxloebiT
25-30 metri gaxldaT.
virebis patronebi Jokeebad Cven gvqiraobdnen, bavSvebs. Tu movigebdiT, erTi
qila mawoni Cveni iyo, Tu arada, yuris aweva, dacinva da panRuri ar agvcdeboda.
yvela virs, ra Tqma unda, sakuTari saxeli hqonda, Cven Cvenze mindobil
virebs patronebis saxelebs veZaxdiT.”
axla davakvirdeT am teqstis stilur Taviseburebebs.
 umTavresad ambis Txroba iqcevs yuradRebas da ara faqtis an
movlenis aRwera-daxasiaTeba;
 ambis Txroba pirvel pirSia: “virebis garaJs” veZaxdiT; Jokeebad
Cven gvqiraobdnen; yuris aweva, dacinva da panRuri ar
agvcdeboda.
 moqmedeben moqmedi pirebi-subieqtebi: deida marTa, wyneTeli
memawvneebi, bavSvebi.
 Txroba warsulSia: veZaxdiT, tovebdnen, gadaikidebdnen,
moedebodnen, brundebodnen, mousxdebodnen..

 Txrobis aqtiuri, eqspresiuli ritmi: zmnaTa xolmeobiTi

formebis siWarbe.

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  Tavisufali sityvaTqmnadoba: simReraCadgmuli, virebis garaJi.
 mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyeneba: kaxur Rvinos daamSralebdnen.
 subieqturi grZnoba-damokidebulebis gamoxatva: gvqiraobdnen,
ar agvcdeboda.
 Txrobis sisadave, sicxade, mxatvrul samkaulTa TvalSisacemi
siZunwe teqsts ufro sasaubro stilTan aaxloebs.
Cven ganzrax SevarCieT mxatvruli stilis amgvari nimuSi, raTa
maqsimalurad cxadi gamxdariyo TqvenTvis ara marto stiluri
gansxvavebani, aramed urTierTSi SeWra-SeRwevis buneba da dinamikac.
axla samecniero-popularuli stilis nimuSs gavecnoT:

SoTa ZiZiguri
sityvis cxovreba
“sityvas Tavisi cxovreba aqvs. igi ibadeba, viTardeba da kvdebao, _amboben.
es metaforuli gamoTqmaa, Torem arsebiTad sityvis cxovrebas ver gavutolebT
cocxali organizmis cxovrebas, romlisTvisac marTla damaxasiaTebelia dabadeba,
zrda da sikvdili. Tu biologiuri arseba, vTqvaT adamiani, ibadeba, izrdeba da
kvdeba, enac iqmneba, viTardeba da SesaZloa, mokvdes, gadaSendes, magram misi
sikvdili, ar aris aucilebeli, es mxolod SesaZleblobaa. ena gadaSendeba
mxolod maSin, Tu misi matarebeli koleqtivi, xalxi aRar iqneba. magaliTad,
babilonuri an laTinuri enebi amJamad ar arseboben imitom ki ara, rom maT
aucileblad eweraT sikvdili, aramed imitom, rom istoriuli JamTukuRmarTobis
gamo babilonuri an laTinuri enebis matarebeli xalxebi-babilonelebi da
romaelebi gadaSendnen da saukuneTa wyvdiadSi CainTqnen. adamiani ki, rogorc erT-
erTi saxeoba cocxali organizmebisa, uTuod unda mokvdes, radgan, biologiuri
arsebisaTvis sikvdili gardauvalia.”

vnaxoT am teqstis stiluri specifikac:

 teqsti gajerebulia mecnieruli informaciiT, Tumca igi
martivi, gasagebi sityvebiT (leqsikiT), popularulad aris
mowodebuli;

 movlena moTxrobilia da ara aRwerili;

specialuri terminologia minimumdea dayvanili; “metaforuli,”

363
 “biologiuri”, “cocxali organizmi”, “babilonuri”, “laTinuri”...
 gamoyenebulia SedarebiT aqtiuri zmnebi, Tumca gvxvdeba
vnebiTi gvaris formebic: ibadeba, viTardeba, kvdeba,
gadaSendeba;
 Warbadaa zmnaTa mesame piris formebi;
 emocia-eqspresia Riad aris gamoxatuli: “ver gavutolebT”, “ar
aris aucilebeli”, “aRar arseboben,” “gadaSendnen”,..
 gvxvdeba sityvaTqmnadoba: “JamTukuRmarToba”.
 gamoyenebulia xatovani gamoTqma: “saukuneTa wyvdiadSi
CainTqnen”.
 winadadebebi axsna-ganmartebiTi Sinaarsaa.

samecniero stilis teqstis nimuSi

vaxtang aladaSvili, qeTevan TabukaSvili
Cvili bavSvis kveba
“bavSvis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kvebas
da movlas, e.i. bavSvis asakisaTvis Sesatyvisi garemos Seqmnas. bavSvis normaluri
ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva iwyeba misi jer kidev mucladyofnis periodidan.
orsulma qalma unda moiwesrigos dRis ganawesi muSaobisa da dasvenebisaTvis,
isargeblos sufTa haeriT da mzis sxivebiT, izrunos swor kvebaze. orsuli qalis
kveba ar unda iyos usafuZvlod SezRuduli, ganakuTrebiT cilebis mxriv. orsuli
qalis sadReRamiso racioni unda Seicavdes cilas, cxims, naxSirwylebs da
vitaminebis sakmaris raodenobas. meZuZurma dedam SedarebiT meti sakvebi unda
miiRos. kerZod, yoveldRe unda miiRos 180-200g xorci, 50 g xaWo, 20 g yveli, 50g
karaqi, 1 kvercxi, 3 Wiqa rZe da 800 g bostneuli. gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa xili
da bostneuli, kenkra da axali mwvanili. puri 400-500g ar unda aRematebodes.
meZuZuri qalisaTvis aucilebelia vitaminebis SedarebiT meti raodenoba,
sakvebiT miwodebuli vitaminebis deficiti unda Seivsos saafTiaqo preparatebiT.
meZuZurma dedam siTxe dRe-RameSi unda miiRos araumetes 2 litrisa. laqtaciis
gasaZliereblad siTxis Warbad miReba gamarTlebuli ar aris. unda aikrZalos
spirtiani sasmelebi da ludi, radgan alkoholi advilad gadadis qalis rZeSi.
igive unda iTqvas mcenareul zeTze (romelic iwvevs bavSvis kuW-nawlavis
aSlilobas) da gansakuTrebuli gemos mqone produqtebze (niori, xaxvi), romelTa
Warb da xSir miRebas deda unda eridos.”

364
am teqstis stiluri Taviseburebebia:
 mSrali mecnierul-informaciuli xasiaTi;
 statistikur monacemTa siuxve (180-200g xorci, 50 g xaWo..);
 cifrebis gamoyeneba (50, 20, 180-200, 400-500);
 movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobriobis warmoCena;
 specialuri terminebis gamoyeneba (mucladyofna, saafTiaqo
preparati, laqtacia..);
 sityvaTa Semoklebebis gamoyeneba (g=grami, e.i.=ese igi);
 movlenaTa gadmocema awmyo droSi (aqvs, iwyeba, iwvevs..);
 frazebis ganmartebiTi (rCeva-darigebiTi) da statistikuri
Sinaarsi (unda moawesrigos, isargeblos, izrunos, unda
Seicavdes..);
 neitraluri, araeqspresiuli zmnebi (gadadis, iwvevs, iwyeba..);
 martiv da azrobrivad zust winadadebebaTa siuxve.
axla samecniero stilis praqtikuli funqcionirebis
variantebsac gavecnoT.
erTi da imave teqstis magaliTze vnaxoT, Tu rogor ar unda
vweroT da rogor SeiZleba (azris Seucvlelad) teqstis Sinaarsis
gadmocema.

uvargisi varianti (rogor ar unda vweroT):

filosofiis istoriaSi eris raobis, misi arsebis dadgenisaTvis erovnuli
gonis niSan-TvisebaTa gamosarkvevad Teoriuli Ziebebis didi gzis gavlis Semdeg,
erovnuli gonis problemis dayenebas win uswrebda adamianis individualuri gonis,
“xalxis” da saerTo adamianuri, sakacobrio sulis an gonis urTierTmimarTebaTa
da sakuTriv maTi raobis kvleva.

rogor SeiZleba wera:

filosofiis istoriaSi erovnuli gonis problemis dayenebas win uswrebda
adamianis individualuri gonis, “xalxis” da saerTo adamianuri, sakacobrio sulis
an gonis urTierTmimarTebaTa da sakuTriv maTi raobis kvleva. Teoriuli Ziebebis
didi gzis gavla gaxda saWiro imis garkvevisTvis, Tu ra adgili uWiravs erovnuli
gonis niSan-Tvisebebs eris raobis, misi arsebis dadgenaSi.
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rogor SeiZleba ufro mokled wera (Tu ki gvsurs, rasakvirvelia):

filosofiis istoriaSi erovnuli gonis problemis dayenebas win uZRoda

adamianis individualuri gonis, “xalxis”, saerTo adamianuri (sakacobrio) sulis
an gonis raobisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebaTa Zieba. didi Teoriuli Ziebebi
dasWirda eris raobis, arsebis dadgenaSi erovnuli niSan-Tvisebebis rolis
garkvevas.

ufro mokled Tqmis nimuSi:

filosofiis istoriaSi erovnuli gonis problemis dayeneba uceb ar
momxdara. mas win uZRoda adamianis individualuri gonis, “xalxis”, saerTo
adamianuri (sakacobrio) sulis an gonisa da maTi urTierTmimarTebis Zieba.
xangrZlivi Teoriuli ZiebebiT ki eris raobis (arsebis) dadgenaSi erovnuli gonis
niSan-Tvisebebis rolic gairkva.

rasakvirvelia, sxva stilisturi variantebis Seqmnac SeiZleba,

Tumca zemoT moyvanili magaliTebic cxadyofs mecnieruli stilis
nairferovnebas da misi funqcionirebis specifikas.
zemoT aRniSnulma, vfiqrobT, dagvanaxa, rom stilze muSaoba
urTulesi procesia, specialur codnas moiTxovs, romelic funqciur
stilistikasTan erTad “praqtikuli stilistikisa” da “metyvelebis
kulturis” saswavlo kursebi iZleva.
amis miuxedavad, “akademiuri weris” saswavlo kursis farglebSi
samecniero stilis zogadi Taviseburebebis gacnobasTan erTad, masze
muSaobis aucilebel, umTavres principebs unda gavecnoT, rac
upiratesad sintaqsis stilistikis sakiTxebs moicavs.
I principi: qvemdebare-Semasmenlis stilistikuri funqciebis
gansazRvra.
saskolo gramatikidan ukve viciT, rom winadadebaSi qvemdebare aris
moqmedi piri, Tumca iseTi qvemdebareebic arsebobs, romlebic Tavad
ki ar asruleben moqmedebas, aramed es moqmedeba maT miewerebaT.
sicxadisaTvis aseTi magaliTebi ganvixiloT:

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 1. moxuci petre dabneuli misCereboda saxrCobelas, radgan mas ver
daejerebina, rom adamians ase iolad gaswiravdnen.
2. moxuci petres dabneulad miCerebis mizezi mis daujereblobaSi
mdgomareobda saxrCobelaze adamianis ase iolad gawirvis SesaZleblobis
gamo.
davakvirdeT: I winadadebaSi qvemdebarea “petre” (igi moqmedi
piria); II winadadebaSi-“mizezi” (igi araa moqmedi piri).
pirveli winadadeba rTuli agebulebisaa (rTuli winadadebaa),
meore-martivi (martivi gavrcobili), magram aRsaqmelad pirveli
gacilebiT martivia. amis mizezi is aris, rom qvemdebare moqmedi
piria, xolo Semasmeneli piriani zmniT aris gamoxatuli.
meore winadadebaSi qvemdebare abstraqtuli arsebiTi saxelia
(“mizezi”), Semasmeneli-“mdgomareobda”. I winadadebis Semasmeneli
(“misCereboda”, “daejerebina”) saxelebad iqca (“miCerebis”,
“daujereblobaSi”).
stilistikaSi es movlena qvemdebaris “abstragirebad” da zmna-
Semasmenlis nominalizaciad iwodeba. axla imasac TvalnaTliv
vxedavT, rom abstragireba-nominalizaciis movlenebi amZimebs stils,
abundovanebs da RvarWnilobis mets verafers sZens. naTqvami, ufro
cxadad rom gaviazroT, modiT, am sakiTxs cota sxva kuTxiTac
SevxedoT:
aqamde, anu mecnieruli kvlevebis samyarosTan daaxloebamde,
Tqven miCveulebi brZandebodiT, rom teqstSi (nawarmoebSi)
personaJebi realuri moqmedi pirebi arian, upiratesad admianebi (an
adamianebiviT moqmedi sxva arsebebi-cxovelebi, frinvelebi, mwerebi,..).
Tumca viciT (da es naklebad) iseTi nawarmoebebic, sadac personaJebi
personificirebuli abstraqtuli cnebebia. mag., igavebSi aseTi
personaJebia: sikeTe, boroteba, sicocxle, sikvdili, bedi, Wkua,
goneba da a.S. es cnebebi gaadamianurebulebia, isini moqmedeben da
adamianebis msgavsad irjebian. aqve, SesaZloa, gagaxsendeT igavi,
sadac sikvdili da sicocxle adamianurad gansxeulebulebi
miadgebian erT Ratak glexkacs da scdian, romeli ufro
samarTliania, misi azriT,-sikvdili Tu sicocxle.
367
 mecnierul kvlevebSic zustad asea. personaJebi aqac
abstraqtuli cnebebia (vulkani, lava, qimiuri nivTiereba,
temperatura, xazi, wrewiri da a.S.).
nominalizeba aseTi abstraqtuli cnebebisaTvis saxelis
darqmeva anu personaJebad (winadadebaSi qvemdebareebad) qcevaa.
 praqtikuli rCeva: rogor aviciloT Tavidan abstragireba-
nominalizaciis stiluri movlena?
amis Taobaze specialistebs (gansakuTrebiT evroamerikelebs)
SedarebiT “martivi” recepti aqvT: deabstragireba-denominalizaciis
mizniT winadadebaSi 6-7 sityvaze dakvirvebas da moqmed pirTa
moZebnas urCeven. isini stilis xvewis gzas da saSualebas. am
proceduris CatarebaSi xedaven.
qarTuli enis saufloSi es recepti naklebad efeqturia, radgan
Cveni ena sxva bunebisaa, vidre inglisuri da indoevropuli enebi.
aba movusminoT, ras ambobs amis Taobaze iseTi didi
avtoriteti, rogorc akademikosi arnold Ciqobavaa:
“Secdoma iqneboda, Tu vifiqrebdiT, rom indoevropuli yvela
mzamzareuli preparati Cvens pirobebSi gamodgeboda; qarTuli
enobrivi sinamdvile Seudareblad ufro rTuli da Taviseburia, vinem
indoevropuli.”2
amitom qarTuli enis (winadadebis) bunebidan gamomdinare, unda
davakvirdeT winadadebis mTavar wevrebs (qvemdebares, Semasmenels,
pirmimarTdamatebebs) da moviniSnoT:
 qvemdebare moqmedi piria Tu ara;
 Semasmeneli martivi Semadgenlobisaa, Tu rTuli(meSvelzmniani).
cxadia, rom Tu qvemdebared abstragirebuli saxeli gamodis,
xolo Semasmeneli meSvelzmniania (es ki imis niSanicaa, rom piriani
zmna-Semasmeneli nominalizebulia, saxelad aris qceuli), unda
movaxdinoT qvemdebaris deabstragireba da zmnis denominalizeba. anu:
qvemdebares davubrunoT moqmedi piris funqcia, Semdeg davukvirdeT,
ra moqmedeba gvinda SevasrulebinoT am qvemdebares da es moqmedeba

2 arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968, gv.2.

