‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Properties and Strength of Materials‬‬

‫‪1-1 Introduction:‬‬
‫‪Those notes are devoted to shed some lights on the mechanical properties of the main‬‬
‫‪two elements composing reinforced concrete: Steel and Concrete.‬‬

‫ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد وإﺧﺘﺒﺎراﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓ ﻰ إﻗﺎﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻨ ﺸﺂت وﻓ ﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت وﻓﻰ إﻧﺸﺎء وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﺘﺮآﺰ دور هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺨﻮاص اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻹﺟﻬ ﺎدات واﻹﻧﻔﻌ ﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﻤﻨ ﺸﺂت واﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل اﻹﺳ ﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ آﻔﺎءة أآﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻼزم إﺟﺮاؤهﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﻌﻴ ﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاﺻ ﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﺒﻴﺎن ﻣﺪى ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت واﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻞ أو ﻓﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬وﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻮاﺣ ﺪ‪ ،‬أو اﻷﻋﻤ ﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﺘﻰ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ أو ﺗﺠﺮى‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺧﻮاص اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓ ﺔ ﻟ ﺘﻼﺋﻢ اﻹﺳ ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة أآﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪1-2 Definitions‬‬

‫‪1-2-1 Strain‬‬

‫‪is a dimensionless value, it is the ratio between the change of length to the original‬‬
‫‪length:‬‬
‫‪ΔL‬‬
‫=‪ε‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬

‫‪ΔL = Change in length,‬‬

‫‪L0 = Original length.‬‬

‫‪1-2-2 Stress‬‬

‫‪Is the intensity of internal forces = Force / Area‬‬

‫‪Stress units = Force unites / Area Units = Kg./Cm2, lb./in2, T/m2.‬‬

‫‪1 Kg. = 2.205 lb. and 1 in. = 2.54 cm‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
Properties of Materials

then 1 Kg./Cm2 = 14.223 lb / in2 , and 1 Kg./Cm2 = 10.0 T/m2.

1-2-3 Normal Stress

is the stress normal to the section, and could be tension or compression stress:

P P

Tension Compression

P P P
σ=
A
Where:

σ Normal stress
P Applied load
A Cross sectional area

1-2-4 Shear stress

Is the tangential stress.

Q
Q
τ=
A
Q
Where:
τ Shear stress
Q Shearing (tangential) force
A Cross-sectional area

1-2-5 Poisson’s Ratio

Is the ratio between lateral strain to the longitudinal strain.

Lateral Strain
μ=
Longitudinal Strain

The value of μ for all materials varies over a range of 0.0 ≤ μ ≤ 0.50 .

1-2-6 Young’s Modulus

Is the ratio between stress and strain in the elastic stage.

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 2

Properties of Materials

Stress σ
E= = , the Young’s modulus is also called (Modulus of Elasticity), and its units are
Strain ε
as the same stress units, (because the strain is dimensionless).

1-2-7 Complementary Shear

Shear stresses in vertical planes are always accompanied by shear stresses in

horizontal planes perpendicular to the applied shearing force. Such stress is called
complementary shear.

For equilibrium:
M = M1

Moment = area . stress . distance τ

(t.dx) . τ . dy = (t.dy) . τ’ . dx

τ
dy
then:
t
τ=τ
dx

1-2-8 Shear strain

Is the ratio between the change in length in lateral direction to the original length.

Deformation
Shear Strain =
Couple arm
γ = tan γ
x
then γ =
L
L

Where γ is the shear strain defined by the

angular displacement in radians as γ is very
small.

1-2-9 Shear Modulus

The shear modulus is the ratio between shear stress to shear strain

Shear Stress (τ )
Shear Modulus (G ) = in stress units
Shear Strain (γ )

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 3

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪** Relation between E & G:‬‬

‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬
‫) ‪2(1 + μ‬‬

‫‪For steel, E = 2100 T/cm2 = 2100*104 T/m2‬‬

‫‪For concrete, E = 210 T/cm2 = 210*104 T/m2.‬‬

‫‪1-3 Types of loading‬‬

‫‪1-3-1 Static loading‬‬

‫‪The load is applied slowly and increases gradually till its maximum value without‬‬
‫‪developing any impact or vibrations.‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﻴﺌ ًﺎ وﻳ ﺰداد ﺗ ﺪرﻳﺠﻴ ًﺎ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘ ﻪ اﻟﻘ ﺼﻮى ﺑ ﺪون إﺣ ﺪاث أى ﺻ ﺪم أو اهﺘ ﺰاز ﻣﺜ ﻞ‬
‫اﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر اﻟ ﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌ ﺎدن‪ ،‬وﻓﻴ ﻪ ﻳ ﺘﻢ اﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﻄﻌ ﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر )‪ (Test Specimen‬ﺑﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺷ ﺪ ﻣﺤ ﻮرى وﻳ ﺰداد ﺑﺒﻄ ﻰء ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴ ًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪.‬‬
‫آﻤﺎ أن اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ )‪) (Continues Loading‬ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎت ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ( أو ﺑﻘ ﺎء اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﺆﺛﺮًا ﻣ ﺪة ﻃﻮﻳﻠ ﺔ‬
‫ﻼ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴ ًﺎ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‪:‬‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﻤﻴ ً‬

‫‪a- Short time static loading: the time between the application of load and the load reaches its‬‬
‫‪maximum value (at the specimen failure) is few minutes.‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻊ إﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻋﺪة دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪b- Long time static loading: The load is applied gradually till its maximum value, and remains‬‬
‫‪constant for sufficient time to enable its probable final effect to be predicted.‬‬

‫ﻳ ﺘﻢ اﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺗ ﺪرﻳﺠﻴ ًﺎ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘ ﻪ اﻟﻘ ﺼﻮى‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻳﻈ ﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘ ﺎً ﻟﻤ ﺪة ﻃﻮﻳﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ )ﻗ ﺪ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺪة ﺷﻬﻮر( ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻬﻦ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1-3-2 Dynamic loading‬‬

‫‪The load is applied to the specimen in a form of vibrations or shocks. The dynamic‬‬
‫‪loading may also be caused by impact.‬‬

‫وه ﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﺤ ﺪث ﻓﻴﻬ ﺎ ﺻ ﺪم أو إهﺘ ﺰاز ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺆﺛﺮ ه ﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺪة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴ ﻞ اﻹﺳ ﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻓ ﻰ أن‬
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻜﻮن أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﻰء ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻌﺮف ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻹﺳ ﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺬى ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻹﺳ ﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ اﻟﻤﻜ ﺎﻓﺊ )‪ . (Equivalent Static Load‬آﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮف ﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻹﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ وﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ )‪.(Load Factor‬‬
‫‪Equivalent Static Load‬‬
‫= ‪Load Factor‬‬
‫‪Dynamic Load‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪1-3-3 Repeated loading‬‬

‫‪The load is applied in small quantities for several times.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة وﻟﻤﺮات ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‪ .‬واﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻜ ﺮر ﻟ ﻪ أهﻤﻴ ﺔ آﺒﻴ ﺮة ﻓ ﻰ إﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر اﻟﻤ ﻮاد‪ ،‬إذ أﻧ ﻪ ﻗ ﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة إﺟﻬﺎدًا آﺒﻴﺮًا إذا آﺎن اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮًا ﻟﻤﺮة واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎر هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻤ ﻞ أﻗ ﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﻴ ﺮ ﻟ ﻮ آ ﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺘﻜﺮرًا‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪0.6‬‬
‫‪Stress‬‬
‫‪Stress‬‬

‫‪Stress‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪-0.5‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Time‬‬ ‫‪Time‬‬ ‫‪Time‬‬

‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬إﺟﻬﺎدات ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى ﻓﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬إﺟﻬﺎدات ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬إﺟﻬﺎدات ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺼﻮى إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ أﻗﻞ وﻟﻜﻦ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪1-4 Mechanical properties of materials‬‬

‫‪1-4-1 Elasticity‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬

‫‪Is the ability of the material to return to its original dimensions when the external‬‬
‫‪applied load is removed.‬‬

‫هﻰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة أﺑﻌﺎده ﺎ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌ ﺪ زوال اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬أى ﻋ ﺪم ﺑﻘ ﺎء أى ﺗ ﺸﻜﻼت داﺋﻤ ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈن دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ‬
‫اﻹﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ زوال اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ هﻰ ﻓﻘﻂ اﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻳﻌ ﺮف إﺟﻬ ﺎد ﺣ ﺪ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧ ﺔ )‪ (Elastic Limit Stress‬ﺑﺄﻧ ﻪ أآﺒ ﺮ إﺟﻬ ﺎد ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠ ﻪ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﺑ ﺸﺮط ﻋ ﺪم ﺑﻘ ﺎء أى‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ داﺋﻢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ زوال اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪1-4-2 Plasticity‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ‬

‫‪Is the property which permits materials to undergo permanent change in shape without‬‬
‫‪fracture, i.e the material does not return to its original dimensions.‬‬

‫هﻰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ زوال اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‪ ،‬أى أن اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ أﺑﻌﺎده ﺎ اﻷﺻ ﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وهﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ هﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪1-4-3 Ductility‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Is the ability of the material to stand large plastic deformation in tension, i.e the‬‬
‫‪property of the material which enables it to be drawn out to a considerable extent before‬‬
‫‪failure.‬‬
‫‪Δ‬‬
‫هﻰ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﺪن آﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬أى ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫وﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺪ‬

‫‪L‬‬
‫وﺗﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ =‬
‫‪L ′ − L0‬‬
‫= ‪% Elongation‬‬ ‫‪.100‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ =‬
‫‪A − A′‬‬
‫‪% Reduction of area = 0‬‬ ‫‪.100‬‬
‫‪A0‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ – ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ =‬
‫‪A − A′‬‬
‫‪Elongation factor = 0‬‬ ‫‪.100‬‬
‫‪A′‬‬

‫‪1-4-4 Malleability‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Is the property which represents the capacity of the material to withstand plastic‬‬
‫‪deformation in compression without failure.‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫هﻰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮات ﻟﺪﻧﺔ‬

‫آﺒﻴﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ ،‬أى ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺗﺘﻔﻠﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮق ﺑﺪون ﺣﺪوث آﺴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
Properties of Materials

1-4-5 Brittleness ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻒ‬

Is the property of the material which makes it fractured before much or no

deformation is noticeable.

‫ واﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ‬،‫ه ﻰ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﺗﺠﻌ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﺗﻨﻜ ﺴﺮ ﻗﺒ ﻞ ﺣ ﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮ ﻣﻠﺤ ﻮظ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟﺰه ﺮ‬
.‫ وﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻒ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻤﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ دون أن ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫واﻟﺰﺟﺎج‬

1-4-6 Strength ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬

Is the resistance of the material to any applied forces, and is measured in the known
stress units.

This resistance is usually known as the tensile strength if the applied load is tension or
compressive strength if the applied force is compression. The ultimate strength is the
maximum stress which the material is capable to withstand, developed under a slowly axial
applied load.

