‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 1- 1‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼـــــــﻔﻴﺔ ﻫــﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘــﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴــــــــﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺴـــﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺠﺎﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﻨﺞ )‪ (1818-1746‬ﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺴﺱ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-1‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻘﻁ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁﻪ ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .‬ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻗﻭﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟـﻰ ﺠﺎﻨـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﺭﻗﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺴـﺘﻌﻤل ﻫـﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨـﺭﺍﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻤـﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﻭﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﺎﺌﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺎﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜل ‪ A‬ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪ A1‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪A1‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻜﺴﻭﻨﻭﻤﺘﺭﻱ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪.A‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﻴﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻤﻭﻨﺞ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﺠﺎﺴﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﻨﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟـﺩﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ـﻲ‬
‫ـﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻓﻘـ‬
‫ـﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤــﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﺤـ‬
‫ﻤﺴـ‬
‫‪ Horizontal Plane‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫‪ H.P‬ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪Vertical Plane‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪ . V.P‬ﻭﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ ﺨـﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ‪Ground‬‬
‫‪ Line‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪.G.L‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻤﺘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻴﻘﺴـﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻟـ‪1‬‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻟـ‪، 2‬ﻟـ‪ ، 3‬ﻟـ‪ .4‬ﺍﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤـﺩﻯ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪ H.P‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ V.P‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ‪ Profile Plane‬ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ‪.P.P‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ‪ X , Y , Z‬ﻭﺘﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺼل ‪.O‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻴﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ‪، X,Y‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻴﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ‪، X,Z‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻴﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ‪. Y,Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ )‪.(x, y, z‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻤﺜﻴـــــل ﺍﻟﻨـﻘـﻁـﺔ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬

‫‪A, B, C, D, ….‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫)‪A (x, y, z‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪A(3,1,4‬‬
‫ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻴﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ ﻨﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻭﻨﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﺤﻭل‬
‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪ X‬ﻭﻨﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪ Z‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪A(3,1,4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪A(3,1,4‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﺜل )‪ ، A (x, y, z‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻥ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ‪ H.P‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪Z‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ‪ H.P‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Z‬ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺴﻔل ‪ H.P‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Z‬ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ‪ V.P‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪Y‬‬
‫ﺍﻤﺎﻡ ‪ V.P‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Y‬ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺨﻠﻑ ‪ V.P‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ Y‬ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻥ ‪ P.P‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪X‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﻴﻥ ‪ P.P‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ X‬ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺴﺎﺭ ‪ P.P‬ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ X‬ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 1-2‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻴﻘﺴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ 4‬ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪ Z, Y‬ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 1‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ (+) Y‬ﻭ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪.(+) Z‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 2‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ (-) Y‬ﻭ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪.(+) Z‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 3‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ (-) Y‬ﻭ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪.(-) Z‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 1‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ (+) Y‬ﻭ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪.(-) Z‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 2-2‬ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ A‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ A1 .1‬ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ A‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ A3, A2 .2‬ﻴﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ )‪A (x, y, 0‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ B2 .1‬ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ B1 .2‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ B3 .3‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪.Z‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ )‪B (x, 0, z‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ C3 .1‬ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ C‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ C1 .2‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪.Y‬‬
‫‪ C2 .3‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪.Z‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ )‪A (0, y, z‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﻭل‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪.3‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ = Y‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪Z‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ A(3,y,4‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻓﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪y‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ‪y = 4 :‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ B(1,-3,z‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻓﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪z‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ‪z = -3 :‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪.4‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ = Y‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪Z‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ C(2,y,1‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪y‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ‪y = -1 :‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ D(1,-6,z‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪z‬؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ‪z = 6 :‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫) ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴـــل ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪ 1-3‬ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻗﺼﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2-3‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3-3‬ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫])‪f [A(x,y,z), B(x,y,z‬‬

‫‪ 4-3‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻴﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ‪ f‬ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻴﺎ ])‪f [A(2,4,1), B(5,1,4‬‬
‫‪ A1B1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪ A2B2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪ A3B3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ِ‪ AB‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 5-3‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ‪ f‬ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ ])‪f [A(2,4,1), B(5,1,4‬‬
‫‪ A1B1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪ A2B2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫‪ A3B3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬

‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 6-3‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ‪. T‬‬
‫‪ T1‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ T2‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ T3‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻴﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻴﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫• ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪ A1B1‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪ A2B2‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .T2‬ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪ A2B2‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪ A1B1‬ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .T1‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 7-3‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﺜﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ y , z‬ﻟﻜل ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ‪ .‬ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ y‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ‪ z‬ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﻨﻔـﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪.‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 8-3‬ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ AB‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻴﺎ ﻭﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ ABB1A1‬ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 9-3‬ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺘﻲ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺤﻴﺙ‬
‫ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻨﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻻﺤﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ (Z‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ΔZ‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﺼل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻨﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻻﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ (Y‬ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ‪ ΔY‬ﺜﻡ ﻨﺼل‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ T.L‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫• ‪ θ1‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪) H.P‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ(‬
‫• ‪ θ2‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪) V.P‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ(‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 10-3‬ﺍﻻﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘـﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ(‬

‫• ‪AB // A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪T.L = A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A3B3‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ‪ T2‬ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫• ‪∞ = Θ1‬‬
‫• ‪ = Θ2‬ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪.A2B2‬‬

‫• ‪T.L = A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A3B3‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ‪ T2‬ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫• ‪∞ = Θ1‬‬
‫• ‪ = Θ2‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ‪ A1B1‬ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ(‬

‫• ‪AB // A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪T.L = A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L ┴ A3B3‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ‪ T1‬ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫• ‪∞ = Θ2‬‬
‫• ‪ = Θ1‬ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪A1B1‬‬

‫• ‪T.L = A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L ┴ A3B3‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ‪ T1‬ﻓﻘﻁ‬
‫• ‪∞ = Θ2‬‬
‫• ‪ = Θ1‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ‪A2B2‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬
‫ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ(‬

‫• ‪AB // A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪T.L = A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪G.L ┴ A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L ┴ A2B2‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ‪ T1‬ﻭ ‪T2‬‬
‫• ‪ = Θ1‬ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫‪A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪ = Θ2‬ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‬
‫‪A2B2‬‬

‫‪T.L = A3B3‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪G.L ┴ A1B1‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪G.L ┴ A2B2‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻪ ‪ T1‬ﻭ ‪T2‬‬ ‫•‬
‫• ‪ = Θ1‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل‬
‫‪ A3B3‬ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‬
‫• ‪ = Θ2‬ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل‬
‫‪ A3B3‬ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ‪Z‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﺭﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻨﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‪.‬‬
‫• ‪Θ1+ Θ2=90‬‬

‫‪26‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ(‬

‫• ‪ A2B2‬ﻭ ‪G.L ┴ A3B3‬‬

‫• ‪ A2B2‬ﻭ ‪T.L = A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪ A1B1‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪T1‬‬
‫• ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪A1B1‬‬

‫• ‪ A2B2‬ﻭ ‪G.L ┴ A3B3‬‬

‫• ‪ A2B2‬ﻭ ‪T.L = A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪ A1B1‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪T1‬‬
‫• ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪A1B1‬‬

‫‪27‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‬

‫• ‪G.L ┴ A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪ A1B1‬ﻭ ‪T.L = A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪ A2B2‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪T2‬‬
‫• ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪A2B2‬‬

‫• ‪G.L ┴ A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪ A1B1‬ﻭ ‪T.L = A3B3‬‬
‫• ‪ A2B2‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪T2‬‬
‫• ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪A2B2‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‬

‫• ‪G.L // A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪A1B1‬ﻭ ‪T.L = A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪ A3B3‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪T3‬‬
‫• ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪A3B3‬‬

‫• ‪G.L // A1B1‬‬
‫• ‪G.L // A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪A1B1‬ﻭ ‪T.L = A2B2‬‬
‫• ‪ A3B3‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪T3‬‬
‫• ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪A3B3‬‬

‫‪29‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 11-3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺘﺴﻘﻁ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻀﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻘﻁ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻴﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻀﻼﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺒﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ ‪ ABC‬ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (B‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ]‪ [AB‬ﺍﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ )‪ (B‬ﺘﻅﻬـﺭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﻻﻥ‬
‫]‪ [AB‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻲ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪:2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ ‪ ABC‬ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫)‪ (B‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ]‪ [AB‬ﻭﺠﻬﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ )‪ (B‬ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﻠـﺙ ﻻﻥ‬
‫]‪ [AB‬ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘـﻲ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫) ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻴﺴـﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗـﻭﺍﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪:‬‬
‫‪α, β, γ, δ, ε‬‬
‫}‪α{x, y, z‬‬