368
piriani zmniT gamovxatoT.
Tumca, isic aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom
mecnierul kvlevebSi qvemdebaris abstragireba Cveulebrivi ambavia.
meti sicxadisaTvis es movlena konkretuli magaliTiT gaviazroT.
aviRoT aseTi winadadeba:
“Tu sacxovrebeli farTis momatebis interesebis gamo, sayrdeni
kedlebis dasusteba gagrZelda, SesaZloa mTeli Senoba daziandes.”
es winadadeba, rogorc vxedavT, konkretul ambavs gadmogvcems,
romelsac Tavisi personaJebi hyavs, Tumca winadadeba maT ar aRwers.
kerZod, ar Cans:
vin asustebs Senobis sayrden kedlebs? es SeiZleba iyos erTi
binis konkretuli mesakuTre; SeiZleba iyvnen, saerTod, SenobaSi
mcxovrebi mobinadreebi; SeiZleba sayrden kedlebs asustebdnen
teqzedamxedvelobis an romelime saremonto firmis TanamSromlebi,
mobinadreTa daukiTxavad da sulac maTi nebis winaaRmdeg da a.S.
swored amitom aris saWiro mecnierul stilSi
winadadebisaTvis qvemdebaris, rogorc moqmedi piris gamovlena, misi
saxeldeba (saxelis darqmeva). isic cxadia, rom qvemdebarisaTvis
saxelis darqmeva mTlianad mkvlevarze aris damokidebuli da rom
nominalizaciiT SesaZloa misi Sinaarsis gansxvavebuli niuansebi
(aspeqtebi) gamoavlinos, amitom samecniero stilis xvewis es principi
upiratesad mkvlevris mizandasaxulobazea damokidebuli.
II principi: jer Zveli (cnobili), merme axali (ucnobi).
es principi azris (winadadebebis) mizez-Sedegobriv SekavSirebas
gvaswavlis.
am principis mixedviT, winadadeba unda daviwyoT sityvebiT
(cnebebiT), romlebic wina winadadebis bolo nawilSi gvxvdeba. amiT
mkiTxveli ufro advilad xvdeba, ra azrobrivi kavSiria winadadebebs
Soris. am principis “muSaoba” umartives konkretul magaliTze
ganvixiloT:
“marTlac saswauli Tu SeiZleba ewodos dRes “qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikonis” gamocemas! “qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis” rvatomeulis

369
gamocemis Semdeg 40 welze metia gasuli (pirveli gamocemis pirveli tomi 1950
wels gamovida, bolo, merve tomi-1964 wels). leqsikonis gamocemas
xelmZRvanelobda akademikosi arnold Ciqobava.”1
_ davakvirdeT, rogoraa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebi am
teqstSi:
1. pirveli winadadebis pirvel nawilSi laparakia WeSmariti
gamocemis saswaulis Sesadar raRac movlenaze (“marTlac saswauli
Tu SeiZleba ewodos”); am winadadebis II nawilSi ukve
dakonkretebulia es WeSmariti saswaulis tolfardi faqti. es
yofila “dRes “qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis” gamocema”.
I winadadebis struqturaSi jer Zveli (cnobili) informaciaa
(adamianma icis, saerTod, raa saswauli da ra WeSmariti saswauli),
Semdeg (II nawilSi)-axali (mkiTxvelisaTvis) ucnobi informacia
emateba.
2. meore winadadeba aseve Zveli (nacnobi) informaciiT iwyeba,
radgan pirveli winadadebis II nawilSi ukve naxsenebia “qarTuli enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”; am, II winadadebis II nawilSi ki isev axali
(ucnobi) informacia emateba. esaa: a) leqsikoni adre rvatomiani
yofila; b) misi gamocemidan 40 welze meti gasula; g) I tomi 1950
wels gamosula; bolo-1964 wels.
III winadadebaSi I nawilSi kvlav Zveli (nacnobi) informaciaa
(mkiTxvelma icis leqsikoni, icis, rom igi adre iyo gamocemuli. II
nawilSi Semotanilia axali (ucnobi) informacia: Turme gamocemas
xelmZRvaneli hyavda da es iyo akademikosi arnold Ciqobava.
IV winadadebac analogiur Targzea gawyobili (msgavsi struqturis
mqonea) da ase grZeldeba bolomde.
motanili teqsti axla ase, Sebrunebulad, “Setrialebulad”
warmovidginoT:
dRes “qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis” gamocemas marTlac saswauli
Tu SeiZleba ewodos. 40 welze metia gasuli (pirveli gamocemis pirveli tomi 1950
wels gamovida, bolo, merve tomi-1964 wels) “qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

1ana kalandaZe, “saSviliSvilo saqme”, gaz.”literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 27 ivlisi, 2007w.,

#29(3640), gv.3
370
leqsikonis” gamocemis Semdeg. akademikosi arnold Ciqobava leqsikonis gamocemas
xelmZRvanelobda.”
teqstze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac cxadia winadadebaTa
zemoaRniSnuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris darRveva. TvalSi sacemia
stilis gaumarTaoba da RvarWniloba.
grafikulad winadadebaTa SekavSirebis procesi ase gamoiyureba:

I winadadeba II winadadeba III winadadeba

I II I II I II
nawili nawili nawili nawili nawili nawili
Zveli
axali Zveli axali Zveli axali
informac + + +
informacia informacia informacia informacia informacia
ia

ase jaWvurad (spiralurad) ebmis azri azrs da qmnis, mTliani,

srulyofili azris Sinaarss.
III principi: jer martivi, merme rTuli.
es principi winas msgavsad muSaobs stilistikurad, radgan
Zveli yovelTvis iolad aRiqmeba, martivad, axali ki Znelad. e.i.
winadadeba ise unda avagoT, rom jer martivi Sinaarsi CavdoT (I
nawilSi), Semdeg_rTuli (II nawilSi).
sirTulis ganTavseba winadadebis meore nawilSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani im SemTxvevebSia, roca:
 mkiTxvels axal termins vawvdiT;
 didi moculobis rTul informacias vTavazobT;
 iseT axali mosazrebas gadmovcemT, ris Taobazec Txroba
Semdeg winadadebaSi grZeldeba.

IV principi: arCevani moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris konstruqciebs

(stilebs) Soris. es principi yvelaze Taviseburia da amitom
gamorCeul yuradRebas iTxovs.
Cveulebrivi (bunebiTi) metyvelebis stili moqmedebiTi gvaris
wyobas (konstruqciebs) emyareba: qvemdebare moqmedi piria (moqmedi
subieqtia), misi moqmedebis Sinaarss piriani zmniT gamoxatuli
371
Semasmeneli asrulebs; am moqmedebis obieqti pirdapiri damatebaa
(pirdapiri obieqti); qvemdebaris moqmedeba sruldeba iribi
damatebisaTvis (iribi obieqtisaTvis), winadadebis sxva wevrebi ki
(gansazRvreba, garemoeba da a.S.) qvemdebares moqmedebis SesrulebaSi
exmarebian. aseTia winadadebaSi azris gamoxatvis meqanizmi.
magram yovelTvis ar xdeba ase, anu qvemdebare yovelTvis ar
aris moqmedi piri (yovelTvis TviTon ar asrulebs moqmedebas).
zogjer igi Tavad ganicdis SemasmenliT gamoxatul moqmedebas, an es
moqmedeba misTvis sulac sxvis mier sruldeba.
enaTmecnierebis enaze es imas niSnavs, rom gramatikuli subieqti
(S) yovelTvis ar emTxveva realur moqmed pirs.
magaliTad, winadadebaSi “gaiTiba saTibebi” gramatikuli
subieqti ar Cans (ar Cans realurad moqmedi piri).
winadadebaSi: “xidan Camovardnili msxali SeWmul iqna
WianWvelebis mier”, moqmed pirebad WianWvelebi unda miviCnioT.1
magram realurad ase ar aris. gramatikuli subieqti (anu realurad
moqmedi saxeli) micemiT brunvaSia, xolo realuri damateba-
saxelobiT brunvaSi.
sicxadisaTvis ufro martivi magaliTic moviSvelioT: aviRoT
“vaxtangs Tma uTeTrdeba.” romelia aq qvemdebare?-“vaxtangs”?-“Tma”?
qvemdebare aris “Tma”, “vaxtangs” ki iribi damatebaa. es cxadi gaxdeba,
Tu am winadadebas wyobas aseTnairad SevucvliT: “vaxtangis Tma
gaTeTrda”.
pirveli winadadebis Semasmeneli orpiriania (uTeTrdeba mas is),
meorisa-erTpiriani (gaTeTrda is). meore winadadebaSi qvemdebare (Tma)
qvemdebared darCa, iribi damateba (vaxtangs) ki marTul
gansazRvrebad iqca (vaxtangis).
stilistikurad kidev ufro did sirTules qmnis aRwerilobiTi
vnebiTi.
saskolo gramatikis kursidan ukve viciT, rom zogi zmna

1
a.SaniZe, “gramatikuli subieqti zogirT gardauval zmnasTan qarTulSi”, Tsu
Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, 7, 1961 w., gv. 213.
372
vnebiTi gvaris yvela formas ver awarmoebs da aRwerilobiT, anu
perifrastul formebs iyenebs.
aRwerilobiT formebs aseTi zmnebi Semdegnairad qmnis:
zmna irgebs warsuli drois mimReobis formas, imatebs meSvel
(damxmare) zmnas da mwkrivebis warmoebas am meSvel zmnas andobs: mag:
`motanil iqna”, `daniSnul iqna”. anu xdeba piriani zmnis
nominalizacia vnebiTi gvaris mimReobad.
es movlena CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, radgan ara
marto samecniero enaSi, aramed saerTod qarTulSi ukanasknel xans
farTod ikidebs fexs, ufro metic: arRvevs sakuTari
uflebamosilebis farglebs da iseT zmnebSic “iWreba”, romlebic
vnebiTis formebs advilad (meSveli zmnis gareSec!) awarmoeben.
magaliTad, daniSnul iqna (“dainiSnas” nacvlad), arCeul iqna
(“airCies” nacvlad) da a.S.
aRweriT vnebiTTan kidev erTi sirTulea dasaZlevi:
aucilebelia misi garCeva iseTi Sedgenili Semasmenlisgan, romelSic
vnebiTi gvaris mimReoba Sedis. unda gvaxsovdes, rom aseT Sedgenil
Semasmenels awmyos formebic moepoveba (gansxvavebiT aRweriT
vnebiTisagan):
magaliTad, “Tanxa gaRebulia”, meore seriaSi gveqneba: “Tanxa
gaRebuli iyo”, myofadSi-“Tanxa gaRebuli meqneba”. e.i. vnebiTi gvaris
mimReobis Semcvel Sedgenil SemasmenelSi meSvel zmnas seriaTa
Sesabamisi formebi moepoveba (I-“aris”, “iqneba”, II-“iyo”, III-“mqonia”),
aRweriTi vnebiTis meSveli zmna absoluturia, yvlgan “iqna”, “iqneba”
fiqsirdeba.2
sityva gagvigrZelda, magram es vnebiTi gvaris stilistikuri
funqcionirebis intensiobam da samecniero stilisaTvis misma
mniSvnelobam ganapiroba.
amasTan dakavSirebiT aqve erTic unda iTqvas:
samecniero enaSi vnebiTi gvaris formaTa intensiur gamoyenebas

2
l.kvaWaZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi, gamomc. “ganaTleba”. mesame
Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb.,1988, gv.65