‫ وﺗﻌ ﺮف‬،‫ وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ب)ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺸﺪ( إذا آﺎن اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺣﻤ ﻞ ﺷ ﺪ‬،‫هﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻷى ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫( أﻳ ﻀ ًﺎ وﺗﻘ ﺎس‬Bending) ‫ آﻤ ﺎ أن اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻟﻺﻧﺤﻨ ﺎء‬،‫ب)ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻐﻂ( إذا آ ﺎن اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺆﺛﺮ ﺣﻤ ﻞ ﺿ ﻐﻂ‬
.‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪات اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬
.‫وﺗﻌﺮف اﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ أآﺒﺮ إﺟﻬﺎد ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺒﻄﻰء ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

1-4-7 Stiffness ‫اﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ‬

Is the property of the material to resist any sort of deformation. A stiff material is that
material which withstand high unit stress with relatively small unit deformation. In uni-axial
tension and compression tests, the stiffness is quantitatively measured by the modulus of
elasticity within the elastic limit.
Stress

Stress
θ2
θ1

Strain Strain

‫ وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ وﺣﺪة إﺟﻬﺎد ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬،‫هﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻷى ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻓﻰ إﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺸﺪ‬Modulus of Elasticity ‫ وﺗﻘﺎس اﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬.‫ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ هﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻰ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬Modulus of Elasticity ‫ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬.‫واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺤﻮرى ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‬
.(‫اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬-‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻰ اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ )اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 7

Properties of Materials

Stress σ
E= = = tan θ
Strain ε

E1 = tan θ1, and E2 = tan θ2

but θ1 > θ2.

then, E1 > E2, the material no. (1) is stiffer than no. (2)

1-4-8 Toughness ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬

It is the ability of the material to withstand or absorb mechanical energy. Tough

material is that material which can withstand great deformation together with high stress.

Toughness is measured by means of the modulus of toughness which represents the

amount of energy absorbed per unit volume from the time of load application till failure.
Load

Pu
Py

Pf

Lf
Elongation

،‫ أى ﻣﻘ ﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺼﺪﻣﺎت واﻣﺘ ﺼﺎص اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ‬،‫هﻰ ﻗ ﺪرة اﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ وﺗﻘ ﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﺎﻧ ﺔ ﺑﻤﻘ ﺪار اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‬،‫وﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ إﺟﻬﺎد آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺑ ﺪون آ ﺴﺮ‬
.‫اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل‬-‫ وﺗﻘﺎس ﻋﺪدﻳ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬،‫اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺘﺼﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺎدة‬

Py + Pu
Toughness = .ΔL f
2

Toughness σ y + σ u
Modulus of Toughness = = .ε f
Volume 2

1-4-9 Resilience ‫اﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬

It is the capacity of the material to store mechanical energy; given in energy units
(kg.m, or lb.in i.e. force.distance). Resilience is measured by the Modulus of Resilience,
which is the maximum amount of mechanical energy that may be stored in a unit volume and
be completely recovered upon the removal of load.

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 8

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫هﻰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻧ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﺗﺨﺘﻔ ﻰ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﺎً ﺑﻌ ﺪ زوال اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬وﻳﻌ ﺮف ﻣﻌ ﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺄﻧ ﻪ‬
‫أآﺒﺮ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﺘ ﺰن ﻓ ﻰ وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻮم ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة وﺗ ﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻤﺠ ﺮد إزاﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺆﺛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‪-‬اﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ وإﺟﻬﺎد ﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺮوﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Stress‬‬
‫‪Load‬‬

‫‪Resilience‬‬ ‫‪Modulus of Resilience‬‬

‫‪Elongation‬‬ ‫‪Strain‬‬

‫‪1-4-10 Hardness‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻼدة‬

‫‪Is the ability of the material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting, or indentation. The‬‬
‫‪hardness of non-metallic materials such as stones, gravel, and rock is usually measured by its‬‬
‫‪resistance to abrasion by friction.‬‬

‫وهﻰ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻹﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺳ ﻠﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳ ﻜﺎً ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﺗﻌ ﺮف اﻟ ﺼﻼدة‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺮى ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك أو ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺪش أو اﻟﻘﻄﻊ أو إﺣﺪاث ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺻﻼدة اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ‪Indentation Hardness‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺻﻼدة اﻹرﺗﺪاد ‪Rebound Hardness‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺻﻼدة اﻟﺨﺪش ‪Scratch Hardness‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺻﻼدة اﻟﺒﺮى ‪Wear Hardness‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺻﻼدة اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎآﻴﻨﺎت ‪Mechineability Hardness‬‬

‫‪1-4-11 Endurance‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ‪ -‬اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‬

‫‪Is the ability of the material to withstand repeated application of load. The endurance‬‬
‫‪limit is the highest repeated stress that can be applied infinite number of times causing failure‬‬
‫‪to the material.‬‬

‫هﻰ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻣﺮات ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ‪ ،‬أى ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻷﺣﻤ ﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮرة‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺮف ﺣﺪ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺑﺄﻧﻪ أآﺒﺮ إﺟﻬﺎد ﻣﺘﻜﺮر ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻪ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮات دون أن ﺗﻨﻬﺎر‪.‬‬

‫‪1-4-12 Durability‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮل اﻟﺒﻘﺎء – اﻟﺪوام‬

‫‪Is the ability of the material to resist the internal or external destructive conditions‬‬
‫‪over long period of time.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
Properties of Materials

‫ ﻣﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ أو اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ أو اﻟﺤﺮارﻳ ﺔ‬،‫ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة ﻟﻠﻌﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ أو اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻬﺪاﻣ ﺔ‬
.‫وﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

1-5 Axial deformations:

1-5-1 Due to external force:

P ΔL
σ= ,ε= and
A L0
P
σ A = P.L0
E= =
ε ΔL A.ΔL
L0

P.L
ΔL = ………. (1-1)
E. A

1-5-2 Due to self weight

a- the cross section is constant:

.‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬x ‫ وﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬dx ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬

Specific weight (density) t/m3: W
Cross-sectional area cm2: A

: x ‫وزن اﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ أى ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

Px = W.x.A ton
Px .Lx W.L.A
δ x (at any sec tion x) =
E. A

=
(W .x. A).dx = W .x.dx
E. A E
W.x.A
dx
L

W x2
L L
W
ΔL (Total Extension) = ∫ .x.dx =
0
E E0 2

W .L2
ΔL = ………. (1-2)
2.E

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 10

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

1-5-3 Due to external variable load

The load various linearly from 0.0 to w. The load equation is from first degree, so, the
normal force diagram’s degree will be 2.0 (2nd degree parabola).
w.L/2

w=0 w.L/2

L/2
Wx
dx
w t/m

L/2
w
The load at any section x:

WX W X
= WX = W .
X L L

Normal force at any section x:

W X2 W .X 2
X X X
X W
∫0 W . L .dx =
L ∫0
. X .dx =
Lo 2
=−
2.L
+c

W .L W .L
at x = 0.0, the normal force = , then c=
2 2

W .L W . X 2
N= − ………. (1-3)
2 2.L

1
L
1 ⎛ W .L W . X 2
L
⎞ L
1 W .L W X3
E. A ∫0 E. A ∫0 ⎜⎝ 2
δ = N .dx = ⎜ − ⎟⎟.dx = .X − .
2.L ⎠ E. A 0 2 2.L 3

W .L2
δ = ………. (1-4)
3.E. A

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 11

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

Example: Find the total extension of the bar shown in figure. A = 12.50 cm2, E = 2100
t/cm2.

5.0 t 5.0 t

5.0
20.0

15.0 t
5.0 t 10.0 t 10.0
10.0

10.0 t
10.0 t
20.0

2.50 t
q = 0.125 t/m

2.5 7.5
7.50 t
10.0 t
20.0

5.0 t
10.0

5.0 t
5.0
5.0 t

P.L1 − 5.0 * 20.0

ΔL1 = = = −0.004 Cm.
E. A 2100 * 12.50

P.L2 10.0 * 10.0

ΔL 2 = = = +0.004 Cm
E. A 2100 * 12.50

10.0 * 20.0
ΔL3−1 = = +0.0076 Cm (due to concentrated load)
2100 *12.50

W .L2 − 0.125 * 20.0 2

ΔL3− 2 = = = −0.001 Cm (due to uniform load)
3.E. A 3 * 2100 *12.50

− 2.50 * 20.0
ΔL4−1 = = −0.0019 Cm (due to concentrated load)
2100 * 12.50

W .L2 − 0.125 * 20.0 2

ΔL4− 2 = = = −0.0019 Cm (due to uniform load)
2.E. A 2 * 2100 *12.50

P.L − 5.0 * 10.0

ΔL5 = = = −0.0019 Cm
E. A 2100 * 12.50

Total change in length = 0.0009 cm

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 12

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

b- the cress section is variable:

Elongation due to external force P

ab x
d` = d0 – 2.ab, and =
ac L0

ab x d 0 − d1
= then ab = .x
⎛ d 0 − d1 ⎞ L0 2.L0
⎜ 2 ⎟⎠
⎝
d0
d 0 − d1
then d` (diameter at any section x) = d 0 − .x
L0
= d0 – k.x cb a
d 0 − d1
where k=
L0

dx
L0
π d
A (cross-sectional area at x) = π.d`2 / 4 = (d 0 − k .x )2
4

P 4.P
σ (stress at any section x) = = e
Ax π .(d 0 − k .x )2
d
σ 4.P 1
ε (strain at section x) = = . d`
E E.π (d 0 − k .x )2
P
4.P dx
δ x = ε .dx = .
E.π (d 0 − k .x )2

L
4 .P 0
. ∫ (d 0 − k .x ) .dx
−2
δL =
E.π 0

L0
4.P (d 0 − k .x )
−1

δL = .
E.π − 1 * −k
0

L0
4.P 1 d 0 − d1
δL = . , replacing (k) with
E.π .k (d 0 − k .x ) L0
0

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 13

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
4.P L ⎜ 1 1 ⎟
δL = . 0
.⎜ − ⎟
E.π d 0 − d1 ⎜ ⎛ d 0 − d1 ⎞ d0 − 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ d 0 − L .L0 ⎟ ⎟
⎝⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎠

4.P L0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 4.P L0 ⎛ d 0 − d1 ⎞
δL = . .⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ δL = . .⎜ ⎟
E.π d 0 − d1 ⎝ d1 d 0 ⎠ E.π d 0 − d1 ⎜⎝ d 0 .d 1 ⎟⎠

4.P.L0
δL = ………. (1-5)
E.π .(d 0 − d1 )

1-6 Stress in compound sections

:‫( وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬as one unit) ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة أو اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدﺗﻴﻦ أو أآﺜﺮ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺼﺮف آﻮﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة‬

1- ε S = ε C
2- Pt = PS + PC

Suppose we have a bar made of two materials steel, and copper.

σS σC P
εS = , and εC =
ES EC

σS σC
then =
ES EC
P PC
and σ S = S , σC = Steel
AS AC
Copper
PS PC
=
E S . AS E C . AC

E S . AS
PS = PC . , but P = PS + PC
E C . AC

⎛ E .A ⎞
P = PC ⎜⎜1 + S S ⎟⎟
⎝ E C . AC ⎠ P

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 14

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

EC . AC
or, PC = P. ………. (1-6)
EC . AC + E S . AS

E S . AS
PS = P. ………. (1-7)
EC . AC + E S . AS

1-6-1 Reinforced Concrete Columns

P Total load carried by the column

PS load carried by steel bars
PC load carried by concrete
σS stress in steel
σC stress in concrete

σS σC ES
εS = εC , then = σS = σC.
ES EC EC
ES
= n = (mod ular ratio)
EC

σ S = n.σ C

P = PS + PC = σS.AS + σC.AC Concrete

P = n. σC.AS + σC.AC Steel
⎛ A ⎞ AS
P = σ C . AC ⎜⎜1 + n. S ⎟⎟ =μ
⎝ AC ⎠ AC

P = σ C .AC (1+ n.μ) ………. (1-8)

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 15

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

1-7 Simple statically indeterminate problems:

‫ وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻓ ﻰ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬،‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ آﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻹﺗﺰان اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ وه ﺬﻩ‬،‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﺠ ﺐ إدﺧ ﺎل ﺷ ﺮوط اﺧ ﺮى ﺗ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺤ ﻞ‬،‫اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪدة اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴ ًﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌ ﺎدﻻت اﻹﺗ ﺰان ﻏﻴ ﺮ آﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ‬
.(Compatibility Equations) ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط هﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﺸﻮة اﻟﺤﺎدث ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎم‬

Examples:

1- Find the normal stresses, and reactions, E = 2000.0 t/cm2.