‫‪ 1-4‬ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ }‪ {α‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ }‪ {α‬ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺜﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ t1 .1‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫}‪{α‬‬
‫‪ t2 .2‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫}‪{α‬‬
‫‪ t3 .3‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫}‪{α‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 2-4‬ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫}‪α{x, y, z‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻤﺜل ﺍﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫}‪α{4, 3, 5‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﺜﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪ t1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪ t2‬ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺘﻲ ﻤﻴل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﺜل‪:‬‬
‫}‪α{x, Ø1, Ø2‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : Ø1‬ﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ‪ t1‬ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Ø2‬ﻫﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻴل ‪ t2‬ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻤﺜـل ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫}‪β{3, 45o, 120o‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ 3-4‬ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻓﻘـﻲ‬

‫)ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ(‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺍﻻﺜــﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴــﻲ ‪ t2‬ﻭﺍﻷﺜــﺭ‬
‫ـﻁ‬
‫ـﺎﻥ ﻟﺨـ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺒﻲ ‪ t3‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ ﻜﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ )ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ( ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪.t2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻜﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ‪.t3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸـﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪.T.S‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪. z‬‬

‫‪33‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ـﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ(‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪ t1‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﺨﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠـﺎﻨﺒﻲ ‪t3‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻜﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ )ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪.t1‬‬
‫ـﺭ‬
‫ـﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻴﻅﻬـ‬
‫ـﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﺒـﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .t3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪.T.S‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪. y‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ـﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺴـ‬
‫ـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤـ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ(‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪ t1‬ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺨﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ‬
‫‪ t2‬ﻋﻤــﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺨــﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻜﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ )ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ‪.t1‬‬
‫ـﺭ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻴﻅﻬـ‬
‫ـﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﺒـﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ .t2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠـﺎﻨﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪.T.S‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ‪. x‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻘﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ )ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺭﺍﺴﻲ(‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪ t1‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ‬
‫ـﻲ ‪t2‬‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـ‬
‫‪ Ø1‬ﻭﺍﻷﺜـ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻪ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻜﺨﻁ‬
‫ـﺔ(‬
‫ـﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓـ‬
‫ـﺘﻘﻴﻡ )ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﻤﺴـ‬
‫ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘــﻲ ‪ .t1‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴــﻘﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴــﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠــﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫}∞ ‪α{x, y,‬‬
‫}‪α{x, Ø1, 90o‬‬

‫‪36‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ‪ t2‬ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ‪Ø2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘـﻲ ‪ t1‬ﻋﻤـﻭﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻜﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ )ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ( ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ‬
‫‪ .t2‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫}‪β{x, ∞, z‬‬
‫}‪β{x, 90 o, Ø2‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ‪ t1‬ﻭﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ t2‬ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﺃﻱ ﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺠـﺎﻨﺒﻲ ﻜﺨـﻁ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ )ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺤﺎﻓﺔ( ﻭﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ ‪.t3‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫‪ n‬ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻜﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫}‪β{∞, y, z‬‬

‫ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫) ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺘﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‪:‬‬

‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ] ‪ [ f‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ }‪ {α‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T1‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪t1‬‬
‫‪ T2‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪t2‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ] ‪ [ f‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ }‪ {α‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻸﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T2‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪t2‬‬
‫‪t1 // A1B1‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ] ‪ [ f‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ }‪ {α‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻗـﻊ ﺍﻻﺜـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻟﻼﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T1‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪t1‬‬
‫‪t2 // A2B2‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ] ‪ [ f‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ }‪ {α‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ T1‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪t1‬‬
‫‪ T2‬ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪t2‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻭ ﻭﺠﻬﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻨﺭﺴـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻴﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (A‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﺍﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (B‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴـﻘﻁﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ )‪ (B‬ﻻ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺨﻁ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘـﺎﻁﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻴﻘـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻻﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ‪:‬‬
‫‪ p1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬
‫‪ p2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺴﻲ ﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪H.P.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪P.P.‬‬

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‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﺤﺴـﻥ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪f1 // t1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻭل ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ f1 & t1‬ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌـﺎﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ‬

‫ﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻻﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬

‫) ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ(‬

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