373
aRmoCena-mignebis procesisadmi adamianuri fsiqikis damokidebuleba
unda qmnides. kerZod, imis SegrZneba, rom Cven mier mignebul-
aRmoCenili samyaroSi TavisTavad arsebobs, funqcionirebs (uCvenod,
Cveni monawileobis gareSe). Cveni migneba-aRmoCeniT mas mxolod
saxels varqmevT, gramatikis enazec is TavisTavad moqmedi piria
(sxvaa), Cven ki (samyaroSi sxva danarCenTan erTad) mis samoqmedo
obieqtebs warmovadgenT (anu misi moqmedebas Cvenzec vrceldeba).
axla am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli stilisturi rCevac
davimaxsovroT:
 Tu winadadebaSi Cveni (rogorc kvlevis avtorTa) azris
gamoxatva gvsurs, moqmedi piri avtori unda iyos da Semasmenladac
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmna unda gamoviyenoT; mag., “Tu sagzao
samsaxuris muSebi ar gawmenden gzas zvavis CamonaSlisagan, SeiZleba
sazRvari didi xniT Caketon.”
 Tu Cven (rogorc avtorebi) iseT moqmedebas CavdivarT, risi
gakeTeba Cvens mkiTxvelsac SeuZlia (an Cven gvinda rom Seasrulos),
maSin Semasmeneli vnebiTi gvarisa unda movimarjvoT; ”Tu fulis
dazogvis mizniT zvavis CamonaSalisagan gza ar gaiwminda, sazRvari
didi xniT Caiketeba”
am TavSi umTavresad samecniero stilis, rogorc funqciuri
stilistikis funqcionirebis enobriv-stilistikur Taviseburebebze
visaubreT. Tumca imasac kargad vgrZnobT, rom samecniero stilis,
rogorc enis funqciuri gamovlenis bevri aspeqti dakvirvebaTa miRma
rCeba. mizezi metyvelebis stilis problemuri globalurobaa. enis
funqciuri gamovlinebani, enaTmecnieruli stilistikis garda, sxva
mxriv naklebad Seiswavleba. Cvens sinamdvileSi es gansakuTrebiT
qarTul teqnikur enaze (terminologiaze) iTqmis. saqarTvelos
teqnikur universitetSi xangrZlivma muSaobam cxadad dagvanaxa, rom
am TvalsazrisiT didi problemebi arsebobs. rogorc aRvniSneT,
mizezi mecnieruli stilis martooden enaTmecnieruli aspeqtebiT
kvlevaa (rasac verc Cven vuvliT gverds, gasagebi mizezebis gamo,
Tundac aseTi codnis aucileblobis aspeqtSi). arada isic cxadia,
374
rom problema enis filosofiis aspeqtSia Sesaswavli, rac
mecnieruli stilis enaTmecnieruli stilistikis farglebs miRma
misi funqcionirebis Taviseburebebs cxadyofda.
aRniSnulis gaazrebas ramdenime magaliTis ganxilviTa da
praqtikuli rCevebiT SevecdebiT.
mivubrundeT Cven mier nimuSad motanil erT teqsts
filosofiis istoriis Temaze da sxvadasxvanair stilistikur
dakvirvebaTa obieqtad vaqcioT.
 teqsti aseTi stiluri saxesxvaobiT ganvixiloT:
filosofiis istoriaSi erovnuli gonis problemis dayenebas, ver vityviT,
rom win ar uswrebda upirvelesi xatis-individualuri gonis, “xalxis” da saerTo
adamianuri, sakacobrio sulis an gonis urTierTmimarTebaTa da sakuTriv maTi
raobis kvleva.
da gana ratom ar unda gamxdariyo saWiro didi gzis gavla imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ra adgili uWiravs erovnuli gonis niSan-Tvisebebs eris raobis, misi arsebobis
dadgenaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, mSral mecnierul stils aq daemata (Seeria)
mxatvrulobis (figuralurobis) elementebi:
 liTotesi-ormagi uaryofiT sityvis mniSvnelobis gaZlierebis
mxatvruli xerxi:-“ver vityviT, rom win ar uswrebda”.
 metafora-sagnis sxva sagnis SenaarsiT warmodgenis mxatvruli
xerxi:-”upirvelesi xati”-adamiani (RmerTis xatad Seqmnili);
 ironia-faruli dacinvis mxatvruli xerxi:-“da gana ratom ar
unda gamxdariyo”.
sxva mxriv teqstis Sinaarsi (informaciuli funqcia) ar
Secvlila. aseTi stili Tavisi arsiT funqciuris farglebSi
Tavsdeba da dasaSvebad aris miCneuli. am stilisaTvis mTavaria
“funqciuri gasaRebis” arseboba, yvela terminis unificirebaa.
dasaSvebi ki mxatvruli, figuruli gamoTqmebis arsebobaa.
axla imave teqstis ufro metad gamxatvrulebuli varianti
ganvixiloT:
filosofiis istoriaSi, kacobriuli codnis am grandiozul saganZurSi,
erovnuli gonis problemis dayenebas, ver vityviT, rom win ar uswrebda upirvelesi

375
xatis individualuri gonis, “xalxis” da saerTo adamianuri, sakacobrio sulis an
gonis urTierTmimarTebaTa da sakuTriv maTi “fiqrisa da kacobis niSnis” kvleva.
ratom ar unda gamxdariyo saWiro WeSmaritad argonavtuli gzebiT svla
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra adgili uWiravs erovnuli gonis niSan-Tvisebebs eris
raobis, misi amiranobis dadgenaSi.
Tavadac xedavT, rom teqstis am variantSi moWarbebulad aris
Sereuli ritorikuli figurebi da sxva mxatvruli xerxebi:
_ liTotesi: “ver vityviT, rom win ar uswrebda”;
_ metaforebi: “kacobriuli codnis am grandiozul saganZurSi”;
“upirvelesi xatis”; “fiqrisa da kacobis niSnis”; “amiranobis”;
“argonavtuli gzebis”;
_ ironia: “da gana ratom ar unda gamxdariyo”.
TvalSi sacemia maTi siWarbe da teqstis Sinaarsis
(informaciuli funqciis) aRqmis damZimeba mkiTxvelisTvis. amitom
ritorikuli figurebis zomieri gamoyeneba unda SegveZlos.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saerTod unda aviRoT xeli maTze.
axla kidev erTi, mecnieruli kvlevebisaTvis Seuferebeli
variantic ganvixiloT, romelic formiT figuraluria (mxatvrulia),
magram damatebiTi SeniSvnebi, e.w. wacdenebi aqvs mimatebuli:

filosofiis istoriaSi, kacobriuli codnis am grandiozul saganZurSi (?!),

erovnuli gonis problemis dayenebas, ver vityviT, rom win ar uswrebda upirvelesi
xatis (ratomac ara?)-individualuri gonis, “xalxis” da saerTo adamianuri,
sakacobrio sulis an gonis urTierTmimarTebaTa da sakuTriv maTi “fiqrisa da
kacobis niSnis” kvleva.
da gana ratom ar unda gamxdariyo saWiro WeSmaritad argonavtuli (!)
gzebiT svla imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra adgili uWiravs erovnuli gonis niSan-
Tvisebebs eris raobis, misi amiranobis dadgenaSi (ukacravad da ai, marTlac
yofna_ aryofnis Zieba!).

es varianti mTlianobaSi Seicavs diletanti mTxzvelebis (weras

atanilebis) yvela nakls (codvas). saSinelebaa frCxilebSi Casmuli
Zaxilisa da kiTxvis (an orive erTad) niSnebi, gamoxatuleba imisa,
rom avtori gvafrTxilebs: “naxeT, rogor gagaocebT Cemi

376
maxvilgonierebiTo”. Zaxilis niSans saerTod ara aqvs adgili
samecniero teqstSi. marTalia, SexvdebiT, magram saswavlo
gamiznulobiT, raime meTodologiur momentze yuradRebis
gasamaxvileblad iqneba gamoyenebuli. xolo sityvieri damateba-
wacdenebi (“ratomac ara?”, “ukacravad da ai, marTlac
yofna_aryofnis Zieba!”) avtoris nakiTxobis gamovlenad ki ar
aRiqmeba, aramed cinizmisa (cinikuri CaxiTxiTebisa) da mkiTxvelis
abuCad agdebis mcdelobad. avtoriseuli qveteqsti aq pirdapir
SemaZrwunebelia. igi TiTqos ukadrisobs msjelobas imaze, rasac
ganixilavs; gvaCvenebs, rom epataraveba ganxilvis sagani da misi niWi
amaze rTuli problemebis gadasaWreladaa mowodebuli. amas ki
iZulebiTa da mkiTxvelis xaTriT sCadis. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom
mkiTxveli aseT abuCadagdebas ar gapatiebT da usaTuod iZiebs Surs-
Tqvens diletantobas saqveynod gamofens da Tavs mogWriT.
dagverwmuneT,samecniero stilisaTvis Tavmdabloba da wynari
toni sjobs. ase naTqvami Weqa-quxilze uZlavresad SeZravs qveyanas,
Tu ki raimes aRmoaCenT da Tqveni naSromiT mkiTxvels amcnobT.
da isev ramdenime praqtikuli rCeva:
 Tu frazebi (winadadebebi) grZlad gamogdiT, nu SekrTebiT. ise
wereT, rogorc gsurT. bolos, roca weras daasrulebT da stilze
muSaobas daiwyebT, aseTi winadadebebi daanawevreT;
 Tavs geniosad nu warmoidgenT, ilia WavWavaZes nu gautoldebT
da samwerlo enis reformatorobas nu daibralebT.
amis Segonebas saWirod vTvliT, radganac ukanasknel xanebSi
bevri studenti iCemebs arastandartul weras-saliteraturo enis
normebisa da gramatikuli stilistikis wesebis ugulebelyofiT;
cdilobs “daamxos” samecniero stilis normebi da “axali ena
Seqmnas”.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom samecniero naSromis ena Taviseburi
metaena unda iyos. amis codna gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia, radgan
evropul kulturul sivrceSi integrirebis procesebi sxva enebis
zegavleniTa da ucxo gramatikuli konstruqciebis moZalebiT
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qarTuls isedac obieqtur problemebs uqmnis. subieqturs nuRa
davamatebT.
 nu daijerebT, rom TqvenSi genialurma poetma gaiRviZa da amis
gamo mdare, sasaubro, miwier enas veRar eguebiT, misi viTomda
erTferovnebis gamo. wereT yvelaferi, rac TavSi mogivaT. roca
gadaTeTrebaze midgeba saqme, aRmoaCenT, rom gaerTeT da saTqmels
acdiT. nu SeSindebiT, redaqtirebis procesSi zedmets yvelafers
amoWriT (amoyriT), frCxilebSi SeitanT, an sqolioSi, SeniSvnebSi
CaitanT. mecnieruli naSromis mizani winasityvaobaSi gacxadebuli
hipoTezis dasabuTebaa da ara yvelafris codnis demonstrireba.
 nu daiJinebT, rom wera maincadamainc Tanamimdevrulad unda
daiwyoT. SeiZleba naSromis romelime Tavze muSaobam gagitacoT da
iqidan daiwyoT. nu SeSindebiT. warmoidgineT, rom wina Tavebi ukve
dawerili gaqvT da muSaobas Tanamimdevrulad ganagrZobT. wina
Tavebi sad gageqcevaT?-Tven xom ukve gaqvT samuSao gegma, hipoTeza-
saZiebeli.
 nu ecdebiT umniSvnelovanesisa da sayovelTaod cnobilis
dawvrilebiT axsna-ganmartebas. mag., nu dawerT “didi qarTveli poeti
galaktion tabiZe”. dawereT “galaktioni”, radgan mas ase icnobs
xalxi, farTo mkiTxveli sazogadoeba.
naklebad cnobil poetze (mecnierze, moRvaweze) werisas ki
aucileblad miawodeT mkiTxvels dawvrilebiTi cnobebi. nu ifiqrebT,
rom aseT pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb mkiTxvelmac Tqvendeni unda icodes.
 Tu frazaSi iumors gaurevT, nu ecdebiT mianiSnoT an misi azri
ganmartoT. gaxsovdeT, rom amiT mkiTxvels SeuracxyofT. iumori
isedac yvelasaTvis gasagebi unda iyos. sakuTari xumroba Tu marto
CvenTvis iqna gasagebi, miTosur amirans davemsgavsebiT, gulSi rom
mReroda da ymebs eubneboda, bani miTxariTo.
 nawerSi xSirad akeTeT abzacebi: magaliTad, roca msjelobis
Temas an saubris ritms cvliT. rac met abzacs gaakeTebT, miT
ukeTesi iqneba Tqveni naSromis sicxadisa da gasagebobis
xarisxianobisaTvis.
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  gamoiyeneT mecnier-xelmZRvaneli. ecadeT yvelaferi waakiTxoT,
rasac dawerT: calke Tavebic da mTliani naSromic.
Rrmad varT darwmunebulni, rom stilis Temaze saubari amiT ar
amoiwureba da saTqmeli Tqmulze meti darCa, magram saubars
samecniero stilze erTi imediT vasrulebT:
rac ar unda bejiTad mihyveT Cvens rCevebs, amas qarTuli enis
praqtikuli stilistikis wesebis safuZvliani codnac daamatoT, es
codna mainc Tavad unda srulyoT. misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba
metyvelebis filosofiisa da fsiqologiis gaTavisebas unda
daamyaroT.
stili sityvis, frazis gulisgulSi gatarebiT, misi saTuTi
yurisgdebiT iqmneba; ara marto sityvis sifaqizis, aramed frazis,
metyvelebis surnelis SesisxlxorcebiT yalibdeba.

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 praqtikumi

Tema I – akademiuri weris sagani, amocanebi

wera – komunikaciis forma. avtori, mkiTxveli
savarjiSo 1.
 pedagogis mier SerCeuli teqstis mixedviT gaarkvieT teqstis
avtoris mkiTxvelisadmi damokidebulebis forma da xasiaTi.
 vin SeiZleba iyos Tqveni samecniero naSromis mkiTxveli da
masTan urTierTobis ra formas airCevdiT. rogor daamyarebdiT
masTan komunikacias.
 pedagogis miTiTebiT dawereT rveulis 1-1,5 gverdis moculobis
teqsti – mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi – “Cems mkiTxvels”.
 vis isurvebdiT Tqveni momavali samecniero naSromis upirveles
mkiTxvelad da ratom? SeqmeniT am Temaze mcire – 1-1,5 gverdis
moculobis ese.
 gaeciT werilobiTi pasuxi kiTxvas :
ra urTierTmimarTebaSia kvleva da wera?

Tema 2 – Tqven da Tqveni mkiTxveli

marTalia, Tqvens mkiTxvelze kvlevis dawyebamde unda gefiqraT,
magram amis miuxedavad yvela TavCenil kiTxvas pasuxs manamde ver
mouZebniT, vidre kvlevas ar gaasrulebT. amitom SemoTavazebul
kiTxvars ramdenimejer unda miubrundeT. yoveli mibruneba, sul
ufro metad gamokveTs im funqciaTa arss, romlebsac Tqveni
mkiTxvelisTvis SeqmniT.
1. Tqveni kvlevis sferos profesionali warmomadgeneli?
2. codnisa da interesis gansxvavebuli Tu igiveobrivi donis
ZiriTadi mkiTxveli?
3. SemTxveviTi, raime sakiTxiT dainteresebuli mkiTxveli?

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 mkiTxvelis TiToeuli saxeobisTvis CaatareT (Tanac
ramdenimegzis) analizi aseTi principiT:

I. ras elis mkiTxveli Tqvengan?

 daainteresebT mas?
 daexmarebiT misTvis saintereso problemis gadaWraSi?
 daexmarebiT misTvis aqtualuri problemis ukeT gaazrebaSi?