.CB ‫ = اﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﺤﺎدث ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء‬AC ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﺰء‬

δ AC = δ CB
RA
R A .L AC R B .LCB A
=
E. A E. A

LAC = 30.0, and LCB = 20.0 RB

30.0
2
3.RA = 2.RB R A = .RB
3 20.0
10.0 t
but, RA + RB = 10.0 t RA

2 B
.R B + R B = 10.0
3 RB

RB = 6.0 t, and RA = 4.0 t

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 16

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪1-7 Thermal stresses‬‬

‫ﻹﻳﺠﺎد اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة ﻓﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ زﻳﺎدة أو ﻧﻘﺺ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ اﻟﺤﺎدث ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ )ﺳﻮاء ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎدة أو ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺺ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺣﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد أو اﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬
‫‪ΔL (due to temperature t) = α.L.t‬‬

‫‪where:‬‬

‫‪α‬‬ ‫‪Coefficient of thermal expansion‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪Original length of the bar‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫)‪Temperature change = (t1 – t0‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺠﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ وﺿﻌﻪ اﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺬى ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻘﻮة‪:‬‬
‫‪P.L‬‬
‫= ‪ΔL‬‬ ‫‪= α .L.t‬‬
‫‪E. A‬‬

‫‪P=α.t.E.A‬‬

‫‪And the thermal stress = P / A‬‬

‫‪σt = α . t . E‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻹﺟﻬﺎدات اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ إذا آﺎن ﺣ ﺮ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺘﻤ ﺪد أو اﻹﻧﻜﻤ ﺎش‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻜ ﻰ ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺠ ﺴﻢ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻤﻨ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺤﺮآ ﺔ )ﻣﻘﻴ ﺪ(‪ .‬ﻓ ﺈذا آ ﺎن اﻟﺠ ﺴﻢ ﺣ ﺮ اﻟﺤﺮآ ﺔ ﻓ ﻰ ﻣﺠ ﺎل ‪ δ‬ﻓ ﺈن اﻹﺳ ﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎد هﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪α . t . L -δ‬‬

‫‪α .t.L − δ‬‬ ‫‪δ‬‬

‫=‪ε‬‬ ‫‪= α .t −‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫‪σ t = ε .E‬‬

‫⎛‬ ‫⎞‪δ‬‬
‫‪σ t = ⎜α .t − ⎟.E‬‬
‫⎝‬ ‫⎠‪L‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

2- Mechanical properties of metals in static tension test

‫اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدن ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺪن ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎآﻴﻨﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﺗ ﺪرﻳﺠﻴ ًﺎ‬
‫ وﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺨ ﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴ ﺔ‬،‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ واﻹﺳ ﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬،‫ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬

σ e

b c f
a d
1- Elastic Stage (0 to a)
2- Yield Stage (b – d)
3- Elastic-Plastic Stage (Ductile
Stage).
1 2 3 4 4- Plastic Stage (Necking Stage)

2-1 Elastic Strength

The elastic strength can be determined from:

2-1-1- Proportional limit

Is the maximum value of the applied stress in the elastic zone.

‫(ﻋﻠﻰ‬a) ‫( ﻓﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ )اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن هﻮك( وﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮهﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬σ) ‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬

2-1-2 Elastic limit

Is the maximum stress that the material can withstand, and if that stress is removed,
there will be no permanent deformations.

‫هﻮ أﻗﺼﻰ إﺟﻬﺎد ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺮﺟﻊ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻰ )دون أى ﺗﺸﻜﻼت داﺋﻤﺔ( ﻋﻨﺪ زوال‬
(Elastic ‫( و‬Proportional Limit) ‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ‬ ً ‫ وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر آ‬،‫(ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬b) ‫ وﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮهﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬.‫هﺬا اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬
.‫ ﻣﺘﺎﻃﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬Limit)

.(Johanson) ‫ وﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬،ً‫( ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬Elastic Limit) ‫وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد‬

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 18

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Johanson’s appearant Elastic limit:‬‬

‫اﻗﺘﺮح )‪ (Johanson‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ إﺟﻬﺎد ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺎس اﻟﻤﻤﺎس ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪ (σ-ε‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻴﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻤﺎس أﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ % 50‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬وهﺬا اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ﻳﻤﺜﻞ )‪.(Elastic Limit‬‬

‫‪Tangent inclination = mt,‬‬ ‫‪and,‬‬

‫‪Straight line inclination = ml‬‬ ‫‪El. L‬‬

‫‪mt = ml – 0.50 mt.‬‬

‫‪1.50 mt = ml.‬‬ ‫‪mt = (2/3) ml‬‬

‫‪D‬‬
‫‪ml = Y/cd‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪then,‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫= ‪mt‬‬
‫‪3 .cd‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (cd‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن‪ ، de = 0.5 cd :‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ‪ .ce = 1.50 cd :‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺼﻞ )‪ ،(oe‬وﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻤﺎس ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬
‫ﻳﻮازى اﻟﺨﻂ )‪ ،(oe‬ﻳﻤﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺪد )‪.(Elastic Limit‬‬

‫‪2-2 Proof Stress‬‬

‫وﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ إﺟﻬ ﺎد اﻟ ﻀﻤﺎن وﻳﺆﺧ ﺬ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻮاد اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺧﻀﻮع‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟ ﻮد ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻧﺘﻘ ﺎل ﺗ ﺪرﻳﺠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ )‪ (Elastic stress‬إﻟﻰ )‪. (Plastic stress‬‬
‫‪example:‬‬

‫‪(0.10 % proof stress) means the stress which‬‬

‫‪P Tons‬‬

‫‪causes 0.10 % of permanent elongation.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻨ ﻰ اﻹﺟﻬ ﺎد اﻟ ﺬى ﻳ ﺴﺒﺐ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺤ ﺪدة ﻣ ﻦ اﻹﻧﻔﻌ ﺎل اﻟﻐﻴ ﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ )إﻧﻔﻌﺎل داﺋﻢ(‪ ،‬وﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ )‪: (P - Δ‬‬
‫‪L mm‬‬
‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪δ‬‬
‫= ‪δ‬‬ ‫‪.L0‬‬
‫‪100‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ δ‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻧﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ X‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺧ ﻂ ﻳ ﻮازى اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻀﻤﺎن )‪ ،(Proof load‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Pr oof Load‬‬

‫= ‪Pr oof Stress‬‬
‫‪A0‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

2-3 Stiffness

Stiffness is measured by the modulus

of elasticity.

Stress
E = tan (θ)
σ
E= in the elastic stage.
ε

θ2
θ1
Strain

2-4 Resilience

.‫هﻰ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬

ΔLP
1
R = ∫ P.dδ = .PP * ΔLP
0
2

Stress
Load

‫( ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻧ ﺔ‬P-Δ) ‫وﺗ ﺴﺎوى اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﺤ ﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ‬

.(‫)اﻟﺨﻄﻴﺔ‬

Modulus of Resilience = Resilience / Volume

Resilience Modulus of Resilience
εP
= ∫ σ .dε ,
0
and σ = E.ε
Elongation Strain
εP
M. of Resiliense = ∫ E.ε .dε
0
= 0.5 E. ε2P

2-5 Plastic strength

:‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬

PMax.
1- Ultimate Strength σu = kg/cm2
A0
P
2- Fracture Strength σf = Frc. kg/cm2
A0

Where:

PMax. the maximum force on the curve

PFrac. The load at fracture.

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 20

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪2-6 Ductility‬‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪L ′ − L0‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬ ‫= ‪% Elongation‬‬ ‫‪.100‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬

‫‪A0 − A′‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬ ‫= ‪% Reduction of area‬‬ ‫‪.100‬‬
‫‪A0‬‬

‫‪A0 − A′‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬ ‫= ‪Elongation factor‬‬ ‫‪.100‬‬
‫‪A′‬‬

‫‪2-7 Toughness‬‬

‫هﻰ ﻣﻘﺪرة اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫‪Load‬‬

‫)‪Toughness = Total area under the (P-Δ‬‬

‫‪ΔLF‬‬
‫‪P + PU‬‬
‫‪diagram = ∫ P.dδ ≈ Y‬‬ ‫‪.ΔLF‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Pu‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪Py‬‬

‫‪Pf‬‬
‫‪Modulus of Toughness = Toughness / Volume‬‬
‫‪εF‬‬
‫‪σ + σU‬‬
‫‪= ∫ σ .dε ≈ Y‬‬ ‫‪.ε F‬‬ ‫‪Lf‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Elongation‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪Toughness Index Number:‬‬

‫‪= σu . εf‬‬

‫‪3- Elongation Equation‬‬

‫أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب أن اﻹﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ هﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.A0‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻄﻮل اﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪L0‬‬

‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻹﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺰأﻳﻦ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺟﺰء ﻣﻮزع ﺑﺈﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﺎدة ﻗﺒﻞ وﺻﻮل اﻟﺤﻤﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ هﺬا اﻟﺠﺰء‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ΔL1 ∝ L0,‬‬ ‫‪then‬‬ ‫‪ΔL1 = constant * L0‬‬

‫‪ΔL1 = b . L0‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ وﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻹﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ وﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪:A0‬‬
‫‪ΔL2 = c .‬‬ ‫‪A0‬‬

‫‪ΔL = ΔL1 + ΔL2‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪ΔL = b.L0 + c. A0‬‬ ‫)‪………. (3-1‬‬

‫وهﻰ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ إذا رﺳﻤﺖ ‪ ΔL‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ ،Y‬و ‪ L0‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ .X‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن ‪ b,c‬ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﺎدة‪.‬‬

‫‪ΔL‬‬
‫‪C. A0‬‬

‫‪L0‬‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ (ΔL , L0‬واﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮع ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻮر ‪ Y‬ﻳﺴﺎوى ‪c. A0‬‬

‫‪ΔL‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪= % Elongation = b + c. 0‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬ ‫‪L0‬‬

‫‪A0‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗ ﻨﺺ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ أﻧﻪ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫‪A0‬‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮة ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫‪L0‬‬
‫‪For Egyptian specifications:‬‬

‫‪L0 = 11.30 * A0‬‬ ‫‪for long specimens‬‬

‫‪L0 = 5.65 * A0‬‬ ‫‪for short specimens‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
Properties of Materials

3-1 True stress-True strain diagram

a- True Stress : equals the applied force at any moment divided by the cross-sectional area at
the same moment.

‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ أى ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬ = ‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‬
Pi
σ `=
Ai

b- True strain:

d0 d1 d2 di
L0

L1

Li
L0

L1

ΔL0 ΔL1 ΔL2 ΔL Li

ΔL
True strain (ε`) =
L0
+
L1
+
L2
+ ........... + i =
Li
∑L0 L

Li
dl
ε` = ∫L
L0
= log e L = log e ( Li ) − log e ( L0 )

Li
ε` = log e ………. (3-2)
L0
but

Li = L0 + ΔLt

L0 + ΔLt
ε ` = log e
L0

⎛ ΔLt ⎞
ε ` = log e ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ = log e (1 + ε ) ………. (3-3)
⎝ L0 ⎠

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 23

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

True strain = loge (1 + ordinary strain)

The volume of specimen is constant, i.e, A0 * L0 = Ai * Li

Li A
= 0
L0 Ai

A0
ε ` = log e ………. (3-4)
Ai

2
A0 ⎛ d 0 ⎞
and for circular specimens =⎜ ⎟⎟
Ai ⎜⎝ d i ⎠

2
⎛d ⎞ ⎛d ⎞
ε = log e ⎜⎜ 0
`
⎟⎟ = 2. log e ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ ………. (3-5)
⎝ di ⎠ ⎝ di ⎠

from equations (3-3) and (3-4)

A0
1+ ε =
Ai
A0
Ai = ………. (3-6)
1+ ε

Pi
σ` = , Substituting from equation (3-6)
Ai

Pi Pi
σ` = .(1 + ε ) , but is the normal stress (σ)
A0 A0

σ ` = σ .(1 + ε ) ………. (3-7)

Equation (3-7) represents the relationship between the true stress (σ`), and the
ordinary stress (σ).

