Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bijections PDF
Bijections PDF
Introduction
Discrete Mathematics
Slides by Andrei Bulatov
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-2
Previous Lecture
Functions
Describing functions
Injective functions
Surjective functions
Bijective functions
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-3
Properties of Functions
Composition of Functions
g(a) f(g(a))
a g(a) f(g(a))
g f
A B C
f○g
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-5
…
A A
Adams 95 90
…
89 B Chou B
…
92
Chou …
80 C C
84 79 Goodfriend
Goodfriend
…
…
75 70 D Rodriguez D
Rodriguez 69
…
40
50
F Stevens F
Stevens
…
49
…
0
0
Inverse Functions
Note!
f(a)
does not mean
a b=f(a)
f
f○ =
A B
○f=
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-8
a 1 1 a
one-to-one, not onto
b 2 2 ? b
c 3 3 c
4 4
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-9
If A and B are finite sets, it is not hard to see that they have the
same cardinality if and only if there is a bijection from A to B
For example, |{a,b,c}| = |{d,e,f}|
{ a b c} {d e f }
a d
b e
c f
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-11
0 1 2 3 4 5 …
The function f: N → 2N, where
f(x) = 2x,
is a bijection
0 2 4 6 8 10 …
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-12
Comparing Cardinalities
Example
Let A be the closed interval [0;1] (it includes the endpoints) and
B – the open interval (0;1) (it does not include the endpoints)
There are injective functions f and g from A to B and B to A,
respectively.
f: A → B f: B → A
f(x) = x
0[ ] 1 0( ) 1
0( [ ] ) 1 0[ ] 1
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-14
any subset of N
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-15
… -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 …
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 …
Theorem.
If A is an infinite set, then | A | ≥
Uncountable Sets
Cantor’s Theorem
…
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-21
Continuum Hypothesis
For any real numbers a, b, the open interval (a;b) has the same
cardinality as R
a( ) b
Discrete Mathematics - Cardinality 17-23
Homework