II. rogoria Tqveni mkiTxvelis inteleqtualuri done?

 rogoria misi codnis saerTo done TqvenTan SedarebiT?
 rogoria misi codna konkretul sakiTxTan (TemasTan)
mimarTebaSi (TqvenTan SedarebiT):
- bevrad naklebi;
- naklebi;
- iseTive;
- ufro didi
- bevrad ufro didi.
 konkretulad ra ainteresebs Tqvens gamokvlevaSi?
 ra konkretuli sakiTxebis ganxilvas elian Tqvens
gamokvlevaSi?

III. Cawvdnen da gaiazres Tqven mier gamokvleuli problema?

 Tqvens gamokvlevaSi problema iseT mTlianobaSia
warmodgenili, rom mkiTxveli SeZlebs mis gagebas?
 Tqveni naazrevi imas exmianeba, rasac mkiTxveli zogadad icnobs
(ufro intuiciurad grZnobs), magram jer saxeli ver daurqmevia?
 gamokvleuli problema Tqvenia mxolod, Tu misic aris?
 problemis seriozulobas erTi wakiTxviTve aRiqvamen, Tu amaSi
Tqveni daxmareba (damatebiTi Zalisxmeva) dasWirdeba?
 gamokvlevis problema sazogadoebrivad motivirebulia
(realuria), Tu xelovnuri, gamogonebulia?

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IV. rogori reagireba eqneba mkiTxvels problemis Tqveneul
gadawyvetaze?
1. Tqveni varaudiT, ras miiRebs mkiTxveli Tqveni gamokvlevis
wakiTxviT?
 mxolod axal informacias;
 axal informacias, rac Seacvlevinebs Sexedulebas;
 moiwonebs calkeul Tvalsazriss.
2. problemis Tqveneuli gadawyveta maTi Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdego
iqneba?
3. eqneba mkiTxvels problemis Tqveneuli gadawyvetis sawinaRmdego
argumenti?
4. problemis Tqveneuli gadaWra mkiTxvelisaTvis TavisTavadi,
erTeuli, calke arsebuli faqti iqneba, Tu misTvis gasaziarebeli
gza sakuTari problemis gadaWrisaTvis?

V. Mra doneze (ra aspeqtSi) daupirispirdeba mkiTxveli Tqvens

gamokvlevas?
1. Tqveni gamokvlevisadmi interesi Tavad mkiTxvelma gamoavlina, Tu
Tavad amcneT da SesTavazeT?
2. mkiTxvelisaTvis wardgenamde Tqveni gamokvlevis Rirebuleba unda
daadasturos zemdgomma (xelmZRvanelma, redaqtorma, eqspertma,
sabWom) pirovnebam?
3. mkiTxvels unda hqondes Tu ara molodini imisa, rom Tqveni
gamokvleva tradiciul formatSi iqneba Sesrulebuli? Tu
tradiciuli forma ar eqneba, ra unda iyos amis mizezi?

Tema 3 – sakvlevi Temis moZebna. Temis daviwroeba.

kiTxvebis dasma da problemis gansazRvra.
savarjiSo 1.
waikiTxeT pedagogis mier SeTavazebuli eses teqsti.
 moZebneT eses Tema;

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  gaarkvieT: eses Tema sxva didi Temis nawilia Tu TavisTavadi
Temaa;
 ra nawilebs (aspeqtebs) Seicavs eses Tema;
 ra aris Tqmuli eses Temis Seswavlis istoriaze. gamoyaviT eses
teqstis Sesabamisi nawili;
 Tqveni azriT, ra mecnieruli (Teoriuli an praqtikuli)
Rirebuleba aqvs eses avtoris kvlevis Sedegebs.
savarjiSo 2.
eseis teqstSi dasviT kiTxvebi da moZebneT sakvlevi problema.
 upasuxeT kiTxvebs: ra aris problema?
 ra saxis problemaa dayenebuli eseSi (Teoriuli Tu
praqtikuli)?
 rogoria eses problemis struqtura?
Tqveni mosazrebebi daasabuTeT.
savarjiSo 3.
1. davsvaT praqtikuli problema: kvlevisTvis uaRresad saWiro wigni
sauniversiteto biblioTekaSi ver moviZieT. CamoayalibeT problemis
gadaWris gza eses formiT, Semdegi aucilebeli nawilebis mixedviT:
 sakvlevi sakiTxi;
 sakvlevi problema;
 kvlevis Sedegi;
 praqtikuli problemis gadaWra.
2. upasuxeT werilobiT kiTxvas: ra gansxvavebaa praqtikul da
Teoriul problemebs Soris?
savarjiSo 4.
werilobiT gaeciT pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvebs:
 ras niSnavs jgufuri wera?
 ra principebs emyareba jgufuri wera?
 ra principebs emyareba gunduri muSaoba?

383
savarjiSo 5.
 SearCieT Tanamoazreebi. waikiTxeT erTi konkretuli Temis
Semcveli Tqveni nawerebi.
 gaarkvieT am Temis kvlevis is niuansebi, rac sxvebis nawerebSia,
xolo Tqvens nawerSi codnis farglebs miRma darCa.
 gansazRvreT ramdenad avsebs aseTi niuansebi sakvlev Temas.
Tqveni Tvalsazrisi daasabuTeT.
 aRniSnuli axladgamovlenili niuansebis erToblivi ganxilvis
safuZvelze SeadgineT erToblivi kvleviTi naSromi Tqvens
konkretul Temaze.

Tema 4 – wyaroebi. wyaroebze muSaoba.

savarjiSo 1.
 ras ewodeba wyaro mecnierul kvlevebSi?
 ra da ra saxis wyaroebia cnobili mecnierul kvlevebSi?
 ra principi udevs safuZvlad wyaroTa saxeobriv
klasifikacias?
savarjiSo 2.
 ra gzebi da saSualebebi arsebobs wyaroebis mosaZieblad?
 ra aris katalogi da ra saxis katalogebia cnobili?
savarjiSo 3.
wyaroebze muSaoba ar aris informaciis meqanikuri dagrovebis
procesi. gaeciT werilobiTi pasuxi kiTxvas:
ra mizans isaxavs wyaroebze muSaoba da ra principebi
gansazRvravs mis efeqturobas?
savarjiSo 4.
 ra monacemebs Seicavs wyaros baraTi?
SeadgineT Tqveni romelime saxelmZRvanelos, rogorc Tqveni
kvlevis wyaros, monacemebis baraTi.

384
Tema 5 – samecniero naSromis gegmis Sedgena.
savarjiSo 1.
 ra garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli weris dawyebis win
da ratom?
Tqveni mosazreba werilobiT daasabuTeT.
savarjiSo 2.
 ras niSnavs samuSao hipoTeza?
werilobiT CamoayalibeT TqvenTvis saintereso hipoTeza.
savarjiSo 3.
ra aucilebeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba samuSao gegma?
 rogor ganisazRvreba saTauri?
 mouZebneT saTauri SemoTavazebul zogad Temas da namdvil
Temas:
 zogadi Temaa: “2000 wels Sesrulda 200 weli vaSingtonis
kongresis biblioTekis – msoflios udidesi wingsacavis
daarsebidan”.
 namdvili Temaa: “Tavdapirvelad msoflios udidesi wignsacavis
vaSingtonis kongresis biblioTekis amocanas Seadgenda amerikis
kongresis aparatis sainformacio da sabiblioTeko momasxureba,
SemdgomSi misi daniSnuleba da momsaxurebis sfero gafarTovda da
ukanaskneli wlebis strategiul gegmaSi, romelic 1997-2004 wlebs
moicavs, biblioTekis daniSnuleba da ZiriTadi strategiebi
gansazRvrulia Semdegnairad: “biblioTekis misiaa mTeli misi
resursebi gaxados sasargeblo da xelmisawvdomi kongresisa da
amerikeli xalxisaTvis”59.
 miuTiTeT raze mianiSnebs aseTi gaSlili saTauri da sad
gadainacvlebs igi Temaze muSaobis Semdgom etapebze?
 rodis dgindeba samuSao gegmis sxva savaraudo etapebi?

59
ix. krebuli “mwignobari”, Tb., 2005, gv. 174-186. teqstis avtoria guram
TayniaSvili. statiis saTaurs Segnebulad ar giTiTebT. avtoriseuli saTauris
gameorebis nacvlad mainc sxva saTauris gamoZebna mogiwevT.

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  ra da ra gzebi arsebobs gaSlili samuSao gegmis SedgenisaTvis?
savarjiSo 4.
 TqvenTvis sasurvel Temaze SeadgineT samuSao gegma Semdegi
principebiT:
1. problemis dasma;
2. winamorbed mkvlevarTa gamocdileba – wvlilis gadmocema;
3. Tqveni hipoTeza (Tezisi);
4. Tqven mier mopovebuli masalebis dalageba (virtualurad
warmodgenili masalebis dalagebis principis Cveneba);
5. Tqveni monacemebis analizi (rogor, ra principiT
gaaanalizebdiT);
6. hipoTezis (Tezisis) dasabuTeba;
7. daskvna: mopovebuli Sedegebis Sejameba da kvlevis
perspeqtivebis warmoCena.

Tema 6 – “Savi naweri”

savarjiSo 1.
waikiTxeT savarjiSo teqstis Tezisi da gaiazreT dasmuli kiTxva –
pasuxebiT Tezisis dasabuTeba:

“dakarguli mSvenierebis ZiebaSi” 60

“sxvadasxva literaturul mimarTulebaTa boboqar da mRelvare cxovrebas

ganridebuli, avangardistuli eqsperimentebis mimarT gulgrili, yovelgvari
SemoqmedebiTi kamaTebisa da Sexla-Semoxlisagan ganmdgari da gamouvali
martoobiT xSirad misticizmamde misuli galaktion tabiZe (1892-1959) Seupovrad
miiltvis epoqis esTetikuri da zneobrivi normebis erTianobisaken”.
a) galaktion tabiZe “sxvadasxva literaturul mimarTulebaTa
boboqar da mRelvare cxovrebas ganridebuli”.
 ra sabuTi (faqti) maqvs amis samtkiceblad?

60
luiji magaroto, winasityvaoba wignisa: “galaktioni”, Tb.,“mecniereba” 1985, gv. 5-8.

386
 - is, rom galaktioni “avangardistuli eqsperimentebis mimarT
gulgrili” aris. misi drois literaturuli atmosfero ki aseTi
avangardistuli eqsperimentebiT aris aRsavse.
b) riT vasabuTeb, rom galaktioni “avangardistuli
eqsperimentebis mimarT gulgrili” aris?
- imiT, rom igi “yovelgvari SemoqmedebiTi kamaTebisa da Sexla-
Semoxlisagan ganmdgari” aris da “gamouvali martoobiT xSirad
misticizmamde misuli Seupovrad miiltvis epoqis esTetikuri da
zneobrivi normebis erTianobisaken”.
g) riT vasabuTeb, rom galaktioni “Seupovrad miiltvis epoqis
esTetikuri da zneobrivi normebis erTianobisaken”.
- imiT, rom man “siymawvilidanve daisaxa miznad poezia eqcia
Tavisi inteleqtualuri yofis WeSmarit xatad”. imiTac, rom “leqsi
xdeba misi cxovrebis namdvili Tanamgzavri da mesaidumle”.
savarjiSo 2.
zemoT SemoTavazebuli principiT, kiTxvebis dasmiTa da maTze
pasuxebis moZebniT, ganixileT winamdebare teqsti (gamokvleva).
gamoavlineT avtoris Tezisebi da argumentebi; maTi
ganpirobebulobis da dasabuTebis xarisxi; daskvnaTa marTebuloba.

dakarguli mSvenierebis ZiebaSi

“... pirveli poeturi cdebiT mogvrili mware naRveli da usasoo sevda
galaktion tabiZes im bundovani da amave dros, macTunebeli esTetikuri
samyarosken miaqanebs, sadac gabatonebuli iyo splini, sevda, uimedoba da
boroteba, magram TandaTanobiT poeti Zlevs bedisweras, axal gzas eZiebs da
misTvis sasicocxlo mxatvrul harmonias agnebs, miznad isaxavs miaRwios
klasikuri poeziis erT-erT principze – mSvenierebaze – damyarebul umaRles
poeturobas.
aqeT aris mimarTuli misi daZabuli da daucxromeli Sroma – is intensiurad
muSaobs enaze, Tvisobrivad aaxlebs erTgvarovan, daumuSavebel formebs da am
procesSi, TanamedroveTa ukiduresi radikalizmis sawinaaRmdegod, upirveles
miznad isaxavs sityvaTa transformaciiT Seqmnas gansakuTrebuli ena, saxeldobr –
amaRlebuli poeturi metyveleba.
qarTul klasikur tradiciebze (Tundac riTmis relevanturobiT) aRmocenebuli
misi poeziis sidiade is gaxlavT, rom galaktion tabiZem axali, aucilebeli
inovaciebiT gaamdidra XX saukunis dasawyisis poezia. amgvar inovaciaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba misi jadosnuri aliteraciebi, originaluri metaforebi, leqsis metris
xSiri cvla, cvalebadi ritmi. yovelive amiT igi amdidrebs Tavis instrumentul
repertuars da bgerwerasTan organulad Serwymul unaklo plastikurobas aRwevs.