(σ` - ε`) ‫ ﻧﺠ ﺪ أن ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ‬،‫( ﻣﻌﺮﺿ ﺔ ﻹﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر اﻟ ﺸﺪ‬mild steel) ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻠﺐ اﻟﻄﺮى‬
:‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬
1- Part I: Elastic Stage

‫وهﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬

from ε` = 0 to ε` = ε`P

σ` = a . ε` ………… (3-8)

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 24

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪where:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫)”‪is a constant ( a = E “Modulus of Elasticity‬‬

‫‪2- Part II: Elastic-Plastic stage:‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪأ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ وﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ )`‪ (σ` - ε‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪σ` = b . ε`c‬‬

‫‪where:‬‬
‫)‪b, and c are constants (related to each material‬‬
‫”‪b is called “Strength coefficient”, and c “Strain hardening component‬‬

‫‪3- Part III : Plastic stage‬‬

‫وﺗﺒﺪأ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ )`‪ (σ` - ε‬ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﺧ ﻂ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻷﺻﻞ‪:‬‬

‫`‪σ` = k + m. ε‬‬ ‫)‪………. (3-9‬‬

‫‪from‬‬ ‫‪ε` = ε`u‬‬ ‫‪to‬‬ ‫‪ε` = ε`f‬‬

‫‪Where:‬‬
‫‪k, and m are constants‬‬
‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪strain hardening coefficient‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺜﺒﺎت‪:‬‬

‫أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ ﺼﻞ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘ ﻪ اﻟﻘ ﺼﻮى ﺗﺒ ﺪأ اﻟﺮﻗﺒ ﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻈﻬ ﻮر )ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﻢ( أو ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﺘﺸﻮهﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ زوال اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻇﻬ ﻮر اﻟﺮﻗﺒ ﺔ ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻗﺺ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺪن ﺣﺘ ﻰ أن اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ ﻳﺒ ﺪأ ﻓ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨ ﺎﻗﺺ ﺣﺘ ﻰ اﻟﻜ ﺴﺮ‪ .‬وﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻷﻗ ﺼﻰ )أو ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﺗﻜ ﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺮﻗﺒ ﺔ( ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ ﻋ ﺪم اﻟﺜﺒ ﺎت وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪهﺎ رﻳﺎﺿ ﻴﺎً‬
‫آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ إذا آﺎن ‪dP = 0‬‬

‫‪Pi = σ` . Ai‬‬ ‫)‪………. (3-10‬‬

‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪But,‬‬ ‫‪ε` = loge‬‬ ‫) )‪………. ( Equation (3-4‬‬
‫‪Ai‬‬
‫‪A0‬‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪Then,‬‬ ‫`‪= eε‬‬ ‫‪or,‬‬ ‫= ‪Ai‬‬
‫‪Ai‬‬ ‫` ‪eε‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ Ai‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(3-10‬‬
‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪Pi = σ `.‬‬ ‫)‪………. (3-11‬‬
‫` ‪eε‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (3-11‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ أى ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤ ﻞ )‪ (Pmax.‬ﻧﻔﺎﺿ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ وﻧﺴﺎوى ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

[
dP = A0 σ `.e−ε `(−1).dε `+e −ε `.dσ ` = 0 ]
σ `.e−ε `.dε `= e −ε `.dσ `

dσ `
σ `= ………. (3-12)
dε `

‫( ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳ ًﺎ‬σ`-ε`) ‫( ﻳﺘﻀﺢ أن ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻤ ﻞ اﻟﻘ ﺼﻮى ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﻋﻨ ﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻤ ﺎس ﻣﻨﺤﻨ ﻰ‬3-12) ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
.‫( ﻋﻨﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬σ`) ‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‬
‫( ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬σ`-ε`) ‫ واﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‬،‫وﻹﻳﺠﺎد هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‬
.σ` ‫ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺴﺎوى ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‬،‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬

For part II of the (σ`-ε`) curve:

σ` = b . ε`c

dσ `
= b.c.ε `c−1 = σ` = b . ε`c
dε `

c −1 ε `c
c.ε ` = ε ` c
c = c −1 = ε `c−c +1
ε`
c = ε` ………. (3-

.(σ`max.) ‫( ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬3-00) ‫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ε` ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

σ `max . = b.c c ………. (3-

4- Factors affecting the tensile properties of metals:

1- Carbon Content ‫ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع‬، (σu) ‫ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬

.‫ وﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬،(σy)
2- Rate of loading
3- Temperature
4- Over straining
5- Cold working
6- Size and shape of test specimen
7- Effect of eccentric loads
8- Alloying elements
9- Heat treatment

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 26

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

5- Failure of metals under compression

P The compressive force

A Cross-sectional area

For the inclined plane (θ),

A
A`=
cosθ
Pn P.(cosθ )2
Pn = P. cosθ and σn = =
A` A

Where
Pn the normal force to the inclined plane (θ).
σn the normal stress

Pt P
Pt = P. sin θ q= = . sin θ . cosθ
A` A

where:

Pt the tangential (shear) force to the inclined plane (θ).

q the shearing stress

:‫ ﺣﻴﺚ‬μ ‫وإﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘﺺ ﻳﻘﺎوﻣﻪ إﺟﻬﺎد إﺣﺘﻜﺎك داﺧﺎى ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك‬
μ = tan Φ

Where:

φ Angle of the internal friction.

Friction reaction (f) = μ . σn.

.‫رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك = ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك × رد اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدى‬
Stress causing failure = ( q – f )

P P
F= . sin θ . cosθ − tan φ . . cos 2 θ
A A

dF
F is maximum when = 0, and note that φ is constant.
dθ

= [sin θ .(− sin θ ) + cosθ .(cosθ ) + 2 tan φ . cosθ . sin θ ]

dF P
dθ A

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 27

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

dF P
[
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + 2 tan φ . cosθ . sin θ
dθ A
]
but, cos (2θ) = cos2 θ - sin2 θ
sin (2θ) = 2.sin θ . cos θ

dF P ⎡ 1 ⎤
= ⎢cos(2θ ) + 2 tan φ . . sin(2θ )⎥ = 0.0
dθ A ⎣ 2 ⎦

-cos (2θ) = tan φ . sin (2θ)

cos(2θ )
tan φ = − = − cot(2θ )
sin( 2θ )

but, cot θ = tan (90-θ), then,

tan φ = - tan (90-2θ) tan φ = tan (2θ-90)

φ = 2θ - 90

90 + φ φ
θ= = 45 +
2 2

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 28

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Section II‬‬
‫‪Properties and Strength of Concrete Aggregate‬‬

‫‪2-1 Introduction‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ هﻰ ﻣﺎدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم واﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ورآﺎم اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ وﻳﻌﻤﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ آﻤﺎدة راﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وإذا أﺿﻴﻒ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪2-2 Definitions‬‬

‫‪1- Volume Weight (γ`):‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‬

‫هﻮ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت(‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫= ‪γ` = U W‬‬
‫‪Vt‬‬

‫وإذا ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻨ ﺎ أن اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم ﺗﺠﻤﻌ ﺖ ﺳ ﻮﻳ ًﺎ واﻟﻔﺮاﻏ ﺎت ﺗﺠﻤﻌ ﺖ ﺳ ﻮﻳ ًﺎ أﻣﻜ ﻦ رﺳ ﻢ وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻮم ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم آﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Voids‬‬
‫‪vV‬‬
‫‪tV‬‬

‫‪sV‬‬

‫‪Aggregate‬‬

‫‪2- Specific Gravity (γ):‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ‬

‫هﻮ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻮم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎدة )دون أﺧﺬ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎر(‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫=‪γ‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬

‫‪Where‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪the volume of solids only‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫وﻳﻌﺒﺮ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻋﻦ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻦ آﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺮآﺎم آﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3- Absolute Specific Gravity:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‬

‫هﻮ وزن وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﻔﻌﻠ ﻰ وﻻ ﻳ ﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻓ ﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﺣﺘ ﻰ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏ ﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم‪ .‬وﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ )اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ( ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒ ﺎت ﺗﺤﺘ ﻮى ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻓﺮاﻏ ﺎت داﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧ ﻪ ﻳﻠ ﺰم ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻋﻴﻨ ﺔ‬
‫اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر إﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺤﻮق ﺗﻜﻔﻰ ﻧﻌﻮﻣﺘﻪ ﻹزاﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪4- Appearent Specific Gravity:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮى‬

‫ه ﻮ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ وزن وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻮم ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎدة )ﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻰ ذﻟ ﻚ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏ ﺎت( ﻓ ﻰ درﺟ ﺔ ﺣ ﺮارة ﻗﻴﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ )‪ 20‬درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ( إﻟﻰ وزن ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﺴﺎو ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﺰاح ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫‪Unit weight of water = 1.0 gr/cm3,‬‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫‪1000 Kg/m3.‬‬

‫‪in English system‬‬ ‫‪γw = 62.40‬‬ ‫‪lb/Ft3.‬‬
‫‪and‬‬
‫‪γs ≈ γg = 2.65 t/m3.‬‬

‫‪5- Voids Ratio:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻔ ﺮق ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻜﻠ ﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم وﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻖ ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬وﻗ ﺪ ﻳﻨ ﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪ ،‬أو ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺴﺐ ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫)‪Total volume of aggregate (including voids‬‬

‫‪Vv‬‬ ‫‪Volume of voids‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫)‪Volume of solids (absolute volume of aggregate particles‬‬

‫)‪a- Voids ratio with respect to total volume (Porosity n‬‬

‫‪Vv Vt − Vs‬‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬

‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪n =1−‬‬
‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫‪Vt‬‬

‫ﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﺒﺴﻂ واﻟﻤﻘﺎم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ )‪.(Volume Weight Wa‬‬

‫‪Wa Vs‬‬ ‫‪Wa Wa‬‬
‫‪n =1−‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪n =1−‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬
‫‪Wa Vt‬‬ ‫‪Vt Vs‬‬
‫‪but,‬‬
‫‪Wa‬‬ ‫‪Wa‬‬
‫`‪=γ‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪=γ‬‬
‫‪Vt‬‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬
‫‪then,‬‬
‫`‪γ‬‬
‫‪n =1−‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪γ − γ ` Specific Gravity − Volume Weight‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪………. (2-1‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪Specific Gravity‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ – اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ =‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ‬

‫)‪b- Voids ratio with respect to solid volume (e‬‬

‫‪Vv Vt − Vs Vt‬‬ ‫‪W W‬‬

‫=‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −1= a / a −1‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪Vs Vt‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫=‪e‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫`‪γ‬‬

‫‪γ − γ ` Specific Gravity − Volume Weight‬‬

‫=‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪………. (2-2‬‬
‫`‪γ‬‬ ‫‪Volume Weight‬‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ – اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ =‬
‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‬

‫وﻳﻼﺣ ﻆ أﻧ ﻪ ﻟ ﻨﻔﺲ اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﻨ ﻮﻋﻰ آﻠﻤ ﺎ زاد اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤ ﻰ )‪ (Volume Weight‬آﻠﻤ ﺎ ﻗﻠ ﺖ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏ ﺎت‬
‫وآﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت‪.‬‬

‫)‪6- Relation Between (e, and n‬‬

‫‪Vv‬‬ ‫‪Vv‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Vt Vs + Vv‬‬

‫‪1 Vs + Vv Vs‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬ ‫‪e +1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪= +1‬‬ ‫=‪= +1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪Vv‬‬ ‫‪Vv‬‬ ‫‪n e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬

‫‪e‬‬
‫=‪n‬‬ ‫)‪………. (2-3‬‬
‫‪e +1‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪2-3 Grading and Sieve Analysis:‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ هﻮ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ .‬وﺗﻬﺪف ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪرج ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺮآﺎم ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟ ﺼﻐﻴﺮ )اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ( واﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮ )اﻟ ﺰﻟﻂ( ﻹﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻄ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺘﺪرج ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺠ ﺪول اﻟﺘ ﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻮﺿ ﺢ ﻣﻘ ﺎس ﻓﺘﺤ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈ ﺔ أن أرﻗ ﺎم اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧ ﻞ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﻮﺻﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Specification‬‬ ‫‪Gravel‬‬ ‫‪Sand‬‬

‫‪British‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫" ‪1‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8 16‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪Egyptian‬‬ ‫‪40.0‬‬ ‫‪20.0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2.5 1.25 0.625 0.321 0.156‬‬
‫‪mm‬‬ ‫‪mm‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ آﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻞ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻣﻘﺎس ﻓﺘﺤﺔ آ ﻞ ﻣﻨﺨ ﻞ وﻋ ﺎدة ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻰ آﺎﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪Test‬‬ ‫‪Sieve analysis by sieves‬‬ ‫‪Sedimentation by Hydrometer‬‬

‫‪Soil‬‬ ‫‪Gravel‬‬ ‫‪Sand‬‬
‫‪Silt‬‬ ‫‪Clay‬‬
‫‪Type‬‬ ‫‪Fine‬‬ ‫‪Coarse Medium‬‬ ‫‪Fine‬‬
‫‪No. 200‬‬
‫‪No. 100‬‬

‫‪Sieve‬‬
‫‪No. 10‬‬

‫‪No. 20‬‬

‫‪No. 40‬‬

‫‪No. 60‬‬
‫‪No. 4‬‬
‫‪3/4‬‬
‫‪1/2‬‬
‫‪3/8‬‬

‫‪100‬‬
‫‪Percentage of passing by weight %‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪70‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.075‬‬

‫‪0.005‬‬
‫‪19.0‬‬
‫‪12.7‬‬
‫‪9.52‬‬

‫‪4.75‬‬

‫‪0.84‬‬

‫‪0.42‬‬

‫‪0.25‬‬

‫‪0.15‬‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.001‬‬ ‫‪0.0001‬‬

‫‪Diameter of soil grain in mm‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫وﻳﻼﺣﻆ أن اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (Logarithmic Base‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪log(a ) = b. log(a‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪and‬‬
‫) ‪log(a.b ) = log(a ) + log(b‬‬

‫وﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﻪ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎس ﻟﻮﻏ ﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗ ﻪ ﺗ ﺴﺎوى )‪ (2‬ﻧﺨﺘ ﺎر ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎس رﺳ ﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺐ ﻟﺮﺳ ﻢ ))‪ (log(2‬وﺑ ﺎﻗﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎت ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ‪ :‬ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻰ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﻴﺔ ))‪ (log(2‬ﻷن ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎوى ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- It is required to draw the grading curves for both sand and gravel‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Sieve Size‬‬ ‫" ‪1‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪% passing Sand‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪% passing Gravel‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪100‬‬
‫‪Percentage of passing by weight %‬‬

‫‪90‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪a‬‬‫‪nd‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪el‬‬
‫‪av‬‬

‫‪50‬‬
‫‪Gr‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪No. 100‬‬

‫" ‪3 / 16‬‬
‫‪No. 52‬‬

‫‪No. 25‬‬

‫‪No. 14‬‬

‫"‪3/8‬‬

‫"‪3/4‬‬

‫" ‪1.50‬‬
‫‪No. 7‬‬

‫‪Sieve Size‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

2- The sieve analysis test was carried out on two samples of aggregates, the total weight of
gravel sample was (10000 gm), and the total weight of sand sample was (1000 gm).
The weight on each sieve for both sand and gravel is displayed in the following table. It is
required to draw the grading curves for both sand and gravel.

1 3 3 3
Sieve Size 1 " " " " 7 14 25 52 100 Pan
2 4 8 16
weight of sand - - - 20 130 100 260 370 110 10
weight of gravel 480 5050 3000 1250 220 - - - - -

Solution

1 3 3 3
Sieve Size 1 " " " " 7 14 25 52 100 Pan
2 4 8 16
Total weight of - - - 20 150 250 510 880 990 100
sand
Total weight of 480 5530 8530 9780 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000
gravel
% retained - - - 2 15 25 51 88 99 100
sand
%retained 4.8 55.3 85.3 97.80 100 100 100 100 100 100
gravel
% passing 100 100 100 98 85 75 49 12 1 0
sand
% passing 95.2 44.7 14.7 2.20 - - - - - -
gravel
100
Percentage of passing by weight %

90
80
70
nd

60
Sa

50
40
el
av

30
Gr

20
10
0
No. 100

3 / 16 "
No. 14
No. 52

No. 25

3/4"
3/8"

1.50 "
No. 7

Sieve Size

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 34

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ اﻟﻨﻌﻮﻣﺔ ‪2-4 Finesse Modulus‬‬

‫ه ﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬى ﻳ ﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻂ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم وﻳ ﺴﺎوى ﻣﺠﻤ ﻮع اﻟﻨ ﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺠ ﻮزة ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪.(100‬‬
‫= ‪Finesse Modulus for Sand‬‬ ‫‪2 to 3.75‬‬
‫= ‪Gravel‬‬ ‫‪5 to 8‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎس اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرى اﻷآﺒﺮ ‪2-5 Maximum nominal size‬‬

‫هﻮ ﻣﻘﺎس أﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮور )‪ (%95‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺐ أﻻ ﻳﺰﻳ ﺪ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺎس اﻹﻋﺘﺒ ﺎرى اﻷآﺒ ﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 0.25 -1‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 0.20‬أﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3/2 -2‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 4/3‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Note: Sieve number (25) determines the size of sand according to the percentage passing‬‬
‫‪through it as follows:‬‬

‫‪Type of Sand‬‬ ‫‪Percentage Passing‬‬

‫‪Coarse‬‬ ‫‪< 34‬‬
‫‪Medium‬‬ ‫‪35 – 59‬‬
‫‪Fine‬‬ ‫‪60 – 79‬‬
‫‪Very fine‬‬ ‫‪80 - 100‬‬

‫‪2-6 Limits of Grading‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪود اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓ ﻰ أﻋﻤ ﺎل اﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴ ﺚ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻘ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺪود ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

Problems on Grading of combined aggregate (1)

‫ واﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب إﻳﺠ ﺎد اﻟﺘ ﺪرج‬،(‫ إذا أﻋﻄﻰ اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟ ﺼﻐﻴﺮ )اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ( واﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮ )اﻟ ﺰﻟﻂ‬-1
.( n : m ) ‫اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﺮآﺎم ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة‬
Sand : Gravel (in combined aggregate)
n : m

1- Mathematical Method

S n
=
G m
Where:
S refers to Sand
G refers to Gravel
A refers to combined Aggregate

n m
A= .S + .G
n+m n+m

n.S + m.G
A= ………. (2-
n+m

Where:
(n+m) ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‬
S ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
G ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻟﻂ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬
A ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ‬

For example, if the mix proportion of Sand to Gravel was 2 : 3, and for sieve size (3 / 8 “ ) the
percentage passing of sand was 100, and the percentage passing of gravel was 36, then the
percentage passing of the combined aggregate will be:

n.S + m.G 2 * 100 + 3 * 36

A= = = 61.60 %
n+m 2+3

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 36

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪2- Graphical Method‬‬

‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫"‪3/4‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫‪3/‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫"‪8‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫‪% Passing Gravel‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪/1‬‬
‫‪% Passing Sand‬‬

‫‪no‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪57.3 %‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫‪no‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪no.‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪no. 52‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪n. 100‬‬
‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.0 % Sand / Aggregate‬‬

‫‪% Gravel / Aggregate 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻴ ﺴﺎر( ﻟﻴﻤﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳ ﻰ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻴﻤ ﻴﻦ( ﻟﻴﻤﺜ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ )‪.(0.0 to 100‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻷﻓﻘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻴ ﺴﺎر إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻴﻤ ﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ ‪(Sand /‬‬
‫)‪ ،Aggregate‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻟﻴﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ )‪.(Gravel / Aggregate‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳ ﻰ اﻷﻳ ﺴﺮ( إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ )" ‪ (3/8‬اﻟﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳ ﻰ اﻷﻳﻤ ﻦ(‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﻨﺨ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻤ ﺜ ً‬
‫)‪ ،(100%‬واﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ )‪ (36%‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (100‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳ ﻰ اﻷﻳ ﺴﺮ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ )‪(36‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ‪ ،‬وهﻜﺬا ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ )‪ (1 : 2‬ﻓ ﺈن ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم ﺗﻜ ﻮن )‪ ،(1:3 = 0.333‬ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻟﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮآﺎم ﺗﻜﻮن )‪ ،(2:3 = 0.666‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ رأﺳﻴ ًﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (0.33‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﻴ ﺎس اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ اﻷﻓﻘ ﻰ ﻓﻴﻘﻄ ﻊ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮط‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻧﻘﺎط‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻤﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﺜ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨﻞ )”‪ (3/8‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (57.33‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ‬
‫هﻰ )‪ ،(57.33%‬وهﻜﺬا ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

Example:

1- Given the grading of both fine and coarse aggregate. It is required to obtain the grading
of combined aggregate with the ratio (1 Sand : 2 Gravel).

Solution

:‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬-1
: ‫ﻧﻌﻮض ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬
n.S + m.G
A=
n+m
Where:

n = 1, and m=2

1 3 3 3
Sieve Size 1 " " " " 2 14 25 52 100
2 4 8 16
% passing Sand 100 100 100 96 81 60 45 24 6
% passing Gravel 96 75 36 3 0 0 0 0 0
% passing Aggregate
S + 2*G 97.33 83.33 57.33 34 27 20 15 8 2
=
3

.‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬-2

Problems on grading of aggregate (2)

‫ واﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب إﻳﺠ ﺎد ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ‬.‫ وآ ﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘ ﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒ ﻰ ﻟﺮآ ﺎم ﺧﻠ ﻴﻂ‬،‫ واﻟﺘ ﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒ ﻰ ﻟﻠ ﺰﻟﻂ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ‬-2
.‫ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ ﻟﻜﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ رآﺎم ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺪرج اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم‬

:‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬:‫أو ًﻻ‬

3
،‫ واﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ‬،‫ ه ﻮ اﻟﺤ ﺪ اﻟﻔﺎﺻ ﻞ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺰﻟﻂ‬inch) (5.0 mm or ‫ﺗ ﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻ ﻔﺎت ﻋﻠ ﻰ أن اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ ﻣﻘ ﺎس‬
16
.‫ وآﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮز ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ زﻟﻂ‬،‫ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ أن آﻞ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ رﻣﻞ‬

n.S + m.G
For combined aggregate, A=
n+m

3
.inch) (5.0 mm or ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ‬
16
% Passing Gravel = 0.0, G = 0.0

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 38

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

n.S A n S n+m m
A= = = =1+
n+m S n+m A n n

m S S−A
= −1=
n A A

n A
( Mix proportion ) = ………. (
m S−A

‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺤﺪث أن ﻳﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺰﻟﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ )ﺗﻤ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ‬،(G = 0.0) ‫وهﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ إذا آﺎﻧﺖ‬
.(G ≠ 0.0) ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬،((5 mm)
n.S + m.G
A=
n+m

A.n + A.m = n.S + m.G

n( A − S ) = m(G − A)

n (A − G)
= ………. (
m (S − A)

Where, S, G, and A are the values of percentage passing of Sand, Gravel, and
Aggregate from sieve size (5 mm).
:‫ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬:ً‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
100 1.5 " 100
90 90
80 80
% Passing Gravel

no 3
/1
% Passing Sand

70 .7 6 70
no " 3/
. 14 4"
60 60
50 50
no.
40 25 3/ 40
8"
30 30
20 20
10 no. 52 10
n. 100
0.0 0.0
65.6 34.40
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.0 % Sand / Aggregate