387
 gansakuTrebiT aRniSvnis Rirsia meore umTavresi principi, rasac g.tabiZis
poeturi sistema efuZneba – esaa musikaluri efeqti. aki amis Sesaxeb Tavadve
daufaravad acxadebs “manifestSi”:
“vmRerodi damTvral yvavilTa mtverSi, vmRerodi trfobis an mtrobis xmaze,
msurda yovelSi da yvelaferSi musika, grZnoba da silamaze”.
(1915, “miyvarda hangi, grZnobiT gamTbari”)
misi sityva Tavisi JReradobis, evfoniis da musikalobis wyalobiT iZens
WeSmariti poeziis erT-erT uiSviaTes Tvisebas – avtonomiur TviTRirebulebas,
sadac, semantikuri mniSvnelobis garda, sityvas sakuTari, gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelobac aqvs miniWebuli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, galaktion tabiZe
yoveldRiur, banalur metyvelebasa da arc Tu ise harmoniul dialeqtizmebs
aZlevs axal, sruliad gansxvavebul sirRmes da amiT aRwevs saocar poeturobas.
musikaluri efeqti (fizikurad Tu fsiqologiurad) saswaulebrivad erwymis
fers, rac saSualebas aZlevs poets asociaciaTa nairgvarobiT Seqmnas xan martivi,
xan rTuli saxeebi. amas ki fenomenalur Sedegamde mihyavs. galaktion tabiZis
poezia folklorul ferTa musikiT (an musikiT ferSi) da bgerweris feradovnebiT
simbolistTa ferTa musikis mimzidvelobas uTanabrdeba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
musikisa da feris TanxvdomiT iqmneba gasaocari metaforuli xatebi, risi
wyalobiTac erTiorad izrdeba leqsis gamomxatvelobiTi mimzidveloba, Tumca
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom intimurobis, martoobis, Sinaarsis Tu saTqmelis ufro
srulyofilad gamosaxatavad sityvebi garkveulad Sordeba TavianT faqtiur
mniSvnelobas. esec aranakleb niSandoblivia g.tabiZis SemoqmedebisaTvis.
galaktion tabiZis poeziis kiTxvisas gaocebT leqsis metris moulodneli
skandireba, uecari ritmuli gadasvlebi, epiTetTa gaucxoebuli xmareba, odnav
SesamCnevi qromatizmi. vfiqrobT, misi leqsis sidiadis, misi maRali poeturobis
saidumlo ara erTeul, calkeul, Tundac brwyinvale mignebebs da gansakuTrebul,
specifikur niuansebs emyareba, aramed prosodiul, zomier, gawonasworebul poetur
kompleqss, riTac poeti sakuTari idealebis gamoxatulebas aRwevs. amaSia g.
tabiZis poeziis Zala da gasagebia, Tu ra Zneli amocanis winaSe videqi, roca
galaktionis leqsebis Targmnas movkide xeli. Targmnisas miznad davisaxe ara is,
rom ubralod gadametana italiurSi galaktioniseuli teqsti, aramed italieli
mkiTxvelisaTvis mimewodebina g. tabiZis saocrad kontrastuli, diadi da amdenad
“uTargmneli” poeziis Cemeuli wakiTxva”.
luiji magaroto
1985 weli, Tbilisi

Tema 7 – citata, parafrazi, plagiati

savarjiSo 1
ras wodeba citata da ra SemTxvevebSi xdeba citireba?
warmodgenili teqstis pirveli abzacidan moaxdineT Tematuri
citireba; citata wesisamebr gaaformeT (brWyalebiT, ubrWyalebod).

nani gugunava: ganaTleba aWaraSi adrefeodalur xanaSi 61

 aWaris warsuli qarTveli eris istoriis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi da

amasTanave tragikuli furcelia.

61
teqsts vimowmebT: Jurnali “saqarTvelos ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa akademiis
moambe”, #9, 2006, gv. 49

388
  warsulSi aWara saqarTvelos Zlieri mxaris – mesxeTis nawili iyo ..
 aWaraSi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis istoria SesaZlebelia or nawilad iqnas
warmodgenili: a) aWaraSi ganaTlebis istoria dedasaqarTvelosTan aWaris
dabrunebamde da b) aWaraSi ganaTlebis istoria dedasaqarTvelosTan aWaris
dabrunebis Semdeg.
istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT aWaraSi ganaTlebis istoria
dedasaqarTvelosTan aWaris dabrunebamde SesaZlebelia or qveperiodad
ganvixiloT: a) aWaraSi ganaTlebis istoria XVI saukunemde da b) aWaraSi
ganaTlebis istoria osmalTa batonobis xanaSi. Temis aseT arqiteqtonikas aqvs
gamarTleba. dedasaqarTvelosTan aWaris dabrunebis faqts udidesi erovnuli
mniSvneloba hqonda ara mxolod sruliad saqarTvelosTvis, aramed sakuTriv
aWarisTvis. ucxo Zalis samsaukunovani tyveobidan dabrunebul aWaraSi swored
sruliad saqarTvelos mowinave mamuliSvilebis mxardaWeris Sedegad gadaidga
udidesi nabiji mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kulturuli cxovrebis donis mkveTri
amaRlebisTvis ..
 aWaraSi ganaTlebis istoriis sakiTxebis mecnierul Seswavlas
gansakuTrebuli Rvawli dasdes profesorebma aleqsandre gobroniZem da iuri
bibileiSvilma, docentebma grigol babiloZem da eTer cicvaZem, mkvlevarma vaxtang
wulukiZem da sxvebma.
amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom aWaris ganaTlebis istoriisadmi miZRvnil
monografiul gamokvlevebsa Tu sxva naSromebSi iSviaTad poulobs adgils
dedasaqarTvelosTan dabrunebamde arsebuli sinamdvile. aWaris ganaTlebis
sakiTxebi xom sruliad saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saqmis organuli nawilia im
saukuneebis gamoklebiT, roca aWaraSi mteri cecxliTa da maxviliT ebrZoda
erovnul kulturasa da ganaTlebas.

savarjiSo 2
warmodgenili teqstis meoTxe abzacidan SeqmeniT:
 cru parafrazi;
 sityva–sityviT parafrazi.
parafrazirebis TiToeuli saxeobis marTebuloba daasabuTeT
saTanado axsna-ganmartebiT.
Tema 8 paragrafi, abzaci
“marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana” 62

A iliasTvis mSral faqtobriv viTarebas fasi ara aqvs. sasurvel

mdgomareobad igi iumoriT gamsWvalul garemos miiCnevs. garemos
iumoristuli xilvisa da Sefasebis unariTaa dajildoebuli, magram am
mxriv arasodes ar aWarbebs. ilia seriozulobas inarCunebs maSinac, roca
sxvebi mxiaruloben.

62
teqsti damowmebulia wignidan: lado minaSvili, literaturuli narkvevbi da
werilebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2003, gv.18-19. teqstis saTauri am wignis
narkvevis saTauria.

389
 B ilia WavWavaZes mZlavri analitikuri goneba hqonda da yvelafers
irgvliv – nanaxs, gancdilsa da wakiTxuls azrovnebis masalad aqcevda.

C ilia WavWavaZe sakuTari Tavisadmi da sxvaTa mimarTac did moTxovnilebas

iCenda da am mxriv igi uSeRavaTo iyo.

D kriteriumi ilias msjelobisa, gansjisa da sazogadod Sefasebisa

yovelTvis sazogadoebrivi, erovnuli xasiaTisaa. rogorc miuTiTeben, ilia
WavWavaZis SemTxvevaSi pirovnulisa da sazogadoebrivis srul
TanadamTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme.

E ilia WavWavaZe uaRresad socialuri pirovnebaa. misi adgili yovelTvis

sazogadoebriv movlenaTaA SuagulSia. ganze dgoma an SeumCnevlad darCena
misi pirovnebisaTvis sruliad ucxo da miuRebelia.

F ilia WavWavaZe iyo XIX saukunis saqarTvelos udidesi moqalaqe.

sazogadoebrivi interesebi, eris sasicocxlo interesebi iyo is umTavresi
da erTaderTi, rasac emsaxureboda mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTa da
moRvaweobiT. am TvalsazrisiT ilia WavWavaZe erTob myar, mTlian naturad
darCa, Tavidan bolomde erTguli im idealebisa, romlebic jer kidev
axalgazrdobaSi “yvarlis mTebis” Seqmnis Jamidan miznad daisaxa. amitom
araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs saubars ilia WavWavaZis poziciis Secvlaze
misi moRvaweobis mogviano xanaSi.

 gaecaniT teqsts.
 teqstis A da F nawilebidan SearCieT Tema da dawereT 10-12
winadadebiani paragrafi.
naweri aageT Semdegi principiT:
a) moZebneT A da F nawilebis mTavari winadadeba da Tqveni
paragrafi am winadadebiT daiwyeT;
b) moZebneT mxardamWeri winadadebebi da miuwereT mTavar
winadadebas;
g) gaixseneT da CarTeT naTqvamis damadasturebeli erTi magaliTi
ilias cxovreba-moRvaweobidan;
d) paragrafi daasruleT Tqven mier SeTxzuli daskvniTi
winadadebiT.
Tema 9 literaturis mimoxilva
ilia WavWavaZe rogorc mecxramete saukunis qarTuli
literaturis istorikosi 63

63
iuza evgeniZe, narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t.II, Tb., Tsu
gamomcemloba, 2003, gv. 85-90

390
 saxelganTqmuli filosofosebi amtkiceben, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi
istoriaSi mTavaria “istoriis sazrisis gageba, rac gulisxmobs “swrafvas,
Sinaarss, mizansa da Rirebulebas” (e. kodua). Sinagani goniTi motori marTavs am
process, rac ukve niSnavs, rom adamiani aris misi mamoZravebeli Zala. amitomac
ukavSireben istoriis sazrisis sakiTxs adamianis bedis sakiTxs (n. berdiaevi);
garkveviT miuTiTeben kidec, rom “istoriis sagani adamiania da istorias surs
dainaxos adamianebi” (mark bloki). istorikosisaTvis, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
meTodologiur kompass hegelis Tvalsazrisi warmoadgens da mkvlevarebic xSirad
imowmeben azrovnebis am gigants, romlis mixedviT, “kacobriobis istoria”, iseve
rogorc yoveli WeSmariti ganviTareba, warmoadgens mxolod misi sakuTari ideis
ganxorcielebas” (herman lotci). hegelis azriT ki, “istorikosi WuWrutanidan ki
ar unda Wvretdes movlenebs, aramed garkveuli simaRlidan (hegeli).
am zogad filosofiur – meTodologiur wanamZRvrebazea agebuli is
moTxovnebi, romlebsac Cvens sinamdvileSi uyeneben istorikoss, roca istoriis
dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis kanonzomierebs iTvaliswineben. aseT SemTxvevaSi
faqtTa Soris iseT Tanamimdevrobas, maT imgvar wakiTxvas da gaazrebas aniWeben
Rirebulebas, romelic xsnis, ganmartavs da gasagebs xdis kavSirs am faqtebs
Soris (s. danelia).
daakvirdiT moyvanil teqsts da upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
1. ra princips emyareba literaturuli mimoxilva?
2. rogoria teqstis avtoris damokidebuleba teqstSi naxseneb
mkvlevarTa mosazrebebisadmi?
3. ra principiTaa moyvanili sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi?
4. rogor gadadis teqstis avtori zogadi msjelobidan im ufro
konkretul sakiTxze, romelsac Tavad ikvlevs?
5. ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi?
6. miuTiTebs Tu ara teqstis avtori, ra adgili uWiravs (ra
mniSvneloba aqvs) warmodgenil mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs im problemis
kvlevaSi, rac mis konkretul mizans warmoadgens?
Tema 10 - referati
eTeriani
dRevandeli saxiT arsebuli eTerianis eposi ger-dedinacvlis koliziis CarCoebs
scildeba da gansxvavebuli ideuri datvirTva aqvs miRebuli. Tqmulebis
dRevandeli saxe gviCvenebs, rom igi wminda romantikul Tavgadasavalze agebuli

391
moTxrobaa, romelic ukve karga xania gamoeyo ger-dedinacvalze arsebul zRapars
da romantikul moTxrobad iqca. 64

eTeris saxeSi Serwymuli miTologiuri elementebis siWarbes, misi ger-

dedinacvlis zRapridan gadmotanis aRiarebis garda, SeiZleba sxvagvari axsnac
mieces: ger-dedinacvlze arsebuli zRapris romantikul qmnilebad gadamuSavebisas,
gaamZafra ra socialuri motivi da wodebaTa Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze
gadaitana aqcenti, zogierTma mTqmelma saWirod dainaxa Tqmulebis mTavari
gmirisTvis araCveulebriobis miniWeba, raTa misi Semdgomi moqmedeba dasabuTebuli
da dasawyisSive gamarTlebuli yofiliyo. xalxuri mTqmelebi did misias
akisrebdnen eTers, roca glexis qoxidan Tvalwarmtaci sasaxlisken agzavnidnen
dedoflis gvirgvinis dasadgmelad. am misiis Semsrulebeli ki aucileblad
gonierebiTa da saarako silamaziT unda yofiliyo Semkuli, romlisTvisac
araCveulebrivi dabadeba winapiroba iyo misi momavali bedis ganviTarebisTvis.
koleqtiurma avtorma SeunarCuna ra TqmulebaSi ger-dedinacvlis kolizias
Tavisi garkveuli adgili, ufro gaamZlavra socialuri motivi. xalxurma avtorma
eTerianSi sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa dapirispirebiT gaaRrmava
konfliqti, samijnuro – romantikuli ieri da zeaweuli toni misca mas da
tragediiT daasrula ambavi didi siyvarulisa. 65

“eTeriani” iseTive saxiTaa moRweuli Cvens dromde, rogorc “amiraniani”,

“tarieliani”, “rostomiani”. leqsadac, prozadac, umTavresad ki leqsnarev prozad,
fragmentebad Tu SedarebiT srulad, aRsavse bevrgvari minarevebiTa Tu
gadaxvevebiT.
oRond am cvlilebebs ise ver dauzianebia “eTerianis” saerTo ieri da
siuJeturi qarga, rom mTavari ZarRvi gawyvetiliyo, Txrobis mimzidveloba da
simZafre daekarga an es metad kolorituli personaJebi – eTeri, abesalomi da
murmani – gafermkrTalebuliyvnen.
is ki ara, TviTon eTeris folklorul – literaturuli oreulebis
Ziebisas Zalauneburad Cndeboda iSTaris, afrodites, visisa Tu izoldas saxelebi.
da Tumca aseTi asociaciuri dakavSirebani, am personaJTa Soris realuri saerTos
Zieba ar marTldeba, magram aq sagulisxmo isaa, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani msoflio
qmnilebebisa da literaturul gmirTa fonze ganixileba qarTuli Zegli da es
sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi anda gadaWarbebuli wadili: “eTeriani” Tavisi

64
m.Ciqovani, “eTeriani”, xalxuri sityviereba, IV, 1954, gv.52.
65
T.qurdovaniZe, eTeriani, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 27-28

392
dramatuli da originaluri qargiT da mZafri eqspresiiT swored gamorCeul
qmnilebaTa fonze, maTTan Sedareba – SepirispirebiT unda ganisjebodes.
“eTerianis” ganwmenda zedmet CanarTTagan da minarevTagan kidev ufro
saxierad gamokveTs mis mxatvrul Rirsebas ..
“eTerianis‟ dRevandeli versiebi met-naklebad gazRaprebulia, Tumc
TxrobaSi CarTulma leqsebma mkvlevarebs afiqrebina, rom Janrobrivad is
dramatuli poema (vasil barnovi) Tu samijnuro – romantikuli eposis nimuSi
(mixeil Ciqovani) unda yofiliyo. miTologiur Tqmulebadac miuCneviaT (karpez
dondua). SecdomiT sagmiro leqsTa ciklTanac daakavSires (aleqsandre
xaxanaSvili ...).
met-naklebad gazRaprebulio..
versiebi or rkalad iyofa: erTi ufro mokle, uSualod abesalomisa da
eTeris SexvedriT rom iwyeba; da meore SedarebiT vrceli, eTeris manamdel
cxovrebasac rom gviambobs. da swored es nawili Txzulebisa – eTeris manamdeli
biografia – warmogvidgeba jadosnuri zRapris im ciklis variaciebad, rac ger-
dedinacvlis saxeliT aris cnobili mTels msoflioSi ..
es meore rkali ufro Cans mermindel SeTxzulad, raTa tragikuli ambavi
rogorme miuaxlovdes zRapars; ufro mets ki, mTavar gmirTa gacocxlebas, rac ase
bunebrivia am JanrisaTvis, mTqmelebi aRarc cdiloben, radgan Seumcdarad
grZnoben, rom amiT sruliad dairRveva am tragikuli siuJetis mimzidveloba da
idumaleba, rac SerCa.
... is pirvandeli qmnileba gacilebiT srulyofili iqneboda. 66

“eTeriani”, rogorc eposi, zRapris niadgzea Camoyalibebuli, anu misi

pirvelwyaro aris zRapari, Znelia am Tvalsazrisis miReba, ramdenadac zRaparSi,
rogorc aseTSi, ver aRmovaCenT iseT “birTvs”, romelic misi siuJetis tragikul
ganviTarebas gamoiwvevda. zRapris principuli optimizmi ar iZleva amis
SesaZleblobas. zRapari ver gardaiqmneboda im zomamde, rom Tavis Tavs
dapirispireboda.
“eTerianis” arazRaprul warmoSobas isic mowmobs, rom misi sxeulis
mdgradi fena – leqsiTiNnawili ZiriTadad dialoguria, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes
imas, rom “eTerianis” arqetipuli teqsti romantiuli drama iyo. dialoguroba
SeiZleba mis Tavdapirvel antifonur Sesrulebasac mowmobdes ...
aSkaraa, rom “eTeriani” ar aris im xasiaTis nawarmoebi, romlis siuJets
zRaparSi unda epova xorcSesxma. arsebobs variantTa sxva wre, sadac eTeris
warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba zRapris siuJets da ambavSic ar monawileoben zRapris

66
r.CxeiZe, murmanis tragedia, gamomc. “lomisi”, Tbilisi,1995, gv. 9-24

393
tradiciuli (kanonikuri) personaJebi (avi dedinacvali, keTili dedaberi).
variantebis gansxavebul wreTa arseboba sakmaod abundovanebs “eTerianis”
warmomavlobas da, kerZod, eTeris, rogorc personaJis, vinaobis sakiTxs. romelia
pirveladi – “eTeri –geri” Tu “eTeri – tyiuri”? xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT,
rom misi arqetipi saerTod ar arsebula da “eTerianis” dRemde SemorCenili
variantebi ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli wyarodan momdinareobs? aseve daismis
kiTxva “eTerians” dawyebis Taobaze. variantTa umetesobaSi ambavi eTeriT iwyeba
(aqedan dakanonebuli saxelwodeba “eTeriani”). magram ipoveba variantebi, arc Tu
mcirericxovani, sadac ambavi abesalomis sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. romelia
pirveladi? aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom xalxuri Txroba, Cveulebriv, iwyeba im
personaJiT, romelic mTavaria TxrobaSi, anu romlis ambavic aris mosaTxrobi ...
gaCnda arc Tu usafuZvlo eWvi, rom “eTeriani” wignuri warmoSobisaa.
mTeli wyeba niSnebisa, romlebic SeiniSneba masSi, SeiZleba amxeldes mis
wignur warmoSobas... isini... saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT “eTerianis” elitarul
warmoSobaze, anu CavTvaloT is e.w. daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTis (Gesunkenes
Kulturgut) erT kerZo gamovlinebad xalxur sityvierebaSi. qarTul folklorSi
aseTebia: “tarieliani”, Sahnames xalxuri versiebi, “beJaniani”, “rostomiani”,
“rusudaniani” da sxvani, romelTac Tav-TavianTi wignuri wyaroebi eZebnebaT. 67

savarjiSo 1. upasuxeT werilobiT: ra funqciebi aqvs referats?

savarjiSo 2. ra tipis referatebs icnobT? ra udevs safuZvlad
referirebis tipologias?
savarjiSo 3. warmodgenili teqstebis mixedviT SeadgineT:
a) informaciuli referati;
b) indikaturi referati;
g) mimoxilviTi referati.

Tema 11 - eses struqtura

“Zvirfasi wuTebis maradisobaSi damtovebeli” 68

Cven megobrebi ar vyofilvarT, kargi nacnoboba gvakavSirebda mxolod.

albaT, gasagebia am xazgasmis qveteqsti. saqme isaa, rom megobris gaxseneba –
daxasiaTebisas, arc Tu iSviaTad, tendenciurni varT, Soridan ki ukeT Cans
namdvili simaRle.

67
z.kiknaZe, qarTuli xalxuri eposi, gamomc. “logos presi”,2001, gv. 57-59.
68
n.tabiZe, medalionebi, Tb., 2003, gv. 18-19
394
 maS ase, araviTari mikerZoeba!
dadioda TbilisSi lamazi kaci, keTilSobili, Rimiliani, momferebeli da,
rac mTavaria, gamaognebeli xmis patroni.
pirveli, riTac batonma zurabma gamakvirva, es iyo poeziis siyvaruli da
sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi Caxeduloba. codva gamxelili sjobs, ratomRac, megona,
uzomod gadatvirTuls, mxatvruli literaturisaTvis dro arc ki rCeba – meTqi. is
ki Turme bevrs kiTxulobda. erTxel joiszec Camomigdo sityva (ara imitom, rom
gaveocebine).
galaktions aRmerTebda.
magondeba .. baTumSi varT. Sebindebisas restoran “inturists” vestumreT.
ramdenime Jurnalisti maxlavs, maT Soris – Cemi yofili Segirdebic. ganapira kupe
avirCieT. gaCaRda seroba. fexze amdgari paTetikurad vsvam zRvis sadRegrZelos da
uceb Wiqa xelSi Semeyina – did darbazSi “mravalJamieri” agugunda. vicani zurabis
xma.
meyseulad gamovedi. vusmen da vgrZnob, TandaTan rogor maRldeba Weri. ase
mgonia, kviparosebi welSi moxrilan da fanjrebisaTvis miudviaT yuri. zurabis xma
brolis WaRebs ananavebs.
SemniSna da mixmo. arc momsalmebia, ise daiwyo:
“gadmofrenas es yorani
madaTovze apirebs,
gaanaTebs restorani
tivebian napirebs.”
gulgaxsnili kaci gaxldaT. gabmul lxinsac ar gaurboda. me igi magonebs
“aTas erTi Ramis” im personaJs, romelsac oqroebi mxolod imitom unda, rom
daarigos, sxvebi gaaxaros da Tavadac amaRldes. zurabic ase uSurvelad fantavda
Tavis simdidres – xmas. erTxel vuTxari: amiT gavxar vano sarajiSvils – meTqi da
galaktionis naambobi gavixsene: “operis damTavrebis Semdeg vano, me da
pavliaSvili (iyo aseTi Jurnalisti) voroncovisaken gavutevdiT. iq nacnobi
meduqne uzarmazari kasris Tavze sufras gagviSlida. SevutevdiT... mere daiwyebda
vano da avyvebodiT Cvenc. meduqne gangeb tovebda kars Riad, raTa simRera ufro
Sors anakadebuliyo... da iWedeboda moedani xalxiT”.
gaeRima zurabs. mxarze xeli damkra: kargi ambebis moyola icio.
saucxoo xma bevrs aqvs, gamorCeuli ki – erTeulebs. amitomac vxriT maT
winaSe Tavs.
galaktionis erT gamouqveynebel gamokvlevaSi vkiTxulobT: ”poeti
daibadeba am erTi TvisebiT: is poetia. aiReT xma. ratom sxvas ar aqvs xma
sobinovis, ratom sxvas ar aqvs xma Saliapinis, ratom sxvas ar aqvs xma batistinis,
karuzosi. TiToeul Cvengans aqvs Tavisi sakuTari xma, magram arc erTis zemoT

395
dasaxelebulisa. xma dabadebiT niWad dahyvaT. amnairad: rogorc silamze, rogorc
Zlieri xma, ise poeturi niWi, aris Tandayolili. am niWs veraviTari SromiT,
veraviTari mecadineobiT ver moipoveb”.
zurab anjafariZec Turme ase msjelobda. batonma niko xatiaSvilma miTxra,
xSirad ityoda – galaktioni poetad aris dabadebulio.
albaT, am frazis gagrZelebas Cven gvandobda, galaktionis gverdiT sakuTar
simaRlesa da niWs gulisxmobda.
marTlac, RmerTma Tu ar dagabertya kalTa, mxolod SromiT lelos ver
gaitan.
isic icoda: SeiZleba mqondes unikaluri xma, magram es sakmarisi rodia.
aucilebelia misi damuSaveba.
da miirweoda TeTrad gaTenebuli Rameebi.
niWi da Sroma – ai, is ori frTa, romlebmac laJvardebisaken gaaqroles
batoni zurabi.
zurab anjafariZis cxovreba erTi didi wignia, wigni dawerili
asomTavruliT.

savarjiSo 1:
 ramden paragrafs Seicavs ese?
 ramden paragrafiania ZiriTadi nawili?
 gamoyaviT TiToeuli paragrafis mTavari winadadebebi.
savarjiSo 2:
 gansazRvreT rogori tipis Sesavali aqvs eses?
_ dramatuli, iumoristuli Tu ubralod saintereso ambis
Semcveli?
 moZebneT Sesavlis Tezisi (eses Tema)
 ras Seicavs Tezisi:
- eseSi ganxiluli qveTemebis CamoTvlas
- eses organizebis princips Tu
- ideebis logikur Tanamimdevrobas?
savarjiSo 3:
 dayaviT ese qveTemebad;
 TiToeuli qveTema ganixileT cal-calke paragrafSi;
 daadgineT eses ZiriTadi nawili.
396
savarjiSo 4:
 gaaanalizeT mocemuli Tezisebi. gamoyaviT mTavari Tema. xazi
gausviT makavSirebel sityvebs.
- pirveli, riTac batonma zurabma gamakvirva, es iyo poeziis
siyvaruli da sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi Caxeduloba.
- gulgaxsnili kaci gaxldaT;
- gabmul lxinsac ar gaurboda;
- zurabic ase uSurvelad fantavda Tavis simdidres – xmas;
erTxel vuTxari: amiTac gavxar vano sarajiSvils – meTqi;
- saucxoo xma bevrs aqvs, gamorCeuli ki – erTeulebs;
- galaktionis erT gamouqveynebel gamokvlevaSi vkiTxulobT:
“poeti daibadeba am erTi TvisebiT: is poetia. aiReT xma.
- zurab anjafariZec Turme ase msjelobda. batonma niko
xatiaSvilma miTxra, xSirad ityoda – galaktioni poetad aris
dabadebulio.
- SeiZleba gqondes unikaluri xma, magram es sakmarisi rodia.
aucilebelia misi damuSaveba.
savarjiSo 5:
a) dawereT (5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi) ese Semdegi Tezisebis mixedviT:
 megobris gaxseneba – daxasiaTebisas, arcTu iSviaTad,
tendenciurni varT;
 Soridan ki ukeT Cans namdvili simaRle;
 araviTari mikerZoeba.
b) ifiqreT, rogori tipis Sesavali mouxdeba aseT eses.
g) rogori tipis daskvna uzrunvelyofs aseTi eses lirikul,
emociur muxts.
d) eses struqturuli mTlianobis (Sekrulobis) uzrunvelsayofad
gamoiyeneT aseTi gardamavali sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:
 agreTve; maSasadame; garda amisa; metic; ufro metic;
 jer erTi; rogorc wesi; cnobilia; naTqvamia;

397
  amis mizezia; es imis maCvenebelia; cxadia; aSkaraa69;
savarjiSo 6:
aRniSneT, ra tipisaa eseTa warmodgenili daskvnebi da daasabuTeT
Tqveni azri:
1. da, mainc, ar SeiZleba omar gagniZeze iTqvas: sawyali biWio. man
kvali naTeli datova. Svilebs amayad SeuZliaT siaruli.
2. Sevecade, damemSvidebina: gulTan axlos nu miitanT amgvar
Semotevebs – meTqi. esec davsZine: wyalni wavlen da wamovlen,
qviSani darCebiano.
3. mas, rogorc mecniers, rogorc mwerals, rogorc moqalaqes,
rogorc kacs – savses keTilSobilebiT – ufleba hqonda
Tavaweuls evlo.
4. prokles werilebSi galaktionis Seulamazebeli portreti
ikveTeba. amitomac gvesaxeba isini literaturis kuTvnilebad.
prokle tabiZis moTxrobebi da piradi baraTebi, mTeli misi
moRvaweoba savsea sikeTiTa da gulwrfelobiT, rac mniSvnelovnad
gansazRvravs maTs xiblsa da mniSvnelobas”.
savarjiSo 7:
1. gaecaniT eses gegmas. aq mocemulia mxolod Sesavali paragrafi,
ZiriTadi nawilis paragrafebis Temebi;
2. TiToeuli esesTvis dawereT daskvniTi paragrafi.

I ese
ratom Seiqmna adamiani?
 Sesavali paragrafi:
gasrulda meoce saukune – saukune, romelSic mecnierebam da teqnologiebma
ganviTarebis arnaxul simaRleebs miaRwia. marTvadi TermobirTvuli reaqciis,
kosmosis aTvisebis, genuri inJineriis saukune. miuxedavad amisa, (an, iqneb swored
amitom) kacobrioba odnavac ver miuaxlovda Tavdapirvel, maradiul kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblobebs: ratom gaCnda (Tu Seiqmna) adamiani? ra aris
cxovrebis azri, ra aris sikeTe, boroteba, da bolos, ra aris WeSmariteba?