% Gravel / Aggregate 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 39

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪ ،inch‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ ‪(5.0 mm or‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ ﺗﺴﺎوى ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮآﺎم‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم ﻧﺮﺳ ﻢ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ أﻓﻘﻴ ًﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻄ ﻊ اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺳ ﻮم ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ ‪(5.0 mm or‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪ inch‬ﻓﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ رأﺳﻴ ًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪16‬‬

‫‪Example:‬‬

‫‪Given the grading of a desired combined aggregate, and the grading of both sand and‬‬
‫‪gravel. It is required to find the ratio of (Sand : Gravel) to satisfy the grading of the desired‬‬
‫‪combined aggregate.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Sieve Size‬‬ ‫" ‪1‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫‪% passing Sand‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪% passing Gravel‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪% passing Aggregate‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪n ( A − G ) 35 − 3 32‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.525‬‬
‫‪m (S − A) 96 − 35 61‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪n.S + m.G‬‬
‫=‪A‬‬
‫‪n+m‬‬
‫‪for example, Sieve (3 / 4 “):‬‬

‫‪32 * 100 + 61 * 55‬‬

‫=‪A‬‬ ‫‪= 70.484 %‬‬
‫‪32 + 61‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫وهﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﺳ ﻢ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ أﻓﻘﻴ ًﺎ ﻋﻨ ﺪ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ )‪ (35%‬ﻓﻴﻘﻄ ﻊ اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤﺮﺳ ﻮم ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪ ،inch‬ﻓﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ رأﺳﻴﺎً‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ )‪.(65.6) ، (34.4‬‬ ‫‪(5.0 mm or‬‬
‫‪16‬‬

‫إذن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻂ‪:‬‬

‫‪n 34.4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.524‬‬
‫‪m 65.6‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
Properties of Materials

Problems on grading of aggregate (3)

.‫ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ وﺗﺪرج آﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬،‫ واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب إﻳﺠﺎد ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬،‫ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم ﺗﺪرج رآﺎم ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬-3

3
‫ ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ‬،‫ اﻟ ﺬى ﻳﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟ ﺰﻟﻂ‬inch) (5.0 mm or ‫ﺑ ﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨ ﻞ‬
16
.‫اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل هﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ رﻣﻞ‬

Example:

1- The grading of a combined aggregate is shown in the following table. It is required to

find the mix proportion of (sand : gravel), and the grading of both of them.

Sieve Size (mm) 60 40 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.31 0.16

% passing Aggregate 98 92 56 31 20 17 15 9 3 1

Solution

‫( أى أن ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ‬20 %) ‫( ه ﻰ‬5 mm) ‫اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺎر ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ ﺧ ﻼل ﻣﻨﺨ ﻞ‬
.(20 %) ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬

S n
%=
A n+m

20 n
= 100 * n = 20 * n + 20 * m
100 n + m

n 20 1
80 * n = 20 * m = =
m 80 4
n:m=1:4

:‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺪرج آﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‬،‫وﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‬
n.S + m.G
A=
n+m

1- For sieves (60 mm to 5 mm), S = 100 %

A(n + m ) − n.S
G= %
m

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 41

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪n = 1, m = 4, S = 100‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ) ‪.(60 mm to 5 mm‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬

‫‪2- For sieves (5 mm to 0.16 mm),‬‬ ‫‪G = 0.0 %‬‬

‫) ‪A(n + m‬‬
‫=‪S‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎرة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺧ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ ‪(5 mm to 0.16 mm‬‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬
‫)‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Surface area of aggregate‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ﻣﻦ أه ﻢ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﺗ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻤ ﺎل‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ أن‬
‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒ ﺎت اﻟﺮآ ﺎم ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺳ ﻚ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻋﺠﻴﻨ ﺔ اﻷﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﻤﻨﺘ ﺸﺮة ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒ ﺎت اﻟﺮآ ﺎم‪.‬أى أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم هﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Effect of surface area on the properties of concrete‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ زﻟﻂ وأﺳﻤﻨﺖ وﻣﺎء ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ذات ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻟﻂ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ 5-2‬ﺳﻢ‪\2‬ﺟﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﻟﻌﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‪ ،‬وﻟﻌﺪم إﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ دﻣﻚ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ إذا اﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ رﻣﻞ وأﺳﻤﻨﺖ وﻣﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ذات ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ آﺒﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻰ ﺗﺘ ﺮاوح ﺑ ﻴﻦ )‪ 100-60‬ﺳ ﻢ‪\2‬ﺟ ﻢ( ﻓ ﻼ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻔﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﺎء اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺧﻠﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أن آﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎء اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠ ﻂ ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫آﺒﻴﺮة ﺟﺪًا ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‪.‬‬

‫وأﻣﺎ إذا اﺳﺘﺨﺪم رآﺎم ﺧﻠﻴﻂ )رﻣﻞ ‪ +‬زﻟﻂ( ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎء ﺧﻠﻂ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻓﺮاﻏﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ آﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ رﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم‪ ،‬وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ أﻣﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ أن أﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ 30-25‬ﺳﻢ‪\2‬ﺟﻢ(‪.‬‬
‫‪Specific Surface Area cm2 / gm‬‬

‫‪400‬‬

‫‪300‬‬

‫‪200‬‬
‫‪25 - 30 cm2/gm‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪0.0‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪Specific Surface Area Cm2/gm‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Calculating the surface area of aggregate:‬‬

‫هﻨﺎك ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم‪ ،‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻷوﻟ ﻰ ﻧﻌﺘﺒ ﺮ ﺣﺒﻴﺒ ﺎت اﻟﺮآ ﺎم آﺮوﻳ ﺔ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬وه ﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ أو ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺰﻟﻂ ذات اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮوى‪ .‬وﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ ﻳﺆﺧ ﺬ ﻓ ﻰ اﻹﻋﺘﺒ ﺎر أن ﺣﺒﻴﺒ ﺎت اﻟﺮآ ﺎم ﻟﻬ ﺎ أﺷ ﻜﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻰ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ذو اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺷﺮح هﺎﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- Assuming that the particles have spherical shape:‬‬

‫ﻹﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ﺑﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺗ ﻪ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ آ ﺮات‪ ..‬ﻳﺠ ﺮى إﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر اﻟﺘ ﺪرج اﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒ ﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮآﺎم‪ ،‬وﻟﻴﻜﻦ وزﻧﻪ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ )‪ (Wt‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧ ﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﻌ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﻤﺤﺠ ﻮز ﻋﻠ ﻰ آ ﻞ ﻣﻨﺨ ﻞ وﻟ ﻴﻜﻦ ‪(W1,‬‬
‫)‪.W2, W3,…….‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ذات اﻟﻤﻘﺎس اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ واﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻞ آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻔﺮض أن ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ذات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ = ﻋﺪد ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم = ‪N‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻔﺮض أن اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم = ‪d‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم )‪γ = (Specific Weight‬‬

‫وزن اﻟﺮآﺎم ذو اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ = ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﺮة × ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺮات × اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫⎞ ‪4 ⎛d‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪.π .⎜ ⎟ .N .γ‬‬
‫⎠‪3 ⎝2‬‬
‫‪π‬‬
‫= `‪W‬‬ ‫‪.d 3 .N .γ‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫` ‪6.W‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬
‫‪π .d 3 .γ‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم ذو اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ = اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮة × ﻋﺪد اﻟﻜﺮات‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫⎞ ‪⎛d‬‬
‫⎜‪= 4.π .‬‬ ‫‪⎟ .N‬‬
‫⎠‪⎝2‬‬

‫` ‪6.W‬‬ ‫` ‪6.W‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪π .d 2 .‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪π .d 3 .γ‬‬ ‫‪d .γ‬‬

‫‪Where:‬‬

‫`‪W‬‬ ‫‪Weight of aggregate passing through a specific opening d1, and retained on the‬‬
‫‪sieve opening d2‬‬
‫‪d‬‬ ‫‪Average size of aggregate particles:‬‬
‫‪d, can be represented by:‬‬
‫‪d1 + d 2‬‬
‫=‪d‬‬ ‫)‪(Arithmetic mean‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪d = d1 .d 2 (Geometric mean‬‬
‫) ‪log(d1 ) + log(d 2‬‬
‫= )‪log (d‬‬ ‫)‪(Logarithmic mean‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪Specific weight of aggregate material‬‬

‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم آﻠﻪ‪:‬‬

‫` ‪⎛ 6.W1 ` 6.W2 ` 6.W3‬‬ ‫⎞‬

‫⎜⎜ =‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪+ ..............‬‬
‫‪⎝ d1.γ‬‬ ‫‪d 2 .γ‬‬ ‫‪d 3 .γ‬‬ ‫⎠‬

‫‪Where:‬‬

‫‪ : d1‬ﻣﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪(1‬‬

‫‪ ) ½ : d2‬ﻣﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ + (1‬ﻣﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪( (2‬‬
‫‪ ) ½ : d3‬ﻣﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ + (2‬ﻣﻘﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻞ رﻗﻢ )‪ ،( (3‬وهﻜﺬا‪،،‬‬

‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻮزن =‬

‫` ‪⎛ 6.W1 ` 6.W2 ` 6.W3‬‬ ‫⎞‬
‫⎜⎜‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪+ ..............‬‬
‫‪⎝ d1.γ‬‬ ‫‪d 2 .γ‬‬ ‫‪d 3 .γ‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪Wt‬‬
‫‪If (P1, P2, P3, …….) are the percentage passing from sieves (1, 2, 3, …..) respectively,‬‬
‫= ‪then the specific surface area‬‬

‫) ‪⎛ 6.( P1 − P2 ) 6.( P2 − P3 ) 6.( P3 − P4‬‬ ‫⎞‬

‫⎜⎜‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪+ ..............‬‬
‫‪⎝ d1.γ‬‬ ‫‪d 2 .γ‬‬ ‫‪d 3 .γ‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪100‬‬

‫‪2- Assuming that the particles have different shapes:‬‬

‫ﻓﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ذات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس أﻧﻬﺎ ذات ﺷﻜﻞ آ ﺮوى‪،‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﺼﺤﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(Angularity, or form Factors‬‬
‫وﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻮزن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم =‬

‫` ‪⎛ 6.W1‬‬ ‫` ‪6.W2‬‬ ‫` ‪6.W3‬‬ ‫⎞‬

‫‪⎜⎜ S1‬‬ ‫‪+ S2‬‬ ‫‪+ S3‬‬ ‫⎟⎟ ‪+ ..............‬‬
‫‪⎝ d1 .γ‬‬ ‫‪d 2 .γ‬‬ ‫‪d 3 .γ‬‬ ‫⎠‬
‫‪Wt‬‬
‫وﻟﻘﺪ أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب واﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ أﺟﺮﻳﺖ أن ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ …… ‪ S1, S2, S3,‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ آﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم‬

‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=S‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ذات اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺪﻣﻮك‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوى‬

‫)‪S = 1 (in case of spherical particles‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

Example:

1- It is required to determine the specific surface area for the Sand, and Gravel samples
given their grading in the following table. Assume that specific gravity (γ) for both sand
and gravel = 2.65 t/m3, and the form factor = 1.40.

Sieve Size mm 40 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.625 0.31 0.16

% passing Sand 100 100 100 97.5 85 75 48 12 1
% passing Gravel 95 44.8 13.4 0.6 - - - - -

Solution

1- Specific surface area of Sand:

Sieve size Logarithmic % passing P1 – P2 6.( P1 − P2 ) 6.( P1 − P2 )

mm Mean (d)cm P S.
d .γ d .γ
40 100
20 2.8284 100 - - -
10 1.4142 100 - - -
5 0.7071 97.5 2.5 8.0051 11.207
2.5 0.3536 85 12.5 80.04 112.056
1.25 0.17678 75 10 128.077 179.3078
0.625 0.0884 48 27 691.5393 968.155
0.31 0.0442 12 36 1844.348 2582.0872
0.16 0.0221 1 11 1127.1 1577.94
5430.75

Specific surface area of sand = 5430.75 / 100 = 54.3 cm2 / gr.