69 daskvnaTa teqstebi damowmebulia: n.tabiZis wignidan “medalionebi”, Tb., 2003, gv.25,

gv.29, gv.40, gv.78
398
  ZiriTadi nawilis paragrafebis mTavari Temebi:
a) religiam am kiTxvebs amomwuravi pasuxebi gasca, magram kacobriobis udidesi
nawili ar iziarebs maT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qveyanaze, maT Soris Cvens
samSobloSi saqarTveloSi ar iqneboda amdeni boroteba.

b) Cvenc SevecadoT materialisturi mecnierebis TvalTaxedviT gaverkveT erT-erT

zemoxsenebul maradiul problemaSi – ra aris adamiani.

g) martivi magaliTebiT vaCvenoT, rom adamiani ar aris maimunebis Tu sxva

primatebis evoluciuri TviTganviTarebis produqti.

d) XXs. miwurulis saqarTvelos erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba

gaxldaT sazogadoebis gaorebuli, gaukuRmarTebuli cnobiereba.

e) rogorc merab mamardaSvili aRniSnavda, sabWoTa totalitaruli xelisuflebis

umTavresi miRweva iyo adamianis axali tipis Seqmna.

v) raRac msgavsi suraTi gvaqvs dResac, komunizmis mSeneblis nacvlad

fsevdoqristianebi SegvrCa xelT. rogorc komunizmis mSeneblebs ar swamdaT
komunizmisa, arc am “axal qristianebs” swamT RmerTis arseboba.

 daskvniTi paragrafi:

II ese
samyaros asaki
Sesavali paragrafi:
religiuri swavlebiT qveynis dasabamidan gasulia 7607 weli. aTeist
mecnierTa mtkicebiT ki samyaros asaki 4,5 – 30 miliardi wliT ganisazRvreba. es
aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba religiur da aTeistur Sexedulebebs
Soris.

 ZiriTadi nawilis paragrafebis mTavari Temebi:

a) savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom ufalma samyaro Seqmna gansazRvruli asakis, iseve,
rogorc adamiani Seqmna ara axalSobili, aramed zrdasruli.

b) Cven gvainteresebs is dro, romelic gavida samyaros Seqmnidan dRemde.

g) mTvaris asaki iribi meTodebiT ganisazRvreba 4,5 – 5,5 mlrd wliT (iseve,
rogorc dedamiwis).

d) ras unda niSnavdes mTvaris Zvrebi? miwisZvrebis gamomwvevi mizezia dedamiwis

cxeli birTvi.

e) axla aRmoCnda, rom mTvare didi raodenobis sibos gamoasxivebs, ufro mets,
vidre mzisagan iRebs. e.i. igi ar aris civi planeta.

v) metad saintereso informacias gansjisaTvis iZleva agreTve mTvareze kosmosuri

mtvris arseboba

z) gamorkveulia, rom mTvare dedamiwas weliwadSi 5 sm siCqariT Sordeba.

399
T) daTariRebis arsebul meTodebSi daeWvebis safuZvels iZleva is garemoebac, rom
napovnia adamianis naSTebi iseTi “asakis” qanebSi, rodesac, aTeistur – evoluciuri
moZRvrebiT jer adamiani ar warmoqmniliyo.

 daskvniTi paragrafi:

savarjiSo 8:
qvemoT moyvanili Tezisebidan airCieT erT-erTi. CamowereT
Tqveni ideebi, SeadgineT gegma da dawereT ese.

ese III
ras gveubneba bunebis kanonebi?
a) evoluciis arsebobisaTvis ar arsebobs aucilebeli pirobebi, magram es
aucilebeli pirobebi romc sruldebodes, e.i. samyaro marTlac arsebobdes
miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi, evolucia SesaZlebeli iqneboda?

b) aseTi sakmarisi pirobebidan umniSvnelovanesia bunebis kanonebi, romelTa

Tanaxmad dasaSvebi iqneboda cocxali organizmebisa da aracocxali garemos
evoluciuri aRmasvladi ganviTareba.

g) bunebis kanonebi, riTac mowesrigebulia da imarTeba Cveni samyaro, ucvlelia,

e.i. isini uaryofen evolucias.

d) bunebis kanonebiT mowesrigebuli samyaro ki ar umjobesdeba, aramed uaresdeba.

e) bunebis zogierTi kanoni (mudmivobis kanoni, Termodinamikis, informaciis

gadacemis kanonebi) araorazrovnad uaryofen evolucias; uaryofen sicocxlis
araorganuli nivTierebebidan warmoqmnis (abiogenezis) SesaZleblobas.

v) informacia subieqturi realobaa. mas qmnis da aRiqvams goneba. informacia

arafrisgan ar iqmneba, arc SemTxveviT warmoiqmneba.
z) informaciis gadacema materialuri procesia. gadacemuli da miRebuli
informacia mimRebisaTvis gasagebi xdeba informaciis mimocvlisaTvis aucilebeli,
SeTanxmebuli kodebiT.

T) sagulisxmoa informaciis Caweris ukve arsebuli bunebrivi xerxi. dnm-s

axasiaTebs informaciis Caweris kolosaluri simkvrive – 1021 biti/sm3, Tanamedrove
mikrosqemebSi miRweulia – 108 biti/sm3 (13 rigis gansxvavebaa, e.i. 10.000.000.000.000-jer
aT trilionjer meti).
msoflios biblioTekebSi arsebuli mTeli informacia Sefasebulia 10 18
bitis odenobiT70.

70
Mmasala aRebulia wignidan: g.baRaTuria, `da Seqmna RmerTman kaci”,
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis mtkicebuleba samyaros Sewmnis Sesaxeb, Tbilisi,
2004

400
Tema 12 saTauri da reziume
savarjiSo 1. SemoTavazebul teqsts SeurCieT saTauri
Tbilissa da mis gareubnebSi, qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis gansakuTrebiT
aWaris soflebSi xSirad SexvdebodiT wignebiT xelSi yvelasaTvis axlobel
pirovnebas zaqaria WiWinaZes (1854-1931), romelsac savsebiT samarTlianad da
damsaxurebulad qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarma l. asaTianma qarTveli Soveli
uwoda.
1875 wlidan 21 wlis z. WiWinaZem daiwyo farTo sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba.
misTvis ar arsebobda erTi romelime dargi qarTuli literaturisa. magram
yvelaze metad es iyo xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedebis nimuSebis Sekreba –
gamoqveyneba da qarTuli wignebis, saxalxo wignebis Sedgena – gamocema da
gavrceleba. ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom garda sergei mesxisa, romlis
mowafedac Tvlida Tavs z. WiWinaZe, garkveuli gavlena unda moexdina p.
umikaSvilasc. Tu sergei mesxma daiaxlova 15 wlis zaqaria, “xels uwyobs,
mfarvelobs, aqezebs swavlaze” da male misi uaxloesi TanamSromelic xdeboda da
“mTawmindelis” fsevdonimiT “droebaSi” patara werilebsac wers, p. umikaSvili iyo
misi uSualo maswavlebeli erekle batoniSvilis mier daarsebul wera-kiTxvis
skolaSi, sadac p. umikaSvili aswavlida qarTul enas. z. WiWinaZem aq 13 wlis
asakamde dahyo, magram esec sakmarisi iyo imisTvis, rom p. umikaSvils Caenerga
misTvis qarTuli enisa da literaturis siyvaruli. isini Semdgom wlebSic
xvdebodnen erTmaneTs da maT saerTo saqme akavSirebdaT. 71

savarjiSo 2. dawereT mocemuli teqstis reziume.

Tema 13: recenzia
savarjiSo 1. gaeciT werilobiTi pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvebs:
 ra aris recenzia;
 rogoria recenziis struqtura;
 recenziis ra saxeebs icnobT

savarjiSo 2: gaarkvieT pedagogis mier SemoTavazebuli teqstis

saxeoba da dawereT misi Sesabamisi recenzia.

Tema 14: komentari

savarjiSo 1. gaeciT werilobiTi pasuxi Semdeg kiTxvebs:
 ra aris komentari?
 ra saxeobebis komentarebia TqvenTvis cnobili?
savarjiSo 2. SemoTavazebul teqsts daurTeT “realuri komentari”:

71
teqsti damowmebulia wignidan: varlam macaberiZe, qarTuli saxalxo wignebis
Semdgenel – gamomcemelni, gamomc. “mecniereba”; Tb., 1977.
401
 [...] (97) ai, eseni iyvnen dariosis mier dawesebuli sagamgebloebi da maTze
dakisrebuli xarki. mxolod sparseTis qveyana ar momixsenebia daxarkulTa Soris,
radganac sparselebiT dasaxlebuli qveyana dauxarkavi darCa. Semdeg xalxebs
xarki ar hqondaT dawesebuli, magram saCuqrebi ki mihqondaT. eseni iyvnen is
eTiopelebi, romlebic egviptis mezoblebi arian da romlebic kambisesma
daimorCila maSin, dRegrZel eTiopelebze rom ilaSqra. eseni wminda nisesTan
cxovroben da uwyoben dResaswauls dionises. es eTiopelebi da maTi mezoblebi
xmaroben imave Tesls, romelsac kalantieli indebi, xolo sacxovreblad aqvT
miwurebi. eseni, oriveni, yovel mesame wels ixdidnen da Cvens dromde ixdian or
qoinqs bunebriv oqros, 200 Zir Sav xes, xuT eTiopel yrmas da spilos 20 did eSvs.
kolxebmac daiweses saCuqrebi da aseve maTma mezoblebmac vidre kavkasiis mTebamde
(radgan am mTebamde vrceldeboda sparseTis mmarTveloba, xolo kavkasiidan
CrdiloeTisaken mdebare qveynebs araferi undaT icodnen sparselebisa), amaT
saCuqrad daiweses da es grZeldeboda Cvens dromde, rom yovel mexuTe wels
gadaixadon 100 yrma da 100 qalwuli. arabebi 1000 talant gundruks ixdidnen
yovelwliurad. esaa saCuqrebi, romelsac Rebulobs mefe xarkis garda. 72

Tema 15: redaqciebi da variantebi

savarjiSo 1. gaeciT werilobiTi pasuxebi Semdeg kiTxvebs:
 rogor gesmiT teqstis redaqciisa da komentaris Sinaarsebi?
 ra gansxvavebaa teqstis redaqciasa da teqstis komentars
Soris?
 ra tipis redaqciebs icnobT?
 ra pirobiTi niSnebi gamoiyeneba teqstis variantebisa da
redaqciebis gamocemebis dros?

Tema 16: mecnierebis profesiuli eTika

savarjiSo 1. gaeciT werilobiTi pasuxi kiTxvebs:
 rogor gesmiT profesiuli eTikis cneba?
 ra umTavres moTxovnebs Seicavs mecnierebis profesiuli eTika?
 ra gansxvavebaa mecnierul gavlenasa da plagiats Soris?
 plagiatis gamovlenis ra saxeobebia TqvenTvis cnobili?
 rogor SeafasebdiT plagiatis faqts, rogorc msajuli,
mosamarTle?

72
teqsti damowmebulia wignidan: eTnologiis qrestomaTia, Sedg. prof. ioseb
WanturiSvilis mier, Tsu gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1997 teqsti aris nawyveti
herodotes “istoriidan”.
402
 zogierT cneba_terminTa
ganmartebani

a
abzaci – (germ. Absatz) – teqstis nawili erTi ukandaxevidan
meoremde
abreviatura – (it. abbreviatura – mokle) – Semokleba, romelic
gamoiyeneba zepir da weriT metyvelebaSi
adekvaturi (adekvaturoba) - (laT. adaequatus) – gatolebuli, toli,
igiveobrivi, sruliad Sesatyvisi
adresati - (germ. Adressat) - mimRebi piri, romlisaTvisac aris
gankuTvnili gzavnileba
analizi - (berZ. analysis – daSla, danawevreba) – raime
obieqtis azrobrivi an realuri daSla elementebad
argumenti - (laT. argumentum) – aq: logikuri daskvna,
dasabuTebis safuZveli
aqsiologia - (berZ. axios – faseuli + logia) - faseulobaTa
Teoria – adamianis interesebis, survilebis,
miswrafebebisaTvis mniSvnelovani obieqtebis
keTildReobebis Taobaze ganzogadebuli myari
warmodgenebi
arqefaqti - (laT. arte – xelovnurad + factus – gakeTebuli) -
xelovnurad Seqnmili obieqti
abiogenezi - (a + bio + genes) –sicocxlis bunebrivi araorganuli
nivTierebebis TandaTanobiTi garTulebisa da
biopolimerebis (nukleinuri mJavebis, cilebis da
a.S.) warmoqmnis gziT gaCenis Teoria

403
 b
biblioTeka - (berZ. bibliothëkë < biblion–wigni + thëkë–sacavi) –
wignsacavi
breinstormingi - (ing.’breinsto:m < brain – storm) – aq: brwyinvale azri,
idea, SesaniSnavi gegma
biti - (ing. bit < binary – ormagi + digit – niSani, cifri) –
informaciis raodenobis erTeuli gamoTvlis meorad
sistemaSi

g
grafa - (berZ. grafhë – xazi, zRvari) – 1. or vertikalur
svets Soris manZili tabulebSi; 2. teqstis nawili –
rubrika
grafiki - (berZ. graphicos – daxazuli) – 1. naxazi, romelic
sxvadasxva saxis movlenaTa raodenobrivi
damokidebulebis TvalsaCinod gamoxatvaa

e
evolucia - (laT. evolutio – gaSla) – ganviTarebis, cvlilebis
procesi
elipsuroba -metyvelebis nawilebis (sityvebis, winadadebebisac)
gamotoveba enobrivi ekonomiis mizniT, ramdenadac
isini konteqstidis an situaciidis mixedviT isedac
gasagebia
empiriuli done - (berZ. empeiria – cda) – cdaze damyarebuli.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi dakvirveba
ese - (fr. essal) – kritikis, publicistikis dargi,
romelic raime xSirad SemTxveviT, sagansa Tu
ambavze Tavisufali formiT saerTo Tu winaswar
mosazrebas gamoxatavs
eqsplicituri - (ing. explicit) – Ria gamoxatulebis mqone,
markirebuli

404
eqsponenti - (laT. exponens (exponentis) – maCvenebeli,
saaSkaraoze gamomtani) – raime sagnis gamofena,
wardgena
eqstrapireba - (laT. extraho – amoviReb, gamoviReb) – amokrefa,
amoReba
efemeruli - (berZ. ephȅmeros – erTdRiani) – Cveulebriv
erTwliani mcenareebi. poeziaSi swrafwarmavlis
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba (wamis uswrafesis azriT)

d
dialogi - (berZ. dialogos) – or an ramdenime pirs Soris
saubari
deduqcia - (laT. deductio – gamoyvana) – daskvnis keTebis erT-
erTi meTodi. daskvnis gamoyvana kerZo erTeuli
faqtebidan
detali - (fr. detail) – patara dawvrileba, kerZo, wvrilmani,
meqanizmis nawili
definacia - (laT. definitio – ganmartena, gansazRvreba) – mokle,
logikuri ganmarteba, romelic adgens sagnis
arsebiT niSnebs, cnebis mniSvnelobas, Sinaars,
sazRvrebs
diagrama - (berZ. diagramma – naxati, naxazi) – sxvadasxva
sidideTa Soris urTierTmimarTebis TvalsaCinod
warmomCeni naxazi
diskursi - (laT. diskursus – msjeloba) – gabmuli teqsti,
zepirmetyveleba, zepiri komunikacia, dialogi
diferencirebuli - gansxvavebuli
diqotomia - (laT. dichotomia –orad gayofa) – klasifikaciis
xerxi. cnebebis, terminebis dayofa wyvil,
erTmaneTze damokidebul elementebad (qvecnebebad
da a.S.)

405
dnm - abreviaturaa, aRniSnavs molekulur biologiaSi:
dezoqsiribonikleinmJavas; f. krikisa da j.
uotsonis mier dadgenilma am modelma biologebs
redublikaciis (gaormagebis) statikuri Teoriis
Seqmnis saSualeba misca. misi mizania molekulur
doneze biologiuri sistemebis sivrculi aRnagobisa
da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis Seswavla

v
verbaluri - (laT. verbalis) – zepiri, sityvieri
vizualuri - (laT. visualis) – mxedvelobiTi, SeuiaraRebeli
Tvalis an optikuri xelsawyoebiT Seqmnili
virtualuri - (laT. virtualis) – SesaZlebeli; rac unda an SesaZloa
gamoCndes saTanado, gansazRvrul pirobebSi

T
Tezisi - (berZ. thesis) – debuleba, romlis WeSmariteba
dasabuTebas saWiroebs

i
identificireba - (laT. identificare) – mimsgavseba, raimes raimesTan
damTxvevis dadgena
implicituri - (ing. Implicit) – uxilavi, naxavi, nagulisxmevi
induqcia - (laT. inductio) – miniSneba) – daskvnis saxeoba da
kvlevis meTodi. rogorc daskvnis erT-erTi forma,
uzrunvelyofs erTeuli faqtebidan zogad
debulebaze gadasvlis SesaZleblobas
inteleqtualuri - sulieri, gonebrivi; inteleqtis maRali
ganviTarebis mqone
intencia - (laT. intentio - miswrafeba) – ganzraxva, mizani
interpretacia -(laT. interpretatio – axsna) – raimes ufro gasagebad
axsna, azris ganmarteba

406
informaciuli era - (laT. informatio – ganmarteba) – raimes
Setyobineba + ganmartebis miwodeba + era
(epoqa)

k
kanonieri - aq. dadgenili, dakanonebuli
katalogi - (berZ. katalogos – sia) – garkveuli principiT
dalagebuli saganTa saZiebeli
kvantitatiuri - (laT. quantitas–raodenoba) – raodenobrivi
kliSe - (fr. cliché ) – stereotipuli gamoTqma,
romelic meqanikurad warmoiqmneba tipur
sametyvelo konteqstebsa da situaciebSi;
Sablonuri fraza, gamonaTqvami
kodi - (fr. code) pirobiTi aRniSvnebis, saxel-
wodebis, signalebis, sistema, sxvadasxva
informaciis Sesanaxad, dasamuSaveblad,
gadasacemad
kodi sityvebi - (Schlagwőrter) – sayrdeni sityva, paroli,
romlis daxmarebiTac xdeba teqstis Sinaarsis
gaxsna
koeficienti - (laT. coefficiens – xelSemwyobi), - mudmivi
ricxvi, romelic nebismier sidideze
gamravlebuli, pirvelis proporciul sidides
warmoaCens
komunikacia - (laT. communicatio < communicare – dakavSireba,
saerTod qceva) – urTierTobis aqti,
informaciis gadacemis aqti
kompetencia - (laT. competetia – uflebamosileba,
kuTvnileba) – dawesebulebis an piris
uflebamosileba; sakiTxebi, romlebSic pirs
aqvs garkveuli codna, gamocdileba

407
konstruireba - (laT. construere – aSeneba) – aRWurva, raRacis
gegmis Sedgena, raimes ageba
konteqsti - (laT. contextus – mWidro kavSiri, SeerTeba) –
azrobrivad gasrulebuli nawyveti zepiri an
werilobiTi teqstisa, romelic aucileblia
masSi Semavali sityvisa Tu cnebis azris
gasagebad
koncefcia - (laT. conceptio – aRqma gageba sistema) – 1.
movlenebze, procesebze ama Tu im
SexedulebaTa sistema; 2. samecniero naSromis
wamyvani, erTiani, ganmsazRvreli azri,
Canafiqri
konceptualuri - (laT. conceptus – cneba) – sagnis azrobrivi
mniSvneloba, cnebis Sinaarsi, cnebiTi
kopezia - (laT. cohaesus – bmuli, mikruli) – aq: teqstis
elementebis bma (bmuloba); saerTod:
molekulebis (atomebis, ionebis) SeWiduloba,
romelic gamowveulia mizidvis ZalebiT. esaa
molekulaTaSorisi urTierTqmedebisa da
qimiuri bmis Zalebi

l
lobi- lobisti - (ing. lobby – kuluari) – ama Tu im
gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod zemomqmedi
moxele aSS sakanonmdeblo organoebSi,
sxvadasxva organizaciebsa Tu monopoliebis
saagentoebSi
logikuri pozitivizmi - (laT. positius – dadebiTi) –
filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romlis
Tanaxmadac WeSmariti codnis safuZvelia
specialuri mecnierebani, romelTa roli

408
 SemosazRvrulia faqtebis aRweriT da
sistematizebiT

m
markireba - (fr. marKuer – aRniSvna) – raime saxis niSani,
riTac xdeba teqstis sasurveli nawilis
moniSvna
metaena - (berZ. meta – Semdeg, Soris + ena) – ena, riTac
aRiwereba raime sxva ena, romelic am
SemTxvevaSi aris ena – obieqti, an sagnobrivi
ena
mimesisi - (berZ. mimesis) – mibaZva
monoTematuri - erTTemiani
monologi - (berZ. monologos < mono - erTi + logos –
metyveleba) – erTi moqmedi piris metyveleba,
romelic an msmenelisadmia mimarTuli, an
sakuTari Tavisadmi
morfema - (berZ. morph – forma) – sityvis nawili,
romelsac gansazRvruli mniSvneloba aqvs

o
oponenti - (laT. opponens – dabrunebuli) – 1.
mowinaaRmdege piri kamaTis procesSi; 2. piri,
romelsac evaleba samecniero naSromis
Sefaseba
optimizacia - 1. SesaZlo variantebidan saukeTesos SerCevis
procesi; 2. sistemis saukeTeso mdgomareobaSi
moyvanis procesi
oratoruli xelovneba - mWevrmetyvelebis xelovneba (laT. orator-
laparaki, is, vinc lamazad Tqmis niWiTaa
dajildoebuli)

409
 p
paragrafi - (berZ. paragraphos) – teqtsis nawili wignis
Tavsa Tu calke nawilSi, romelsac
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoixateba $
niSniTa da rigiTi nomriT
parafrazi - (berZ. paraphrasis – aRwera) sityvis an
gamoTqmis azris gadmocema sxva sityvebiT an
sxva gamoTqmiT erTi da imave enis CarCoebSi
piTagoras Teorema - geometriis Teorema, romlis zogadi saxiT
damtkiceba miewereba Zv.w.a. VI saukunis brZens
– maTematikoss piTagoras. Tavad es Teorema,
rogorc Cans, manamdec iyo cnobili. igi
amyarebs kavSirs marTkuTxa samkuTxedis
gverdebs Soris. Teoremis arsi SemdegSia:
hipotenuzis kvadrati kaTetebis kvadratebis
jamis tolia
plagiati - (laT. plagiatus – motacebuli) – sxvisi
avtorobis miTviseba, sxvisi naSromis sakuTar
naSromad gamocxadeba
polisemia - erTi da imave sityvis mravalmniSvnelianoba
postpozitivizmi - (laT. post – Semdeg) – pozitivizmis Semdgomi
pragmatuli - (laT. pragma – saqme, moqmedeba) – semiotikis
mimarTulebaSi damokidebuleba niSanTa
sistemasa da maT momxmarebels Soris

r
rakursi - (fr. raccoucir – damokleba, Semokleba) –
mayureblisagan daSorebuli sibrtyeze
gamosaxuli sagnis perspeqtiuli Semcireba
reanimireba - (laT. reanimatio) – organizmis gacocxleba
reziumireba - raimes Sejameba

410
renome - (fr. renommée) – vinmes Sesaxeb Seqmnili
Sexeduleba, reputacia
reprezentatuloba - eqsper. gamokvlevebSi raime dakvirvebaTa
damaxasiaTebloba
retranslireba - (laT. re TavsarTi niSnavs ganmeorebas +
translireba) – Sor manZilze gadacema,
gadacemaTa ganmeorebadoba anu gadacemulis
xelaxla gadacema
ritorika - (berZ. rhëtorikë) – 1. antikursa da Semdgom
epoqebSi – mWevrmetyvelebis Teoria. 2.
gadapranWuli, lamazi da naklebad Sinaarsiani
sityva
ritorikuli figura - ritorikuli gamomsaxveli saxe, mag. inversia,
hiperbola, metafora da a.S.

s
sainformacio banki - monacemTa bazebis erToblioba, programuli,
enobrivi da sxva saSualebebi, romlebic
centralizebulad Tavmoyrilia da
gamosayenebelia
semantika - (berZ. semantikos – aRmniSvneli) – enis
azrobrivi nawili, sityvis, misi nawilebis
mniSvneloba
sinTezi - (berz. synthes – SeerTeba, Serwyma) – raime
obieqtis calkeuli elementebis azrobrivi
anda, realuri SeerTeba, gamTlianeba erT
mTelad
skepsisi - (berZ. skepsis – eWvi) – daeWveba WeSmaritebis
raime saimedo sazomis arsebobaSi. skepticizmi
am arsis gamomxatveli filosofiuri
mimdinareoba

411
skriptori - (laT. scriptor – gadamweri, mwerali) – Sua-
saukuneebis dasavleT evropis monastrebSi
gadasaweri saxelosnoebis mwerali
spontanuri - (laT. spontaneus – TviTwarmoebuli) – ara
garegani zemoqmedebis Sedegad, aramed Sinagani
mizezebiT gamowveuli movlena, faqti.
stili - (berZ. stylos – saweri Cxiri) – metyvelebis,
sityvaTxmovanebis Tavisebureba, saliteraturo
enis funqcionirebis TaviseburebaTa
saxesxvaoba
struqtura - (laT. structura) – raime nawilebis
urTierTganlageba
struqturuli - struqturasTan dakavSirebuli; raime
struqturis mqone

t
tabelrangi - (ger. Tabelle) – ierarqia samxedro da
samoqalaqo Tanamdebobisa (“did-pataraobis”
sistema)
transliteracia - raime anbanze dawerili teqstis gadmocema
sxva anbanis saSualebiT
trivialuri - (it. trivialis – Cveulebrivi) – gacveTili,
siaxlesa da originalurobas moklebuli.
terminologia - terminebis erToblioba, romlebic
mecnierebis ama Tu im dargSi gamoiyeneba
teqstologia - filologiis nawili, romelic Seiswavlis
literaturul nawarmoebaTa teqstebs,
komentarebs daurTavs da gamosacemad amzadebs
truizmi - (ing. truism) – sayovelTaod cnobili,
gacveTili WeSmariteba

412
 f
filologia - (berZ. phileo – miyvars + logos – sityva) –
naweris, teqstebis werilobiTi Zeglebis
Semswavlel mecnierebaTa erToblioba
formalisturi - adamianuri moRvaweobis raime sferoSi
SinaarsTan SedarebiT formisaTvis
upiratesobis miniWeba
funqcionaluri stilistika - enaTmecnierebis dargi, romelic
Seiswavlis saliteraturo enis
funqcionirebis saxesxvaobebs

q
qronologiuri principi - sityvidan qronologia (berZ. chronos +
logia) movlenaTa droSi ganviTarebis
Tanamimdevroba

c
citata - (laT. citate – motana, gamocxadeba) – vinmes
sityvebis zustad gameoreba; sxvisi
nawarmoebidan sityvasityviT amonaweri

h
hipoTeza - (berZ. hypothesis – safuZveli, varaudi) –
varaudi, romlis drosac faqtebis safuZvelze
keTdeba daskvna faqtis, movlenis mizezebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. amasTan es daskvna ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTlianad sarwmunod

413
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 Sinaarsi

1. redaqtorisagan----------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.4
2. winasityvaoba--------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.6
3. akademiuri weirs sagani, amocanebi--------------------------------------------gv.10
4. samecniero urTierTobaTa sfero: ,,mecniereba”, ,,samecniero”,
,,mecnieruli”-------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.26
5. mkvlevari da mkiTxveli--------------------------------------------------------------gv.35
6. Temis Zieba------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.59
7. wyaroebi – Zieba da damuSaveba--------------------------------------------------gv.83
8. samecniero naSromis gegmis Sedgena------------------------------------------gv.114
9. samecniero naSromis monaxazis Sedgena------------------------------------gv.123
10. kvleva-Ziebis azrovnebiTi procesisa da meqanizmebis
safuZvlebi-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.143
11. vizualur saSualebaTa gamoyeneba mecnierul kvlevebSi-------gv.160
12. citata. parafrazi. plagiati. ---------------------------------------------------gv.181
13. ,,Savad naweri” teqstis gadamuSaveba-----------------------------------------gv.203
14. samecniero naSromis Sesavlis saboloo variantis Seqmna,
saTauris daxvewa-------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.220
15. mecnieruli teqstis saxeobebi da ZiriTadi
Elementebi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.243
16. mecnierebis profesiuli eTika--------------------------------------------------gv.319
17. mecnieruli funqciuri stili---------------------------------------------------gv.338
18. praqtikumi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gv.380
19. zogierT cneba-terminTa ganmartebani--------------------------------------gv.403
20. gamoyenebuli literatura---------------------------------------------------------gv.414

419
420