2- Specific area of Gravel

Sieve size Logarithmic % passing P1 – P2 6.( P1 − P2 ) 6.( P1 − P2 )

mm Mean (d)cm P S.
d .γ d .γ
40 95
20 2.8284 44.8 50.20 40.185 56.259
10 1.4142 13.4 31.40 50.27 70.378
5 0.7071 0.60 12.80 40.98 57.372
184.016

Specific surface area of Gravel = 184.016 / 100 = 1.84 cm2/gr.

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 46

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪ :‬اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ رآﺎم ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻳﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ )وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرج اﻟﺮﻣﻞ(‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻟﻂ )وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺪرج اﻟﺰﻟﻂ(‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺮآﺎم ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ ‪ :‬اﻟﺰﻟﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ رآﺎم ﻳﻌﻄﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪n. As + m. Ag‬‬
‫= ‪Aa‬‬
‫‪n+m‬‬

‫‪Where:‬‬

‫‪Aa‬‬ ‫‪Specific surface area of combined aggregate‬‬

‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪Specific surface area of sand‬‬
‫‪Ag‬‬ ‫‪Specific surface area of gravel‬‬
‫‪n,m‬‬ ‫‪Mix proportion of sand : gravel‬‬

‫‪n. Aa + m. Aa = n. As + m. Ag‬‬ ‫) ‪m.( Aa − Ag ) = n.( As − Aa‬‬

‫) ‪n (Aa − Ag‬‬
‫=‬ ‫( ‪……….‬‬
‫) ‪m ( As − Aa‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ )ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر( ﻟﻴﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻴﻤ ﻴﻦ( ﻟﻴﻤﺜ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺰﻟﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻟﻂ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ آ ً‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻷﻓﻘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻴ ﺴﺎر إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻴﻤ ﻴﻦ ﻟﻴﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ ‪(Sand /‬‬
‫)‪ ،Aggregate‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﻟﻴﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ )‪.(Gravel / Aggregate‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﺮﺳ ﻢ ﺧ ﻂ ﻳ ﺼﻞ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻣ ﻞ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳ ﻰ اﻷﻳ ﺴﺮ( إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺰﻟﻂ )ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻷﻳﻤﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪ ،‬وه ﻰ ﻧﻔ ﺲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ رأﺳ ﻴًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﺤ ﻮر اﻷﻓﻘ ﻰ ﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﺮﻣ ﻞ ﻳﻤ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄ ﺔ ‪%‬‬
‫‪n+m‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺞ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪%‬‬
‫‪n+m‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ اﻟﻤﺮﺳ ﻮم ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮة )‪ (4‬ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺨ ﻂ اﻟﻤﺎﺋ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺳ ﻮم ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮة )‪ ،(3‬وﻣ ﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻘ ﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄ ًﺎ أﻓﻘﻴﺎً‪ ،‬وﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

Properties of Materials

Surface area of Gravel cm2/gm

50 50

Surface Area of Sand cm2/gm

40 40

30 30

22.8
20 20

10 10

0.0 0.0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.0 % Sand / Aggregate

% Gravel / Aggregate 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

:‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ هﺎﻣﺔ‬
30-25) ‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﺨﻠ ﻴﻂ اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﺗﻌﻄ ﻰ أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻀﻐﻂ ﺗﺘ ﺮاوح ﺑ ﻴﻦ‬
،(‫ أو إذا ذآﺮت آﻠﻤﺔ )أﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﺈذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺬآﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬،(‫ﺟﻢ‬/2‫ﺳﻢ‬
.‫ﺟﻢ‬/2‫ ﺳﻢ‬25 ‫ﻓﺈن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ‬

Examples:

1- In the previous example, if the percentage of sand and gravel in the mixed aggregate was
40.0 %, and 60.0 % respectively, find the specific surface area of the resulted aggregate.

Solution

1- Mathematical method:

n : m = 40 : 60 = 2 : 3

n. As + m. Ag 2 * 54.3 + 3 * 1.84
Aa = = = 22.82 cm2/gr.
n+m 2+3

2- Graphical method:

Sand : Aggregate = 2 : 5 = 40 %, The solution is given in the previous chart.

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 48

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

2- two samples of sand, the first is coarse, and its specific surface area equals to 50 cm2/gm,
and the second is fine with specific surface area of 80 cm2/gm. There is also a sample of
gravel with 5.0 cm2/gm specific surface area.

Determine the mix proportion of both the two samples of sand with the sample of gravel to
obtain a sample of aggregate with 25.0 cm2/gm specific surface area in each case. It is also
required to find the resulted specific surface area of the aggregate if each type of sand is
mixed with gravel by (1:1), and (1 : 4). Use both mathematical and graphical methods.

Solution

1- Mathematical method:

a- for sand with 50.0 cm2/gm specific surface area:

n Aa − Ag n 25 − 5 20 4
= = = =
m As − Aa m 50 − 25 25 5
n:m=4:5 = 1 : 1.25

b- for sand with 80.0 cm2/gm specific surface area:

n Aa − Ag n 25 − 5 20 4
= = = =
m As − Aa m 80 − 25 55 11
n : m = 4 : 11 = 1 : 2.75

2- Graphical method:

90 90
Surface area of Gravel cm2/gm
Surface Area of Sand cm2/gm

80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0.0 44.4 26.7 0.0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.0 % Sand / Aggregate

% Gravel / Aggregate 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 49

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

to find the surface area of aggregate:

n. As + m. Ag
Aa =
n+m

1- Coarse sand with gravel ( 1 : 1)

1 * 50 + 1 * 5
Aa = = 27.50 cm2/gm
2

2- Coarse sand with gravel ( 1 : 4)

1 * 50 + 4 * 5
Aa = = 14.0 cm2/gm
5

3- Fine sand with gravel ( 1 : 1)

1 * 80 + 1 * 5
Aa = = 42.50 cm2/gm
2
4- Fine sand with gravel ( 1 : 4)

1 * 80 + 4 * 5
Aa = = 20.0 cm2/gm
5
90 90
Surface area of Gravel cm2/gm
Surface Area of Sand cm2/gm

80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
42.5
40 40
30 27.5 30
20 20.0 20
14.0
10
0.0 0.0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0.0 % Sand / Aggregate

% Gravel / Aggregate 0.0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 50

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Section III‬‬
‫‪Cement‬‬

‫‪3-1 Introduction‬‬

‫‪Soundness of Cement‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺒﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ هﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ هﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪًا ﻓﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ أن اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ اﻟﺬى ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻳﻨ ﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺆدى ﻟﺤﺪوث ﺗﺸﻮهﺎت أو ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ )‪ (Soundness‬ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺧﻠ ﻮ اﻷﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﻮاد اﻟ ﻀﺎرة‪ ،‬وﺧ ﺼﻮﺻﺎً ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺘ ﻰ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﺗ ﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻗ ﻮة ودواﻣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳ ﺎﻧﺔ )‪ ، (Strength and Durability‬وﺗﺤ ﺪث اﻟ ﺸﺮوخ ﻓ ﻰ اﻷﻋﻤ ﺪة أو اﻟﺒﻠﻮآ ﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺳ ﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠ ﺔ ﺣ ﺪوث ﺗﻤ ﺪد ﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻸﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ ﻳ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ﺪوث ﺿ ﻐﻂ داﺧﻠ ﻰ ﻗ ﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻠ ﻪ‬
‫اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ وﺗﺘﻔﺘﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻜﺘﻞ وﻳﺤﺪث اﻟﺸﺮخ‪.‬‬

‫واﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ هﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- Free Lime‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف أن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ هﻰ )اﻟﺠﻴﺮ واﻟﻄﻔﻞ "اﻟﻄﻴﻦ"‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ( ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﺤﻦ ه ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻌﺎً ﺛﻢ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮن‪ ،‬وداﺧ ﻞ اﻟﻔ ﺮن ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻔ ﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴ ﺔ ﺗ ﺆدى إﻟ ﻰ اﺗﺤ ﺎد أﻳ ﻮن اﻟﻜﺎﻟ ﺴﻴﻮم‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻊ آﻤﻴ ﺎت ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻠﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜ ﻦ ﻳﺤ ﺪث أن ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ زﻳ ﺎدة ﻓ ﻰ أﻳ ﻮن اﻟﻜﺎﻟ ﺴﻴﻮم اﻟﺤ ﺮ داﺧ ﻞ اﻷﺳ ﻤﻨﺖ‪ ،‬وأﻳ ﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻋﻨﻪ ﺷﺮاهﺘﻪ ﻹﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻤﺎء آﻤﺎ أﻧﻪ أﺛﻨﺎء ذوﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺣﺮارة ﺷﺪﻳﺪة )ﺗﺒﻌﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻵﺗﻴﺔ(‪:‬‬
‫أآﺴﻴﺪ آﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم )ﺟﻴﺮ ﺣﻰ( ‪ +‬ﻣﺎء ← هﻴﺪروآﺴﻴﺪ آﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم ‪ +‬ﺣﺮارة‪.‬‬

‫‪2 Ca O + 2 H2 O → 2 Ca (OH)2 + Heat‬‬

‫ووﺟﻮد اﻟﺠﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺸﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ أى ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗ ﺪ ﺗﺤ ﺪث ﻋﻨ ﺪ وﺟ ﻮد ﺟﻴ ﺮ ﺣ ﻰ ‪(Free‬‬
‫)‪ lime‬ﻓﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪوث اﻟﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﺒﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻮﺗﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﺮ وﺻ ﻮل أى آﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﺠ ﺮ‬
‫وﺗﺆدى ﻟﺤﺪوث ﺷﺮخ ﻓﻰ آﺘﻠﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‪.‬‬

‫وﻣ ﻦ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻧﺠ ﺪ أن ﺗ ﺄﺧﻴﺮ اﻟ ﺸﻚ ﻣﻴ ﺰة ﻋﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺠﻌ ﻞ اﻟﺠﻴ ﺮ اﻟﺤ ﻰ ﻳﺄﺧ ﺬ ﻓﺮﺻ ﺘﻪ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠ ﺔ ﻓ ﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺎء واﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫هﻴﺪروآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم )ﺟﻴﺮ ﻣﻄﻔﺄ(‪.‬‬

‫‪2- The presence of too high Magnesia‬‬

‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮح ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎﻏﻨﺴﻴﻮم ﻓﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻳﺠﺐ أﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪% 5‬‬

‫‪3- The presence of excess of Sulphate‬‬

‫أﻣﻼح اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت وﺧﺼﻮﺻًﺎ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ أآﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ )‪ (S O3‬ﻳﺠﺐ أﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪.% 2‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﺪم ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻸﺳﻤﻨﺖ )‪ (Cement Unsoundness‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺤﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﺮ )ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم( إﻟﻰ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﺗﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺮن‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﻳ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﻴ ﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﻜﻮن أآﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎً‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ )‪ (Clay‬ﻓﻴﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮص وﺟﻮد ﺟﻴﺮ ﺣﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻼج اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪة ﻟﻸﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﻴ ﺮ اﻣﺘ ﺼﺎص‬
‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺿﺎرة ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻮة اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‪.‬‬

‫آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ أن ﻋﺪم ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺠﺮى ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ إﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﺮك اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﻬﻮاء‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺮى ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ ﺮة أﺧ ﺮى‬
‫إﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮ زاد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ دل ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻋﺪم ﺛﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠ ﻢ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﻨ ﺼﺮ ﺁﺧ ﺮ ﻏﻴ ﺮ اﻟﺠﻴ ﺮ اﻟﺤ ﻰ )ﻷﻧ ﻪ‬
‫اﻣﺘﺺ اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻮاء وﺗﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ هﻴﺪروآﺴﻴﺪ آﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم(‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪Section IV‬‬

‫‪Tests applied on aggregate and Cement‬‬

‫‪1- Volume weight‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وزن اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم ‪ ،‬وأﺣﻴﺎﻧ ًﺎ ﻳﻄﻠ ﻖ ﻋﻠﻴ ﻪ إﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤ ﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم‪ ،‬وﻳ ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓ ﻰ ﺗ ﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وﻋﺎء ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻰ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ )‪ 3‬ﻟﺘﺮ( ﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ووﻋﺎء ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻰ اﺳ ﻄﻮاﻧﻰ ﺳ ﻌﺘﻪ )‪ 15‬ﻟﺘ ﺮ( ﻟﻠ ﺰﻟﻂ – ﻣﻴ ﺰان ﺣ ﺴﺎس –‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ‪ ،‬وﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 50‬ﺳﻢ‪ ،‬وﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ 16‬ﻣﻢ‪ ،‬وﻃﺮﻓﻪ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻳﻮزن اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻰ وهﻮ ﻓﺎرغ وﻟﻴﻜﻦ وزﻧﻪ ‪.W1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻤﻸ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻟﺤﻮاﻟﻰ ﺛﻠﺚ إرﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم ﺛﻢ ﻳﺪﻣﻚ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺮة ﺟﻴﺪًا ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻀﻴﺐ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻳﻮﺿ ﻊ اﻟﺜﻠ ﺚ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم وﻳﺪﻣﻚ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺮة‪ ،‬وأﺧﻴﺮًا ﻳﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺜﻠﺚ اﻷﺧﻴﺮ وﻳﺪﻣﻚ ‪ 25‬ﻣﺮة‪ ،‬وﺗﺰال اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء وﻳ ﺴﻮى ﺳ ﻄﺤﻪ ﺑﻘ ﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﻮزن اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى )وهﻮ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺮآﺎم(‪ ،‬وﻟﻴﻜﻦ وزﻧﻪ ‪.W2‬‬
‫‪W2 − W1‬‬
‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم =‬
‫‪Volume of cylinder‬‬

‫‪2- Specific weight‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ اﻟ ﻮزن اﻟﻨ ﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮ واﻟ ﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ وزن وﺣ ﺪة اﻟﺤﺠ ﻮم ﻟﻠﺮآ ﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻮ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ وزﻧﻬﺎ ‪ 100‬ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬و ‪ 1000‬ﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻟﻂ‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺮن ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ – ﻣﻴﺰان – ﻣﺨﺒﺎر ﻣﺪرج‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺠﻔﻒ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ رﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺮن ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺮاوح درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗ ﻪ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ‪ 110-100‬درﺟ ﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺮد ﻓﻰ ﻣﺠﻔﻒ وﺗﻮزن وﻟﻴﻜﻦ اﻟﻮزن ‪.W‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺪرج‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻴﻜﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻬ ﺎ ‪ V1‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻳ ﻀﺎف اﻟﺮآ ﺎم اﻟ ﺼﻐﻴﺮ أو اﻟﻜﺒﻴ ﺮ وﺗﺆﺧ ﺬ اﻟﻘ ﺮاءة ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺎر ﺑﻌﺪ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﺒﻮس ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺎر )ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺮآﺎم ‪ +‬اﻟﻤﺎء( وﻟﺘﻜﻦ ‪.V2‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ = )‪.(V2 – V1‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪53‬‬

‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

‫‪Properties of Materials‬‬

‫‪W‬‬
‫‪ -5‬اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم =‬
‫‪V2 − V1‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺠﻴﺮى ﻳﺠﺐ ﻃﺤﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻮدرة ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻳﺠ ﺮى اﻹﺧﺘﺒ ﺎر‬
‫آﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺣﺖ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﺠﻴﺮى ﺑﺪون ﺣﺴﺎب ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3- Voids ratio‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻤﺪﻣﻮك‪.‬‬

‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎر‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ‪ 1،2،3‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻀﺎف إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم ﻣﺎء ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺒﺎر ﻣﺪرج‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺎء ﺑﺒﻄ ﺊ وﺗ ﺪرﻳﺠﻴًﺎ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺴﻤﺎح‬
‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء اﻟﻤﺤﺒﻮس ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﺮآﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮوج ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﺊ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً وﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﺤﺬر ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻮﻋﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻀﺎف إﻟﻰ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء وﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪.V‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫‪ -4‬اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮاﻏﺎت =‬
‫‪Volume of cylinder‬‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻴًﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ – اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ =‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ‬

‫)‪4- Angularity Factor (S‬‬

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ )‪ (S‬ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴ ًﺎ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮآﺎم ذات اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪ ،‬وذات اﻟﻮزن `‪ ،W‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﻤ ﻞء‬
‫إﻧﺎء ﻟﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ )‪ ، (V‬ووزن اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻗﺒﻞ وﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻠﺌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺤﺪد وزن اﻟ ﺮآﻠﻢ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﺐ )‪ ، (WL‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻣ ﻞء‬
‫اﻟﻮﻋﺎء ﻣﺮة ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 3‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎت وإﻋﻄﺎء آ ﻞ ﻃﺒﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﺪﻣﻚ اﻟﻜ ﺎﻓﻰ ) ‪ 25‬ﻣ ﺮة ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻗ ﻀﻴﺐ اﻟ ﺪﻣﻚ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳ ﻰ(‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ‬
‫وزن اﻟﻮﻋﺎء وﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ وزن اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ )‪ ،(WC‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺮآﺎم )‪.(γ‬‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ – اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺤﺠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻜﻠﻰ =‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻰ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺐ =‬

‫‪γ − WL‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪γ‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻤﺪﻣﻮك =‬
‫‪γ − WC‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪γ‬‬

‫‪Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬

‫‪Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net‬‬
Properties of Materials

γ − WL
S (Angularity Factor) =
γ − WC

5- Strength of aggregate

6- Crushing value of aggregate

7- Hardness of aggregate

8- Toughness of aggregate

9- Harmful impurities in aggregate

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 55

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

10- Soundness of cement

11- Strength of cement

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 56

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Properties of Materials

Section V
Solved Problems

1- In a tension steel member of 2.0 m long the elongation was found to be 2.0 mm
corresponding to a force of 4000 Kg. Calculate the area of the member cross section, and
the applied normal stress if the modulus of elasticity of this type of material is 2100 t/cm2.

Solution

Data:

L0 = 200.0 cm
ΔL = 2.0 mm = 0.20 cm
P = 4000.0 kg. = 4.0 tons
E = 2100.0 t/cm2.

Required:

A (cross-sectional area), σ (Normal stress)

P.L0
ΔL =
E. A
P.L0 4.0 * 2.0
Then, A = = = 0.02 cm2.
E.ΔL 2100.0 * 0.2

P 4.0
σ= = = 210.0 t/cm2.
A 0.02

2- A load of 2.0 t is hanged down from a vertical round steel rod of 2.1*106 kg/cm2 modulus
of elasticity. If the stress in the rod was 1500.0 kg/cm2, find:

a- Diameter of the rod.

b- Length of rod corresponding to an elongation of 0.3 mm.
c- The change in the rod diameter if the Poisson’s ratio equals to 0.30

Solution

P
a- σ =
A
2000.0
then, 1500.0 = d = 1.30294 cm.
π .d 2
4

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 57

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

P.L0 0.30 2000.0 * L0

b- ΔL = =
E. A 10 2.1 * 10 6 * 1.333

L0 = 42.0 cm

Lateral Strain
c- μ =
Longitudinal Strain

ΔA 1.333 − A1
A0 1.3333
0.30 = =
ΔL 0.03
L0 42.0

A1 = 1.333047 cm2 = π . d2/4

d = 1.3028 cm

change in diameter = 1.3029 – 1.3028 = 0.0001 cm

3- For the beam shown, calculate the magnitude of the normal stresses in the different
parts as well as the value of the resulted deformation at the free end. The beam cross
sectional area is 10.0 cm2, and its modulus of elasticity equals to 2.0*106 kg/cm2.
(neglect the own weight of the beam).

Solution
1- for part no. (1)

P.L0
ΔL =
E. A

P = 6.0 t (tension) = 6000.0 kg., A = 10.0 cm2., and L0 = 200.0 cm

P 6000
σ= = = 600.0 kg/cm2 (tensile)
A 10

6000.0 * 200.0
ΔL = = +0.060 cm
2 * 10 6 * 10.0

2- for part (2)

P = 3.0 t (compression) = 3000.0 kg., A = 10.0 cm2., and L0 = 200.0 cm

P 3000
σ= = = 300.0 kg/cm2 (compressive)
A 10

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 58

Mech.MuslimEngineer.Net
Properties of Materials

3000.0 * 200.0
ΔL = = -0.03 cm
2 * 10 6 * 10.0

total elongation at the free end = 0.06 – 0.03 = 0.03 cm

4- Calculate the value of the tension force P which causes total elongation of 0.55 mm in
the shown combined rod. The upper part is cast iron of 7.50 cm diameter, and the lower
part is of mild steel and 5.0 cm diameter.
Modulus of elasticity of cast iron and mild steel is 1.2*106 kg/cm2, and 2.10*106 kg/cm2
respectively.

Solution

P.Li P.Ls
ΔL = +
Ei . Ai E s . As

Li (length of cast iron rod) = 30.0 cm

Ai (cross-sectional area of cast iron rod) = π.d2/4 = π * 7.502 / 4 = 44.18 cm2.

Ls (length of mild steel rod) = 30.0 cm

As (cross-sectional area of mild steel rod) = π.d2/4 = π * 5.02 / 4 = 19.635 cm2.

⎛ 30.0 30.0 ⎞
ΔL = P⎜ 6
+ 6 ⎟ = 0.055
⎝ 1.20 * 10 * 44.18 2.10 * 10 *19.635 ⎠

P = 75.6 tons

5- A steel rod, circular in section, tapers from 3.0 cm diameter to 1.50 cm diameter in a
length of 60.0 cm. Find how much this length will increase under a pull of 2.0 tons if E =
2.10*106 kg/cm2.

Solution

4.P.L0
δL =
E.π .(d 0 − d1 )

P = 2.0 t L0 = 60.0 cm E = 2.10*106 kg/cm2

d0 = 3.0 cm d1 = 1.50 cm

4 * 2000.0 * 60
δL = = 0.0485 cm
2.10 * 10 6.π .(3.0 − 1.50)

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 59

‫ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬- ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬

Properties of Materials

Problems:

1- A tension test was carried out on a high tensile steel specimen of 2.20 Cms diameter and
11.0 Cms gauge length. The load (P) in tons and the extension (ΔL) in mms were recorded as
follows:

P (Tons) 0.0 2.0 6.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 19.2
ΔL (mm) 0.0 0.032 0.096 0.192 0.225 0.38 1.20 2.50 7.30 11.50

Solution

20

15
P Tons

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
L mm

1- The bar AB is considered to be absolutely rigid, and a load of 18000 kg is applied as shown
in figure (1). The connection at A is a pin, and AB is supported by the steel rod EB and the
copper rod CD. The cross sectional area of CD is 5.0 cm2, and that of EB is 3.0 cm2.
Determine the stress in each bar.
Es = 2.10 * 106 kg/cm2
Ec = 1.0 * 105 kg/cm2

2- The sieve analysis test was carried out on samples of aggregates, the percentage passing
from each sieve was as follows:

Sieve Size 40 20 10 5 2.5 1.25 0.63 0.31 0.16

Sand 0.0 0.0 0.0 98 77 64 47 9 3
Gravel 77 30 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Aggregate 85.2 51.0 39.5 29.4 26.9 25.4 16.4 5.7 1.20

It is required to determine the optimum ratio of combination of sand and gravel to

obtain all-in aggregate with the grading stated above, and then find:
a- The fineness modulus of the combined aggregate.
b- The type of sand according to its grading, and
c- The specific surface area for the given gravel.

Prepared by Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng. Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 60

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